835:
Venetians' back. Both
Zancaruolo and Chalkokondyles report that the Napoli galley opened the battle by advancing ahead of the Venetian fleetâits captain, Girolamo Minotto, misinterpreted Loredan's signals to stay back, according to Chalkokondylesâand attacking the Ottoman flagship, after which Loredan with the rest of the Venetian fleet joined the battle. Loredan himself describes his own ship's attack on the leading Ottoman galley. Its crew offered determined resistance, and the other Ottoman galleys came astern of Loredan's ship to his left, and launched volleys of arrows against him and his men. Loredan himself was wounded by an arrow below the eye and the nose, and by another that passed through his left hand, as well as other arrows that struck him with lesser effect. Nevertheless, the galley was captured after most of its crew was killed, and Loredan, after leaving a few men of his crew to guard it, turned against a galleot, which he captured as well. Again leaving a few of his men and his flag on it, he turned on the other Ottoman ships. The fight lasted from dawn to the second hour. Both Venetian and Byzantine sources agree that many of the Ottoman crews simply jumped into the sea and abandoned their ships, and that the Ottomans retreated once the battle clearly turned against them.
811:
himself had a Venier mother, and may have been eager to conceal this embarrassing episode of family history. During the same night, the
Turkish ships left their anchorage and deployed in a line of battle opposite the Venetians, without however making any hostile moves; but at and around Gallipoli, numerous troop movements could be observed, with soldiers boarding vessels of every kind. As Manfroni comments, this "was perhaps a measure of precaution and surveillance, so that with the favour of the night the Venetians would not ferry Mustafa's militias"âthe Ottoman commander was naturally unaware of the Venetians' instructions not to seek to treat with Mustafa except in the event of the failure of negotiations with Mehmed. However, to the Venetians, the Turkish moves looked like a deliberate provocation. Loredan managed to move his ships about
359:
641:. With "rare unanimity", the Great Council voted to authorize Loredan to attack Ottoman possessions if the Ottomans had continued their raids in the meantime. If they were unwilling to negotiate a cessation of hostilities, he was to protect Venetian shipping and attack the Ottomans, without however putting his ships in excessive danger. Nevertheless, the emphasis of the Council's instructions was to ensure peace, and Loredan's squadron was intended as a form of military pressure to expedite negotiations; as no further news of Ottoman attacks arrived until Loredan sailed in April, the expectation in the Venetian government was that the matter would likely be resolved peacefully.
743:
in order to lure them away from
Gallipoli. As the Ottoman ships could not keep up with their oars, they set sail as well; on the Venetian side, the galley from Napoli di Romania tarried during the manoeuvre and was in danger of being caught by the pursuing Ottoman ships, so that Loredan likewise ordered his ships to set sail. Once they were made ready for combat, Loredan ordered his ten galleys to lower sails, turn about, and face the Ottoman fleet. At that point, the eastern wind rose suddenly, and the Ottomans decided to break off the pursuit and head back to Gallipoli. Loredan in turn tried to catch up with the Ottomans, firing at them with his guns and
831:
the town, the
Ottoman fleet sailed to meet them, and one of their galleys approached and fired a few cannon shots at the Venetian vessels. According to the account by Doukas, the Venetians were pursuing a merchant vessel of Lesbos, thought to be of Turkish origin, coming from Constantinople. The Ottomans likewise thought that the merchant vessel was one of their own, and one of their galleys moved to defend the vessel, bringing the two fleets into battle. This version, which suggests that the ensuing battle was the result of a misunderstanding, is completely absent from the account of Loredan and the Venetian sources.
787:. The Ottoman commander informed Loredan that he and his crews could land and provision themselves without fear, and that the members of the embassy would be conveyed with the appropriate honours and safety to their destination. Loredan sent a notary, Thomas, with an interpreter to the Ottoman commander and the captain of the garrison of Gallipoli to express his regrets, but also to gauge the number, equipment, and dispositions of the Ottoman galleys. The Ottoman dignitaries reassured Thomas of their good will, and proposed to provide an armed escort for the ambassadors to bring them to the court of Sultan Mehmed.
900:
844:
the
Grimani galley of Negroponte captured a galley; the galley of Jiacopo Barbarini captured a galleot of 23 banks and another of 19 banks; the same for the Capello galley; the galley of Girolamo Minotto from Napoli captured the Ottoman flagship galley, which had been defeated and pursued before by the Capello galley; the Venier and Barbarigo galleys of Candia took a galley. Venetian casualties were light, twelve killedâmostly by drowningâand 340 wounded, most of them lightly. Loredan reported taking 1,100 captives, while Maqrizi puts the total number of Ottoman dead at 4,000 men.
332:
inform them of his diplomatic mission. Despite assurances that the
Ottomans would welcome the ambassadors, when the Venetian fleet approached the city on the next day, 29 May, the Ottoman fleet sailed to meet the Venetians and the two sides quickly became embroiled in battle. The Venetians scored a crushing victory, killing the Ottoman commander, capturing a large part of the Ottoman fleet, and taking large numbers of Ottoman crews prisoner, of whom manyâparticularly the Christians serving voluntarily in the Ottoman fleetâwere executed. The Venetians then retired to
969:" named "Chamitzi" (probably Hamza) arrived in Venice, and demanded the release of the Ottoman prisoners, especially since the Sultan had already released 200 of the prisoners taken at Negroponte. To this the Venetians, who regarded Venier's agreement as void, objected that only the old and infirm were released, while the rest had been sold to slavery; and that no comparison could be made between people captured during a raid with prisoners taken "in a just war". Rather, the Senate ordered for the next year the arming of ten galleys under a new Captain of the Gulf,
963:, but no restitution for the losses suffered at Negroponte either. The return of prisoners in particular rankled with the Venetians, since the Ottoman naval prisoners were valuable as potential galley slaves and their release would strengthen the Ottoman fleet. The Senate refused to ratify the treaty, and Venier was held to have exceeded his original brief. On his return to Venice on 31 October, Venier found himself under trial, although he was eventually acquitted. On 24 February 1417, an envoy of the Sultan, a "
39:
1010:
own stance, which was expected to be negative to Venice's proposals. Freedom of passage for the
Dardanelles, and an exemption from any duties or tolls for that passage, were among the chief Venetian demands. The return of the prisoners at Negroponte was also pursued, but Diedo was instructed to conclude peace even without them rather than consent to an exchange; such was the determination of the Senate to keep the naval crews captured at Gallipoli from returning to Ottoman service.
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were impaled. After burning five galleots in sight of
Gallipoli for lack of crews to man them, Loredan made ready to retire with his ships to Tenedos to take on water, repair his ships, tend to his wounded, and make new plans. The Venetian commander sent a new letter to the Ottoman commander in the city complaining of breach of faith and explaining that he would return from Tenedos to carry out his mission of escorting the ambassadors, but the Ottoman commander did not reply.
756:
406:, and Venetian envoys were traditionally instructed not to move too far from the shore (and the Republic's reach); Foscarini had yet to meet the Sultan by July 1415, when Mehmed's displeasure at this delay was conveyed to the Venetian authorities. In the meantime, tensions between the two powers mounted, as the Ottomans moved to re-establish a sizeable navy and launched several raids that challenged Venetian naval hegemony in the
684:
provide armed escort to their trade convoys passing through the
Dardanelles. Securing right of unimpeded passage through the Dardanelles was a chief issue in Venice's diplomatic relations with the Ottomans: the Republic had secured this in the 1411 treaty with Musa Ăelebi, but the failure to renew that agreement in 1414 had again rendered Gallipoli, in the words of the 20th-century
550:, but now the Venetian government was obliged to supply armed escorts for the merchant galleys at its own expense. Nevertheless, the same missives to Venice also highlighted the bad state of the Turkish fleet, especially of its crews; and expressed the certainty that if a Venetian fleet had been present to confront them, it would have been victorious.
493:, taking almost all its inhabitants prisoner; out of some 2,000 captives, the Republic was able after years to secure the release of 200 mostly elderly men, women, and children, the rest being sold as slaves. Furthermore, in the autumn of 1415, ostensibly in retaliation for Zeno's attacks, an Ottoman fleet of 42 shipsâ6
890:
for the crews. Loredan disagreed, believing that they should keep up the pressure on the Turks, and resolved to return to
Gallipoli to press for the passage of the ambassadors to the Sultan's court. He sent his brother with his ship to bring the more heavily wounded to Negroponte, and burned three of
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also perished in combat. Doukas places these events later, at Tenedos, where the Turkish prisoners were executed, while the Christian prisoners were divided into those who had been pressed into service as galley slaves, who were liberated, and those who had entered Ottoman service as mercenaries, who
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around the ships. The Ottomans, who had assembled a large force of infantry and 200 cavalry on the shore, began firing on them with arrows. Loredan dispersed his ships to avoid casualties, but the tide was drawing them closer to the shore. Loredan tried to signal the Ottomans that they had no hostile
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According to Loredan's letter, his fleetâfour galleys from Venice, four from Candia, and one each from Negroponte and Napoli di Romaniaâwas delayed by contrary winds and reached Tenedos on 24 May, and did not enter the Dardanelles until the 27th, when they arrived near Gallipoli. Loredan reports that
683:
Bayezid aimed to use his warships in Gallipoli to control (and tax) the passage of shipping through the Dardanelles, an ambition which brought him into direct conflict with Venetian interests in the area. While the Ottoman fleet was not yet strong enough to face the Venetians, it forced the latter to
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as the "key of the Dardanelles", and was one of the most important strategic positions in the Eastern Mediterranean. At the time it was also the main Turkish naval base and provided a safe haven for their corsairs raiding Venetian colonies in the Aegean. With Constantinople still in Christian hands,
838:
The Venetians defeated the Ottoman fleet, killing its commander Ăali Bey (Cialasi-beg Zeberth) and many of the captains and crews, and capturing six great galleys and nine galleots, according to Loredan's account. Doukas claims that the Venetians captured 27 vessels in total, while the contemporary
830:
On the next day, in accordance to the messages exchanged the previous day, Loredan led his ships towards Gallipoli to replenish his supplies of water, while leaving three galleysâthose of his brother, of Dandolo, and of Capello of Candiaâas a reserve in his rear. As soon as the Venetians approached
742:
At dawn on the next day (28 May), Loredan sent two galleys, bearing the Banner of Saint Mark, to the entry of the port of Gallipoli to open negotiations. In response the Turks sent 32 ships to attack them. Loredan withdrew his two galleys, and began to withdraw, while shooting at the Turkish ships,
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in Constantinople, Giovanni Diedo, to seek a peace agreement with the Sultan. During the next two years Diedo was unable to achieve anything, partly due to the restrictions placed on his movementsâhe was not to proceed more than four days' march inland from the shoreâand partly due to the Sultan's
843:
reduced the number to twelve. Loredan gives a detailed breakdown of the ships captured by his men: his own ship captured a galley and a galleot of 20 banks of oars; the Contarini galley captured a galley; the galley of Giorgio Loredan captured two galleots of 22 banks and two galleots of 20 banks;
834:
The galley from Napoli, which sailed to his left, was again having trouble keeping with the battle formation, so Loredan ordered it moved to the right, away from the approaching Turks. Loredan had his ships withdraw a while, in order to draw the Turks further from Gallipoli and have the sun to the
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of Antonio Morosini, who copies the letter virtually verbatim. Loredan's letter was written not simply as an account of the battle, but as a defence against any accusation that he might have overstepped his authority and needlessly risked his command; he is therefore at pains to emphasize that the
810:
hesitated to go against their instructions, or to attack the enemy fleet, protected as it was by a powerful fortress and close to reinforcements from the land troops. The episode is omitted by Sanudo but provided by Morosini, likely because it sheds unfavourable light on Venier's judgment; Sanudo
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Loredan then sent a messenger to the Ottoman fleet commander to complain about the attack, insisting that his intentions were pacific, and that his sole purpose was to convey the two ambassadors to the Sultan. The Ottoman commander replied that he was ignorant of that fact, and that his fleet was
1031:
in Constantinople, Bertuccio Diedo, in which the Ottomans recognized by name Venice's overseas possessions, and Venice undertook to pay tribute for Albania and Lepanto. The exchange of prisoners, that had been so vehemently opposed by Venice, was also agreedâboth those taken by the Ottomans from
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One of the Turkish captains that had been taken prisoner composed a letter to the Sultan, stating that the Venetians had been attacked without cause. He also informed Loredan that the remnants of the Ottoman fleet were such that they posed no threat to him: a single galley and a few galleots and
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The Ottomans exchanged fire with the Venetian ships as soon as the Venetian fleet approached Gallipoli on 27 May, forcing the Venetians to withdraw. On the next day, the two fleets maneuvered and fought off Gallipoli, but during the evening, Loredan managed to contact the Ottoman authorities and
1057:
At this time, Venice had no standing fleet. Every winter, the standing committees of the Great Council of Venice established the annual orders for the so-called 'guard fleet', or 'fleet of the Gulf '. The Great Council then voted on the proposals, the size of the fleet, and the appointment of a
1035:
The victory at Gallipoli ensured Venetian naval superiority for decades to come, but also led the Venetians to complacency and over-confidence, as, according to historian Seth Parry, the "seemingly effortless trouncing of the Ottoman fleet confirmed the Venetians in their beliefs that they were
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at the Turkish ships, but the wind and the current allowed the Ottomans to retreat speedily behind the fortifications of Gallipoli, where they went to anchor in battle formation, with their prows to the open sea. According to Loredan, the engagement lasted until late in the afternoon.
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smaller vessels were seaworthy, while the rest of the galleys in Gallipoli were out of commission. At Tenedos, Loredan held a council of war, where the prevailing opinion was to return to Negroponte for provisions, for offloading the wounded, and for selling three of the galleys for
847:
The Venetian fleet then approached Gallipoli and bombarded the port, without response from the Ottomans within the walls. The Venetians then retired about a mile from Gallipoli to recover their strength and tend to their wounded. Among the captive Ottoman crews were found to be many
669:
took care to improve its fortifications, rebuilding the citadel and strengthening the harbour defences. The harbour had a seaward wall and a narrow entrance leading to an outer basin, separated from an inner basin by a bridge, where Bayezid erected a three-storey tower (the
482:, the lord of Andros. Like the Duke of Naxos, Zeno was a Venetian citizen and vassal of the Republic of Venice, but he had not been included in the previous treaties between the Republic and the Ottomans, and had continued raiding Ottoman shipping on his own account.
1003:, with 10,000 men. As a result, the Venetians left the fort half-destroyed and sailed on to Constantinople, but in their wake, Hamza Bey had the fort razed, for fear that the Venetians might in the future capture it. In May 1417, the Venetians instructed their
712:, which provides some additional details from the now vanished Venetian archives or oral traditions, while Doukas also provides a brief and somewhat divergent account, which evidently is drawn from rumours and hearsay. The contemporary Byzantine historians
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Albano Capello urged to seize the opportunity to attack the Ottoman fleet in its harbour, since the Ottoman fleet was disorganized, and its crews largely composed of Christian slaves, who were likely to use the opportunity to escape. Loredan and the other
981:
Loredan returned to Venice in December 1416, to a triumphal welcome. According to Doukas, in the spring of 1417 the Venetian fleet moved into the Dardanelles once more, and attempted to capture a fortress that had been erected by Mehmed's brother,
521:. The Venetian vessels were delayed at Constantinople by bad weather, but managed to pass through the Ottoman fleet and outrun its pursuit to the safety of Negroponte. The Ottoman fleet instead raided Euboea, including an attack on the fortress of
1040:
in 1422â1430 and subsequent conflicts over the course of the century, "the Venetians would learn to their discomfiture that naval superiority alone could not guarantee an everlasting position of strength in the eastern Mediterranean".
630:
state of war with the Ottomans. In a further move calculated to bolster Loredan's authority (and appeal to his vanity), an old rule that had fallen into disuse was revived, whereby only the captain-general had the right to carry the
613:
and the Venetian ambassador Giacomo Trevisan in 1411, and with securing the release of the Venetian prisoners taken from Negroponte in 1414. Should negotiations fail, he was empowered to seek to form an anti-Ottoman league with the
626:. Loredan's appointment was unusual, as he had served recently as Captain of the Gulf, and law forbade anyone who had held the position from holding the same for three years after; the Great Council overrode this rule due to the
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the captured galleys since they were too much of a burdenâin his letter to the Signoria, he expressed the hope that his men would still be recompensed for them, his shipwrights estimating their value at 600 gold ducats.
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intentions, but the latter kept firing poisoned arrows at them, until Loredan ordered a few cannon shots that killed a few soldiers and forced the rest to retire from the shore towards the anchorage of their fleet.
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on the western coast of Greece was deserted, and at Venice no one was found who wanted to contract, not even for a small sum, the right to equip merchant galleys bound for Constantinople, or the Black Sea ports of
316:, the main Ottoman naval base. The battle was the main episode of a brief conflict between the two powers, resulting from Ottoman attacks against possessions and shipping of the Venetians and their allies in the
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to replenish their supplies and rest. Although it confirmed Venetian naval superiority in the Aegean Sea for the next few decades, the battle had little impact: a peace agreement was brokered but refused by the
926:, mindful of rising Genoese influence in Greece, and wary of the expense maintaining a fleet entailed. The hope was that the Sultan, suitably chastised, would now be amenable to a peace. Indeed, on 9 July the
790:
After the envoy returned, the Venetian fleet, sailing with difficulty against the eastern wind, departed and sailed to a nearby bay to spend the night. During the night, a council of war was conducted. The
529:
Taddeo Zane resisted with success. Nevertheless, the Turks were able to once again ravage the rest of the island, carrying off 1,500 captives, so that the local inhabitants even petitioned the
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from this assembly provoked the ire of the Sultan, who in retaliation equipped a fleet of 30 vessels, under the command of Ăali Bey, and in late 1415 sent it to raid the duke's domains in the
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Antoniadis, Sophia (1966). "Le récit du combat naval de Gallipoli chez Zancaruolo en comparison avec le texte d'Antoine Morosini et les historiens grecs du XVe siÚcle". In Pertusi, A. (ed.).
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and to counter a reported Genoese landing there. When the latter proved false, the Senate instructed Loredan to return to escort duty for merchant convoys and the protection of Negroponte.
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for permission to become tributaries of the Turks to guarantee their future safetyâa demand categorically rejected by the Signoria on 4 February 1416. The raids spread considerable panic:
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386:, as the premier maritime and commercial power in the area, endeavoured to renew the treaties it had concluded with Mehmed's predecessors during the civil war, and in May 1414, its
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Landing the ambassadors was delayed until July, but was in the end successful, possibly via Constantinople, where Loredan reports having received precious relics from Emperor
959:(a Venetian client), and the permission for Venetians to attack any armed Turkish vessels beyond the Dardanelles. Nothing was mentioned of a Venetian tribute for Lepanto and
1094:
of the Candiot galleys were Domenico Venier, Lorenzo Barbarigo, Albano Capello, and a Trevisan; of the galley of Negroponte, Marco Grimani; and of Napoli, Girolamo Minotto.
996:). While they inflicted significant damage to the fort with their missiles, the Venetians were prevented from landing due to the presence of Hamza Bey, the brother of the
328:, but was authorized to attack if the Ottomans refused to negotiate. The subsequent events are known chiefly from a detailed letter written by Loredan after the battle.
699:
The events before and during the battle are described in detail in a letter sent by Loredan to the Signoria on 2 June 1416, which was included by Marino Sanuto in his
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Apart from the attacks on Naxos, Ottoman raids were also directed against immediate Venetian interests. In June 1414, Ottoman ships also raided the Venetian colony of
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Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University
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691:, "the main object of dispute in Venetian-Ottoman relations". The Ottoman naval raids in 1415, launched from Gallipoli, further underscored its importance.
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Gallipoli had also for decades been the main crossing point for the Ottoman armies from Anatolia to Europe. As a result of its strategic importance, Sultan
914:(1378â1381), and against the feared Turks to boot. At the same time, there was no appetite for a prolonged conflict: the Republic was still menaced by the
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1066:(captains) for the galleys to be outfitted in Venice. The commanders of the galleys equipped by Venetian colonies were decided by the local colonists.
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battle began due to Turkish attacks on his ships. Loredan's account is essentially corroborated by the 15th-century Venetian chronicle attributed to
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engaged in feverish military preparations. A half-percent levy was raised on goods, soldiers and crossbowmen were recruited, and the experienced
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2393:"News from the Aegean: Antonio Morosini Reporting on Ottoman-Venetian Relations in the Wake of the Battle of Gallipoli (Early 15th Century)"
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1021:, in the Adriatic. This led the Republic to backtrack on its previous demands, and the conflict was finally ended in November 1419, when a
402:, Francesco Foscarini, was instructed to proceed to the Sultan's court to that effect. Foscarini failed, as Mehmed was away campaigning in
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The news of the victory at Gallipoli were received with much enthusiasm in Venice, as it was the first major naval engagement since the
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Dolfino Venier managed to reach an agreement with the Sultan, including the mutual return of prisoners, the restoration of the
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the Venetians took care to avoid projecting any hostile intentions, avoiding any preparations for battle, such as erecting a
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in Albania fell to the Turks, while the Hungarian threat and the Ottoman advance in Albania kept the Venetian fleet, under
822:) away from the Turks; but he also modified his orders to his fleet, commanding them to be ready for combat at any moment.
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visited the city in 1403, he reported seeing its citadel full of troops, a large arsenal, and 40 ships in the harbour.
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in the southern Aegean Sea. The Ottoman fleet ravaged the islands, and carried off a large part of the inhabitants of
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Zancaruolo also mentions the presence of a Venetian cargo vessel carrying raisins, without giving further detail.
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2443:(in Italian). Vol. IV: Il Rinascimento. Politica e cultura. Rome: Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 13â111.
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Fabris, Antonio (1992). "From Adrianople to Constantinople: VenetianâOttoman diplomatic missions, 1360â1453".
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Sphrantzes and Chalkokondyles both assert that the battle took place in the open waters between Gallipoli and
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as a reward for his victory. The ambassadors made for the Ottoman court, most likely located at the time at
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Map of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410, during the later phase of the Ottoman Interregnum
582:. Loredan's brother Giorgio, Jacopo Barbarigo, Cristoforo Dandolo, and Pietro Contarini were appointed as
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indicates that the Ottoman attack was in retaliation for the raids against Ottoman shipping undertaken by
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Melville-Jones, J. (2017). "The Battle of Gallipoli 1416: a detail rescued from a chronicle".
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Manfroni, Camillo (1902). "La battaglia di Gallipoli e la politica veneto-turca (1381â1420)".
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also provide brief accounts, emphasizing the Venetians' reluctance to get drawn into battle.
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The Book of Michael of Rhodes: A Fifteenth-Century Maritime Manuscript. Volume III: Studies
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and their vicinity. Gallipoli (Gelibolu) is marked on the northern entrance of the straits.
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204â1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
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and stop Mehmed's brother and rival for the throne, Mustafa Ăelebi, from crossing from
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3839:
2645:
2506:
605:, Venier was tasked with reaching a new agreement with the Sultan on the basis of the
4742:
4579:
4563:
4531:
4373:
4355:
4334:
4177:
4146:
3898:
3821:
3774:
3732:
3645:
3621:
3610:
3577:
3426:
3381:
3357:
3323:
2915:
2908:
2887:
2880:
2845:
2761:
2738:
2714:
2670:
2651:
2619:
2567:
2534:
2489:
2444:
2400:
2379:
923:
571:
150:
3864:
623:
358:
4608:
4246:
4240:
4084:
4017:
3752:
3460:
3237:
3225:
3199:
3186:
3169:
3004:
2984:
2967:
2951:
2852:
2611:
2423:
960:
865:
395:
159:
4660:
4645:
4630:
4526:
4465:
4460:
4420:
4360:
4304:
4252:
4125:
4120:
3875:
3857:
3779:
3668:
3604:
3522:
3407:
3164:
3073:
3045:
2934:
2732:
2708:
2664:
2552:
927:
911:
685:
338:
899:
4536:
4430:
4385:
3542:
3215:
2809:
2728:
2704:
2519:
2511:
2474:
2470:
1126:
748:
563:
399:
367:
321:
309:
146:
134:
73:
2615:
2427:
610:
590:(galley captains), while Andrea Foscolo and Dolfino Venier were designated as
4716:
4502:
3344:
3210:
2655:
2493:
2466:
2448:
1000:
873:
506:
455:
95:
82:
2383:
997:
593:
423:
1061:
991:
887:
671:
585:
518:
479:
44:
2666:
Fifty Years of Failed Plans: Venice, Humanism, and the Turks (1453â1503)
2633:
903:
Sultan Mehmed I with his courtiers, Ottoman miniature painting, kept at
202:
2734:
The Papacy and the Levant (1204â1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century
946:
713:
502:
407:
317:
283:
16:
Battle between Venice and the Ottoman Sultanate; upset Venetian victory
1147:
Tenedos had been depopulated and demilitarized under the terms of the
987:
780:
666:
534:
526:
510:
474:
into slavery. On the other hand, the 16th-century Venetian historian
1036:
vastly superior to the Turks in naval warfare". Even so, during the
853:
849:
744:
730:
650:
459:
403:
371:
313:
69:
2647:
The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204â1566)
1945:
1921:
1613:
1292:
1290:
1804:
1113:
935:
861:
840:
784:
575:
543:
514:
498:
490:
435:
333:
2273:
2210:
1664:
1404:
868:, who had participated in a revolt against Venice in Crete, was
450:âcame to do him obeisance. According to the Byzantine historian
38:
2804:
2102:
2090:
2066:
2030:
1861:
1744:
1703:
1630:
1628:
1546:
1287:
976:
930:
ordered Loredan, once peace had been concluded, to sail to the
857:
776:
768:
760:
539:
494:
486:
463:
447:
439:
419:
379:
2441:
Storia di Venezia. Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima
1957:
1909:
1307:
1305:
1138:
Zancaruolo writes that the battle lasted three hours in total.
1013:
Over the following years, the Venetian position deteriorated:
598:(superintendents) of the fleet and ambassadors to the Sultan.
2020:
2018:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1816:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1693:
1691:
1652:
1640:
1601:
1577:
1382:
1380:
1329:
1014:
931:
579:
553:
547:
522:
471:
467:
431:
427:
353:
2333:
1625:
703:, albeit with some major omissions, which are filled by the
2297:
2285:
2249:
2138:
2114:
2042:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1828:
1732:
1676:
1428:
1392:
1302:
1203:
737:
413:
2015:
1969:
1933:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1768:
1715:
1688:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1511:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1377:
723:
324:, was charged with transporting a Venetian embassy to the
2321:
2198:
2162:
2054:
1986:
1897:
1873:
1792:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1501:
1499:
1416:
1263:
1251:
1191:
872:
at the deck of Loredan's flagship. Many of the Christian
755:
2350:
2348:
2227:
2225:
1998:
1215:
1169:
1167:
860:âwho were all executed as renegades by hanging from the
574:(Crete), and one each at Negroponte, Napoli di Romania (
525:(Loreo) in northern Euboea, but its defenders under the
2760:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 35â98.
2237:
2150:
2126:
2078:
1840:
1780:
1756:
1558:
1467:
1353:
1341:
1317:
1227:
653:. The city is described by the Italian naval historian
1523:
1496:
1457:
1455:
382:
and the sole master of the Ottoman Turkish realm. The
2397:
The Transitions from the Byzantine to the Ottoman Era
2372:
Venezia e l'Oriente fra tardo Medioevo e Rinascimento
2345:
2261:
2222:
2186:
2174:
1885:
1589:
1275:
1239:
1164:
418:
During his 1414 campaign in Anatolia, Mehmed came to
341:, and a settlement of the conflict was delayed until
2737:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
2713:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
1179:
2669:(Ph.D. dissertation). City University of New York.
2309:
1484:
1452:
1440:
1365:
1025:was signed between the Sultan and the new Venetian
454:, a contemporary of the events, the absence of the
2505:
2460:
304:occurred on 29 May 1416 between the fleets of the
2754:"Michael of Rhodes: Mariner in Service to Venice"
4714:
2395:. In Kolditz, Sebastian; Koller, Markus (eds.).
1075:For further medieval and modern literature, cf.
601:While Foscolo was charged with a mission to the
4753:Naval battles involving the Republic of Venice
2601:
1822:
1810:
1607:
2790:
1089:
1059:
1026:
1004:
964:
950:
805:
798:
792:
649:The main target of Loredan's fleet was to be
636:
591:
583:
387:
218:
977:Continued negotiations and the peace of 1419
894:
430:lords of the northeastern Aegean islands of
4682:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1112:Chalkokondyles gives their strength as 25 '
4758:Naval battles of the OttomanâVenetian Wars
4748:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire
2797:
2783:
2525:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2480:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2369:
1992:
1963:
1951:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1879:
1798:
1658:
1646:
1619:
1583:
990:on the Anatolian side of the Straits (the
554:Diplomatic and military response of Venice
354:Relations of Venice and the Ottoman Empire
225:
211:
2566:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
2561:
2533:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 973â978.
2488:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 983â987.
2009:
1634:
1233:
1209:
232:
195:1,100 captured (several hundred executed)
151:
2580:
2439:. In Alberto Tenenti; Ugo Tucci (eds.).
2339:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2255:
2243:
2216:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2084:
2048:
1855:
1834:
1786:
1762:
1738:
1682:
1670:
1571:
1505:
1478:
1434:
1410:
1398:
1359:
1347:
1323:
1311:
898:
754:
738:First clashes and negotiations on 28 May
414:Ottoman raids in the Aegean in 1414â1415
357:
320:in 1414â1415. The Venetian fleet, under
2697:Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, Tomus XXII
2547:
2500:
2455:
2434:
1540:
1517:
1490:
1269:
1245:
1173:
724:Arrival of the Venetian fleet on 27 May
4733:15th century in the Republic of Venice
4715:
4691:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
2727:
2703:
2683:
2640:
2413:
2390:
2327:
2315:
2267:
2231:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2108:
2096:
2072:
2060:
2036:
2024:
1980:
1939:
1891:
1867:
1774:
1750:
1726:
1709:
1697:
1595:
1552:
1461:
1422:
1386:
1335:
1296:
1281:
1257:
1221:
1197:
1185:
1076:
558:In response to the Ottoman raids, the
422:, where several of the most important
4677:For 20th-century battles before 1914
2778:
2751:
2662:
2354:
1446:
1371:
206:
2699:(in Italian). Milan. cols. 399â1252.
1032:Euboea, and by Venice at Gallipoli.
644:
622:, and the rebellious Ottoman prince
4686:For the battles during World War I
2557:(in French). Paris: N. B. Duchesne.
825:
635:on his flagship, rather than every
442:, and even the Grand Master of the
13:
2399:. Rome: Viella. pp. 139â162.
1151:in 1381, between Venice and Genoa.
517:, at the southern entrance of the
14:
4774:
759:14th-century painting of a light
37:
2416:Mediterranean Historical Review
1141:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1097:
1082:
1069:
1051:
505:âtried to intercept a Venetian
2562:Magoulias, Harry, ed. (1975).
765:Byzantine and Christian Museum
701:History of the Doges of Venice
1:
1158:
816:
348:
2756:. In Long, Pamela O. (ed.).
992:
880:
672:
7:
2689:"Vite de' duchi di Venezia"
378:and established himself as
374:ended the civil war of the
10:
4779:
4763:History of the Dardanelles
4728:1416 in the Ottoman Empire
2693:Muratori, Ludovico Antonio
2435:Gullino, Giuseppe (1996).
2363:
763:, from an icon now at the
4701:Ottoman victories are in
4699:
4673:
4589:
4228:
4215:
4163:
4009:
3996:
3884:
3487:
3474:
3373:
3122:
3109:
3089:
2830:
2817:
2616:10.1163/9789004351875_012
2428:10.1080/09518969208569639
895:Abortive peace settlement
694:
476:Marino Sanuto the Younger
426:rulers of the Aegeanâthe
244:
182:
178:32 galleys & galleots
169:
140:
123:
51:
36:
28:
23:
2282:, pp. 151, 153â154.
2219:, pp. 149â150, 152.
1930:, pp. 268â269, 280.
1622:, pp. 267â271, 276.
1058:captain-general and the
1044:
2752:Stahl, Alan M. (2009).
2650:. London: John Murray.
2374:(in French). Florence:
1954:, p. 273 (note 5).
1673:, p. 143 (note 1).
1413:, p. 142 (note 3).
1116:' and 80 other vessels.
1079:, p. 144 (note 22)
957:Marquisate of Bodonitza
934:, with orders to seize
797:Venier and the Candiot
718:Laonikos Chalkokondyles
678:Ruy GonzĂĄlez de Clavijo
560:Great Council of Venice
501:, and the rest smaller
2604:The Medieval Chronicle
2391:Christ, Georg (2018).
1338:, p. 8 (note 16).
1090:
1060:
1027:
1005:
965:
951:
907:
806:
799:
793:
771:
637:
603:Principality of Achaea
592:
584:
388:
363:
274:Fourth (War of Cyprus)
141:Commanders and leaders
2549:Laugier, Marc-Antoine
2437:"Le frontiere navali"
1038:Siege of Thessalonica
993:Emir SĂŒleyman Burkozi
943:Manuel II Palaiologos
902:
820: 800â900 m
775:meant to sail to the
758:
361:
312:off the port city of
279:Fifth (War of Candia)
236:OttomanâVenetian wars
183:Casualties and losses
31:OttomanâVenetian Wars
2663:Parry, Seth (2008).
2378:. pp. 267â281.
1966:, pp. 273, 280.
1918:, pp. 279, 280.
1200:, pp. 172, 173.
848:ChristiansâGenoese,
839:Egyptian chronicler
633:Banner of Saint Mark
345:was signed in 1419.
197:12â27 ships captured
2342:, pp. 156â157.
2330:, pp. 176â177.
2306:, pp. 154â156.
2294:, pp. 151â153.
2258:, pp. 150â151.
2207:, pp. 174â175.
2171:, pp. 145â146.
2147:, pp. 148â149.
2123:, pp. 147â148.
2063:, pp. 321â326.
2051:, pp. 146â147.
1837:, pp. 145â146.
1823:Melville-Jones 2017
1813:, pp. 216â217.
1811:Melville-Jones 2017
1741:, pp. 143â144.
1685:, pp. 142â143.
1661:, pp. 278â280.
1649:, pp. 277â278.
1637:, pp. 118â119.
1608:Melville-Jones 2017
1586:, pp. 270â271.
1520:, pp. 983â984.
1437:, pp. 140â141.
1425:, pp. 173â174.
1401:, pp. 139â140.
1314:, pp. 137â138.
1272:, pp. 426â427.
1224:, pp. 598â599.
1212:, pp. 116â118.
905:Istanbul University
620:Prince of Wallachia
568:Captain of the Gulf
444:Knights Hospitaller
376:Ottoman Interregnum
302:Battle of Gallipoli
92: /
24:Battle of Gallipoli
2729:Setton, Kenneth M.
2705:Setton, Kenneth M.
949:. On 31 July, the
908:
864:, while a certain
772:
710:Gasparo Zancaruolo
673:Birghoz-i Gelibolu
609:concluded between
531:Signoria of Venice
384:Republic of Venice
364:
306:Republic of Venice
284:Sixth (Morean War)
130:Republic of Venice
4738:Conflicts in 1416
4710:
4709:
4669:
4668:
4220:(1789–1908)
4211:
4210:
4001:(1700–1789)
3992:
3991:
3479:(1550–1700)
3470:
3469:
3114:(1453–1550)
3105:
3104:
2822:(1299–1453)
2767:978-0-262-12308-2
2676:978-0-549-80891-6
2625:978-90-04-34158-6
2540:978-90-04-08112-3
2406:978-88-3313-636-3
645:Role of Gallipoli
513:at the island of
297:
296:
201:
200:
119:
118:
96:40.450°N 26.800°E
4770:
4604:2nd Kerch Strait
4226:
4225:
4221:
4193:1st Kerch Strait
4007:
4006:
4002:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3450:Strait of Hormuz
3312:Peñón of Algiers
3120:
3119:
3115:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2748:
2724:
2700:
2680:
2659:
2637:
2598:
2577:
2558:
2544:
2509:
2497:
2464:
2452:
2431:
2410:
2387:
2358:
2352:
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2337:
2331:
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2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
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2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2111:, cols. 907â908.
2106:
2100:
2099:, cols. 908â909.
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2075:, cols. 906â907.
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:, cols. 905â906.
2034:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1870:, cols. 903â904.
1865:
1859:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1753:, cols. 902â903.
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1713:
1712:, cols. 901â902.
1707:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1556:
1555:, cols. 901â909.
1550:
1544:
1538:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1465:
1459:
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1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1299:, cols. 899â900.
1294:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
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1201:
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1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
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1145:
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1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1030:
1019:NiccolĂČ Cappello
1008:
995:
968:
961:Venetian Albania
954:
826:Battle of 29 May
821:
818:
809:
802:
796:
675:
663:
655:Camillo Manfroni
640:
597:
589:
509:coming from the
393:
239:
237:
227:
220:
213:
204:
203:
164:
153:
115:Venetian victory
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
97:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
53:
52:
41:
21:
20:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4695:
4665:
4626:6th Dardanelles
4620:5th Dardanelles
4585:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4159:
4000:
3999:
3988:
3944:4th Dardanelles
3938:3rd Dardanelles
3933:2nd Dardanelles
3927:1st Dardanelles
3880:
3692:2nd ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
3687:1st ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
3682:Jurjeve Stijene
3478:
3477:
3466:
3369:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3085:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2803:
2768:
2745:
2721:
2677:
2642:Miller, William
2626:
2583:L'Ateneo Veneto
2574:
2541:
2512:Bosworth, C. E.
2407:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2008:
1999:
1993:Antoniadis 1966
1991:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1964:Antoniadis 1966
1962:
1958:
1952:Antoniadis 1966
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1928:Antoniadis 1966
1926:
1922:
1916:Antoniadis 1966
1914:
1910:
1904:Antoniadis 1966
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1880:Antoniadis 1966
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1799:Antoniadis 1966
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1659:Antoniadis 1966
1657:
1653:
1647:Antoniadis 1966
1645:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1620:Antoniadis 1966
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:, pp. 7â8.
1594:
1590:
1584:Antoniadis 1966
1582:
1578:
1570:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1149:Treaty of Turin
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1056:
1052:
1047:
984:SĂŒleyman Ăelebi
979:
971:Jacopo Trevisan
928:Venetian Senate
912:War of Chioggia
897:
883:
866:Giorgio Calergi
828:
819:
749:grappling hooks
740:
726:
697:
657:
647:
578:), Andros, and
556:
507:merchant convoy
416:
356:
351:
339:Venetian Senate
298:
293:
240:
235:
233:
231:
196:
194:
189:
160:
100:
98:
94:
91:
86:
83:
81:
79:
78:
76:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4723:1416 in Europe
4708:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4011:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3916:Cape Celidonia
3913:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3713:
3711:Saint Gotthard
3708:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3585:AlcĂĄcer Quibir
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3482:
3476:Transformation
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3080:Constantinople
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2810:Ottoman Empire
2808:involving the
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2749:
2743:
2725:
2719:
2701:
2681:
2675:
2660:
2638:
2624:
2599:
2597:, pp. 129â169.
2589:(II). Venice.
2585:(in Italian).
2578:
2572:
2559:
2545:
2539:
2516:van Donzel, E.
2502:İnalcık, Halil
2498:
2457:İnalcık, Halil
2453:
2432:
2422:(2): 154â200.
2411:
2405:
2388:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2357:, p. 106.
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2270:, p. 148.
2260:
2248:
2246:, p. 150.
2236:
2234:, p. 176.
2221:
2209:
2197:
2195:, p. 146.
2185:
2183:, p. 149.
2173:
2161:
2159:, p. 149.
2149:
2137:
2135:, p. 148.
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2087:, p. 147.
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2014:
2012:, p. 119.
2010:Magoulias 1975
1997:
1995:, p. 273.
1985:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1906:, p. 280.
1896:
1894:, p. 145.
1884:
1882:, p. 268.
1872:
1860:
1858:, p. 146.
1839:
1827:
1825:, p. 218.
1815:
1803:
1801:, p. 272.
1791:
1789:, p. 145.
1779:
1767:
1765:, p. 144.
1755:
1743:
1731:
1714:
1702:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1635:Magoulias 1975
1624:
1612:
1610:, p. 216.
1600:
1588:
1576:
1574:, p. 143.
1557:
1545:
1543:, p. 984.
1522:
1510:
1495:
1483:
1481:, p. 141.
1466:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1376:
1364:
1362:, p. 138.
1352:
1350:, p. 139.
1340:
1328:
1326:, p. 137.
1316:
1301:
1286:
1284:, p. 174.
1274:
1262:
1250:
1248:, p. 976.
1238:
1236:, p. 118.
1234:Magoulias 1975
1226:
1214:
1210:Magoulias 1975
1202:
1190:
1188:, p. 172.
1178:
1176:, p. 975.
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1140:
1131:
1127:Marmara Island
1118:
1105:
1096:
1081:
1068:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
978:
975:
896:
893:
882:
879:
827:
824:
747:and launching
739:
736:
725:
722:
705:Morosini Codex
696:
693:
646:
643:
624:Mustafa Ăelebi
616:Bey of Karaman
566:was appointed
564:Pietro Loredan
555:
552:
415:
412:
400:Constantinople
355:
352:
350:
347:
343:a peace treaty
326:Ottoman sultan
322:Pietro Loredan
310:Ottoman Empire
295:
294:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
245:
242:
241:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
199:
198:
191:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
158:Ăali Bey
156:
147:Pietro Loredan
143:
142:
138:
137:
135:Ottoman Empire
132:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
101:40.450; 26.800
74:Marmara Island
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4775:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:Naval battles
4588:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:Philippopolis
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4217:Modernization
4214:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:Naval battles
4162:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:Naval battles
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:Naval battles
3372:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3111:Classical Age
3108:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:Naval battles
3088:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2744:0-87169-127-2
2740:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2720:0-87169-114-0
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:Sanudo, Marin
2682:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2573:0-8143-1540-2
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:G. C. Sansoni
2373:
2368:
2367:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:Manfroni 1902
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2304:Manfroni 1902
2300:
2293:
2292:Manfroni 1902
2288:
2281:
2280:Manfroni 1902
2276:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2256:Manfroni 1902
2252:
2245:
2244:Manfroni 1902
2240:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:Manfroni 1902
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2157:Manfroni 1902
2153:
2146:
2145:Manfroni 1902
2141:
2134:
2133:Manfroni 1902
2129:
2122:
2121:Manfroni 1902
2117:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2085:Manfroni 1902
2081:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2049:Manfroni 1902
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1856:Manfroni 1902
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1835:Manfroni 1902
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1787:Manfroni 1902
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1763:Manfroni 1902
1759:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1739:Manfroni 1902
1735:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1683:Manfroni 1902
1679:
1672:
1671:Manfroni 1902
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1572:Manfroni 1902
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1508:, p. 25.
1507:
1506:Manfroni 1902
1502:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1479:Manfroni 1902
1475:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1449:, p. 63.
1448:
1443:
1436:
1435:Manfroni 1902
1431:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1411:Manfroni 1902
1407:
1400:
1399:Manfroni 1902
1395:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1374:, p. 45.
1373:
1368:
1361:
1360:Manfroni 1902
1356:
1349:
1348:Manfroni 1902
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1324:Manfroni 1902
1320:
1313:
1312:Manfroni 1902
1308:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1001:Bayezid Pasha
999:
994:
989:
985:
974:
972:
967:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
901:
892:
889:
878:
875:
874:galley slaves
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
845:
842:
836:
832:
823:
814:
808:
801:
795:
788:
786:
783:into Ottoman
782:
778:
770:
766:
762:
757:
753:
750:
746:
735:
732:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
702:
692:
690:
689:Halil İnalcık
687:
681:
679:
674:
668:
661:
656:
652:
642:
639:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
599:
596:
595:
588:
587:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Duke of Naxos
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
391:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:In 1413, the
360:
346:
344:
340:
335:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
243:
238:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
208:
205:
192:
187:
186:
181:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
163:
157:
154:
148:
145:
144:
139:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
122:
114:
111:
110:
105:
75:
71:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4702:
4687:
4678:
4618:
4596:
4578:
4556:
4514:
4507:
4485:
4413:
4406:
4384:
4372:
4365:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4272:
4245:
4229:Land battles
4170:
4152:
4145:
4083:
4076:
4054:
4047:
4043:2nd Belgrade
4038:Petrovaradin
4030:
4023:
4016:
4010:Land battles
3981:
3969:
3942:
3925:
3903:
3891:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3829:Egri Palanka
3827:
3820:
3803:
3796:
3784:
3762:
3715:
3703:
3696:
3674:
3667:
3655:
3638:
3631:
3609:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3488:Land battles
3459:
3455:Gulf of Oman
3442:
3425:
3413:
3406:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3362:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3230:
3198:
3191:
3179:
3145:1st Belgrade
3123:Land battles
3096:
3078:
3066:
3044:
3027:
3018:Hermannstadt
3010:
3003:
2998:Thessalonica
2996:
2989:
2977:
2950:
2933:
2923:Philadelphia
2921:
2914:
2907:
2902:Sırp SındıÄı
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2839:Kulaca Hisar
2837:
2831:Land battles
2757:
2733:
2709:
2696:
2665:
2646:
2607:
2603:
2593:, pp. 3â34;
2586:
2582:
2563:
2553:
2530:
2523:
2507:"Meáž„emmed I"
2485:
2478:
2440:
2419:
2415:
2396:
2371:
2335:
2323:
2318:, p. 8.
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
1988:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1705:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1548:
1541:İnalcık 1965
1518:İnalcık 1965
1513:
1491:Gullino 1996
1486:
1464:, p. 7.
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1277:
1270:Laugier 1760
1265:
1253:
1246:İnalcık 1991
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1174:İnalcık 1991
1143:
1134:
1121:
1108:
1099:
1084:
1071:
1053:
1034:
1023:peace treaty
1012:
998:Grand Vizier
980:
952:provveditore
940:
909:
884:
846:
837:
833:
829:
794:provveditore
789:
773:
741:
727:
704:
700:
698:
682:
648:
627:
600:
594:provveditori
557:
484:
417:
365:
330:
301:
299:
254:Thessalonica
248:
193:4,000 killed
161:
124:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
4522:Shipka Pass
4476:BaĆgedikler
4471:Akhaltsikhe
4436:Akhaltsikhe
4280:Mount Tabor
4263:Shubra Khit
4198:2nd Ochakov
4141:2nd Ochakov
4101:Stavunchany
4096:1st Ochakov
3640:Nagykanizsa
3318:Leobersdorf
2610:: 213â219.
2520:Pellat, Ch.
2475:Schacht, J.
2471:Pellat, Ch.
2328:Fabris 1992
2316:Setton 1978
2268:Christ 2018
2232:Fabris 1992
2205:Fabris 1992
2193:Christ 2018
2181:Christ 2018
2169:Christ 2018
2109:Sanudo 1733
2097:Sanudo 1733
2073:Sanudo 1733
2061:Setton 1976
2037:Sanudo 1733
2027:, col. 907.
2025:Sanudo 1733
1983:, col. 905.
1981:Sanudo 1733
1942:, col. 904.
1940:Sanudo 1733
1892:Christ 2018
1868:Sanudo 1733
1777:, col. 903.
1775:Sanudo 1733
1751:Sanudo 1733
1729:, col. 902.
1727:Sanudo 1733
1710:Sanudo 1733
1700:, col. 901.
1698:Sanudo 1733
1596:Setton 1978
1553:Sanudo 1733
1462:Setton 1978
1423:Fabris 1992
1389:, col. 900.
1387:Sanudo 1733
1336:Setton 1978
1297:Sanudo 1733
1282:Fabris 1992
1260:, col. 899.
1258:Sanudo 1733
1222:Miller 1908
1198:Fabris 1992
1186:Fabris 1992
1091:sopracomiti
1077:Christ 2018
1062:sopracomiti
888:prize money
852:, Cretans,
813:half a mile
807:sopracomiti
800:sopracomito
658: [
638:sopracomito
611:Musa Ăelebi
586:sopracomiti
519:Dardanelles
503:brigantines
480:Pietro Zeno
190:340 wounded
99: /
59:29 May 1416
45:Dardanelles
43:Map of the
4717:Categories
4516:Kızıl Tepe
4392:Dervenakia
4290:Heliopolis
4154:KarĂĄnsebes
4078:Banja Luka
3998:Old Regime
3983:Samothrace
3911:Cape Corvo
3805:Negroponte
3792:2nd MohĂĄcs
3786:Vrtijeljka
3753:2nd Vienna
3738:2nd Khotyn
3723:KrasnobrĂłd
3663:1st Khotyn
3651:Tashiskari
3617:CÄlugÄreni
3564:Gvozdansko
3536:Mostaganem
3415:Formentera
3408:1st Jeddah
3305:1st MohĂĄcs
3270:Mercidabık
3206:Breadfield
3193:Valea AlbÄ
3155:TĂąrgoviÈte
3140:2nd Oranik
3068:2nd Kosovo
3062:1st Oranik
2963:Karanovasa
2929:Dubravnica
2895:Adrianople
2529:Volume VI:
2484:Volume II:
2462:"Gelibolu"
2355:Parry 2008
1447:Stahl 2009
1372:Stahl 2009
1159:References
966:gran baron
947:Adrianople
854:Provencals
714:Sphrantzes
686:Ottomanist
491:Negroponte
408:Aegean Sea
349:Background
318:Aegean Sea
175:10 galleys
4574:Velestino
4569:Al Wajbah
4493:Eupatoria
4481:Kurekdere
4441:Kulevicha
4397:Karpenisi
4367:DrÄgÄÈani
4131:Kozludzha
4067:YeghevÄrd
3971:Oinousses
3835:Slankamen
3748:Trembowla
3698:Novi Zrin
3633:Keresztes
3627:2nd Brest
3592:1st Brest
3364:Sokhoista
3352:Esztergom
3277:Han Yunus
3221:CÄtlÄbuga
3181:Otlukbeli
3160:2nd Mokra
3097:Gallipoli
3052:1st Mokra
3012:Novo Brdo
2979:Nicopolis
2958:Kırkdilim
2881:Gallipoli
2867:Pelekanon
2656:563022439
2494:495469475
2467:Lewis, B.
2449:644711024
988:Lampsakos
920:Sigismund
916:Hungarian
881:Aftermath
870:quartered
858:Sicilians
781:Wallachia
745:crossbows
667:Bayezid I
651:Gallipoli
544:Trebizond
527:castellan
511:Black Sea
398:capital,
396:Byzantine
314:Gallipoli
249:Gallipoli
188:12 killed
70:Gallipoli
4743:Gelibolu
4656:Navarino
4651:Gerontas
4614:Kaliakra
4547:TaĆkesen
4537:4th Kars
4503:3rd Kars
4498:Chernaya
4487:OlteniÈa
4451:2nd Acre
4426:2nd Kars
4415:Phaleron
4408:Kamatero
4402:Arachova
4380:Vasilika
4351:Valtetsi
4315:Al-Safra
4310:Slobozia
4300:Arpachai
4274:1st Acre
4268:Pyramids
4203:Fidonisi
4116:Aspindza
4111:Khresili
4106:1st Kars
3965:Mytilene
3921:Focchies
3851:Moulouya
3845:Ustechko
3811:BatoÄina
3728:NiemirĂłw
3676:KöbölkĂșt
3503:TemesvĂĄr
3433:Girolata
3396:Balearic
3284:Ridanieh
3264:Koçhisar
3251:Turnadag
3244:Ăaldıran
3150:Albulena
3135:Krusevac
3130:Leskovac
3040:Torvioll
3035:Kunovica
3029:Zlatitsa
2874:Demotika
2731:(1978).
2707:(1976).
2687:(1733).
2644:(1908).
2634:48577797
2595:Fasc. II
2551:(1760).
2531:MahkâMid
2522:(eds.).
2504:(1991).
2477:(eds.).
2459:(1965).
1114:triremes
862:yardarms
850:Catalans
731:pavisade
676:). When
628:de facto
499:galleots
460:Cyclades
404:Anatolia
372:Mehmed I
308:and the
170:Strength
77:approx.
68:between
64:Location
4703:italics
4641:Nauplia
4636:Algiers
4580:Domokos
4564:Mouzaki
4552:NovĆĄiÄe
4532:Aladzha
4509:Al-Hasa
4446:Algiers
4374:Sculeni
4356:Doliana
4346:Erzurum
4335:Alamana
4247:Giurgiu
4236:FocÈani
4178:Matapan
4147:Mehadia
4136:Kinburn
4091:Perekop
4056:Samarra
4049:Kurijan
3960:Algiers
3955:Algiers
3950:Algiers
3899:Lepanto
3822:Zernest
3816:2nd NiĆĄ
3775:Eperjes
3758:PĂĄrkĂĄny
3733:Komarno
3717:ĆadyĆŒyn
3646:Sufiyan
3622:Giurgiu
3578:Torches
3550:Szigeth
3529:Tlemcen
3496:Tlemcen
3438:AlborĂĄn
3427:Preveza
3382:Zonchio
3358:Karagak
3338:Algiers
3331:Baghdad
3324:Gorjani
3298:Tlemcen
3258:Algiers
3200:Shkodra
3057:Otonetë
3023:1st NiĆĄ
3005:Golubac
2991:Ăamurlu
2941:PloÄnik
2916:Maritsa
2909:Samokov
2888:Ihtiman
2846:Bapheus
2806:Battles
2695:(ed.).
2591:Fasc. I
2384:4500339
2364:Sources
936:Zonchio
841:Maqrizi
785:Rumelia
576:Nauplia
535:Lepanto
515:Tenedos
495:galleys
436:Phokaia
428:Genoese
394:in the
370:prince
368:Ottoman
334:Tenedos
289:Seventh
162:†
149: (
87:26°48âČE
84:40°27âČN
4609:Tendra
4598:Andros
4558:Ulcinj
4527:Plevna
4341:Gravia
4321:Jeddah
4285:Abukir
4253:Izmail
4241:Rymnik
4188:Patras
4172:Imbros
4085:Grocka
4062:Kirkuk
4018:Chelif
3977:Andros
3893:Cyprus
3798:Crimea
3669:Candia
3657:Cecora
3571:Ăıldır
3510:Palast
3461:Djerba
3238:Dubica
3232:Krbava
3226:Vrpile
3187:Vaslui
3170:Vaikal
2985:Ankara
2968:Rovine
2952:Kosovo
2946:BileÄa
2860:Nicaea
2853:Dimbos
2812:by era
2764:
2741:
2717:
2673:
2654:
2632:
2622:
2570:
2537:
2518:&
2492:
2473:&
2447:
2403:
2382:
1015:Valona
924:Friuli
856:, and
777:Danube
769:Athens
761:galley
695:Battle
618:, the
607:treaty
572:Candia
548:ducats
487:Euboea
470:, and
464:Andros
452:Doukas
448:Rhodes
440:Lesbos
438:, and
420:Smyrna
380:sultan
264:Second
112:Result
4661:Sinop
4646:Samos
4631:Athos
4466:Nezib
4461:Konya
4431:Varna
4421:Petra
4361:Lalas
4328:Äegar
4305:Batin
4295:Derna
4258:MÄcin
4183:ĂeĆme
4126:Kagul
4121:Larga
4072:Ganja
4032:Pruth
3905:Tunis
3876:Zenta
3858:Lugos
3840:HodĂłw
3780:Kassa
3705:Jijel
3611:Banat
3605:Sisak
3599:BihaÄ
3543:Krupa
3523:Tadla
3444:Ponza
3421:Tunis
3389:Modon
3291:Jajce
3216:Adana
3175:Meçad
3165:Ohrid
3074:Polog
3046:Varna
2973:Ohrid
2935:Savra
2691:. In
2630:JSTOR
2510:. In
2465:. In
1045:Notes
1028:bailo
1006:bailo
986:, at
932:Morea
918:king
662:]
580:Corfu
523:Oreos
497:, 26
472:Melos
468:Paros
432:Chios
424:Latin
390:bailo
269:Third
259:First
4456:Hims
4386:Peta
4025:Oran
3871:Azov
3865:UlaĆ
3764:Buda
3743:LwĂłw
3345:Pest
2819:Rise
2762:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2671:ISBN
2652:OCLC
2620:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2535:ISBN
2490:OCLC
2445:OCLC
2401:ISBN
2380:OCLC
1088:The
716:and
542:and
540:Tana
300:The
72:and
56:Date
4688:see
4679:see
3770:VĂĄc
3557:Fez
3517:Fez
3402:Diu
3211:Una
2612:doi
2587:XXV
2486:CâG
2424:doi
922:in
767:at
446:of
152:WIA
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2224:^
2017:^
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973:.
817:c.
660:it
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