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824:. The Hainan delegation conferred with the PRC's military leadership before returning south in the wake of the PRC's advance. They arrived in time to attend the final invasion planning meeting in February 1950 which was attended by both Hainanese and PLA officers. Ma relayed Feng's suggestion that the attack from the north be made of pincer movements rather than a frontal assault on β and battle of attrition for β
1606:
952:
forces linked up quickly. The HIC prepared the beachheads and by the morning of 17 April over 100,000 PLA troops had landed. Haikou in the north fell on 23 April. The ROC defence disintegrated from disunity of command and lack of supplies. The ROC retreated southwards, pursued by the communists. The ROC evacuated commanders and nearly 70,000 troops and refugees.
712:(CCP) established a branch on Hainan in 1926. Lines of communication between the branch and the CCP leadership were tenuous from the beginning, resulting in the Hainan communist movement developing independently and operating with minimal outside support. The Hainan communists were hard hit by the ROC's repression that followed the end of the
740:
of the southern interior mountains by occupying Hlai territory and demanding materiel support. In July 1943, the Hlai β led by Wang
Guoxing and Wang Yujin β attacked the ROC in the Baisha Uprising. The Hlai were crushed and suffered ROC reprisals. Wang Guoxing and Wang Yujin survived. On Wang Yujin's
987:
The PRC's military histories emphasized the 15th Corps' actions. The assault across the strait was popularized into stories of a "people's flotilla" of wooden junks manned by volunteers and fishermen fighting metal ROC warships. The role of the HIC and the Hlai received much less attention. For the
983:
The CCP marginalized the Hainan communist movement in the following decade. The CCP was dissatisfied with the HIC's relative lack of ideological rigour and its perceived "localism"; the HIC survival strategy had been pragmatic and had included compromise with the Hlai. Local communists and the Hlai
872:
reported 140,000 troops, including 80,000 veterans. Many had been evacuated from the mainland and were demoralized and poorly supplied; they were also accompanied by refugees. Most of the defenders were concentrated around Haikou. The ROC air force and navy were better equipped than the communists,
951:
The main communist amphibious assault started on the night of 16 April. The troops crossed in 318 junks divided into multiple waves. A number of transports were sunk by the ROC air force and navy. Most of the campaign's 4,000 communist casualties occurred during the initial crossing. The communist
769:
By late 1949, the PRC was looking forward to finishing the war by capturing the islands constituting the ROC's remaining strongholds. These tasks were difficult as the ROC retained superior naval and air forces; the communist navy only began to form in the summer with the capture of ROC ships. The
735:
in 1939 β they had little communication, and no radio contact, with the CCP leadership until the end of the war. Limited hostilities between the Hainan communists and ROC resumed in 1940. The Hainan communists formed a militia called the Hainan
Independent Column (HIC). The ROC meanwhile alienated
752:
in 1945. On Hainan, the ROC left Hlai territory and reestablished themselves along the coast. The Hainan communists used access to Hlai territory to grow within the ROC blockade. Maintaining communications with the mainland CCP remained difficult. CCP orders to abandon the island in 1946 were
716:. The Hainan communists were nearly destroyed due to the confined geography of the island; like their mainland counterparts, the few survivors abandoned the urban coast for the rural interior. In 1929, Wang Wenming, leader of the Hainan communists, named
835:
in preparation for the PRC's invasion of Hainan. The currency would be issued to invading PLA troops to purchase supplies on Hainan; the wider distribution and usage would help tie the island to the PRC's economy. The HIC responded by issuing
942:
From late-February 1950, the PLA reinforced the HIC through small scale landings; most evaded detection. The strength of landing units was masked by dispersal. Larger movements occurred on 10, 26 and 31 March using dozens of junks.
741:
suggestion, the Hlai formed an alliance with the communists, who were based in the northern interior. The communists relied heavily on the Hlai for survival, and their main base shifted south to
1002:
2111:
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was assigned to defend Hainan in late 1949. He launched a suppression campaign in early 1950; the Hainan communists were "devastated" in
February but not eliminated.
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and were forced to retreat south after the landings. The communists secured Hainan's southern cities by the end of the month and declared victory on 1 May.
844:, the ROC governor of Hainan, also attempted to issue currency around the same time; this failed in part due to a lack of support from the ROC government.
1610:
602:
1788:
821:
847:
The invasion was preceded by three months of training with Soviet assistance. Training included swimming and the operation of sail and motor boats.
816:
Planning for the invasion occurred in the winter of 1949β1950. Wang
Guoxing and Ma Baishan travelled through ROC-held territory to communist-held
540:
988:
Hainan communist movement the battle was the culmination of the war they had fought against the ROC for 23 years with little outside support.
1967:
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The ROC bombed communist bases on Hainan and the
Leizhou Peninsula with impunity; the latter had practically no anti-aircraft defences.
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and Yulin in the south fell to the communists within seven days of Haikou, allowing the PRC to proclaim victory on 1 May.
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The invasion was postponed by a few weeks on Soviet advice, who believed the winds would then be more favourable for
68:
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895:
A PLA soldier (left) shakes hands with an HIC soldier (right), shortly after their forces' joint capture of Haikou.
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rejected by the Hainan communists, who spent the years following the
Japanese withdrawal building popular support.
490:
854:. On the other hand, the main landings in April and May were unable to take advantage of favourable winter winds.
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1631:
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in response to
Japanese aggression; formal arrangements for Hainan were only made in 1938 after the start of the
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on 16 April, assisted by the Hainan communist movement which controlled much of the island's interior, while the
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The ROC government concentrated on defending Taiwan and denied most requests for reinforcement and materiel.
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813:, would participate in the cross-strait invasion. The defeat at Kinmen led to greater preparations.
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in the winter and spring of 1949β1950; this instigated a final suppression campaign by the ROC.
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The
Communist Southern Branch Party Bureau ordered the HIC to prepare and distribute
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China's Lonely
Revolution: The Local Communist Movement of Hainan Island, 1926β1956
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2014:
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657:(ROC) controlled the coast; their forces were concentrated in the north near
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As of
December 1949, the Chinese Communists had controlled the entire
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31:
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ROC forces included perhaps 200,000 regular troops and militiamen.
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Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China
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failed. The invasion of Hainan was deferred. In January 1950,
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became notable obstacles to the PRC's land reform program.
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A parade celebrating the liberation of Hainan on 1 May 1950
797:(PLA) was tasked with the invasion. It was deployed to the
19:
For the operation during the Second Sino-Japanese War, see
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The conquest was quickly overshadowed by the start of the
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1508:
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914: with: more details of the campaign. You can help by
1563:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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from Hainan. The subordinate 15th Corps, led by General
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Location of Hainan island with respect to mainland China
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The People's Republic of China takes control of Hainan.
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Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950
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731:. The Hainan communists were further isolated by the
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Martyrs' cemetery in Golden Bull Mountain Ridge Park
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PRC was unprepared; the invasions of the islands of
1582:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
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820:in the fall of 1949; they were in the city for the
790:; he likely sought a victory to impress his hosts.
641:) occurred in 1950, during the final phase of the
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765:PLA soldiers training for the offensive in 1949
748:The civil war intensified after the end of the
822:proclamation of the People's Republic of China
1632:
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1968:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
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58:introducing citations to additional sources
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873:with 25 warplanes and 50 military ships.
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649:(PRC) conducted an amphibious assault on
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48:Relevant discussion may be found on the
416:140,000β200,000 soldiers and militiamen
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526:Resumption of hostilities (1945β1949)
446:
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16:1950 battle of the Chinese Civil War
782:approved the invasion while in the
13:
2175:Campaigns of the Chinese Civil War
1611:Landing Operation on Hainan Island
14:
2216:
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723:The communists and ROC created a
2108:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
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1034:"Republic of China Marine Corps"
998:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
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491:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
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352:163rd Division of the 109th Army
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41:relies largely or entirely on a
30:
2097:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
1032:Hao-Chang, Yu (November 1966).
733:Japanese invasion of the island
638:
630:
514:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
383:Republic of China Marine Corps
1:
2137:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2112:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
1704:Constitutional ROC Government
1013:
793:The Fourth Field Army of the
664:
598:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
2126:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
1862:Chinese Communist Revolution
1018:
959:
7:
1722:Republic of China on Taiwan
1690:National Revolutionary Army
1658:Principal belligerents and
1042:. Marine Corps Association.
991:
886:
400:Republic of China Air Force
317:43rd Army of the 15th Corps
314:40th Army of the 12th Corps
10:
2221:
2190:Military history of Taiwan
2185:Military history of Hainan
1934:Fujian People's Government
1800:People's Republic of China
1559:Murray, Jeremy A. (2017).
1551:
978:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
647:People's Republic of China
321:Hainan Independent Column
227:People's Republic of China
18:
1807:
1654:
1578:Westad, Odd Arne (2003).
704:Hainan communist movement
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424:
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69:"Battle of Hainan Island"
1785:People's Liberation Army
858:Nationalist preparations
795:People's Liberation Army
729:Second Sino-Japanese War
309:People's Liberation Army
1924:Chinese Soviet Republic
1900:Autumn Harvest Uprising
710:Chinese Communist Party
623:Battle of Hainan Island
504:Autumn Harvest Uprising
498:First Phase (1927β1937)
349:32nd, 62nd, 64th Armies
155:preparing to cross the
128:Battle of Hainan Island
21:Hainan Island Operation
2147:Project National Glory
2122:Hainan Island campaign
2001:Double Tenth Agreement
1997:Chongqing Negotiations
1914:Encirclement campaigns
969:
896:
766:
757:Communist preparations
700:
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509:Encirclement campaigns
435:1 ship sunk, 5 damaged
365:Republic of China Navy
344:Republic of China Army
245:Commanders and leaders
2011:Jiaochangkou Incident
967:
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608:Cross-strait conflict
425:Casualties and losses
170:16 April β 1 May 1950
139:Cross-Strait conflict
1613:at Wikimedia Commons
1039:Marine Corps Gazette
437:2 aircraft shot down
54:improve this article
1964:Second United Front
1884:NanjingβWuhan split
1832:SunβJoffe Manifesto
1681:National Government
1544:, pp. 169β170.
1532:, pp. 143β145.
1517:, pp. 163β184.
1478:, pp. 159β160.
1466:, pp. 160β161.
1372:, pp. 151β152.
1348:, pp. 153β154.
1244:, pp. 297β301.
1232:, pp. 176β176.
1220:, pp. 136β137.
1205:, pp. 129β130.
1157:, pp. 114β118.
1145:, pp. 113β114.
1094:, pp. 130β131.
935:Preliminary attacks
725:Second United Front
635:traditional Chinese
325:1st, 3rd, 5th Corps
271:Wang Guoxing (Hlai)
2180:Landing operations
1904:Guangzhou Uprising
1842:First United Front
970:
897:
869:The New York Times
776:Dengbu in November
767:
720:as his successor.
714:First United Front
701:
693:
627:simplified Chinese
603:ChinaβBurma border
388:2nd Marine Brigade
2205:Conflicts in 1950
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2066:Liaoshen campaign
2048:Yu Zisan Incident
2015:Peiping rape case
1984:
1983:
1896:Nanchang uprising
1892:Little Long March
1880:Shanghai massacre
1670:Nationalist Party
1648:Chinese Civil War
1609:Media related to
1055:, pp. 61β67.
932:
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799:Leizhou Peninsula
772:Kinmen in October
655:Republic of China
643:Chinese Civil War
616:
615:
477:Chinese Civil War
474:Campaigns of the
441:
440:
433:33,000 casualties
413:15,000 militiamen
274:Wang Yujin (Hlai)
239:Republic of China
209:
208:
195:Communist victory
135:Chinese Civil War
119:
118:
104:
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2080:Pingjin campaign
2076:Huaihai campaign
2025:Marshall Mission
1990:
1989:
1876:Shanghai Commune
1872:Nanking incident
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750:Second World War
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411:100,000 soldiers
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864:Seymour Topping
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1954:Xi'an Incident
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1766:8th Route Army
1757:Liberated Area
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71: β
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
43:single source
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2121:
2101:
2090:
2059:
2036:
1888:715 Incident
1725:
1579:
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916:adding to it
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784:Soviet Union
768:
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214:Belligerents
133:Part of the
120:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
40:
1852:Canton Coup
1542:Murray 2017
1530:Murray 2017
1515:Murray 2017
1503:Westad 2003
1488:Murray 2017
1476:Murray 2017
1464:Murray 2017
1452:Murray 2017
1423:Murray 2017
1411:Murray 2017
1399:Murray 2017
1382:Murray 2017
1370:Murray 2017
1358:Murray 2017
1346:Murray 2017
1334:Murray 2017
1319:Murray 2017
1302:Murray 2017
1279:Westad 2003
1254:Westad 2003
1242:Westad 2003
1230:Murray 2017
1218:Murray 2017
1203:Murray 2017
1191:Murray 2017
1179:Murray 2017
1167:Murray 2017
1155:Murray 2017
1143:Murray 2017
1131:Murray 2017
1119:Murray 2017
1107:Murray 2017
1092:Murray 2017
1080:Murray 2017
1068:Murray 2017
1053:Murray 2017
923:August 2022
842:Chen Jitang
788:state visit
738:Hlai people
691:. (CIA map)
420:40 aircraft
200:Territorial
2169:Categories
2035:Operation
1944:Long March
1014:References
974:Korean War
780:Mao Zedong
718:Feng Baiju
665:Background
533:Operation
519:Long March
266:Feng Baiju
110:April 2023
80:newspapers
2143:1961β1972
2133:1950β1958
2072:1948β1949
2037:Beleaguer
2031:1945β1949
2021:1945β1947
1960:1937β1946
1940:1934β1936
1930:1933β1934
1920:1931β1934
1910:1930β1934
1858:1927β1949
1817:Post-1945
1660:campaigns
1019:Citations
960:Aftermath
838:war bonds
803:Guangdong
743:Wuzhishan
587:Aftermath
576:Guningtou
535:Beleaguer
370:3rd Fleet
184:Kwangtung
50:talk page
2104:Incident
2102:Amethyst
2093:Incident
2062:incident
1813:Pre-1945
1750:Red Army
992:See also
976:and the
887:Invasion
876:General
833:currency
811:Deng Hua
687:country
684:de facto
593:Xinjiang
566:Shanghai
546:Liaoshen
418:52 ships
406:Strength
261:Deng Hua
175:Location
137:and the
2060:Kiangya
1552:Sources
878:Xue Yue
818:Beijing
677:except
581:Wanshan
556:Pingjin
551:Huaihai
331:militia
288:Xue Yue
202:changes
186:, China
94:scholar
1797:
1586:
1567:
826:Haikou
786:for a
679:Hainan
659:Haikou
645:. The
637::
629::
571:Hainan
397:
380:
362:
341:
306:
192:Result
180:Hainan
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
954:Sanya
866:from
852:junks
689:Tibet
639:ζ΅·εε³Άζ°ε½Ή
631:ζ΅·εε²ζε½Ή
268:(HIC)
153:junks
101:JSTOR
87:books
2118:1950
2086:1949
2054:1948
2044:1947
2007:1946
1993:1945
1975:1944
1950:1936
1868:1927
1848:1926
1838:1924
1828:1923
1774:etc.
1584:ISBN
1565:ISBN
774:and
708:The
681:and
621:The
329:Hlai
167:Date
151:PLA
73:news
2058:SS
918:.
801:in
56:by
2171::
1787:)
1772:,
1768:,
1752:)
1734:/
1710:)
1692:)
1672:/
1522:^
1495:^
1430:^
1389:^
1326:^
1309:^
1286:^
1261:^
1210:^
1099:^
1060:^
1036:.
980:.
828:.
633:;
182:,
1970:)
1966:(
1789:β
1777:β
1759:(
1754:β
1743:(
1712:β
1706:(
1694:β
1683:(
1640:e
1633:t
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1592:.
1573:.
925:)
921:(
625:(
466:e
459:t
452:v
112:)
108:(
98:Β·
91:Β·
84:Β·
77:Β·
60:.
46:.
23:.
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