Junk (ship) - Knowledge

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western examples in the early 12th century CE. A second reason for this slow development was that the side rudders in use were still extremely efficient. Thus the junk rudder's origin, form and construction was completely different in that it was the development of a centrally mounted stern steering oar, examples of which can also be seen in Middle Kingdom (c. 2050–1800 BCE) Egyptian river vessels. It was an innovation which permitted the steering of large ships and due to its design allowed height adjustment according to the depth of the water and to avoid serious damage should the junk ground. A sizable junk can have a rudder that needed up to twenty members of the crew to control in strong weather. In addition to using the sail plan to balance the junk and take the strain off the hard to operate and mechanically weakly attached rudder, some junks were also equipped with leeboards or dagger boards. The world's oldest known depiction of a stern-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a junk dating from before the 1st century CE.

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drypoint compasses were extremely unstable), meant that they did little to contribute to the accuracy of navigation by dead reckoning. Review of the evidence shows that the Chinese embarked magnetic pointer was only sometimes used for navigation or reorientation. The reasoning is simple. Chinese mariners were as capable as any, having undertaken the journey safely for hundreds of years, had they needed a compass as an essential tool to navigate, they would have been aware of the almost random directional qualities when used at sea of the water bowl compass they used. Yet that design remained unchanged for some half a millennium. Western sailors, coming upon a similar water bowl design (no evidence as to how has yet emerged) very rapidly adapted it in a series of significant changes such that within roughly a century the water bowl had given way to the dry pivot, a rotating compass card a century later, a lubberline a generation later and gimbals seventy or eighty years after that.

668: 343: 945:(1293), essentially relied on recently acquired Song naval capabilities. Worcester estimates that the large Yuan junks were 36 feet (10.97 m) in width and over 100 feet (30.48 m) long. In general, they had no keel, stempost, or sternpost. They did have centreboards, and a watertight bulkhead to strengthen the hull, which added great weight. This type of vessel may have been common in the 13th century. The kind of ships the Mongols used for the invasion wasn't recorded but it was large as they commissioned smaller boats for rivers of Java. David Bade estimated around 50 soldiers each on 400-500 ships with their supplies, weapons, diplomat during the Java campaign. While John Man's estimate around 29–44 soldiers each. 363: 759:"Through the streets carts and horses are rumbling and thronging-We are back in a year of the Hsüan-Ho reign-period. One day a Han-Lin scholar presented this painting, Worthy of handing down the ways and works of a peaceful time. Going east from the Water-gate one comes to the Canal of the Sui, The streets and the fields are alike incomparable (But Lao Tzu formerly warned against prosperity And today we know it has all become waste-land). Yet the vessels that sail ten thousand li on their voyages. With rudders of timber from Chhu and their masts from Wu, Fine scenery north of the bridge and south of the bridge, Recall for a time the dream of halcyon days, One can hear the flutes and drums; the towers seem close at hand." 93: 212: 508: 786:

everything is hidden and lost in space, mountains, landmarks, and the countries of foreigners. The shipmaster may say "To make such and such a country, with a favorable wind, in so many days, we should sight such and such a mountain, (then) the ship must steer in such and such a direction". But suddenly the wind may fall, and may not be strong enough to allow for the sighting of the mountain on the given day; in such a case, bearings may have to be changed. And the ship (on the other hand) may be carried far beyond (the landmark) and may lose its bearings. A

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Guan Jincheng (1947) proposed a much more modest size of 20 zhang long by 2.4 zhang wide (204 ft by 25.5 ft or 62.2 m by 7.8 m) while Xin Yuan'ou (2002) put them as 61–76 m (200–250 feet) in length. Zhao Zhigang claimed that he has solved the debate of the size difference, and stated that Zheng He's largest ship was about 70 m (230 ft) in length.

731:. However regulations required ships to depart and return at specific ports that they were registered to, which stifled early trade. This regulation was modified in 1090, when the Song court decreed that ships could freely register and depart from any port. The first records of Chinese ships leaving for trade abroad appear in the 11th century, mostly to 934:), that is 68 metres (223.1 ft). However, the norm size for trading junks pre-1500 was most likely around 20–30 metres (65.6–98.4 ft) long, with the length of 30 metres (98.4 ft) only becoming the norm after 1500 CE. Large size could be a disadvantage for shallow harbors and many reefs of southeast asian. 837:

initially lifted the 9-month restriction on maritime shipping at around 1279, resulting in Chinese trade ships displacing Southeast Asian ships in their traditional Indian Ocean routes. But by 1284, the Yuan court revoked the private trade policy of the Song Dynasty, and much of the Chinese maritime

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and could carry up to 300 passengers. Smaller ships were known as "wind-piercing" and carried up to a hundred passengers. However, historical descriptions (often second-hand) in early Chinese sources tend to greatly exaggerate dimensions, usually to twice or more of the actual lengths. Shipwrecks of

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Junks employed stern-mounted rudders centuries before their adoption in the West for the simple reason that Western hull forms, with their pointed sterns, obviated a centreline steering system until technical developments in Scandinavia created the first, iron mounted, pintle and gudgeon 'barn door'

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was captured on film and their arrival into San Francisco made international front-page news. The five Chinese-born friends saw an advertisement for an international trans-Atlantic yacht race, and jumped at the opportunity for adventure. They were joined by the then US Vice-Consul to China, who was

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Yuan dynasty ships carry on the tradition of Song; the Yuan navy is essentially Song navy. Both Song and Yuan employed large trading junks. Unlike Ming treasure ships, Song and Yuan great junks are propelled by oars, and have with them smaller junks, probably for maneuvering aids. The largest junks

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people'). They were described as being capable of sailing against strong winds and violent waves, implying that Chinese ships at that time did not have that capacity. These ships were booked by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims for passage to Southern India and Sri Lanka. In the 3rd century CE, Chinese

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and the Southeast Asian djong are frequently confused with each other and share some characteristics, including large cargo capacities, multiple (two to three) superimposed layers of hull planks, and multiple masts and sails. However the two are readily distinguishable from each other by two major

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Louise Levathes suggests that the actual length of the biggest treasure ships may have been between 390–408 feet (119–124 m) long and 160–166 feet (49–51 m) wide. Modern scholars have argued on engineering grounds that it is highly unlikely that Zheng He's ship was 450 ft in length,

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Chinese ships at this time were essentially fluvial (riverine) in nature and operation. Chinese ships weren't used for maritime voyages to Southeast Asia and beyond until the 9th century CE. Heng suggests an even later date (11th century CE) for the beginning of Chinese maritime shipping, when the

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for navigational purposes. However, as with almost all vessels of any culture before the late 19th century, the accuracy of magnetic compasses aboard ship, whether from a failure to understand deviation (the magnetism of the ship's iron fastenings) or poor design of the compass card (the standard

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partnerships. Most trade expeditions were controlled by foreign merchants, mainly Muslims living in trading cities in southern China, partnered with government officials and the Mongol imperial family. This ban on private trade was intermittently lifted for brief periods until 1323, when it was

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built by the boatyard of Che Ali bin Ngah on Duyong island in the estuary of the Terengganu river on the east coast of Malaysia. The Bedar is one of the two types of Malay junk schooners traditionally built there. He sailed this junk with his family and one friend to the Mediterranean and then

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described the Chinese as "great navigators in very large ships which they call jungos, of two masts, of a different make from ours, the sails are of matting, and so also the cordage. There are great corsairs and robbers amongst those islands and ports of China. They go with all these goods to

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rods plaited into mats. They are never lowered, but turned according to the direction of the wind; at anchor they are left floating in the wind. A ship carries a complement of a thousand men, six hundred of whom are sailors and four hundred men-at-arms, including archers, men with shields and

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on board. There is no account of dead or living, no going back to the mainland when once the people have set forth upon the cerulean sea. At daybreak, when the gong sounds aboard the ship, the animals can drink their fill, and crew and passengers alike forget all dangers. To those on board,

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may spring up, the ship may be blown hither and thither, it may meet with shoals or be driven upon hidden rocks, then it may be broken to the very roofs (of its deckhouses). A great ship with heavy cargo has nothing to fear from the high seas, but rather in shallow water it will come to

1191:, though official state-sponsored trade under the guise of "tribute" missions continued. The ban on private trade was lifted in 1405 during the Zheng He expeditions, but reinstated again in 1479. From the mid-15th to early 16th century, all Chinese maritime trading was banned under the 1303:

uses. These vessels were typically called "war junks" or "armed junks" by Western navies which began entering the region more frequently in the 18th century. The British, Americans and French fought several naval battles with war junks in the 19th century, during the

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Around 770 CE, there was great activity in canal and river boat construction, attributed to Liu Yen, who created 10 shipwright yards and provided competitive rewards. Chu LingYiin, for example, deployed many-decked naval vessels in the Wu Tai Battle of 934 AD.

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also incorporates distinctly Chinese innovations from their indigenous river and coastal vessels (namely watertight compartments and the central rudders). "Hybrid" ships (referred to as the "South China Sea tradition") integrating technologies from both the

2310: 287:), in contrast to Chinese ships which are always built with iron nails and clamps. The second is that Chinese ships since the first century AD are all built with a central rudder. In contrast, Southeast Asian ships use double lateral rudders. 1161:

Malacca, where they also carry much iron, saltpetre and many other things, and for the return voyage they ship there Sumatra and Malabar pepper, of which they use a great deal in China, and drugs of Cambay, much anfiam, which we call

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Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails. A ship carving from a stone Buddhist stele shows a ship with square sail from the Liu Sung dynasty or the Liang dynasty (c. 5th or 6th century).

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travelogue. Hosted by John Stephenson and narrated by ship's navigator Paul Chow, the program highlighted the adventures and challenges of the junk's sailing across the Pacific, as well as some humorous moments aboard ship.

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As these vessels are not to be laden with goods, their holds may without inconvenience be divided into separate apartments, after the Chinese manner, and each of these apartments caulked tight so as to keep out

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at Angkor Thom, Cambodia. From its characteristics and location, it is likely that the ship depicted in Bayon was a Southeast Asian ship. The Chinese themselves may have adopted them around the 12th century CE.

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secured longitudinally and transversely by means of large nails, each three ells in length. When these walls have thus been built the lower deck is fitted in and the ship is launched before the upper works are

899:). The vessel has four decks and contains rooms, cabins, and saloons for merchants; a cabin has chambers and a lavatory, and can be locked by its occupants. This is the manner after which they are made; two 1434:

continued with changing crew to finally finish a circumnavigation in 1998. He sold this vessel in 2000 and in 2004 he started to build a new junk in Duyong with the same craftsmen, the Pinas (or Pinis)

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tasked with capturing the journey on film. Enduring typhoons and mishaps, the crew, having never sailed a century-old junk before, learned along the way. The crew included Reno Chen, Paul Chow,

1173:, quicksilver, scarlet cloth, and many other things... Many of these Chinese take their wives and children continually on the ships in which they live without possessing any other dwellings." 545:, which was adopted by the West during the 16th century for work ashore, the western chain pump, which was adopted for shipboard use, being of a different derivation. Junks also relied on the 1982:

Stephen Davies, On courses and course keeping in Ming Dynasty seafaring: probabilities and improbabilities, "Mapping Ming China's Maritime World", Hong Kong: Hong Kong Maritime Museum, 2015

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of Chinese records) in trading ports in southern China from the 1st millennium CE onward, particularly in terms of the rigging, multiple sails, and the multiple hull sheaths. However, the

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Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà L. (2012). "Unit 14: Asian Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage)".

1438:, in order to help keep this ancient boat building tradition alive. This boat finished to be fitted out in 2010 and is working as a charter boat in the Andaman and the South China Sea. 1203:

to order the immediate cessation of all overseas exploration. The shipping and shipbuilding knowledge acquired during the Song and Yuan dynasties gradually declined during this period.

144:, and a flat-bottomed design. They are also characteristically built using iron nails and clamps. The term applies to many types of small coastal or river ships, usually serving as 1331: 394:

The full-length battens of the junk sail keep the sail flatter than ideal in all wind conditions. Consequently, their ability to sail close to the wind is poorer than other

619:, which does not mention a ship or even a mission, implying that like in previous cases, the envoy booked passage in a foreign ship. Wang (1958) stated that there are no 445:) with the outside shape built first. Then multiple internal compartment/bulkheads accessed by separate hatches and ladders, reminiscent of the interior structure of 2256:

Wake, Christopher (December 1997). "The Great Ocean-Going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries".

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1993). "The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)". In Reid, Anthony (ed.).

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China as Sea Power 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods

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states. A stipulation requiring ships to return within 9 months was added by the second half of the 11th century, which limited the range of Chinese vessels.

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Wake, Christopher (1997), "The Great Ocean-Going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries",

156:, but also ranging in size up to large ocean-going vessels. There can be significant regional variations in the type of rig and the layout of the vessel. 2617:"为什么郑和时期宝船体积庞大，后期明朝军舰再无如此规模的战船？(Why did the treasure ship of Zheng He's period be huge, and there was no warship of this size in the later Ming Dynasty?)" 1864: 386:, which used battens and is commonly known as "junk rig", was likely not Chinese in origin: The oldest depiction of a battened junk sail comes from the 3078: 777:"The ships which sail the southern sea and south of it are like giant houses. When their sails are spread they are like great clouds in the sky. Their 1004:(1405 to 1433), although this is disputed as no contemporary records of the sizes of Zheng He's ships are known. Instead the dimensions are based on 864:

traveling is done in Chinese ships only, so we shall describe their arrangements. The Chinese vessels are of three kinds; large ships called chunks

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trading ships docking in Chinese seaports with as many as four sails were recorded by scholars as early as the 3rd century CE. They called them the

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are several tens of feet long. A single ship carries several hundred men, and has in the stores a year's supply of grain. Pigs are fed and wine is

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The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze, A Study in Chinese Nautical Research, Volume I: Introduction; and Craft of the Estuary and Shanghai Area

891:. Three smaller ones, the "half", the "third" and the "quarter", accompany each large vessel. These vessels are built in the towns of Zaytun ( 2744: 1013: 263:, very large trading ships that the Portuguese first encountered in Southeast Asia. It later also included the smaller flat-bottomed Chinese 271:

in the 17th century, the meaning of "junk" (and other similar words in European languages) came to refer exclusively to the Chinese ship.

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Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific

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provided some descriptions of the large junk ship during Song Dynasty. Chin scholar in 1190 described the ships in the form of a poem:

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trade increased by the 9th century, and were described as arriving regularly in trading ports in southern China in Chinese records.

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with inflated square sails. A wide ship with a single sail is depicted in the Xi'an mirror (after the 9th or 12th century). Eastern

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and her crew arrived in San Francisco Bay in fog on August 8, 1955. Shortly afterward the footage was featured on ABC television's

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Worthy, Edmund H. (1983). "Diplomacy for Survival: Domestic and Foreign Relations of Wü Yueh, 907–978". In Morris, Rossabi (ed.).

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laws. The Zheng He expeditions had drained imperial funds and there was increasing threat of invasion from the north, leading the

3071: 1418:. After their successful journey this junk was anchored as a tourist attraction at one end of Barcelona harbor, close to where 1996:

Lawrence W. Mott, "The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale", College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997

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The ships of the previous Song, both mercantile and military, became the backbone of the Yuan navy. In particular the failed

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court permitted private Chinese ships to trade overseas, due to the loss of access to the northern trading routes along the

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to the United States and England between 1846 and 1848. Many junks were fitted out with carronades and other weapons for

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Early Global Interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean World, Volume II: Exchange of Ideas, Religions, and Technologies

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At sea, junk sailors co-operated with their Western counterparts. For example, in 1870 survivors of the English barque

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A Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) era painting of a city with scenery of the surrounding river ships and transports,

4399: 3064: 2928: 2808: 2708: 2616: 2444: 2320: 2170: 1821: 1794: 1605: 1382:, Benny Hsu, Calvin Mehlert and were led by skipper Marco Chung. After a journey of 6,000 miles (9,700 km), the 751: 79: 667: 3051: 2956:

Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

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Crossley, Pamela Kyle, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. "Song Dynasty."

1251:. A peace treaty between Koxinga and the Dutch Government was signed at Castle Zeelandia on February 1, 1662, and 882:] and the small ones kakams. The large ships have anything from twelve down to three sails, which are made of 50: 4379: 3045: 2918: 2102: 1811: 2732: 501: 19:

This article is about the history of the sailing vessel in China. For developments and sailing techniques, see

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are characteristic of junks, providing interior compartments and strengthening the ship. They also controlled

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Flecker, Michael (August 2015). "Early Voyaging in the South China Sea: Implications on Territorial Claims".

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Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700

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Burningham, Nick (2019). "Chapter 6: Shipping of the Indian Ocean World". In Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.).

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envoys were also sent to Southeast Asia ("Nanhai"), all of them explicitly used foreign ships for passage.

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Gungwu, Wang (1958). "The Nanhai Trade: the early History of the Chinese Trade in the South China Sea".

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In 1938, E. Allen Petersen escaped the advancing Japanese armies by sailing a 36-foot (11 m) junk,

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Tracing of two ships from Dunhuang cave temple, c. 8th–9th century CE. The ships showed square sails. A

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Large, ocean-going junks played a key role in Asian trade until the 19th century. One of these junks,

92: 3608: 938: 305:) is believed to have been influenced by regular contacts with sea-going Southeast Asian ships (the 4312: 3971: 57: 1945: 4404: 4384: 2673:

A description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar, in the beginning of the sixteenth century

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Comparing to other Ming records, the Chinese seem to have exaggerated their dimensions. European

942: 492:. Again, this type of construction for Chinese ship hulls was attested to by the Moroccan Muslim 28: 211: 3575: 1058:), carrying horses and tribute goods and repair material for the fleet, eight-masted, 37 by 15 4170: 2206: 1724: 507: 426:. It is the reason for the unique characteristics of early Chinese junks, like the absence of 4424: 3780: 3674: 2394: 1028: 959: 816:, measured 30.4 m (100 ft) and 34.6 metres (114 ft) in length, respectively. 2700: 2284: 518:

wrote in a 1787 letter on the project of mail packets between the United States and France:

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach".

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Manguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach".

1419: 857: 585: 473: 280: 141: 1555:. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. pp. 20–21. 8: 4419: 4389: 4348: 4282: 3920: 3750: 2785:

50 Years Malaysian-German Relations, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, p132/133

1905: 1256: 782: 239: 2689:"Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History" 2671: 1939: 1422:

meets the sea. Permanently moored along with it was a reproduction of Columbus' caravel

449:, were built in. Traditionally, the hull has a horseshoe-shaped stern supporting a high 4008: 3961: 3405: 3350: 3012: 2980: 2939:"船坚炮利：一个明代已有的欧洲印象 (Ship and Guns: An Existing European Impression of the Ming Dynasty)" 2897: 2841: 2561: 2422:

Of Palm Wine, Women and War: The Mongolian Naval Expedition to Java in the 13th Century

2083: 2075: 1638: 1474: 1018: 603: 137: 1642: 1622: 430:, very low decks, and solid transverse bulkheads rather than ribs or internal frames. 230:), note the double rudders which distinguished Southeast Asian ships from the Chinese 4185: 3956: 3879: 3016: 2984: 2924: 2857: 2845: 2804: 2728: 2704: 2501: 2491: 2440: 2400: 2316: 2212: 2166: 2087: 1843: 1817: 1790: 1763: 1628: 1601: 1556: 1347: 1292: 1153: 515: 477: 3172: 3056: 2676:. University of California Libraries. London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1394: 1277: 860:, in which there were at the time thirteen Chinese vessels, and disembarked. On the 368:

Tracing of a ship on a mirror in the Shaanxi museum (>9th or >12th century CE)

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nearly two centuries later. Maodeng's novel describes Zheng He's ships as follows:

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in 978 CE. The relations of Wuyue with Japan and Korea were primarily motivated by

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Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India–China Relations, 600–1400

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The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times

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records that mentioned Chinese junks being used for trading with Southeast Asia.

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Similar wet wells were also apparent in Roman small craft of the 5th century CE.

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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

4302: 4200: 4180: 4029: 3628: 3550: 3493: 3261: 3251: 3142: 3008: 2976: 2390: 2269: 1837: 1586:. By Richard W. Bulliet. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 279–80. Print. 1359: 1226: 1200: 1188: 1157: 746: 732: 594: 567: 411: 349: 307: 248: 200: 176: 61: 2837: 2071: 1530: 4363: 4205: 4190: 4129: 4109: 3998: 3819: 3809: 3755: 3241: 2992: 2938: 2505: 2190:

When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433

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China among Equals: the Middle Kingdom and its Neighbors, 10th–14th centuries

1468: 1458: 1447: 1340: 1272: 1122: 927: 831: 813: 769: 658: 648: 493: 414:(r. 1654–1722) on a tour, seated prominently on the deck of a junk ship 149: 1323:

shipwrecked off Formosa, were rescued by a junk and landed safely in Macao.

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In 1661, a naval fleet of 400 junks and 25,000 men led by the Ming loyalist

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Chinese ships were also described by Western travelers to the east, such as

4297: 4175: 4134: 4084: 3988: 3930: 3890: 3735: 3715: 3462: 3435: 3208: 3182: 2819:"Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships" 1762:. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. 1366: 1192: 834: 724: 713: 686: 620: 489: 419: 387: 295: 164: 129: 24: 3039: 2880:

Lewis, Archibald (1973), "Maritime Skills in the Indian Ocean 1368-1500",

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are raised and across the space between them are placed very thick planks

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Charles W. Cushman Photograph Collection>> Results >> Details

1399: 1287: 1240: 1169:, coral wrought and unwrought, stuffs from Cambay, Palecate, and Bengal, 915: 849: 825: 497: 458: 375: 160: 2079: 199:, where junks were used as merchant ships to trade goods with China and 4195: 4144: 4013: 3940: 3910: 3760: 3699: 3694: 3638: 3603: 3565: 3440: 3390: 3231: 3197: 3192: 3157: 3121: 3042:, homepage of one of the last remaining 20th century junks, with video. 2901: 2103:"Kunlun and Kunlun Slaves as Buddhists in the Eyes of the Tang Chinese" 1656: 1379: 1062:, about 103 m (338 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide. 809: 644: 542: 181: 174:), they adopted ocean-going technologies acquired from Southeast Asian 145: 4064: 1079:, about 78 m (256 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide. 969: 676: 4251: 4246: 4079: 3993: 3983: 3915: 3775: 3503: 3360: 3325: 3291: 1710:

See also plates CDIII, CDIV, CDV, CDVI in Needham, Volume 4, Part 3.

1411: 1407: 1300: 1170: 1096:, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide. 896: 764: 728: 616: 578: 450: 442: 283:) ships are built exclusively with lugs, dowels, and fiber lashings ( 268: 192: 153: 97: 2920:

The Age of Titans: The Rise and Fall of the Great Hellenistic Navies

2893: 2688: 2534:” 鄭和下西洋的船, Dongfang zazhi 東方雜誌 43 (1947) 1, pp. 47-51, reprinted in 1757: 1012:, published 1597), a romanticized version of the voyages written by 4124: 4114: 3900: 3885: 3870: 3865: 3814: 3730: 3648: 3633: 3583: 3483: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3266: 3177: 3162: 3152: 1479: 1463: 1268: 997: 892: 796: 717: 462: 434: 383: 334: 185: 20: 3300: 1247:. Following a nine-month siege, Cheng captured the Dutch fortress 378:

no. 45 (from the 8th or 9th century) features large sailboats and

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Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society XXXI/2

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in case of holing. Ships built in this manner were written of in

267:, even though the two were markedly different vessels. After the 2801:

Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago

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Ling, Xue (2022-07-12). Li, Ma; Limin, Wu; Xiuling, Pei (eds.).

610: 453:. The bottom is flat in a river junk with no keel (similar to a 418:

Unlike other major shipbuilding traditions which developed from

4332: 4307: 4165: 4099: 4094: 3905: 3829: 3720: 3684: 3643: 3588: 3538: 3518: 3508: 3370: 3340: 3310: 3216: 3187: 3167: 1453: 1370: 1252: 1236: 1216: 1182: 983: 883: 840: 778: 574: 466: 454: 446: 406: 379: 191:

Similar designs to the Chinese junk were also adopted by other

133: 116: 1713: 4287: 4241: 4215: 4074: 3793: 3745: 3653: 3618: 3560: 3488: 3445: 3385: 3315: 3271: 3256: 1706: 1704: 1296: 1162: 740: 736: 712:

states since at least 935 CE until Wuyue was absorbed by the

709: 705: 701: 260: 216: 196: 126: 3030:

World of Boats (EISCA) Collection ~ Keying II Hong Kong Junk

2745:"E. Allen Petersen Dies at 84; Fled Japanese on Boat in '38" 2670:

Barbosa, Duarte; Stanley, Henry Edward John Stanley (1866).

2583:"郑和大号宝船到底有多大？ (How big was Zheng He's large treasure ship?)" 2165:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 36. 2008:

Konstam, Angus. 2007. Pirates: Predators of the Seas. 23-25

996:

The largest junks ever built were possibly those of Admiral

568:

Han to Northern and southern dynasties era (2nd–6th century)

4322: 4149: 3498: 3395: 3345: 3330: 3281: 3226: 2854:

Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming, 1405–1433

2490:. 社会科学文献出版社 (Social Science Literature Press). p. 98. 1922: 871: 787: 634: 500:(1304–1377 CE), who described it in great detail (refer to 438: 427: 423: 251: 2356: 1885:

The masts, hull and standing rigging" section, paragraph 2

1701: 1075:), containing staple for the crew, seven-masted, 28 by 12 989:

Chinese woodblock print of Zheng He ships from early 1600s

838:

trade during this period was monopolized by the state via

320:

and the djong also started to appear by the 15th century.

2856:. Library of World Biography. New York: Pearson Longman. 2627: 2512: 1689: 1358:, from Shanghai to California with his wife Tani and two 975:

A large four masted junk from Longjiang Shipyard, c. 1553

878: 704:

established diplomatic and maritime trade relations with

188:

were introduced to Chinese junks by the 12th century CE.

2882:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

2596: 2639: 1471:, a Chinese junk that was sailed to the US in the 1840s 2379:. Shanghai: Order of the Inspector General of Customs. 852:. According to Ibn Battuta, who visited China in 1347: 3086: 2651: 2453: 1786:

Shaped by Wind & Wave: Musings of a Boat Designer

1410:

men, led by Jose Maria Tey, sailed from Hong Kong to

2554:

A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He's Ships

2541: 1373:

to San Francisco. The four-month journey aboard the

845:

lifted permanently until the overthrow of the Yuan.

206: 2465: 1262: 948: 773:about the sea-going ships of Southern China again: 573:first actual records of Chinese ships (mostly from 159:Chinese junks were originally only fluvial and had 1968:The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology, p.185 2424:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 2396:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800 2242: 2240: 2225: 1937: 4361: 2908:Lo, Jung-pang (2012) , Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.), 2211:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 463–464. 2204: 2192:. New York : Oxford University Press. p.80 279:differences. The first is that Southeast Asian ( 242: 2803:, London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 2547: 1429:In 1981, Christoph Swoboda had a 65 feet (LoA) 1326: 215:Early European illustration of Southeast Asian 3052:Pirates and Junks in Late Imperial South China 3046:The Junk and Advanced Cruising Rig Association 2669: 2237: 1917:Materials and dimensions" section, paragraph 5 1627:. Cornell University Press. pp. 197–213. 1544: 1542: 1540: 819: 465:or very large rudder to prevent the boat from 3072: 2993:"The Myth of Zheng He's Great Treasure Ships" 2776:, George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd, London 1962 2693:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 2550:Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi 2437:Kublai Khan: The Mongol King Who Remade China 2041:Nalanda-Sriwijaya Center Working Paper Series 1842:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 1836:Johnstone, Paul (1980). McGrail, Sean (ed.). 1742:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–201. 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1010:Eunuch Sanbao Western Records Popular Romance 611:Sui to Tang dynasty (7th century–9th century) 541:Other innovations included the square-pallet 536: 2282: 1537: 3079: 3065: 2774:Hong Kong to Barcelona in the Junk "Rubia" 2566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1809: 1737: 1497: 735:, but also included records of trade with 96:Junks in Guangzhou, photograph c. 1880 by 2997:International Journal of Maritime History 2965:International Journal of Maritime History 2374: 2283:Sommerville, Quentin (21 December 2017). 2258:International Journal of Maritime History 2126: 1835: 1829: 1589: 1136: 1006:Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi 953: 290:The development of the sea-going Chinese 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:. For other Southeast Asian vessels, see 2483: 1931: 1685:. American Oriental Society. p. 59. 1426:during the 1960s and part of the 1970s. 1393: 1330: 1276: 1187:Private trade was banned in 1371 by the 692:Along the River During Qingming Festival 635:Rise of Song dynasty (10th–13th century) 506: 405: 210: 91: 2953: 2936: 2798: 2602: 2487:海疆开发史话 (History of Coastal Development) 2362: 2205:Needham, Joseph; Gwei-Djen, Lu (1971). 2057: 2038: 1751: 1749: 1695: 1620: 1548: 1516: 1450:, flat hulled barges of the Philippines 1231: 926:) may have a hull length twice that of 795:In 1274 CE, according to a resident of 615:In 683 CE, Tang court sent an envoy to 4362: 2916: 2870: 2851: 2816: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2614: 2518: 2471: 2459: 2389: 2285:"Ancient ship raised from S China Sea" 2160: 2154: 2141: 2034: 1810:Mudie, Rosemary; Mudie, Colin (1975), 1624:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era 256:. The word originally referred to the 3060: 2879: 2701:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97 2200: 2198: 2184: 2182: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 1898:"Mainland China: Revival of the Junk" 1862: 1803: 1681:Scott, Charles Payson Gurley (1897). 1680: 1595: 1281:Chinese Trading Junk, Guangzhou, 1823 1113:, about 50 m (160 ft) long. 799:, the large Song junks were of 5,000 2990: 2962: 2686: 2680: 2580: 2419: 2255: 2100: 2094: 1816:, Arco Publishing Co., p. 152, 1783:Dix, President Dudley (2013-09-23). 1755: 1746: 1674: 1206: 767:customs officer Zhou Qufei wrote in 581:) leaving for foreign trade appear. 294:(the "junk" in modern usage) in the 33: 2434: 2308: 1782: 1731: 1549:L. Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà (2012). 1129:were said to be 30, 40, 50, and 60 1002:his expeditions in the Indian Ocean 941:(1274–1281), as well as the failed 238:The English word "junk" comes from 13: 2907: 2663: 2413: 2231: 2195: 2179: 2135: 2060:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 2051: 2011: 1944:. The Macmillan Company. pp. 1519:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1165:, and wormwood, Levant gall nuts, 14: 4436: 3023: 2309:Sen, Tansen (11 September 2015). 1941:The writings of Benjamin Franklin 752:Science and Civilisation in China 437:(although after the 17th century 422:, the junk evolved from tapering 207:Etymology and history of the term 2917:Murray, William Michael (2014), 1365:In 1955, six young men sailed a 1263:Qing dynasty (17th-19th century) 982: 968: 949:Ming dynasty (15th–17th century) 868:, middle sized ones called zaws 675: 666: 657: 457:), so that the boat relies on a 361: 352:oar is also present (known as a 341: 38: 16:Traditional Chinese type of boat 2873:Sailing ships of war, 1400-1860 2779: 2766: 2755: 2737: 2717: 2608: 2574: 2524: 2477: 2428: 2383: 2368: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2302: 2276: 2249: 2120: 2002: 1988: 1974: 1960: 1928:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 469. 1890: 1856: 1813:The history of the sailing ship 1776: 1291:, sailed from China around the 808:large junks of the period, the 511:Junk near Hong Kong, circa 1880 488:, published by 1119 during the 323: 2792: 2536:Zheng He yanjiu ziliao huibian 1661:Online Etymological Dictionary 1649: 1614: 1576: 1255:became Koxinga's base for the 1221: 1105: 1100: 1088: 1083: 1071: 1066: 1054: 1049: 1037: 1032: 763:A decade before, in 1178, the 599: 502:Technology of the Song dynasty 121: 1: 2538:鄭和研究資料匯編 (1985), pp. 268-272. 1728:. Cambridge University Press. 1552:Asian Shipbuilding Technology 1490: 1146: 299: 224: 168: 23:. For the Javanese ship, see 4278:Bristol Channel pilot cutter 2532:Zheng He xia Xiyang de chuan 2375:Worcester, G. R. G. (1947). 2315:. Rowman & Littlefield. 1683:The Malayan Words in English 1600:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1327:Modern period (20th century) 433:Classic junks were built of 7: 4395:Merchant sailing ship types 3035:China Seas Voyaging Society 2923:, Oxford University Press, 2590:扬子晚报 (Yangtze Evening News) 2556:]. Shanghai. p. 8. 1839:The sea-craft of prehistory 1441: 903:walls of very thick wooden 856:…We stopped in the port of 820:Yuan dynasty (14th century) 553: 132:characterized by a central 10: 4441: 3009:10.1177/084387140401600105 2991:Wake, Christopher (2004), 2977:10.1177/084387149700900205 2958:, Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 2852:Dreyer, Edward L. (2007). 2270:10.1177/084387149700900205 2127:Dick-Read, Robert (2005). 1938:Benjamin Franklin (1906). 1266: 1195:in what were known as the 1180: 1176: 1109:), five-masted, 18 by 6.8 1041:) nine-masted, 44.4 by 18 957: 823: 638: 562: 537:Leeboards and centerboards 332: 234:which had a central rudder 18: 4341: 4270: 4224: 4158: 4042: 4022: 3949: 3858: 3802: 3708: 3662: 3574: 3474: 3459: 3290: 3206: 3130: 3099: 2838:10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001 2817:Church, Sally K. (2005), 2484:京 (Jing), 安 (An) (2012). 2439:. Reading: Random House. 2188:Levathes, Louise (1996). 2072:10.1017/S002246340000446X 1584:The Earth and Its Peoples 1531:10.1017/S002246340000446X 1092:), six-masted, 24 by 9.4 939:Mongol invasions of Japan 269:disappearance of the jong 219:and other smaller craft ( 112: 4400:Sailing rigs and rigging 3972:Iron-hulled sailing ship 2954:Needham, Joseph (1986), 2799:Bowring, Philip (2019), 2399:. Singapore: NUS Press. 1722:Needham, Joseph (1971). 1485: 689:'s (1085–1145) painting 328: 195:countries, most notably 3781:Square-rigged caravel ( 2875:, Conway Maritime Press 2420:Bade, David W. (2013), 1143:Livro de Duarte Barbosa 943:Mongol invasion of Java 528:Benjamin Franklin, 1787 401: 4380:Naval history of China 2943:史学月刊 (History Monthly) 2937:Naiming, Pang (2016), 2912:, Singapore: NUS Press 2871:Howard, Frank (1979), 2615:Dandan, Chuan (2017). 2101:Kang, Heejung (2015). 1643:10.7591/j.ctv2n7gng.15 1596:Mahdi, Waruno (2007). 1403: 1351: 1282: 1137:International Commerce 954:Expedition of Zheng He 919: 793: 761: 531: 512: 415: 252: 243: 235: 136:, an overhanging flat 100: 4313:Pinnace (ship's boat) 3675:Chinese treasure ship 1863:Platt, Brian (2001). 1397: 1334: 1280: 960:Chinese treasure ship 887:crossbows, who throw 854: 775: 757: 520: 510: 409: 214: 95: 4328:Thames sailing barge 4159:Recreational vessels 2687:Heng, Derek (2019). 2548:Xin Yuan'ou (2002). 486:Pingzhou Table Talks 376:Dunhuang cave temple 4349:Nautical operations 4283:Floating restaurant 4171:Ljungström sailboat 3751:Full-rigged pinnace 2727:Dalesman 1978 p.31 2636:, pp. 229–232. 2521:, pp. 1–4, 38. 2344:Wake, 1997: 57, 67. 1789:. Lulu Press, Inc. 1698:, pp. 456–457. 1406:In 1959 a group of 1257:Kingdom of Tungning 602:; 'ship of the 184:and fully-battened 4415:Austronesian ships 4410:Three-masted ships 4370:Chinese inventions 3466:and other vessels 3460:Naval and merchant 2749:The New York Times 2435:Man, John (2012). 2365:, p. 128-129. 2353:Wake, 1997: 66-67. 1865:"The Chinese Sail" 1475:Shipyards in Macau 1404: 1362:(Tsar loyalists). 1352: 1283: 513: 416: 303: 960 to 1279 236: 172: 960 to 1279 101: 4375:Four-masted ships 4357: 4356: 4186:Sailing hydrofoil 4038: 4037: 3957:Blackwall frigate 3880:Baltimore Clipper 2863:978-0-321-08443-9 2725:Maritime Maryport 2623:on 12 March 2021. 2497:978-7-5097-3196-3 2406:978-9971-69-574-3 2218:978-0-521-07060-7 1769:978-92-9223-414-0 1634:978-0-8014-8093-5 1562:978-92-9223-413-3 1398:A modern junk in 1369:-style junk from 1348:Dutch East Indies 1293:Cape of Good Hope 1232:Chêng Chʻêng-kung 1207:Capture of Taiwan 1082:Transport ships ( 895:) and Sin-Kalan ( 516:Benjamin Franklin 467:slipping sideways 396:fore-and-aft rigs 90: 89: 82: 4432: 3926:Ship of the line 3850:Ship of the line 3472: 3471: 3468:(by origin date) 3247:Full-rigged ship 3148:Fore-and-aft rig 3117:Age of Discovery 3112:Maritime history 3081: 3074: 3067: 3058: 3057: 3019: 2987: 2959: 2950: 2933: 2913: 2904: 2888:(2/3): 238–264, 2876: 2867: 2848: 2826:Monumenta Serica 2823: 2813: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2772:Jose Maria Tey, 2770: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2741: 2735: 2723:Robinson, Annie 2721: 2715: 2714: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2648:, p. 3, 37. 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2619:. Archived from 2612: 2606: 2605:, p. 56-57. 2600: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2545: 2539: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2202: 2193: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2107: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2036: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1904:. Archived from 1894: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1871:. Archived from 1860: 1854: 1853: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1735: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1593: 1587: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1546: 1535: 1534: 1514: 1414:on a junk named 1310:Second Opium War 1233: 1223: 1151: 1148: 1107: 1102: 1090: 1085: 1073: 1068: 1056: 1051: 1039: 1034: 1022: 986: 972: 679: 670: 661: 641:Huaguangjiao One 601: 529: 365: 345: 304: 301: 255: 246: 229: 226: 173: 170: 123: 114: 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 42: 41: 34: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4337: 4266: 4220: 4154: 4043:Fishing vessels 4034: 4018: 3945: 3854: 3798: 3704: 3658: 3570: 3534:Tessarakonteres 3467: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3376:Outrigger canoe 3286: 3202: 3126: 3095: 3085: 3026: 2931: 2894:10.2307/3596216 2864: 2821: 2811: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2751:. 14 June 1987. 2743: 2742: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2685: 2681: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2559: 2558: 2546: 2542: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2433: 2429: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2391:Miksic, John N. 2388: 2384: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2254: 2250: 2246:Wake, 2004: 75. 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2203: 2196: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2159: 2155: 2140: 2136: 2125: 2121: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2056: 2052: 2037: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1911: 1909: 1902:thomashoppe.net 1896: 1895: 1891: 1878: 1876: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1754: 1747: 1736: 1732: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1635: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1547: 1538: 1515: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1444: 1329: 1306:First Opium War 1275: 1267:Main articles: 1265: 1222:Zhèng Chénggōng 1209: 1185: 1179: 1149: 1139: 1016: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 987: 978: 977: 976: 973: 962: 956: 951: 913: 909:(the bulkheads) 828: 822: 723:In 989 CE, the 698: 697: 696: 695: 682: 681: 680: 672: 671: 663: 662: 651: 639:Main articles: 637: 613: 570: 565: 556: 539: 530: 527: 404: 369: 366: 357: 346: 337: 331: 326: 302: 227: 209: 171: 125:) is a type of 86: 75: 69: 66: 55: 49:has an unclear 43: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4438: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4405:Ships of China 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Sailboat types 4382: 4377: 4372: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Norfolk wherry 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4201:Trailer sailer 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4181:Pocket cruiser 4178: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4030:Montagu whaler 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3578: 3576:Post-classical 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3494:Borobudur ship 3491: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3469: 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Indiamen 1119: 1112: 1108: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 985: 971: 961: 946: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 928:Quanzhou ship 925: 918: 917: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 881: 880: 875: 873: 867: 863: 859: 853: 851: 846: 843: 842: 836: 833: 827: 817: 815: 814:Quanzhou ship 811: 806: 802: 798: 792: 789: 784: 780: 774: 772: 771: 770:Lingwai Daida 766: 760: 756: 754: 753: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 700:The state of 694: 693: 688: 678: 669: 660: 650: 649:Quanzhou ship 646: 642: 632: 628: 626: 622: 618: 608: 605: 597: 596: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 560: 551: 548: 544: 534: 524: 519: 517: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 472:The internal 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 420:dugout canoes 413: 408: 399: 397: 392: 389: 385: 381: 377: 364: 359: 355: 351: 344: 339: 338: 336: 321: 319: 314: 310: 309: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 259: 254: 250: 245: 241: 233: 222: 218: 213: 204: 202: 198: 194: 189: 187: 183: 180:trade ships. 179: 178: 166: 163:, but by the 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140:, watertight 139: 135: 131: 128: 124: 118: 110: 106: 99: 94: 84: 81: 73: 70:December 2020 63: 59: 53: 52: 47:This article 45: 36: 35: 30: 26: 22: 4425:Pirate ships 4298:Norfolk punt 4176:Mast aft rig 4085:Herring buss 4009:West Country 3931:Sloop-of-war 3786: 3782: 3716:Crommesteven 3545: 3209:sailing rigs 3183:Mast aft rig 3131:Sailing rigs 3091:vessels and 3000: 2996: 2971:(2): 51–81, 2968: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2942: 2919: 2909: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2853: 2829: 2825: 2800: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2724: 2719: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2621:the original 2610: 2603:Naiming 2016 2598: 2589: 2576: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2514: 2486: 2479: 2474:, p. 6. 2467: 2455: 2436: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2395: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2363:Bowring 2019 2358: 2349: 2340: 2331: 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Retrieved 1551: 1522: 1518: 1436:Naga Pelangi 1430: 1428: 1423: 1415: 1405: 1388:Bold Journey 1387: 1383: 1374: 1367:Ming dynasty 1364: 1355: 1353: 1344:Tek Hwa Seng 1343: 1336: 1320: 1318: 1286: 1284: 1239:to oust the 1230: 1220: 1210: 1196: 1193:Ming Dynasty 1186: 1142: 1140: 1130: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1093: 1087: 1076: 1070: 1059: 1053: 1042: 1036: 1009: 1005: 995: 936: 931: 923: 920: 908: 904: 900: 877: 869: 865: 855: 847: 839: 835:Yuan Dynasty 829: 804: 800: 794: 776: 768: 762: 758: 750: 745: 722: 714:Song Dynasty 699: 690: 687:Zhang Zeduan 629: 624: 621:Tang Dynasty 614: 593: 589: 586:Austronesian 583: 571: 557: 540: 532: 521: 514: 490:Song dynasty 485: 471: 441:was used in 432: 417: 393: 388:Bayon temple 372: 353: 324:Construction 317: 312: 306: 296:Song Dynasty 291: 289: 281:Austronesian 275: 274:The Chinese 273: 264: 237: 231: 220: 190: 175: 165:Song Dynasty 161:square sails 158: 130:sailing ship 120: 104: 102: 76: 67: 48: 25:Djong (ship) 4293:Mersey flat 4271:Other types 4060:Barca-longa 3962:Down Easter 3599:Bomb vessel 3551:K'un-lun po 3529:Quadriremes 3514:Penteconter 3401:Quadrimaran 3222:Barquentine 3138:Bermuda rig 3107:Age of Sail 2793:Works cited 2658:Murray 2014 2646:Church 2005 2634:Howard 1979 2519:Church 2005 2472:Church 2005 2460:Dreyer 2007 2150:(3): 3–135. 2131:. Thurlton. 2116:(1): 27–52. 2110:Kemanusiaan 1568:15 February 1424:Santa Maria 1400:La Rochelle 1321:Humberstone 1150: 1516 1072:Liáng Chuán 1017: [ 1014:Luo Maodeng 916:Ibn Battuta 850:Ibn Battuta 826:Shinan ship 498:Ibn Battuta 459:daggerboard 308:k'un-lun po 228: 1599 182:Tanja sails 177:k'un-lun po 146:cargo ships 4420:Tall ships 4390:Ship types 4364:Categories 4257:Treenailed 4237:Lashed lug 4232:Inflatable 4211:Windsurfer 4196:Sportsboat 4145:Well smack 4014:Windjammer 3941:Trincadour 3911:Padewakang 3761:Man-of-war 3700:Trabaccolo 3639:Malangbang 3441:Vaka katea 3391:Pentamaran 3232:Brigantine 3193:Square rig 3188:Pinisi rig 3168:Lateen rig 3158:Gunter rig 3122:Navigation 2733:0852064802 1912:2009-08-13 1491:References 1384:Free China 1380:Loo-chi Hu 1375:Free China 1227:Wade–Giles 1154:Portuguese 1106:Zhàn Chuán 1099:Warships ( 905:(planking) 901:(parallel) 876: [ 810:Nanhai one 645:Nanhai One 543:bilge pump 285:lashed lug 240:Portuguese 193:East Asian 154:houseboats 62:footnoting 4252:Tall ship 4080:Gableboat 3994:Leti leti 3984:Janggolan 3916:Post ship 3787:de armada 3776:Speronara 3504:Fire ship 3436:Va'a-tele 3361:Kora kora 3326:Catamaran 3292:Multihull 3198:Tanja rig 3143:Crab claw 3100:Overviews 3087:Types of 3048:, The JRA 3017:162302303 3003:: 59–76, 2985:130906334 2846:161434221 2562:cite book 2506:886189859 2088:162220129 1952:5 October 1879:13 August 1420:La Rambla 1412:Barcelona 1301:piratical 1245:Zeelandia 1171:vermilion 1089:Zuò Chuán 1038:Bǎo Chuán 912:finished. 897:Guangzhou 862:China Sea 783:fermented 765:Guangzhou 729:Silk Road 625:Kunlun bo 617:Srivijaya 595:kunlun po 590:kunlun bo 579:Guangdong 496:traveler 474:bulkheads 451:poop deck 443:Guangdong 435:softwoods 186:junk rigs 142:bulkheads 98:Lai Afong 4206:Wharrams 4125:Sixareen 4120:Nordland 4115:Patorani 3901:Gundalow 3886:Gallivat 3871:Chialoup 3866:Bilander 3815:Corvette 3731:Galleass 3690:Lancaran 3649:Tongkang 3634:Longship 3584:Balinger 3484:Balangay 3431:Ungalawa 3426:Trimaran 3421:Tongiaki 3416:Tipairua 3267:Schooner 3163:Junk rig 3153:Gaff rig 2832:: 1–43, 2695:: 1–29. 2393:(2013). 2289:BBC News 2080:20070359 1480:Junk rig 1464:Tongkang 1442:See also 1269:Tek Sing 1127:galleons 1055:Mǎ Chuán 998:Zheng He 893:Quanzhou 797:Hangzhou 739:and the 718:Buddhism 708:and the 554:Steering 526:— 482:Zhu Yu's 478:flooding 463:leeboard 384:lug sail 335:Junk rig 258:Javanese 58:citation 21:Junk rig 4342:Related 4140:Tartane 4090:Jangada 4070:Felucca 4065:Falkuša 4023:20th c. 3977:Warship 3967:Golekan 3950:19th c. 3876:Clipper 3859:18th c. 3845:Polacca 3825:Frigate 3803:17th c. 3771:Patache 3766:Manchua 3741:Flyboat 3726:Galleon 3709:16th c. 3680:Caravel 3670:Carrack 3663:15th c. 3629:Kondura 3594:Birlinn 3524:Trireme 3476:Ancient 3411:Tepukei 3366:Lakatoi 3356:Karakoa 3336:Guilalo 3321:Camakau 3306:Amatasi 3294:vessels 3262:Mistico 3237:Catboat 3178:Lug rig 3089:sailing 2949:: 51–65 2902:3596216 2232:Lo 2012 2047:: 1–53. 1408:Catalan 1402:in 2009 1346:in 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