Battle of Leuthen - Knowledge

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the landscape along an axis approximately parallel to the Austrian line. He knew the names of the hills: Schleierberg, Sophienberg, Wachberg and Butterberg. They were hardly hills, more like hillocks, but were high enough to provide a screen for his troops. Facing an army twice his size, he had to rely on his own army's tactical training and to use the terrain to maneuver his men into an optimal position. Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: any company of his troops fired at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire a phenomenal five, which was twice the rate of fire of most other European armies. Only the Russians could come close to achieving that rate. The Prussians could maneuver better than any of the armies in Europe and could march faster, and they had just come from a resounding success at Rossbach. His artillery could quickly deploy and redeploy to support his infantry. His cavalry, superbly trained, could maneuver and charge with horses flank to flank and riders knee to knee and move at a full gallop.

1722: 1880:, the seasoned infantry and grenadiers went into battle with 60 rounds per man, according to Prussian regulation. When they overwhelmed the first Austrian line, they had already run out of ammunition. Nádasdy sent his own small cavalry against the Prussian grenadier column and its infantry support but to no avail. Nádasdy withdrew his men in chaos with his troops disarrayed. Prince Charles and Daun finally realised they had been tricked and rushed troops from the right to the left, but they had extended the front, which was originally about 4 km (2 mi) long, to almost 10 km (6 mi), when they had repositioned forces earlier that day to meet Frederick's diversion. As the Austrians withdrew, the Prussian artillery raked them with 1736:, positioned the army facing west on a 8 km (5 mi) front in country of undulating plains. The Prince deployed his troops in two lines, the right wing at his northernmost point, anchored at Nypern. Leuthen served as the Austrian centre. Charles established his command post there by using a church tower as his observation post and stationing seven battalions in the village itself. The majority of Charles' forces stood on his right wing. A small advanced post stood at Borne, but with Frederick's arrival in force, it withdrew immediately to the east. The Austrian position intersected at right angles with the principal road between Borne and Breslau and passed through Frobelwitz and Lissa. He secured Nypern with eight 199: 188: 157: 1812: 1991: 1657: 2004: 2231: 176: 145: 1799:

own right. The leftmost column of cavalry remained behind to convince the Austrians that it was still approaching directly at the latter end of the Austrian line, near Frobelwitz. The visible distraction screened Frederick's intent of executing an oblique maneuver like the one that he had used successfully only weeks earlier at the Battle of Rossbach. Prince Charles, watching from his vantage point, moved his entire reserve to his right flank. That not only weakened the left flank but also stretched his front from Leuthen past Frobelwitz and on to Nypern and extended it well beyond its original 4 km (2 mi).

1966: 2243: 2088:, had a combined force of French and Austrian of 17,000 men. Breslau was a well-fortified city of walls and moats. The Austrians were determined to hold Breslau not only because losing it would cost them control of Silesia and considerable diminution of prestige but also because of the immense quantities of stores that the city held. The Austrian commander, recognizing his grim plight, posted placards on gallows and poles throughout the city and warned that anyone who spoke of surrender would be hanged immediately. On 7 December, Frederick laid 1522: 2129:

Frederick had left demonstrating in front of the northernmost position of the Austrian line was simply a diversion to hide his real movements. Secondly, the Austrians obliged him by their failure to post pickets on their unprotected flank south of Leuthen. Nádasdy's omission of outposts on his open flank south of Leuthen was a surprising oversight for an officer with his long years of experience against the Prussians. He should have considered the possibility of an attack from an unexpected place because that was Frederick's

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rounds, the advance never halted for lack of ammunition. The Prussian cavalry successfully protected the infantry's flanks, most notably during Nádasdy's assault on the Prussian grenadiers at Leuthen's church. The cavalry also provided tactically important charges, disrupting Austrian attempts to reform, which eventually turned the defeat into a rout. Frederick's

2156:, which was sometimes called the flying artillery for its ability to move rapidly, maintained its fire and kept pace with the army and deployed and redeployed its guns as needed. In addition to the physical damage they wrought, the distinctive sound of the horse artillery's 12-pounder cannon, sometimes called 2135:. Thirdly, even when confronted with the attack on his left, the diversion on the right flank near Frobelwitz continued to mesmerize Charles. When he ordered cavalry to move from the north to support the faltering troops in and around Leuthen in the south, they had too far to travel in too little time. 2783:

der Belagerung von Breslau; und Capitulations-Puncte von der Übergabe an Se. Königl. Majestät in Preussen: Nebst einem Verzeichniß mit Nahmen, derer Generals, Staabs-Officiers und andern Officiers, dann vom Feldwebel an summariter derer Kayserl. Königl. Trouppen, so den 21ten December ... 21 Dec

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estimated that almost 5% were officers. He also placed such other losses as capture and desertion at 17,000, almost 26%. Charles lost entire regiments, which scattered in the first attacks or overrun at the end; they simply dissolved in the waves of Prussian blue coats. The Prussians also captured 51

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Our Lieutenant-Colonel fell killed almost at the first; beyond this we lost our Major, and indeed all the Officers but three.... We had crossed two successive ditches, which lay in an orchard to the left of the first houses in Leuthen; and were beginning to form in front of the village. But there was

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The Prussian artillery perched on the reverse slopes of the Butterberg and was hidden from the Austrians' view while it prepared to move to the crest to time their bombardment with the infantry's attack. The bulk of the repositioned Prussian army now faced the smallest component of the Austrian line.

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The battle was Frederick's greatest victory so far, perhaps the greatest use of tactics in his career, and showed the superiority of Prussian infantry. In one day, Frederick had regained every advantage the Austrians had won earlier that year at Breslau and Schweidnitz and ended the Austrian attempt

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and captured another 2,000 men and their baggage. With the rest of his army, Frederick marched on Breslau. By chasing Charles's army into Bohemia, the Prussians guaranteed the isolation of the Allied garrison holding Breslau. The Austrian general left in command of the city, Lieutenant Field Marshal

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Frederick pushed toward Lissa. Refugees from the battle had filled the town, and he found the courtyard of the local castle crowded with startled Austrian officers. Reportedly, after the King dismounted, he addressed them politely, "Good evening, Gentlemen, I dare say you did not expect me here. Can

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The Prussian infantry marched southward and remained behind a line of low hills, out of the Austrians' sight. When the heads of both superbly-drilled Prussian columns, the distances between the marching platoons remaining exactly the width of each platoon's front, had passed the Austrian left flank,

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in late November. He and his 22,000 men covered 274 km (170 mi) in 12 days and, at Liegnitz, joined up with the Prussian troops who had survived the fighting at Breslau. The augmented army of about 33,000 troops, with approximately 167 cannons, arrived near Leuthen to find 66,000 Austrians

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The battle presented a severe blow to Austrian morale. The army had been soundly beaten by another half its size with fewer guns and tired after a long march over twelve days. Charles and his second-in-command, Count Leopold Joseph von Daun, sank "in the depths of despondency", and the prince could

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The Austrians briefly took the advantage when they moved a battery from the ridge north of the village to cover their infantry, and the fire from the battery allowed the infantry to deploy at right angles to their original front. Frederick responded by ordering the last of his reserved left wing to

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At 4:00 a.m. on Sunday, Frederick moved toward the Austrian right wing in four columns, with infantry in the inner two and cavalry in the outer two. Using the knolls to block the Austrians' view of his movements, Frederick shifted the two columns of infantry and one of cavalry obliquely to his

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The foggy weather made it difficult to see positions from either side, but Frederick and his commanders used the fog to their advantage. Leaving a cavalry unit and a cluster of infantry in front of the northernmost end of the Austrian line (the Austrian right), Frederick deployed the remainder, the

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Frederick had learned the countryside by heart on previous maneuvers. On 4 December 1757, from his position on the Schönberg, a knoll about 1.5 km (1 mi) west of Borne, he surveyed the familiar landscape with his generals, and a plan emerged. In front of him, a cluster of low hills dotted

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Hussars charged the rear. Lucchessi was killed by being decapitated by a cannonball, and his troopers were scattered. The cavalry mêlée soon swirled into the Austrian infantry line behind Leuthen, which caused more confusion. Overrun by the Prussian horse, the Austrian infantry broke. The infantry

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Leuthen was not a big village, troops were so closely packed they stood 30 to 100 ranks deep and the killing was terrible. Lamoral commented later that his battalion, usually some 1,000 strong, as well as some Hungarians and some grenadiers who had been separated from their own companies, gave him

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Upon Frederick's approach, Charles's advanced post (dotted red line) withdrew to Nypern. From Borne, Frederick evaluated the size and the disposition of the Austrian force (solid red line) and organised his troops for the oblique maneuver. On the far right is the village of Lissa, where Frederick

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on the unsuspecting Austrian flank baffled Prince Charles, who took several hours to realize that the main action was to his left, not his right. Within seven hours, the Prussians had destroyed the Austrians and erased any advantage that the Austrians had gained throughout the campaigning in the

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in which his infantry had run out of ammunition and lost the initiative. At Leuthen, ammunition wagons moved with the advancing lines of grenadiers and infantry battalions, which allowed the troops to be resupplied quickly without losing momentum. Although some infantrymen fired as many as 180

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The Austrians were astonished at the Prussian appearance on their left flank, but the objective was soon clear. The Prussian infantry, now arrayed in the conventional two lines of battle, advanced on the weakest part of the Austrian line with the intention of rolling up the flank. The Austrian

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Frederick had benefited from an obliging enemy. Firstly, Charles saw what he wanted to see regarding the principal attack, instead of using his efficient light cavalry to scout the Prussian movements. Frederick commented later that a lone patrol could have uncovered his plan. The cavalry that

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not fathom what had happened. Charles had a mixed-to-poor record against Frederick in past encounters, but he had never fared so badly as at Leuthen. After the crushing defeat, Maria Theresa replaced him with Daun. Charles retired from military service and later served as the governor of the

1860:, who commanded the flank, asked Charles for support, a request that was ignored. Even in the late morning, with most of the Prussian army on his left flank, he still believed that any attack would come at the northern flank. Most of the men in the first Austrian line were Württembergers, 1996:

Charles finally realised his danger and tried to bring his cavalry and troops from his right flank into the fray. The length of his line (solid red) extended for 8 km (5 mi), which meant that the troops had to march too far. The Prussians (dotted blue line) pushed the Austrians

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der Belagerung von Breslau; und Capitulations-Puncte von der Übergabe an Se. Königl. Majestät in Prüssen: Nebst einem Verzeichniß mit Nahmen, derer Generals, Staabs-Officiers und andern Officiers, dann vom Feldwebel an summariter derer Kayserl. Königl. Truppen, so den 21ten December

1978: 1756:. Pickets guarded all communication points as well as road and path crossings. The left wing was his shortest, with cavalry placed at the far end, near a stream by the village of Gohlau. Charles had an amalgamated force of Habsburg troops, including several contingents from the 2310:; 12 June 1754 with rank retroactive to 3 December 1748 General of the Cavalry. See Josef Wuk, Technisches polyglott-onomasticum: Oder Wörterbuch in sieben ... 1864. p. 150, entry: "Generalfeldwachmeister, V. Generalmajor" and, for biographical information, 1915:

advance, but the Austrian battery drove it back. Finally, Frederick's heavy cannons on the Butterberg, a small knoll to the west of town, laid down a barrage. Some participants said that barrage, more than the Prussian infantry, won the battle.

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As the smoke cleared, the Prussian infantry reformed its lines and prepared to pursue the fleeing Austrians. Snow began to fall, and Frederick halted the pursuit. A few soldiers, perhaps only one of them, started to sing the well-known chorale

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Salmon (also spelled Solomon, Saloman) Sprecher von Bernegg, 1697–1758, descended from the Davoser line of Sprecher von Bernegg. Some sources misidentify the commander of Breslau as Johann Andreas Sprecher von Bernegg. See Sprecher, Daniel,

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Prussians had been called into question by the Austrian command. The Württembergers held out and maintained steady musket fire until the mass of Prussians emerged through the haze of gunpowder. They then ran for their lives, sweeping the

1482:. By exploiting the training of his troops and his superior knowledge of the terrain, Frederick created a diversion at one end of the battlefield and moved most of his smaller army behind a series of low hillocks. The surprise attack in 1692:

in 1758 but enough to provide the occasional natural bogs to bar the passage of troops in some locations or to muffle the sound of marching and horses' hooves. The area around Leuthen included several hamlets and villages: principally,

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fire. The Prussian infantry and grenadiers reached Leuthen in 40 minutes and pushed the Austrian troops into the village. Prussian grenadiers breached the wall first and stormed the church, where many of the defenders were killed.

1748:), where his cavalry stood at right angles to the infantry and created a line between Sagschütz and Gohlau. The positions were secured with additional grenadiers and pickets. Troops filled villages and woods, and hastily made 1926:

the cavalry hurried to take them in the flank; a successful cavalry charge at that critical moment could have turned the tide of battle. Unfortunately for the Austrians, 40 squadrons of Zieten's cavalry awaited them at

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and placed Leopold Joseph von Daun in command of the army. The battle also established beyond doubt Frederick's military reputation in European circles and was arguably his greatest tactical victory. After the

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While a single column of cavalry mesmerised Charles at his rightmost flank, the rest of the Prussians continued undetected, behind those hills across the Austrian front and overreached the Austrian left wing.

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Leuthen stands with rolling grasslands in which Charles distributed his troops in a long line across fields to the village visible in the distance. Charles directed his operations from the tower of one of the

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Out of an army of approximately 66,000 men, the Austrians lost 22,000, including 3,000 dead, 7,000 wounded and an astonishing 12,000 captured. Of the dead and wounded, the Austrian demographer and historian

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and Maria Theresa's allies, awarded Silesia to Prussia. Maria Theresa had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances and intended to regain her ascendancy in the

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earned Frederick respect and fear, which even his bitter enemies held for the rest of the war and the subsequent peace. Both battles probably saved Prussia from conquest by Austria. Half-a-century later,

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fewer than 200 men. He drew them back to the height at the edge of the village, where there was a windmill around which they could take shelter. Eventually, the Prussian Life Guards, commanded by Captain

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While Charles sent most of his reserve north (red dotted lines) to protect his flank from the Prussian advance, Frederick maneuvered his troops past the Austrians and surprised them on their left flank.

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no standing of it. Besides a general cannonade such as can hardly be imagined, there was a rain of case-shot upon this Battalion, of which I, as there was no Colonel left, had to take command.

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The victory changed the attitude of Frederick's enemies. Before the battle, he was often referred to in an unflattering, even demeaning, manner, but after Leuthen, he was widely called the

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Bernhard R. Kroener, "'Nun danket alle Gott.' der Choral von Leuthen und Friedrich der Große als protestantischer Held; die Produktion politischer Mythen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert" in

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standards and 116 of the 250 Austrian cannons. Of the Prussian army of 36,000, Frederick lost 6,344, including 1,141 dead, 5,118 wounded and 85 captured. He lost none of his artillery.

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Kroener, Bernhard R."'Nun danket alle Gott.' der Choral von Leuthen und Friedrich der Große als protestantischer Held; die Produktion politischer Mythen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert" in

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In the area northwest of Breslau, the absence of steep hills makes the observation of an approaching enemy easy, and the relative flatness limited hiding manoeuvers. The presence of

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Lorenz Ernst von Münchow died of his injuries in January 1758; Kaspar Friedrich von Rohr was hit by a cannon ball and died at Radaxdorf 12 December 1757. See Anton Balthasar König,

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The first wave of Prussian infantry, supported by Frederick's artillery, which now pounded away from the crest of one of the hillocks, pushed steadily toward Leuthen. Commanded by

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the columns veered left toward the enemy and continued their march until they had passed beyond the left Austrian flank. On command, the platoons of the columns then faced left at

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Hofer, Achim. "Joseph Goldes (1802–1886) Fest-Reveille (1858) über den Choral 'Nun danket alle Gott' für Militärmusik" in Peter Moormann, Albrecht Riethmüller, Rebecca Wolf eds.,

1628:, Frederick moved west. On 5 November 1757, an infantry regiment of about 1,000 men and 1,500 of his cavalry defeated the combined French and Austrian force of 30,000 at the 551: 757: 596: 1348: 868: 712: 707: 687: 526: 601: 1507:

on 5 November, the French had refused to participate further in Austria's war with Prussia, and after Leuthen (5 December), Austria could not continue the war by itself.

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Solid red lines indicate Habsburg positions. Solid blue lines indicate Prussian positions. Dotted lines show movement. Rectangles with a diagonal line indicate cavalry.

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The Austrians also learned some lessons, such as not to fight the Prussians in open fields and to choose their own ground for battle. They later used those lessons.

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bulk of his forces toward Leuthen itself. Charles saw them start their redeployment and may have interpreted the maneuver as withdrawal at least for a while.

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colonels on the scene did their best by turning their own lines 90 degrees and trying to take advantage of a shallow ditch, which faced the Prussian line.

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was a global conflict, it acquired a specific intensity in the European theater as a result of the competition between Frederick II of Prussia, known as

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offered the Empress the opportunity to regain her lost territories and to limit Prussia's ever-growing power. France and Austria put aside their

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Modern historians and musicologists question whether or not the Prussian army indeed sang the chorale, but the story has become a legend. See

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After a day of rest, on 7 December, Frederick sent half his cavalry with Zieten, chasing Charles's retreating army, now heading toward

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Despite the victory, its cost was high: Frederick lost one fifth of the men he had taken into battle, including two of his major generals.

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Achim Hofer, "Joseph Goldes (1802–1886) Fest-Reveille (1858) über den Choral 'Nun danket alle Gott' für Militärmusik" in Peter Moormann,

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Europe in the years after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Austria is in yellow, and Prussia, with the Province of Silesia, is in purple.

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Neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten von den vornehmsten Begebenheiten, welche sich an den europäischen Höfen zugetragen

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Neue genealogisch-historische Nachrichten von den vornehmsten Begebenheiten, welche sich an den europäischen Höfen zugetragen

2350: 2189: 3320: 2938: 2092:, and the future of Austrian control of Breslau and the region looked grim. Indeed, Breslau surrendered on 19–20 December. 1745: 1633: 1632:

in a 90-minute battle. In his absence, however, the Austrians had managed to retake Silesia: the Empress's brother-in-law,

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The only column of Prussian cavalry and the small reserve of infantry remaining at the Austrian far right continued to

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Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, welche sich in Preußischen Diensten berühmt gemacht haben.

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Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militairpersonen, welche sich in Preußischen Diensten berühmt gemacht haben.

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Leuthen was the last battle at which Prince Charles commanded the Austrian Army before his sister-in-law, Empress

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after the Battle of Leuthen; he was greeted by astonished Austrian officers, the men wearing the white jackets.

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A memorial erected in 1854 honoured the Prussian army at Leuthen. Frederick's great-great nephew, King

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The Pointblank Directive: Three Generals and the Untold Story of the Daring Plan that Saved D-Day

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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.

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The Pointblank Directive: Three Generals and the Untold Story of the Daring Plan that Saved D-Day

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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.

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for a better effect. Befitting its importance in the establishment of the Prussian state and the

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

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soils near Breslau (Wrocław) and in river valleys, mixed with more sandy soils. Between the

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in front of the Austrians and even moved further north, as if an attack would occur there.

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of Frederick the Great, the monument reached 20 meters (66 ft). During or after the

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Charles' troops withdrew from the field, and Frederick entered the small castle at Lissa.

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At Borne, Frederick the Great and his staff develop their battle plan, as illustrated by

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on the use of 18th-century linear tactics. Frederick had learned valuable lessons at

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Paradestück Militärmusik: Beiträge zum Wandel staatlicher Repräsentation durch Musik

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Paradestück Militärmusik: Beiträge zum Wandel staatlicher Repräsentation durch Musik

2064:). Eventually the entire army may have joined in the song, but that story is likely 2042: 3352: 3075: 2620: 2221: 1945: 1769: 1740:

companies and placed his cavalry at Guckerwitz (now Kokorzyce, part of the village

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to form a coalition of their own; Maria Theresa agreed that one of her daughters,

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Outnumbered: Incredible Stories of History's Most Surprising Battlefield Upsets

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Outnumbered: Incredible Stories of History's Most Surprising Battlefield Upsets

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from Neisse constructed the column in his workshop, in local white-gray stone.

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executed the plinth and the goddess in zinc casting and gilded the statue

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broke through the village cemetery and forced them to abandon their post.

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by George, along with George's and Frederick's relatives, who ruled the

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called Leuthen "a masterpiece of movements, maneuvers and resolution".

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guaranteed relatively-soft ground, less than what Frederick would face

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in both polite and popular conversation. The victories at Leuthen and

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and then the cavalry retreated toward Breslau, where they crossed the

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The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years War to the Third Reich

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to rout the larger Austrian force completely. The victory ensured

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Aware of Frederick's approach, Charles and his second-in-command,

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preceding summer and autumn. Within 48 hours, Frederick had laid

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The New Cambridge Modern History vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63

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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict.

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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict

2577:, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 2015, pp. 2–4, 20. 2217: 2193: 2188:, ordered a victory column with a gilded goddess of victory at 1931:

and charged their flank, and another 30 squadrons commanded by

1749: 1701:, also to the north, about halfway between Leuthen and Nypern; 1471: 86: 3321:"The Historian at Large: The Forgotten Battlefield at Leuthen" 3060: 2686: 2684: 1406: 290: 3212:

Horn, D.B. "The Diplomatic Revolution" in J.O. Lindsay, ed.,

2475:

D.B. Horn, "The Diplomatic Revolution" in J.O. Lindsay, ed.,

2373:. Regardless of its truth, certainly the officer depicted in 2236:

Memorial to the battle erected in 1854 and demolished in 1945

1815:

Prussians advance at Leuthen, as imagined and illustrated by

1744:). The Austrian line extended as far south as Sagschütz (now 1566:

sought to break the British dominance of the Atlantic trade.

2940:

The Historian at Large: The Forgotten Battlefield at Leuthen

2891: 2889: 2701: 2699: 1620:, where he defeated the Austrians on 6 May 1757 at the 1491:, which resulted in the city's surrender on 19–20 December. 2681: 1674: 1569:

In 1754, escalating tensions between Britain and France in

1412: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 1669:

is a rolling plain of fertile land. It includes black and

1605:. That series of political manoeuvers became known as the 1589:'s nephew, Frederick II. Their alliance also involved the 2886: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2696: 2271:

For a full text of Charles-Joseph Lamoral's account, see

3488:

The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.

2461:

The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.

2312:Österreichisches Staatsarchiv/A. Schmidt-Brentano, 2006 2306:. Additional promotions occurred on 5 July 1745 to 2030:("Now Thank we all our God"), still known widely as the 3388:

Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763

3265:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (2000), pp. 105–134, 2597:

Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763

2434: 3101:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2787: 2669: 1474:), 10 km (6 mi) northwest of Breslau, (now 1415: 3323:. 5 December 2014 version. Accessed 7 February 2017. 2943:. 5 December 2014 version. Accessed 7 February 2017. 1873:

deployed by Nádasdy to support his flank with them.

1409: 1403: 2345:, Transcript Verlag (2012), pp. 217–38. 1400: 1643:Heading back to Silesia, Frederick learned of the 3282:, Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 2015 2365:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (2000), pp. 105–34, 2192:5 km (3 mi) north-west of Leuthen. The 3502: 1918:The assault on the wall briefly exposed General 2503:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, p. 302. 3202:, Transcript Verlag (2012), pp. 217–238. 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2412:Band 3. Arnold Wever, Berlin 1790, S. 75, and 1705:, 3 km (2 mi) to the southeast; and 1651: 1612:When war broke out in 1756, Frederick overran 2495: 2493: 2204:created the goddess of victory. The sculptor 1016: 276: 46:Storming of the breach by Prussian grenadiers 2906: 2904: 2292:Lucchesi had been promoted 25 March 1741 to 2580: 2072:one get a night's lodging along with you?" 2045:'s depiction of Frederick's arrival at the 1478:, Poland), in Prussian (formerly Austrian) 1423:was fought on 5 December 1757 between 3162:Prussia's Glory: Rossbach and Leuthen 1757 3096: 2490: 2447: 2200:provided the design for the monument, and 1023: 1009: 283: 269: 3404: 3341:. "Silesia; Geography". 23 December 1981. 3251:Band 3. Arnold Wever, Berlin 1790, S. 75. 2961:Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma 2901: 2895: 2851:Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma 2845: 2843: 2841: 2798: 2762: 2759:Fuller, pp. 212–215; Tucker, pp. 233–235. 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2711: 2705: 2690: 2675: 2314:Kaiserliche und k.k. Generale (1618–1815) 2139:to reclaim Silesia. The battle became an 1893:, eventually Prince de Ligne, was then a 3055: 2981:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, 2650: 2648: 2646: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2037: 2018: 1810: 1720: 1655: 1520: 3410:The Early Modern World: Soldiers' Lives 3279:Geographical Characteristics of Silesia 3179:A Military History of the Western World 2739:A Military History of the Western World 2574:Geographical Characteristics of Silesia 2248:Remains of the memorial erected in 1854 1909:Wichard Joachim Heinrich von Möllendorf 1697:, about 5.6 km (3 mi) north; 1640:and moved on Breslau in lower Silesia. 1626:invaded his ally's territory of Hanover 3503: 2838: 2720: 1948:river, then called the "Black Water". 1864:troops whose willingness to fight the 1624:. Learning that the French forces had 1599:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3546:History of Lower Silesian Voivodeship 2643: 2506: 1562:and to reacquire Silesia. Similarly, 1466:The battle was fought in the town of 1004: 264: 2853:, Ticknor & Fields, 1986, p. 43 2640:, Penguin Publishing, 2009, p. 174. 1806: 1498:, appointed him as governor of the 16:1757 battle of the Seven Years' War 13: 3117:War: The Definitive Visual History 2741:, Da Capo Press, 1987, pp. 212–15. 2638:War: The Definitive Visual History 2302:and was superseded by the rank of 1431:and an Austrian army commanded by 374:Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony 14: 3557: 2924:. No. 593. 11 November 1854. 2866:, Random House, 2016, pp. 240–45. 1897:in an Austrian regiment of foot: 1789: 1030: 3440:Sprecher, Salomon, von Bernegg. 2477:The New Cambridge Modern History 2241: 2229: 2002: 1989: 1977: 1964: 1396: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1292: 1280: 1268: 1251: 1239: 1222: 1210: 1198: 1186: 1174: 1162: 1145: 1133: 1121: 1109: 1090: 1083: 1076: 197: 186: 174: 155: 143: 39: 3531:Battles of the Seven Years' War 3370:A History of War in 100 Battles 3230:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, 3148:The Army of Frederick the Great 2950: 2928: 2913: 2879:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, 2869: 2856: 2825: 2804: 2771: 2753: 2744: 2656:A History of War in 100 Battles 2630: 2398: 2380: 2327: 2286: 2265: 1924:Joseph Count Lucchesi d’ Averna 3526:Battles of Frederick the Great 2777:Salomon Sprecher von Bernegg, 2609: 2565: 2537: 2469: 2453: 2123: 1889:raged throughout the village. 1551:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 3511:1757 in the Habsburg monarchy 3307:Leipziger Illustrirte Zeitung 3005:Losses of Life in Modern Wars 3000:(1990) 12:2 pp. 301–323. 2922:Leipziger Illustrirte Zeitung 2812:Losses of Life in Modern Wars 2784:1757. pp. 5–14. Berlin, 1758. 2095: 1939:hit the other flank; and the 1820: 1734:Count Leopold Joseph von Daun 1510: 1437:Count Leopold Joseph von Daun 193:Charles Alexander of Lorraine 3536:Battles of the Silesian Wars 2997:International History Review 2485:International History Review 2427: 2179: 2014: 1716: 1603:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 7: 3332:, vol. 54, Heinsius, 1759, 3043:History of Frederick Second 2277:History of Frederick Second 2086:Salman Sprecher von Bernegg 1652:Terrain and troop strengths 10: 3562: 3490:Penguin Publishing, 2016, 3313:No. 593. 11 November 1854. 3216:(1957), pp. 449–464. 3084:University Press of Kansas 2416:, vol 54, Heinsius, 1759, 2253: 1775: 1677:river and the foot of the 1514: 1433:Prince Charles of Lorraine 363:Prussian Bohemia Incursion 3521:Battles involving Prussia 3516:Battles involving Austria 3258:& Gerd Krumeich eds. 3164:, Emperor's Press, 2003. 3134:The Army of Maria Theresa 2361:& Gerd Krumeich eds. 1935:charged their front. The 1933:Georg Wilhelm von Driesen 1920:Wolf Frederick von Retzow 1858:Franz Leopold von Nádasdy 1850: 1784: 1547:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1040: 305: 226: 209: 167: 136: 55: 38: 30: 25: 3432:Neue Deutsche Biographie 3412:. Greenwood Publishing. 3242:Lorenz Ernst von Münchow 3240:König, Anton Balthasar. 2487:(1990) 12:2, pp. 301–23. 2406:Lorenz Ernst von Münchow 2393:Neue Deutsche Biographie 2308:lieutenant field marshal 2258: 2062:Now Thank We All Our God 1539:Maria Theresa of Austria 1459:, which was part of the 3374:Oxford University Press 3150:, Emperor Press, 1996, 3097:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 3068:Encyclopædia Britannica 2660:Oxford University Press 2481:The Old Regime: 1713–63 2295:Generalfeldwachtmeister 2198:Friedrich August Stüler 1960:The Battle in Four Maps 1951: 1946:Schweidnitzer Weistritz 1878:Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau 1837:Hans Joachim von Zieten 3437:24 (2010), S. 745–746. 3136:, Terence Wise, 1990, 3086:. Lawrence, KS, 2005, 3028:, Random House, 2016, 2202:Christian Daniel Rauch 2050: 2035: 1904: 1891:Charles-Joseph Lamoral 1827: 1766:Duchies of Württemberg 1729: 1662: 1526: 168:Commanders and leaders 2920:"Battle of Leuthen". 2395:24 (2010), S. 745–46. 2341:, Rebecca Wolf eds., 2041: 2022: 1899: 1887:Hand-to-hand fighting 1814: 1724: 1659: 1607:Diplomatic Revolution 1591:Electorate of Hanover 1524: 1515:Further information: 1443:and knowledge of the 908:Valencia de Alcántara 227:Casualties and losses 109:51.15222°N 16.75250°E 3406:Showalter, Dennis E. 3226:Keeney, L. Douglas. 3160:Duffy, Christopher, 3146:Duffy, Christopher, 2965:Ticknor & Fields 2545:"Silesia; Geography" 2339:Albrecht Riethmüller 2186:Frederick William IV 2115:Habsburg Netherlands 2057:Nun danket alle Gott 2028:Nun danket alle Gott 1593:, which was held in 1553:(1740–1748) between 1500:Habsburg Netherlands 1358: current battle 743:Breslau (1760 siege) 703:Breslau (1759 siege) 3386:Redman, Herbert J. 3026:Frederick the Great 2875:L. Douglas Keeney, 2864:Frederick the Great 2717:Tucker, pp. 233–35. 2595:Herbert J. Redman, 2466:, 2016, pp. 478–79. 1636:, took the city of 1535:Frederick the Great 1425:Frederick the Great 1375:Second Silesian War 1071:Frederick the Great 913:Vila Velha de Ródão 552:Dresden (surrender) 308:Bohemia and Moravia 105: / 3426:Sprecher, Daniel. 3339:The New York Times 3130:Duffy, Christopher 2636:Saul David (ed.), 2553:. 23 December 1981 2550:The New York Times 2464:Penguin Publishing 2375:Wilhelm Camphausen 2320:2017-08-03 at the 2051: 2036: 2024:Wilhelm Camphausen 1828: 1730: 1663: 1630:Battle of Rossbach 1616:and campaigned in 1581:, would marry the 1549:, which concluded 1527: 1505:Battle of Rossbach 1457:Third Silesian War 1439:. Frederick used 1384:Third Silesian War 1366:First Silesian War 597:Torgau (3rd siege) 547:Torgau (2nd siege) 114:51.15222; 16.75250 33:Third Silesian War 3541:Conflicts in 1757 3496:978-0-6740-5809-5 3480:978-1-59884-429-0 3419:978-0-313-33312-5 3400:978-0-7864-7669-5 3382:978-0-19-939071-7 3361:978-1-61673-843-3 3302:978-0-7195-5605-0 3276:Kosmala, Gerard. 3236:978-1-7820-0895-8 3222:978-0-521-04545-2 3208:978-3-8376-1655-2 3191:978-0-306-80305-5 3170:978-1-883476-29-8 3156:978-1-883476-02-1 3142:978-0-7153-7387-3 3125:978-0-7566-6817-4 3119:, Penguin, 2009. 3108:978-0-7864-7470-7 3092:978-0-7006-1410-3 3076:Citino, Robert M. 3034:978-1-4000-6812-8 2987:978-0-3074-2539-3 2973:978-0-89919-352-6 2737:J. F. C. Fuller, 2693:, p. xiviii. 2459:Peter H. Wilson, 2351:978-3-8376-1655-2 2145:Battles of Prague 2090:siege to the city 2047:Schloss von Lissa 1937:Bayreuth Dragoons 1758:Military Frontier 1679:Sudeten Mountains 1583:Dauphin of France 1560:Holy Roman Empire 1393:Battle of Leuthen 1063: 1062: 998: 997: 896:Iberian Peninsula 602:Wittenberg (1760) 542:Wittenberg (1759) 490:Lutterberg (1762) 259: 258: 255:116 guns captured 253:22,000 casualties 132: 131: 26:Battle of Leuthen 3553: 3485:Wilson, Peter H. 3452: 3436: 3423: 3353:Fair Winds Press 3331: 3317:Moorhouse, Roger 3312: 3290:Deception in War 3264: 3250: 3201: 3112: 3072: 3064: 3045:, Harper, 1901. 3003:Bodart, Gaston. 2977:Anderson, Fred. 2944: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2873: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2750:O'Brien, p. 171. 2748: 2742: 2735: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2654:Overy, Richard, 2652: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2621:Fair Winds Press 2615:Cormac O'Brien, 2613: 2607: 2593: 2578: 2571:Gerard Kosmala, 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2541: 2535: 2523:Spencer Tucker, 2521: 2504: 2497: 2488: 2473: 2467: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2421: 2402: 2396: 2384: 2378: 2356: 2336: 2331: 2325: 2290: 2284: 2279:, Harper, 1901. 2269: 2245: 2233: 2222:Second World War 2006: 1993: 1981: 1968: 1825: 1822: 1807:Oblique maneuver 1622:Battle of Prague 1531:Seven Years' War 1517:Seven Years' War 1489:siege to Breslau 1461:Seven Years' War 1441:maneuver warfare 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1357: 1350: 1344: 1337: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1202: 1195: 1190: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1093: 1087: 1080: 1035: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1002: 1001: 924:Naval Operations 795:Gross-Jägersdorf 511:Electoral Saxony 300: 299:European theatre 295: 294:Seven Years' War 285: 278: 271: 262: 261: 241:6,344 casualties 202: 201: 200: 191: 190: 189: 179: 178: 177: 160: 159: 158: 148: 147: 146: 128:Prussian victory 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 57: 56: 43: 23: 22: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3501: 3500: 3464:Tucker, Spencer 3450: 3434: 3420: 3345:O'Brien, Cormac 3329: 3310: 3262: 3256:Hartmut Lehmann 3248: 3199: 3109: 3062:"Leuthen" 3039:Carlyle, Thomas 3009:Clarendon Press 2953: 2948: 2947: 2935:Roger Moorhouse 2933: 2929: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2910:Redman, p. 166. 2909: 2902: 2898:, p. l-li. 2894: 2887: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2849:Robert Asprey, 2848: 2839: 2830: 2826: 2816:Clarendon Press 2810:Gaston Bodart, 2809: 2805: 2797: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2768:Redman, p. 161. 2767: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2708:, p. xlix. 2704: 2697: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2631: 2614: 2610: 2594: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2522: 2507: 2499:Fred Anderson, 2498: 2491: 2474: 2470: 2458: 2454: 2448:Clodfelter 2017 2446: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2403: 2399: 2385: 2381: 2359:Hartmut Lehmann 2354: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2322:Wayback Machine 2291: 2287: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2237: 2234: 2206:Heinrich Menzel 2182: 2165:King of Prussia 2154:horse artillery 2126: 2098: 2032:Leuthen chorale 2017: 2010: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1985: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1954: 1853: 1823: 1809: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1762:imperial troops 1727:Hugo Ungewitter 1719: 1654: 1648:in possession. 1645:fall of Breslau 1519: 1513: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1081: 1073: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1036: 1031: 1029: 999: 994: 990:Cape Finisterre 778:4th Schweidnitz 758:3rd Schweidnitz 713:2nd Schweidnitz 688:1st Schweidnitz 333:Siege of Prague 301: 298: 293: 291: 289: 254: 249: 248:12,000 captured 247: 245: 237: 235: 233: 221: 216: 204:Joseph von Daun 198: 196: 195: 187: 185: 175: 173: 156: 154: 144: 142: 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 90: 80: 63:5 December 1757 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3559: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3499: 3498: 3482: 3461: 3453:Berlin, 1758, 3438: 3424: 3418: 3402: 3384: 3366:Overy, Richard 3363: 3342: 3336: 3324: 3314: 3304: 3283: 3274: 3271:978-3525354780 3252: 3238: 3224: 3210: 3193: 3175:Fuller, J.F.C. 3172: 3158: 3144: 3127: 3113: 3107: 3094: 3073: 3059:, ed. (1911). 3057:Chisholm, Hugh 3053: 3036: 3019: 3001: 2989: 2975: 2957:Asprey, Robert 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2927: 2912: 2900: 2896:Showalter 2007 2885: 2868: 2862:Tim Blanning, 2855: 2837: 2824: 2803: 2799:Showalter 2007 2786: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2719: 2710: 2706:Showalter 2007 2695: 2691:Showalter 2007 2680: 2676:Showalter 2007 2668: 2642: 2629: 2608: 2579: 2564: 2536: 2505: 2489: 2468: 2452: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2397: 2379: 2371:978-3525354780 2326: 2324:(PDF; 443 kB). 2285: 2273:Thomas Carlyle 2263: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2228: 2181: 2178: 2132:modus operandi 2125: 2122: 2097: 2094: 2043:Richard Knötel 2016: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1972:ended his day. 1970: 1963: 1961: 1953: 1950: 1852: 1849: 1808: 1805: 1791: 1790:Prussian feint 1788: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1718: 1715: 1653: 1650: 1634:Prince Charles 1595:personal union 1512: 1509: 1470:(now Lutynia, 1378: 1369: 1360: 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514: 513: 512: 506: 505:Cassel (1762) 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:Villinghausen 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 400:Sandershausen 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 376: 375: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 304: 296: 286: 281: 279: 274: 272: 267: 266: 263: 252: 246:7,000 wounded 243: 240: 234:5,118 wounded 231: 230: 225: 219: 214: 213: 208: 205: 194: 184: 182: 172: 171: 166: 163: 153: 151: 141: 140: 135: 127: 124: 123: 118: 88: 84: 81:(present-day 79: 75: 70: 67: 66: 62: 59: 58: 54: 51: 50:Carl Röchling 47: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 3487: 3467: 3446: 3442: 3431: 3409: 3387: 3369: 3348: 3338: 3326: 3306: 3289: 3286:Latimer, Jon 3277: 3259: 3245: 3227: 3213: 3196: 3178: 3161: 3147: 3133: 3116: 3098: 3079: 3066: 3042: 3025: 3004: 2995: 2978: 2960: 2951:Bibliography 2939: 2930: 2921: 2915: 2876: 2871: 2863: 2858: 2850: 2827: 2811: 2806: 2801:, p. L. 2779: 2773: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2713: 2678:, p. l. 2671: 2655: 2637: 2632: 2616: 2611: 2596: 2572: 2567: 2555:. 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The 1748 1455:during the 1451:control of 773:Reichenbach 768:Burkersdorf 633:Brandenburg 617:Hilbersdorf 567:Hoyerswerda 527:Sonnenstein 460:Langensalza 435:2nd Münster 420:1st Münster 323:Alt-Bunzlau 318:Reichenberg 236:85 captured 112: / 3505:Categories 3428:"Sprecher" 3292:, London: 2625:pp. 164–67 2557:2 February 2532:pp. 233–35 2418:pp. 608–09 2389:"Sprecher" 2281:pp. 202–03 2196:architect 2096:Casualties 2077:Königgrätz 2066:apocryphal 1862:Protestant 1699:Frobelwitz 1511:Background 965:Saint Cast 829:Fehrbellin 659:Kunersdorf 465:1st Cassel 410:Lutterberg 385:Hastenbeck 100:16°45′09″E 97:51°09′08″N 3459:634835920 3392:McFarland 3051:832817892 3017:875334380 2601:McFarland 2428:Footnotes 2180:Memorials 2015:Aftermath 1941:Puttkamer 1929:Radaxdorf 1871:Bavarians 1764:from the 1738:grenadier 1717:Habsburgs 1661:churches. 1587:George II 980:Belle Île 960:Cherbourg 945:Cartagena 940:Rochefort 864:Neuensund 819:Stralsund 802:Pomerania 763:Adelsbach 733:Landeshut 622:Erbisdorf 532:Hochkirch 500:Amöneburg 390:Rheinberg 353:Domstadtl 72:Leuthen, 3474:, 2010, 3472:ABC-CLIO 3408:(2007). 3394:, 2014, 3376:, 2014, 3355:, 2010, 3296:, 2001. 3185:, 1987, 3011:, 1916, 2967:, 1986, 2831:Bodart, 2818:, 1916, 2662:, 2014, 2623:, 2010, 2603:, 2014, 2530:, 2010, 2528:ABC-CLIO 2479:Vol. 7: 2318:Archived 2214:Victoria 2174:Napoleon 2169:Rossbach 2158:Brummers 2141:exemplar 1882:enfilade 1866:Lutheran 1833:Lobetinz 1754:redoubts 1746:Zakrzyce 1671:alluvial 1665:Most of 1601:and the 1449:Prussian 1100:125miles 889:Neukalen 854:Pasewalk 748:Liegnitz 728:Neustadt 708:Liegnitz 649:Zorndorf 627:Freiberg 572:Sackwitz 522:Rossbach 470:Grünberg 313:Lobositz 222:210 guns 217:167 guns 210:Strength 68:Location 3443:Diarium 2780:Diarium 2300:colonel 2254:Sources 1895:captain 1776:Prussia 1770:Bavaria 1742:Krępice 1618:Bohemia 1555:Prussia 1543:Silesia 1480:Silesia 1476:Wrocław 1468:Leuthen 1453:Silesia 1445:terrain 1153:Dresden 970:Britain 955:St Malo 935:Minorca 903:Almeida 879:Gollnow 698:Leuthen 693:Breslau 676:Silesia 644:Küstrin 592:Strehla 587:Dresden 582:Meissen 562:Korbitz 495:Nauheim 450:Warburg 445:Emsdorf 440:Corbach 395:Krefeld 380:Geldern 368:Teplitz 358:Olomouc 162:Austria 150:Prussia 83:Lutynia 78:Prussia 74:Silesia 3494: 3478: 3457: 3416: 3398: 3380: 3359: 3300: 3269: 3234: 3220: 3206: 3189: 3168: 3154: 3140: 3123: 3105: 3090: 3049: 3032: 3015: 2985: 2971: 2664:p. 115 2369: 2349: 2218:mythos 2194:Berlin 2190:Heidau 1851:Attack 1785:Battle 1750:abatis 1703:Gohlau 1695:Nypern 1614:Saxony 1564:France 1537:, and 1472:Poland 1382: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1259:Prague 1050:Second 918:Marvão 874:Gülzow 839:Güstow 824:Tornow 814:Anklam 809:Demmin 723:Neisse 669:Gostyn 639:Berlin 612:Döbeln 607:Torgau 425:Minden 415:Bergen 348:Holitz 328:Prague 251:Total: 239:Total: 220:65,000 215:36,000 125:Result 87:Poland 3448:1757. 2833:p. 37 2820:p. 72 2259:Notes 2149:Kolin 1997:back. 1711:Borne 1707:Lissa 1098:200km 1055:Third 1045:First 985:Cádiz 790:Memel 738:Glatz 577:Maxen 517:Pirna 480:Ölper 430:Fulda 343:Gabel 338:Kolín 3492:ISBN 3476:ISBN 3455:OCLC 3414:ISBN 3396:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3357:ISBN 3298:ISBN 3267:ISBN 3232:ISBN 3218:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3187:ISBN 3166:ISBN 3152:ISBN 3138:ISBN 3121:ISBN 3103:ISBN 3088:ISBN 3047:OCLC 3030:ISBN 3013:OCLC 2983:ISBN 2969:ISBN 2881:page 2559:2017 2367:ISBN 2353:and 2347:ISBN 2147:and 1952:Maps 1768:and 1760:and 1752:and 1675:Oder 1435:and 1391:The 884:Spie 683:Moys 405:Meer 60:Date 2079:by 1427:'s 654:Kay 3507:: 3470:. 3466:. 3430:, 3390:, 3372:, 3368:. 3351:, 3347:, 3319:. 3309:. 3288:, 3244:, 3181:, 3177:, 3132:, 3082:. 3078:, 3065:. 3041:. 3024:. 3007:, 2963:, 2959:. 2937:, 2903:^ 2888:^ 2840:^ 2814:, 2789:^ 2722:^ 2698:^ 2683:^ 2658:, 2645:^ 2619:, 2599:, 2582:^ 2547:. 2508:^ 2492:^ 2436:^ 2408:, 2391:, 2275:, 2117:. 2068:. 1821:c. 1772:. 1609:. 1463:. 1407:ɔɪ 1230:10 1218:11 1206:12 1194:13 1182:14 1170:15 1158:16 1141:17 1129:18 1117:19 1105:20 85:, 76:, 48:, 3422:. 3273:. 3111:. 2883:. 2835:. 2822:. 2666:. 2627:. 2561:. 2534:. 2420:. 2283:. 2060:( 2034:. 1826:) 1819:( 1419:/ 1416:n 1413:ə 1410:t 1404:l 1401:ˈ 1398:/ 1336:1 1324:2 1312:3 1300:4 1288:5 1276:6 1264:7 1247:8 1235:9 1024:e 1017:t 1010:v 297:: 284:e 277:t 270:v 89:)

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