563:
805:
865:
48:
123:
833:, resulting in yet more heavy casualties. After heavy fighting the Japanese succeeded in taking the northern bank of the river, causing the Russian defense lines defending the bank to collapse and the far edge of their left flank to be partially cut off from the rest of the main body of Kuropatkin's army. At the same time a salient was formed just 15 kilometers west of Mukden, enabling the Japanese to totally encircle the Russians on their right flank in the process.
837:
733:
905:
893:(who replaced General von Bilderling as commander of the Third Manchurian Army) organized defenses against a possible renewed Japanese offensive. However, Kuropatkin did not hold this line for very long, and soon organized a complete withdrawal of Russian forces from the region. The Japanese forces suffered 75,000 casualties which included a higher percentage of killed and wounded over the Russians. The Japanese captured 58 artillery pieces.
791:
135:
479:, and possibly the largest battle in world history at that point. The scale of the battle, particularly in the amount of ordnance being expended, was unprecedented in world history. The Japanese side alone fired 20.11 million rifle and machine gun rounds and 279,394 artillery shells in just over ten days of fighting (yet the Russians still fired more), matching the ammunition consumption of the German army in the entire 191-day
777:
762:
747:
817:
Mukden, and was so concerned about
General Nogi's movements that he decided to lead the counterattack himself. The shifting of forces from east to west was not well coordinated by the Russians, causing the 1st and 3rd Manchurian Armies to all but disintegrate into chaos. Then Kuropatkin decided to withdraw his troops north towards Mukden to face the Japanese forces head-on on the city's southwest and at the banks of the
546:, which then advanced north to reinforce the Japanese lines near Mukden in preparation for an attack, the manpower reserves of the Japanese army had been drained by February 1905. With the arrival of General Nogi's 3rd Army, Japan's entire fighting strength was concentrated at the vicinity of Mukden. The severe casualties, bitter cold climate, and approach of the Russian
921:
though severely demoralized and short of supplies, were still largely intact. But the battle of Mukden was decisive enough to shatter the
Russians' morale and, with the unfinished Trans-Siberian railroad now in Japanese hands, undermined the tsarist government's war effort. The final, decisive battle of the war would be eventually
848:
At 10:00 AM on 10 March, Japanese forces occupied Mukden. After they occupied Mukden the
Japanese continued their hard-driven pursuit of the Russians, but this was hampered when Ōyama knew that his army's supply lines were stretching too thin; however, he continued the pursuit of the enemy, though in
812:
The battle opened with the
Japanese 5th Army attacking the left flank of the Russian forces on 20 February. On 27 February 1905 the Japanese 4th Army attacked the right flank, while other Japanese forces also attacked the Russian front lines. On the same day, the Japanese 3rd Army began its movement
710:
Field
Marshal Ōyama's plan was to form his armies into a crescent to encircle Mukden, cutting off the possibility of Russian escape. He was explicit in his orders that combat within the city of Mukden itself was to be avoided. All during the war, the Japanese had pursued a meticulous civil affairs
928:
The victory shocked the imperial powers of Europe, as the
Japanese proved overwhelming throughout the battle despite the Russians having more manpower and material. It showed that European armies were not automatically superior to those of other nations, and could be even decisively outmatched in
920:
With the defeat of the
Russian Manchurian Army in Mukden, the Russian forces were driven out of southern Manchuria. However, with problems concerning its overstretched supply lines, the Japanese army failed to destroy the Russian forces stationed in the region completely and Kuropatkin's forces,
816:
By 1 March 1905, action on the eastern and center fronts was largely static. The
Japanese had made small advances but under heavy casualties. However, by 7 March, General Kuropatkin began withdrawing forces from the eastern front to counter the Japanese 3rd Army's moves on the western flank of
706:
General
Kuropatkin was convinced that the main Japanese thrust would come from the mountainous eastern side, as the Japanese had proven themselves effective in such terrain, and the presence of the former 3rd Army veterans from the 11th Division in that area reinforced his convictions.
824:
Then Field
Marshal Ōyama seized the chance he had been waiting for, and his orders to "attack" were changed to "pursue and destroy". Luck was further with the Japanese due to the late thaw in the weather. The Hun River, guarded by the Russian left flank commanded by Major General
526:
placed a strain on the manpower of the whole Imperial Army as much of its resources now had to be dedicated in the quelling of the uprisings throughout its territories. Therefore, the Russian force was expected to receive little to no reinforcements and supplies from home.
937:, that the tiny Asian island nation of Japan - approximately 2% of Russia's landmass - could defeat the powerful and huge Russian empire. The tsarist government was irritated over the incompetence and clumsiness of their commanders during the battle. The generals
752:
Positions of armies by 2 March: the Japanese Army of Manchuria advances northward and via its 3rd and 2nd Armies perform a wide flanking maneuver to the west to envelop the Russian force which was withdrawing north towards Mukden to assume better defensive
767:
Positions of armies by 7 March: the Russian army finally consolidates its position north of the Hun river and in front of the Trans-Siberian Railroad with the city of Mukden as its pivot, the Japanese launch numerous attacks to dislodge subsequent enemy
829:, remained frozen, and was not an obstacle to the Japanese attack. However, as they crossed the river, the Japanese attack was hampered when they encountered stiff resistance and heavy artillery fire coming from the Russians, now commanded by General
849:
a lazy, slow manner. The pursuit was stopped 20 kilometers short of Mukden, but the Russians were already fleeing farther north from Tiehling towards the Sino-Russian border at a fast pace, and the battle was over with the Japanese as the victor.
872:
Russian casualties amounted to nearly 90,000. The Russians had also lost most of their combat supplies as well as most of their artillery and heavy machine guns. Fearing further Japanese advances, General Kuropatkin ordered that the town of
844:
All but encircled and with no hope for victory, General Kuropatkin gave the order to retreat to the north at 18:45 on 9 March. The Russian withdrawal was complicated by General Nozu's breach through Russian rearlines over the Hun River.
796:
Conclusion, 10 March: with the overall situation hopeless the Russian army then retreats northward, much of the Japanese army finish off the remnants of a pocket west of Mukden while the rest pursue the enemy until halting due to
852:
Throughout the battle, many foreign military observers were present in order to observe how the next great war might be fought. The Battle of Mukden heavily foreshadowed the tactics to be used in
616:
General Kuropatkin had thus disposed his forces in a purely defensive layout, from which it would be difficult to impossible to execute an offensive without opening a major gap in the lines.
1153:
Higgins, David R. "The Battle of Mukden: A Strategic & Tactical Analysis-The rising empire of Japan defeated the Russians in what was then the largest land battle ever fought."
550:
created pressure on Marshal Ōyama to effect the complete destruction of the Russian forces, rather than just another victory from which the Russians could withdraw farther into
782:
Positions of armies by 8 March: after successive attacks, the Japanese finally create a breach on the center of the Russian lines, imperiling the whole Russian defense.
258:
499:(24 August to 4 September 1904), Russian forces retreated to the river Sha Ho south of Mukden and regrouped. From 5 October 1904 to 17 October 1904, during the
1093:"Russo-Japanese War, Lessons Not Learned," page 88, by Major James D. Sizemore. The Japanese captured relatively few Russian artillery pieces at Mukden.
1084:
John Steinberg (editor). "The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero." Volume II. Brill Academic Pub: May 2005. Pages 191-192.
503:, the Russians unsuccessfully counter-attacked, but managed to temporarily slow the Japanese advance. A second Russian counter-offensive, the
1348:
251:
1318:
738:
Positions of armies by 23 February, the Army of Manchuria of the Imperial Japanese Army in red and the Imperial Russian Army in green.
438:
336:
283:
1245:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
711:
policy aimed at avoiding civilian casualties and keeping the Chinese populace on their side – a stark contrast with the previous
244:
1323:
562:
1272:
1253:
1229:
896:
No serious fighting on land occurred after this battle as both Russian and Japanese armies were exhausted from the conflict.
475:
Involving 610,000 combat participants and 164,000 combatant casualties, it was the largest modern-era battle fought prior to
912:
showing Tsar Nicholas II waking from a nightmare of the battered and wounded Russian forces returning from battle. Artist
804:
1338:
570:
The Russian line to the south of Mukden was 90 miles (140 km) long, with little depth and with a central reserve.
1127:
1214:
1200:
1186:
1172:
1148:
877:
be put to the torch, and marched his remaining men 10 days further north to a new defense line at Hspingkai (modern
1343:
818:
608:, held the hilly terrain on the east flank. This flank also held two-thirds of the Russian cavalry, under General
343:
1005:
20:
1072:
696:
398:
1328:
945:
began to loathe each other as Samsonov very publicly accused von Rennenkampf of failing to assist him. In
909:
864:
1313:
483:. The battle was a decisive strategic victory for the Japanese and, coupled with their victory at the
716:
692:
620:
308:
712:
594:
523:
515:
1120:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
983:, p. 1542: "Thus, the Battle of Mukden is not the decisive victory that the Japanese need."
47:
1333:
703:
politically, the division was substantially under Manchuria HQ under the commander's decision.
575:
295:
930:
601:
590:
363:
358:
300:
290:
103:
950:
942:
830:
609:
531:
519:
373:
368:
323:
8:
1136:
913:
650:
639:
628:
480:
353:
938:
929:
battle. The battle had confirmed the Japanese army the 6th largest army in the world.
922:
672:
661:
579:
543:
511:
496:
484:
465:
449:, was fought from 20 February to 10 March 1905 between Japan and Russia near
446:
378:
328:
318:
268:
160:
39:
1249:
1239:
1225:
1210:
1196:
1182:
1168:
1144:
1123:
826:
688:
504:
388:
348:
226:
890:
680:
605:
583:
313:
1243:
949:
these Generals would command the two armies involved in the even more disastrous
691:(from Port Arthur) and reservists. Despite that it was technically not under the
643:
632:
500:
383:
155:
127:
122:
24:
934:
882:
700:
139:
134:
1307:
1287:
1274:
878:
665:
539:
868:
Retreat of Russian soldiers towards the Sino-Russian border after the battle
151:
1160:
654:
547:
535:
946:
853:
476:
434:
430:
836:
808:
Russian Cavalry under Reconnaissance Mission during the Battle of Mukden
687:
The Yalu River Army was much under strength, and consisted only of the
904:
732:
551:
487:
four months later, proved critical in ending the war in their favor.
454:
236:
80:
962:
668:) was kept concealed behind the 2nd Army until the start of battle.
462:
458:
76:
790:
874:
776:
761:
746:
507:, fought from 25 to 29 January 1905 was likewise unsuccessful.
450:
442:
933:
was particularly shocked, when the news reached the palace in
886:
530:
The situation for the Japanese was hardly better. Though the
469:
1193:
Bayonets before Battle: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914
986:
683:
provided a major diversion on the Russian eastern flank.
1122:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
1096:
597:, in the center, holding the railway and the highway.
514:
was set to receive reinforcements via the unfinished
52:
Russian field gun firing during the battle of Mukden
1220:Palmer, R. R.; Colton, Joel; Kramer, Lloyd (2007).
1053:
1219:
1059:
586:), on the right flank in the west, on flat ground.
1111:
1305:
840:Russian troops in combat against Japanese troops
510:Though the combined Russian army led by General
1165:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1019:
1017:
1015:
422:
1033:
1031:
1029:
416:
252:
1012:
1046:Russian Main Military Medical Directorate (
1026:
1006:"НЭБ - Национальная электронная библиотека"
1117:
992:
582:(who had replaced the unfortunate General
259:
245:
101:Japanese occupy all of southern Manchuria
16:Decisive battle in the Russo-Japanese war
903:
863:
835:
803:
646:) advanced to the east of the rail line,
561:
557:
1306:
1238:
1224:(10th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
1102:
980:
813:in a wide circle northwest of Mukden.
266:
229:; of those, 22,000 fell into captivity
19:For the 1931 incident that led to the
1207:The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War
240:
1349:Battles involving the Russian Empire
1048:Glavnoe Voenno-Sanitarnoe Upravlenie
13:
908:Japanese propaganda from the war:
14:
1360:
1319:Battles of the Russo-Japanese War
1060:Palmer, Colton & Kramer 2007
923:fought on the waters of Tsushima
789:
775:
760:
745:
731:
566:Formation of a Japanese division
133:
121:
46:
1087:
1112:References and further reading
1078:
1065:
1040:
998:
974:
66:(2 weeks and 4 days)
21:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1:
1324:Military history of Manchuria
1222:A History of the Modern World
1073:List of battles by casualties
859:
722:
697:Imperial General Headquarters
490:
106:retreat to northern Manchuria
1141:Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear
968:
899:
595:General Baron von Bilderling
7:
1050:) statistical report. 1914.
956:
423:
64:20 February – 10 March 1905
10:
1365:
1339:1905 in the Russian Empire
580:General Baron von Kaulbars
439:last and the most decisive
18:
821:in the city's southeast.
457:. The city is now called
417:
278:
192:
166:
145:
114:
56:
45:
37:
32:
717:Second Sino-Japanese War
693:Japanese Manchurian Army
621:Japanese Manchurian Army
75:South of Mukden (modern
1344:Battles involving Japan
1118:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
713:First Sino-Japanese War
657:) advanced to the west.
516:Trans-Siberian Railroad
1179:The Russo-Japanese War
917:
869:
841:
809:
619:On the Japanese side (
576:Second Manchurian Army
567:
146:Commanders and leaders
1195:. Indiana University
1177:Martin, Christopher.
907:
867:
839:
807:
602:First Manchurian Army
591:Third Manchurian Army
565:
558:Disposition of forces
518:, the effects of the
429:, one of the largest
193:Casualties and losses
1242:(23 December 2009).
1155:Strategy and Tactics
1137:Connaughton, Richard
951:Battle of Tannenberg
943:Paul von Rennenkampf
831:Paul von Rennenkampf
651:Japanese Second Army
640:Japanese Fourth Army
610:Paul von Rennenkampf
522:and the now-ongoing
433:to be fought before
324:Dogger Bank incident
1329:History of Shenyang
1284: /
1181:. Abelard Schuman.
914:Kobayashi Kiyochika
695:but directly under
662:Japanese Third Army
629:Japanese First Army
481:Franco-Prussian War
1288:41.783°N 123.433°E
1205:Nish, Ian (1985).
1191:Menning, Bruce W.
939:Aleksandr Samsonov
918:
870:
842:
810:
568:
512:Aleksey Kuropatkin
497:Battle of Liaoyang
485:Battle of Tsushima
447:Russo-Japanese War
270:Russo-Japanese War
161:Aleksey Kuropatkin
40:Russo-Japanese War
1314:Conflicts in 1905
1255:978-1-85109-672-5
1231:978-0-07-310748-6
889:), where General
827:Mikhail Alekseyev
689:IJA 11th Division
677:(Yalu River) Army
505:Battle of Sandepu
461:, the capital of
407:
406:
235:
234:
110:
109:
1356:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1235:
1157:270 (2011): 26+.
1133:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
931:Tsar Nicholas II
891:Mikhail Batyanov
793:
779:
764:
749:
735:
681:General Kawamura
606:Nikolai Linevich
584:Oskar Gripenberg
428:
426:
420:
419:
412:Battle of Mukden
273:
271:
261:
254:
247:
238:
237:
185:200 machine guns
177:262,900 infantry
138:
137:
126:
125:
91:Japanese victory
58:
57:
50:
33:Battle of Mukden
30:
29:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1304:
1303:
1293:41.783; 123.433
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1240:Tucker, Spencer
1232:
1130:
1114:
1109:
1105:, p. 1542.
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
993:Clodfelter 2017
991:
987:
979:
975:
971:
959:
916:, 1904 or 1905.
902:
862:
802:
801:
800:
799:
798:
794:
785:
784:
783:
780:
771:
770:
769:
765:
756:
755:
754:
750:
741:
740:
739:
736:
725:
715:and subsequent
671:A newly formed
560:
542:freed up their
501:Battle of Shaho
493:
414:
408:
403:
369:2nd Port Arthur
333:
291:1st Port Arthur
274:
269:
267:
265:
184:
173:270,250 troops
156:Tatsumi Naofumi
154:
132:
128:Empire of Japan
120:
102:
97:
83:
65:
51:
28:
25:Mukden Incident
17:
12:
11:
5:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1268:
1267:
1254:
1236:
1230:
1217:
1203:
1189:
1175:
1158:
1151:
1134:
1129:978-0786474707
1128:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1064:
1052:
1039:
1025:
1011:
997:
995:, p. 359.
985:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
958:
955:
935:St. Petersburg
901:
898:
883:Jilin province
861:
858:
795:
788:
787:
786:
781:
774:
773:
772:
766:
759:
758:
757:
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743:
742:
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730:
729:
728:
727:
726:
724:
721:
701:Primorsky Krai
685:
684:
669:
658:
647:
636:
633:General Kuroki
614:
613:
604:under General
598:
587:
559:
556:
524:unrest at home
495:Following the
492:
489:
405:
404:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
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280:
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276:
275:
264:
263:
256:
249:
241:
233:
232:
231:
230:
223:
222:51,438 wounded
220:
215:88,352 total:
212:
211:
210:
209:2,000 captured
207:
206:59,612 wounded
204:
199:77,504 total:
195:
194:
190:
189:
188:292,000 troops
186:
182:
181:
178:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
148:
147:
143:
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140:Russian Empire
130:
117:
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112:
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104:Russian forces
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1337:
1335:
1334:1905 in Japan
1332:
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1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
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1311:
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1300:
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1215:0-582-49114-2
1212:
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1201:0-253-21380-0
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1187:0-200-71498-8
1184:
1180:
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1173:0-8108-4927-5
1170:
1167:. Scarecrow.
1166:
1162:
1161:Kowner, Rotem
1159:
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1149:0-304-36657-9
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1062:, p. 673
1061:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:Menning p.194
1020:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1001:
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989:
982:
977:
973:
964:
961:
960:
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952:
948:
944:
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936:
932:
926:
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915:
911:
910:woodcut print
906:
897:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
866:
857:
855:
850:
846:
838:
834:
832:
828:
822:
820:
814:
806:
792:
778:
768:dispositions.
763:
748:
734:
720:
718:
714:
708:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
678:
676:
670:
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611:
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603:
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596:
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588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
571:
564:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Maresuke Nogi
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
520:Bloody Sunday
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
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425:
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400:
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392:
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387:
385:
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372:
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341:
340:
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312:
310:
307:
305:
303:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:Naval battles
277:
272:
262:
257:
255:
250:
248:
243:
242:
239:
228:
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221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
208:
205:
203:15,892 killed
202:
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180:7,350 cavalry
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1259:. Retrieved
1248:. ABC-CLIO.
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1037:Martin p.207
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686:
674:
666:General Nogi
644:General Nozu
618:
615:
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548:Baltic Fleet
529:
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494:
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431:land battles
424:Hōten kaisen
411:
409:
393:
337:Land battles
335:
334:
302:Hitachi Maru
301:
296:Chemulpo Bay
282:
281:
219:8,705 killed
214:
198:
172:
115:Belligerents
38:Part of the
1291: /
1209:. Longman.
1143:. Cassell.
1103:Tucker 2009
981:Tucker 2009
947:World War I
854:World War I
797:exhaustion.
655:General Oku
538:by General
536:Port Arthur
477:World War I
441:major land
435:World War I
364:Tashihchiao
359:Motien Pass
96:Territorial
1308:Categories
860:Conclusion
753:positions.
723:The battle
699:to attack
491:Background
374:Hsimucheng
344:Yalu River
309:Yellow Sea
152:Ōyama Iwao
969:Citations
900:Aftermath
819:Hun River
673:Japanese
552:Manchuria
455:Manchuria
354:Te-li-Ssu
81:Manchuria
1279:123°26′E
1261:25 April
1163:(2006).
1139:(2003).
963:Honghuzi
957:See also
675:Ōryokukō
544:3rd Army
466:province
463:Liaoning
459:Shenyang
437:and the
399:Sakhalin
379:Liaoyang
329:Tsushima
319:Korsakov
183:992 guns
167:Strength
77:Shenyang
71:Location
1276:41°47′N
875:Tieling
532:capture
445:of the
389:Sandepu
349:Nanshan
225:28,209
98:changes
1252:
1228:
1213:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1147:
1126:
879:Siping
679:under
593:under
578:under
451:Mukden
443:battle
394:Mukden
304:convoy
88:Result
23:, see
887:China
635:) and
470:China
384:Shaho
314:Ulsan
1263:2015
1250:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1071:See
941:and
660:The
649:the
638:the
627:the
623:),
600:the
589:the
574:the
418:奉天会戦
410:The
61:Date
534:of
468:in
453:in
227:MIA
79:),
1310::
1028:^
1014:^
953:.
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631:(
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415:(
260:e
253:t
246:v
27:.
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