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1611:), where troops under the command of the "Young Marshal" Zhang Xueliang were stationed. The Japanese plan was to attract Chinese troops by an explosion and then blame them for having caused the disturbance in order to provide a pretext for a formal Japanese invasion. In addition, they intended to make the sabotage appear more convincing as a calculated Chinese attack on an essential target, thereby making the expected Japanese reaction appear as a legitimate measure to protect a vital railway of industrial and economic importance. The Japanese press labeled the site "Liǔtiáo Ditch" (
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1994:(1971) has a detailed chronology of events in both Manchuria and Tokyo surrounding the Mukden incident. Bergamini concludes that the greatest deception was that the Mukden incident and Japanese invasion were planned by junior or hot-headed officers, without formal approval by the Japanese government. However, historian James Weland has concluded that senior commanders had tacitly allowed field operatives to proceed on their own initiative, then endorsed the result after a positive outcome was assured.
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2788:"An explosion undoubtedly occurred on or near the railroad between 10 and 10:30 p.m. on September 18th, but the damage, if any, to the railroad did not in fact prevent the punctual arrival of the south-bound train from Changchun, and was not in itself sufficient to justify military action. The military operations of the Japanese troops during this night, ... cannot be regarded as measures of legitimate self-defense..."
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1699:'s small air force was destroyed, and his soldiers fled their destroyed Beidaying barracks, as five hundred Japanese troops attacked the Chinese garrison of around seven thousand. The Chinese troops were no match for the experienced Japanese troops. By the evening, the fighting was over, and the Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of five hundred Chinese lives and only two Japanese lives.
1969:. Post-war investigations confirmed that the original bomb planted by the Japanese failed to explode, and a replacement had to be planted. The resulting explosion enabled the Japanese Kwantung Army to accomplish their goal of triggering a conflict with Chinese troops stationed in Manchuria and the subsequent establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.
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League of
Nations, on September 19. On October 24, the League of Nations passed a resolution mandating the withdrawal of Japanese troops, to be completed by 16 November. However, Japan rejected the League of Nations resolution and insisted on direct negotiations with the Chinese government. Negotiations went on intermittently without much result.
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was published and rejected the
Japanese claim that the Manchurian invasion and occupation was an act of self-defense, although it did not assert that the Japanese had perpetrated the initial bombing of the railroad. The report ascertained that Manchukuo was the product of Japanese military aggression
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The Soviet Red Army performance also stunned
Japanese officials. Manchuria was central to Japan's East Asia policy. Both the 1921 and 1927 Imperial Eastern Region Conferences reconfirmed Japan's commitment to be the dominant power in Manchuria. The 1929 Red Army victory shook that policy to the core
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Because of these circumstances, the central government turned to the international community for a peaceful resolution. The
Chinese Foreign Ministry issued a strong protest to the Japanese government and called for the immediate stop to Japanese military operations in Manchuria, and appealed to the
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Province, while the troops north of the wall were scattered throughout
Manchuria. Therefore, deploying Zhang's troops north of the Great Wall meant that they lacked the concentration needed to fight the Japanese effectively. Most of Zhang's troops were under-trained, poorly led, poorly fed, and had
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The plan was executed when 1st
Lieutenant Suemori Kawamoto of the Independent Garrison Unit (獨立守備隊) of the 29th Infantry Regiment, which guarded the South Manchuria Railway, placed explosives near the tracks, but far enough away to do no real damage. At around 10:20 p.m. (22:20), September 18, the
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in China, while recognizing that Japan had legitimate concerns in
Manchuria because of its economic ties there. The League of Nations refused to acknowledge Manchukuo as an independent nation. Japan resigned from the League of Nations in March 1933. It thereafter became more aggressive in China.
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used the Mukden incident to continue his campaign of disinformation. Since the
Chinese troops at Mukden had put up such poor resistance, he told Manchukuo Emperor Puyi that this was proof that the Chinese remained loyal to him. Japanese intelligence used the incident to continue the campaign to
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of nearly a quarter million could have withstood the
Kwantung Army of only 11,000 men. In addition, his arsenal in Manchuria was considered the most modern in China, and his troops had possession of tanks, around 60 combat aircraft, 4000 machine guns, and four artillery battalions.
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explosives were detonated. However, the explosion was minor and only a 1.5-meter section on one side of the rail was damaged. In fact, a train from
Changchun passed by the site on this damaged track without difficulty and arrived in Shenyang at 10:30 p.m. (22:30).
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On November 20, a conference in the Chinese government was convened, but the Guangzhou faction of the Kuomintang insisted that Chiang Kai-shek step down to take responsibility for the Manchurian debacle. On December 15, Chiang resigned as the Chairman of the
1637:), when in reality, the site was a small railway section laid on an area of flat land. The choice to place the explosives at this site was to preclude the extensive rebuilding that would have been necessitated had the site actually been a railway bridge.
1964:
Different opinions still exist as to who caused the explosion on the Japanese railroad at Mukden. Strong evidence points to young officers of the Japanese Kwantung Army having conspired to cause the blast, with or without direct orders from
2046:. Historian Emily Matson stated that this shift in the official timeline is part of a domestic "legitimizing narrative" that aims to enhance the CCP's prestige and discredit the Nationalist government's "nonresistance policy" at the time.
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was at first appalled that the invasion plan was enacted without his permission, but he was eventually convinced by Ishiwara to give his approval after the act. Honjō moved the Kwantung Army headquarters to Mukden and ordered General
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and reopened the Manchurian problem. By 1930, the Kwantung Army realized they faced a Red Army that was only growing stronger. The time to act was drawing near and Japanese plans to conquer the Northeast were accelerated.
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for his non-resistance to the Japanese invasion. While the Japanese presented a real threat, the Kuomintang directed most of their efforts towards eradication of the communist party. Many charged that Chang's
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Zhang Xueliang's seemingly superior force was undermined by several factors. The first was that the Kwantung Army had a strong reserve force that could be transported by railway from Korea, which was a
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1953:
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victory over Zhang Xueliang's forces not only reasserted Soviet control over the CER in Manchuria but revealed Chinese military weaknesses that Japanese Kwantung Army officers were quick to note.
1315:) usually refers to the entire sequence of events (including the invasion), rather than just the initial attack on the railway line. In Chinese, the attack on the railway line is known as the
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Each year at 10:00 a.m. on 18 September, air-raid sirens sound for several minutes in numerous major cities across China. Provinces include Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hainan, and others.
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as both regions were under Japanese rule at this time) who had settled frontier lands, opened stores or built their own houses in China were expelled without any compensation. Manchurian
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discredit the murdered Zhang Zuolin and his son Zhang Xueliang for "misgovernment" of Manchuria. In fact, drug trafficking and corruption had largely been suppressed under Zhang Zuolin.
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Zhang Xueliang personally ordered his men not to put up a fight and to store away any weapons when the Japanese invaded. Therefore, the Japanese soldiers proceeded to occupy and
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behavior of the Kwantung Army, Itagaki and Ishiwara believed that they no longer had the luxury of waiting for the Chinese to respond to provocations but had to stage their own.
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provincial forces. Despite this resistance, within five months of the Mukden incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all major towns and cities in the provinces of
1537:. They agreed to put aside their differences and assert China's sovereignty in Manchuria strongly. On the other hand, some officers of the Kwantung Army began to plot to
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2026:. Any intervention on the part of America would be a breach of the already mentioned agreement. Furthermore, Britain was in crisis, having been recently forced off the
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poor morale and questionable loyalty compared to their Japanese counterparts. Japanese secret agents had permeated Zhang's command because of his and his father
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independently devised a plan to prompt Japan to invade Manchuria by provoking an incident from Chinese forces stationed nearby. However, after the Japanese
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2030:. Although a power in East Asia at the time, Britain was incapable of decisive action. The only response from these powers was "moral condemnation".
1601:). The area had no official name and was not militarily important, but it was only eight hundred meters away from the Chinese garrison of Beidaying (
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2003:, Japan's top-selling newspaper, published the results of a year-long research project into the general question of who was responsible for the "
1805:'s past reliance on Japanese military advisers. The Japanese knew the Northeastern Army very well and were able to conduct operations with ease.
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1398:. The Japanese government, however, claimed that this control included all the rights and privileges that China granted to Russia in the 1896
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any government that was established as the result of Japanese actions in Manchuria. On January 14, a League of Nations commission, headed by
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2042:(CCP) officially recognized the Mukden incident as the start of its "War of Resistance" against the Empire of Japan as opposed to the 1937
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2177:, although the book places the bombing near Shanghai. Here it is performed by Japanese agents and the Japanese exaggerate the incident.
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Weland, James (1994). "Misguided Intelligence: Japanese Military Intelligence Officers in the Manchurian Incident, September 1931".
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is a 13-episode spy/pulp series set in 1931 Shanghai and Manchuria. Episode 7, "Incident", specifically covers the Mukden incident.
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1511:. Official Japanese objections to the oppression against Japanese nationals within China were rejected by the Chinese authorities.
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that created tens of thousands of refugees. Moreover, Zhang himself was not in Manchuria at the time, but was in a hospital in
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Chronology of Major International Events from 1931 through 1943, with Ostensible Reasons Advanced for the Occurrence Thereof
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1406:. Japanese railway guards were stationed within the zone to provide security for the trains and tracks; however, these were
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Article on Japanese military cliques and their involvement in The Mukden Incident from Japanese Press Translations 1945–46
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to raise money for the flood victims. However, in the Chinese newspapers, Zhang was ridiculed as "General Nonresistance" (
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and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty. However, in November, General Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of
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The Chinese government was preoccupied with numerous internal problems, including the issue of the newly independent
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officers' club opened fire on the Chinese garrison nearby, in response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway.
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Debate has also focused on how the incident was handled by the League of Nations and the subsequent Lytton Report.
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In April 1931, a national leadership conference of China was held between Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang in
1255:). The explosion was so weak that it failed to destroy the track, and a train passed over it minutes later. The
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In English, the Mukden incident is also known as the Manchurian incident. In Japanese, "Manchurian incident" (
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describes the lives of the people who had lost their homeland in Northeast China after the Mukden incident.
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Japanese economic presence and political interest in Manchuria had been growing ever since the end of the
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2019:
1792:, directly adjacent to Manchuria. Secondly, more than half of Zhang's troops were stationed south of the
1522:(CER) further increased the tensions in the Northeast that would lead to the Mukden incident. The Soviet
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Believing that a conflict in Manchuria would be in the best interests of Japan, Kwantung Army Colonel
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2927:"War Responsibility – delving into the past (1) / Who should bear the most blame for the Showa War?"
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wrote that "In the face of its first serious challenge", the League buckled and capitulated. The
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has a reference when an elder says that an occurrence reminds him of the "Manchurian incident".
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2011:, as well as politicians who were impotent to rein them in or prevent their insubordination.
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3027:"How China's leaders changed the history of the War of Resistance to bolster Party prestige"
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Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century
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that ended the war had granted Japan the lease of the South Manchuria Railway branch (from
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2595:. Translated by Joshua A. Fogel. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 10–13, 21–23.
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on September 18, 1991, takes the position that the explosives were planted by Japan. The
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accused Chinese dissidents of the act and responded with a full invasion that led to the
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Japan's Struggle with Internationalism: Japan, China, and the League of Nations, 1931–3
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Japan's Struggle with Internationalism: Japan, China, and the League of Nations, 1931–3
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of 1932, leading Japan to diplomatic isolation and its March 1933 withdrawal from the
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3424:(2nd ed.). 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan: Chung Wu Publishing.
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3242:"No Regrets for Our Youth: A Retrospective on Kurosawa's Postwar Gem – Toho Kingdom"
3059:
2969:"War Responsibility – delving into the past (1) / Manchuria start of slide into war"
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Rays of the Rising Sun, Volume 1: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, China and Manchukuo
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Remote Homeland, Recovered Borderland Manchus, Manchoukuo, and Manchuria, 1907–1985
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Chinese delegate addresses the League of Nations after the Mukden incident in 1932.
1665:, and Major Takayoshi Tanaka had completed plans for the incident by May 31, 1931.
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2536:, p. 128, Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood, Facts on File (2011);
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to send in reinforcements. At 04:00 on 19 September, Mukden was declared secure.
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Ferrell, Robert H. (March 1955). "The Mukden Incident: September 18–19, 1931".
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Ferrell, Robert H. (March 1955). "The Mukden Incident: September 18–19, 1931".
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The Russian Kurosawa Transnational Cinema, Or the Art of Speaking Differently
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1977:
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The Damned Inheritance: The Soviet Union and the Manchurian Crises 1924–1935
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History of Sino-Japanese relations#Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II
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between China and Japan were invalid. China also announced new acts, so the
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3314:
2504:, p. 294, Peter Duus, John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989.
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2315:
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2007:". With respect to the Manchurian incident, the newspaper blamed ambitious
1972:
The 9.18 Incident Exhibition Museum (九・一八歷史博物館) at Shenyang, opened by the
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1802:
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2443:, p. 294, Peter Duus,John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989
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2004:
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to Manchuria for the specific purpose of curbing the insubordination and
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215:
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Itagaki and Ishiwara chose to sabotage the rail section in an area near
1288:
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detonated a small quantity of dynamite close to a railway line owned by
3995:
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Defiance in Manchuria: the making of Japanese foreign policy, 1931-1932
3357:
2912:
2732:
2631:
2242:
covers the event in the song "The Mukden Incident" on their 2010 album
2092: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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A section of the Liǔtiáo Railway. The caption reads "railway fragment".
1668:
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1410:, and they frequently carried out maneuvers outside the railway areas.
1367:
1211:
1691:
On the morning of September 19, two artillery pieces installed at the
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secretly. There were other officers who wanted to support plotters in
1214:
event staged by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the 1931
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1918:
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Patriots and Traitors: Sorge and Ozaki: A Japanese Cultural Casebook
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The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
2067:
3349:
2724:
2351:(Japanese assassination of the Chinese head of state Generalissimo
1958:
1914:
1759:
1735:
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64:
2977:. August 16, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2007
2935:. August 13, 2006. Archived from the original on December 25, 2006
1649:
Japanese experts inspect the "sabotaged" South Manchurian Railway.
3165:
Culture, Music Education, and the Chinese Dream in Mainland China
1984:
in Tokyo, also places the blame on members of the Kwantung Army.
1887:
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1739:
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1336:
2482:, p. 120, Janet Hunter, University of California Press: 1984,
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Chiang Kai-shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost
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An instinct for War: Scenes from the battlefields of history
2659:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), pp. 290–291.
2205:, opens with the characters discussing the Mukden incident.
2022:(1921) guaranteed a certain degree of Japanese hegemony in
1922:
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3444:
Strategic Disharmony: Japan, Manchuria, and Foreign Policy
1557:
Japanese soldiers of 29th Regiment on the Mukden West Gate
1424:
On the 91st anniversary of the September 18 incident, the
1221:
On September 18, 1931, Lieutenant Suemori Kawamoto of the
3419:
2297:
and Wang Yang depicts the Mukden Incident in episode 24.
1917:
to examine the situation. In March, the puppet state of
3964:
Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters
3481:
Conspiracy at Mukden: the rise of the Japanese military
3284:"Senkō no Night Raid's 7th Episode Streamed, Not Aired"
3052:"Sept. 18 Incident marked across China_"中国梦 我的梦"_中国山东网"
3655:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China
2588:
1487:
tried to deprive Japanese concessions too, but he was
1374:
after the September 18th incident, September 19, 1931.
1188:
2646:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), p. 290.
2502:
The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century
2441:
The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century
1897:
On January 7, 1932, United States Secretary of State
2305:
3489:Wright, Quincy (1932-02). "The Manchurian Crisis".
1921:was established, with the former emperor of China,
1271:six months later. The deception was exposed by the
4098:The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries
3400:
3110:
3812:China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands
3807:Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
1438:Museum of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
4134:
2195:, the subject of the Mukden incident is debated.
3405:. Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials.
3401:Lofficier, Jean-Marc; Lofficier, Randy (2002).
2289:The 2024 Chinese drama War of Faith, featuring
2693:
1305:
1293:
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3550:
2832:
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2657:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew
2644:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew
2555:
2480:Concise dictionary of modern Japanese history
2273:in episode 4, mentioning the Mukden incident.
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1602:
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4030:Japan-China Joint History Research Committee
3672:China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement
3422:History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
2286:mentions the incident on numerous occasions.
347:
3665:Japan–South Korea Joint Declaration of 1998
3645:Sino-Japanese Journalist Exchange Agreement
3456:The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932
3129:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 289.
2747:
1774:Chinese public opinion strongly criticized
1355:) refers to the entire sequence of events.
3557:
3543:
2827:
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1426:Museum of the Imperial Palace of Manchukuo
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3775:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine
3677:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
3620:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty
3511:"Mukden Incident | World War II Database"
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3453:
3200:
2719:(1). University of Chicago Press: 66–72.
2152:Learn how and when to remove this message
3420:Long-hsuen, Hsu; Chang Ming-kai (1971).
2675:. Harvard University Press. p. 93.
2565:The Zinbun Gakuhō: Journal of Humanities
2551:
2549:
1952:
1911:Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton
1852:
1680:
1667:
1644:
1552:
1499:, Zhang's son and successor, joined the
1412:
1362:
1345:) and the "9.18/September 18 incident" (
1009:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
950:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
4153:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War
4105:New Life+: Young Again in Another World
3933:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations
3916:Japanese history textbook controversies
3335:
2710:
2534:Encyclopedia of war crimes and genocide
1458:reassert its authority over the country
171:
156:
27:1931 Japan false flag railway explosion
14:
4135:
3391:
3372:
3239:
3024:
3009:
2890:
2497:
2495:
4050:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China
3959:Chinese influence on Japanese culture
3911:Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy
3630:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement
3538:
2777:
2558:"Manshūkoku no Hou to Seiji: Josetsu"
2546:
2338:Events preceding World War II in Asia
2254:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
2057:
1957:The September 18th History Museum in
886:
321:
3797:2010 Senkaku boat collision incident
3313:
3286:. Anime News Network. May 30, 2010.
3240:Galvan, Patrick (January 17, 2019).
3122:
3106:
2878:
2843:
2799:
2753:
2626:. The Mainichi Newspapers Co., Ltd.
2090:adding citations to reliable sources
2061:
3770:Association of Returnees from China
3660:State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan
3610:Japanese missions to Imperial China
3012:The Origins of the Second World War
2849:
2492:
2165:The Mukden incident is depicted in
1905:, that the United States would not
24:
3765:Japanese repatriation from Huludao
3682:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
3161:
2856:University of North Carolina Press
2760:, New York: Bantam Books, p.
2689:from the original on May 31, 2023.
2578:from the original on May 17, 2023.
2524:. Carroll & Graf: 2003, p. 202
1738:the major cities of Changchun and
25:
4214:
3921:2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
3720:North China Buffer State Strategy
3517:from the original on May 26, 2023
3502:
3491:American Political Science Review
3454:Matsusaka, Yoshihisa Tak (2003).
3392:Lensen, George Alexander (1974).
3290:from the original on May 31, 2023
3252:from the original on May 31, 2023
3221:from the original on May 31, 2023
3182:from the original on May 31, 2023
3143:from the original on May 31, 2023
3088:from the original on May 31, 2023
2592:Manchuria Under Japanese Dominion
2412:Military of the Republic of China
2033:
1263:, in which Japan established its
4118:
4117:
3981:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
3949:History of China–Japan relations
3824:Exclusive economic zone of Japan
3760:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
3576:
3566:
3014:, New York: Atheneum, p. 91
2407:History of the Republic of China
2322:
2308:
2271:the history textbook controversy
2066:
1894:replaced Sun Fo as the Premier.
1872:Premier of the Republic of China
990:German Pacific possesions (1914)
275:
263:
251:
239:
221:
209:
197:
173:
158:
57:
4015:China-Japan Friendship Hospital
3969:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
3276:
3273:, MerwinAsia: 2009, pp. 101–197
3264:
3233:
3194:
3155:
3116:
3074:
3044:
3018:
3003:
2961:
2919:
2884:
2872:
2814:
2805:
2793:
2662:
2649:
2636:
2077:needs additional citations for
1234:29th Japanese Infantry Regiment
965:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
4123:Category:China–Japan relations
3476:(U of California Press, 1964).
3319:Tintin: The Complete Companion
3111:Lofficier & Lofficier 2002
3025:Matson, Emily (July 7, 2023).
2616:
2582:
2527:
2514:
2473:
2453:
2434:
2376:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
2189:In Akira Kurosawa's 1946 film
2049:
1948:
1846:
1837:
1687:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1626:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1216:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1189:
1120:
1106:
1074:
1060:
365:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes)
139:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
51:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
13:
1:
4025:Yokohama Specie Bank Building
3782:Boycotts of Japanese products
3594:Ambassadors of China to Japan
3168:. Springer Nature Singapore.
3082:"我国多个地区拉防空警报纪念九一八事变_新闻中心_新浪网"
2422:
1714:of the Kwantung Army General
1464:. They started to claim that
1456:government was attempting to
1358:
4040:Emperor at home, king abroad
4003:China–Japan football rivalry
3819:Ryūkyū independence movement
3735:Greater East Asia Conference
3650:Japan–China Joint Communiqué
2556:Shin'ichi, Yamamuro (1991).
2462:, p. 315, Roger J. Spiller,
2427:
1769:
1462:fragmented warlord dominance
1452:Meanwhile, the newly formed
1448:, has released new findings.
1404:South Manchuria Railway Zone
7:
3403:The Pocket Essential Tintin
3201:Solovieva, Olga V. (2023).
2893:Journal of Military History
2811:Chen, World War II Database
2786:78th Congress, 2d Session.
2589:Shin'ichi Yamamuro (2006).
2417:National Revolutionary Army
2301:
2180:The Chinese patriotic song
2020:Washington Naval Conference
1992:Japan's Imperial Conspiracy
1640:
793:North Burma and West Yunnan
10:
4219:
4035:Japan–Ming trade-ship flag
3377:. Helion and Company Ltd.
3306:
3207:. OUP Oxford. p. 17.
2470:; Harvard University Press
2394:Marco Polo Bridge incident
2359:Northeast Flag Replacement
2044:Marco Polo Bridge incident
1974:People's Republic of China
1684:
914:Military campaigns of the
67:during the Mukden incident
29:
4114:
3941:
3832:
3690:
3602:
3586:
3458:. Harvard U Asia Center.
3338:Journal of Modern History
3010:Taylor, A. J. P. (1962),
2995:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2953:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2713:Journal of Modern History
2388:Defense of the Great Wall
1708:Kwantung Leased Territory
1576:dispatched Major General
1548:
1518:(July–November) over the
1408:regular Japanese soldiers
1306:
1294:
1223:Independent Garrison Unit
1200:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1067:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
955:Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
925:
415:Pacification of Manchukuo
361:
303:
290:
187:
150:
71:
63:Japanese troops entering
56:
48:
43:
4008:2004 AFC Asian Cup final
3889:Racial Equality Proposal
3710:Second Sino-Japanese War
3446:(Air War College, 1995)
3434:: CS1 maint: location (
2622:Yamaguchi, Jūji (1967).
2371:Second Sino-Japanese War
2192:No Regrets for Our Youth
2168:The Adventures of Tintin
1520:Chinese Eastern Railroad
1282:
1101:Traditional Chinese
1055:Traditional Chinese
1024:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)
352:Second Sino-Japanese War
114:41.834610°N 123.465984°E
30:Not to be confused with
4020:Bank of Taiwan Building
3894:Lansing–Ishii Agreement
3792:Senkaku Islands dispute
3698:First Sino-Japanese War
3396:. The Diplomatic Press.
3373:Jowett, Philip (2005).
3321:. London: John Murray.
2183:Along the Songhua River
2040:Chinese Communist Party
1980:museum, located within
1818:Chinese Communist Party
1624:) or "Liǔtiáo Bridge" (
1565:and Lieutenant Colonel
1509:anti-Japanese sentiment
1460:after over a decade of
1261:occupation of Manchuria
1249:South Manchuria Railway
1115:Simplified Chinese
1069:Simplified Chinese
1019:French Indochina (1940)
3954:Japan–Taiwan relations
3865:Convention of Tientsin
3745:Chin–Doihara Agreement
3479:Yoshihashi, Takehiko.
3162:Ho, Wai-Chung (2018).
2850:Gao, Yunxiang (2021).
2266:
2203:A Japanese Called Otto
1961:
1868:Nationalist government
1858:
1673:
1650:
1558:
1449:
1396:China Far East Railway
1375:
1370:tanks captured by the
1257:Imperial Japanese Army
846:West Henan–North Hubei
188:Commanders and leaders
4203:China–Japan relations
4163:False flag operations
3703:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3573:China–Japan relations
2754:Behr, Edward (1987),
2259:The television drama
1956:
1856:
1681:Invasion of Manchuria
1671:
1657:, Lieutenant Colonel
1648:
1556:
1423:
1366:
304:Casualties and losses
119:41.834610; 123.465984
4178:History of Manchuria
3084:. News.sina.com.cn.
2624:Kieta Teikoku Manshū
2365:on 29 December 1928)
2086:improve this article
2009:Japanese militarists
1997:In August 2006, the
1870:and was replaced as
1725:Chosen Army of Japan
1516:Sino-Soviet conflict
1384:Treaty of Portsmouth
4091:Memoirs of a Geisha
3882:May Fourth Movement
3845:Jiajing wokou raids
3750:Japanese war crimes
3725:Anti-Comintern Pact
2854:. Chapel Hill, NC:
2669:Jay Taylor (2009).
2655:Michael M. Walker,
2642:Michael M. Walker,
2382:January 28 incident
2349:Huanggutun incident
1820:insurrections, and
1578:Yoshitsugu Tatekawa
1321:traditional Chinese
995:Siberia (1918–1922)
773:Sichuan (cancelled)
110: /
4045:TPE (cable system)
3850:María Luz incident
3740:He–Umezu Agreement
3635:Twenty-One Demands
3615:Ryūkyū Disposition
3123:Shao, Dan (2011).
2881:, pp. 182–183
2824:(Routledge, 1993).
2208:The 2010 Japanese
2058:In popular culture
1962:
1932:On October 2, the
1859:
1847:Bù Dǐkàng Jiāngjūn
1712:Commander-in-Chief
1674:
1651:
1559:
1501:Nanjing Government
1450:
1380:Russo-Japanese War
1376:
1329:simplified Chinese
563:Yellow River flood
477:Railway Operation
79:September 18, 1931
4193:League of Nations
4148:Conflicts in 1932
4143:Conflicts in 1931
4130:
4129:
3926:Nobukatsu Fujioka
3872:Nagasaki incident
3472:Ogata, Sadako N.
3465:978-0-674-01206-6
3412:978-1-904048-17-6
3384:978-1-874622-21-5
3328:978-0-7195-5522-0
3056:dream.sdchina.com
2771:978-0-553-34474-5
2682:978-0-674-03338-2
2602:978-0-812-23912-6
2542:978-0-8160-8083-0
2520:Fenby, Jonathan.
2510:978-0-521-22357-7
2488:978-0-520-04557-6
2468:978-0-674-01941-6
2449:978-0-521-22357-7
2162:
2161:
2154:
2136:
2101:"Mukden incident"
1913:, disembarked at
1822:1931 China floods
1781:Northeastern Army
1754:with their local
1697:Chang Hsueh-liang
1421:
1400:Li–Lobanov Treaty
1382:(1904–1905). The
1342:Liǔtiáohú Shìbiàn
1277:League of Nations
1251:near Mukden (now
1204:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1136:
1135:
1090:
1089:
1032:
1031:
960:China (1899–1901)
880:
879:
739:Yunnan-Burma Road
677:Hundred Regiments
449:Marco Polo Bridge
316:
315:
146:
145:
134:Japanese victory
16:(Redirected from
4210:
4198:Acts of sabotage
4158:Combat incidents
4121:
4120:
4070:Satoru Mizushima
3877:Shandong Problem
3802:Baodiao movement
3755:Nanjing Massacre
3640:Treaty of Taipei
3587:Diplomatic posts
3581:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3483:(Yale UP, 1963)
3469:
3442:Lucas, David G.
3439:
3433:
3425:
3416:
3397:
3388:
3369:
3332:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3120:
3114:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3062:on March 4, 2016
3058:. Archived from
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2757:The Last Emperor
2751:
2745:
2744:
2708:
2691:
2690:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2499:
2490:
2477:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2384:(Shanghai, 1932)
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2094:
2070:
2062:
1903:Stimson Doctrine
1848:
1839:
1655:Seishirō Itagaki
1629:
1628:
1616:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1563:Seishirō Itagaki
1539:invade Manchuria
1491:by the Japanese
1422:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1326:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1242:
1231:
1192:
1191:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1095:Alternative name
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1037:
1036:
920:
918:
907:
900:
893:
884:
883:
767:Zhejiang–Jiangxi
643:Winter Offensive
540:North-East Henan
471:Sihang Warehouse
356:
355:
353:
342:
335:
328:
319:
318:
282:Seishirō Itagaki
280:
279:
278:
268:
267:
266:
256:
255:
254:
244:
243:
242:
226:
225:
224:
214:
213:
212:
202:
201:
200:
183:
179:
177:
176:
168:
164:
162:
161:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
73:
72:
61:
41:
40:
21:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4110:
3937:
3901:Hankou incident
3840:Ningbo incident
3828:
3787:Senkaku Islands
3686:
3625:Nishihara Loans
3598:
3582:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3520:
3518:
3509:C. Peter Chen.
3505:
3500:
3466:
3427:
3426:
3413:
3385:
3329:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3246:tohokingdom.com
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3215:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3023:
3019:
3008:
3004:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2974:Yomiuri Shimbun
2967:
2966:
2962:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2932:Yomiuri Shimbun
2925:
2924:
2920:
2905:10.2307/2944134
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2828:
2820:Ian Hill Nish,
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2752:
2748:
2709:
2694:
2683:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2500:
2493:
2478:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2355:on 4 June 1928)
2328:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2276:The 1969 novel
2245:On Divine Winds
2240:Hail of Bullets
2214:Night Raid 1931
2199:Junji Kinoshita
2158:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2095:
2093:
2083:
2071:
2060:
2052:
2036:
2016:A. J. P. Taylor
2000:Yomiuri Shimbun
1988:David Bergamini
1982:Yasukuni Shrine
1951:
1925:, installed as
1790:Japanese colony
1772:
1721:Senjuro Hayashi
1689:
1683:
1643:
1571:Minister of War
1551:
1505:Chiang Kai-shek
1470:Japanese people
1413:
1361:
1352:Jiǔyībā Shìbiàn
1304:
1292:
1285:
1236:
1225:
1208:Mukden incident
1040:Mukden incident
1035:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1014:China (1937–45)
985:Tsingtao (1914)
972:
921:
917:Empire of Japan
916:
913:
911:
881:
876:
669:Zaoyang–Yichang
608:Suixian–Zaoyang
454:Beiping–Tianjin
393:Nenjiang Bridge
357:
351:
349:
348:
346:
286:
276:
274:
264:
262:
252:
250:
240:
238:
232:
222:
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210:
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198:
196:
174:
172:
159:
157:
118:
116:
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
95:
62:
44:Mukden incident
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Mukden Incident
15:
12:
11:
5:
4216:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4128:
4127:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Kosei Fukunaga
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3906:Jinan incident
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3874:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3504:
3503:External links
3501:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3451:
3440:
3417:
3411:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3370:
3350:10.1086/237763
3333:
3327:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3275:
3263:
3232:
3214:978-0192690845
3213:
3193:
3175:978-9811075339
3174:
3154:
3136:978-0824860226
3135:
3115:
3109:, p. 52;
3099:
3073:
3043:
3017:
3002:
2960:
2918:
2899:(3): 445–460.
2883:
2871:
2864:
2842:
2826:
2813:
2804:
2792:
2790:, ibid., p. 71
2776:
2770:
2746:
2725:10.1086/237763
2692:
2681:
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2635:
2615:
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2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:Zhang Xueliang
2356:
2346:
2343:Jinan incident
2334:
2333:
2319:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2274:
2257:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2174:The Blue Lotus
2160:
2159:
2142:September 2020
2074:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2034:Historiography
2032:
1950:
1947:
1876:Executive Yuan
1812:government of
1776:Zhang Xueliang
1771:
1768:
1685:Main article:
1682:
1679:
1659:Kanji Ishiwara
1642:
1639:
1567:Kanji Ishiwara
1550:
1547:
1497:Zhang Xueliang
1434:Jilin Province
1360:
1357:
1284:
1281:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1178:Transcriptions
1171:
1170:
1163:
1157:
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1149:
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1134:
1133:
1132:Transcriptions
1125:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:Transcriptions
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987:
974:
973:
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962:
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947:
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940:Ganghwa (1875)
937:
926:
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895:
887:
878:
877:
875:
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842:
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838:Guilin–Liuzhou
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481:Beiping–Hankou
475:
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420:Inner Mongolia
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270:Kanji Ishiwara
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204:Zhang Xueliang
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32:Mudan incident
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4215:
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4188:1932 in Japan
4186:
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4183:1931 in Japan
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4173:1932 in China
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4065:Yang Shoujing
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3324:
3320:
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3315:Farr, Michael
3312:
3311:
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3142:
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3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3113:, p. 35.
3112:
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3087:
3083:
3077:
3066:September 18,
3061:
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3047:
3032:
3028:
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3013:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2981:September 18,
2976:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2939:September 18,
2934:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2865:9781469664606
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2802:, p. 182
2801:
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2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2738:
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2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
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2703:
2701:
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2442:
2437:
2433:
2418:
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2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:(7 July 1937)
2395:
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2320:
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2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2269:) deals with
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:concept album
2247:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:
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2156:
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2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103: –
2102:
2098:
2097:Find sources:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:This section
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:In 2017, the
2031:
2029:
2028:gold standard
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1942:Kenji Doihara
1938:
1935:
1934:Lytton Report
1930:
1928:
1927:head of state
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:Henry Stimson
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:(head of the
1873:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:Yangtze River
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1762:, Jilin, and
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:Shigeru Honjō
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:Kenji Doihara
1660:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1635:
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1600:
1590:
1585:
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1531:
1527:
1525:
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1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:Kwantung Army
1490:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
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1443:
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1373:
1369:
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1344:
1338:
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1314:
1302:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:Lytton Report
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1246:
1240:
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1229:
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1219:
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1199:
1187:
1185:
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1172:
1164:
1162:
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1150:
1148:
1144:
1141:Japanese name
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1118:
1116:
1112:
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1098:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1072:
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1025:
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1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
980:
979:
978:Taishō period
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:Ryukyu (1879)
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Taiwan (1874)
933:
932:
931:
930:
924:
919:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
885:
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863:
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771:
769:
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741:
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735:
734:
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728:
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723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:Central Hubei
687:
685:
684:North Vietnam
682:
680:
679:
678:
673:
671:
670:
666:
665:
661:
660:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
640:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
629:South Guangxi
626:
624:
623:
619:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:
598:
594:
591:
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528:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
491:
487:
486:Tianjin–Pukou
484:
482:
479:
478:
476:
472:
469:
468:
467:
466:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
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442:
441:
436:
433:
431:
428:
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421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
382:
381:Lytton Report
379:
378:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
368:
364:
363:
360:
354:
343:
338:
336:
331:
329:
324:
323:
320:
311:
308:
307:
302:
299:30,000–66,000
298:
295:
294:
289:
283:
273:
271:
261:
259:
249:
247:
246:Shigeru Honjō
237:
236:
234:
229:
219:
217:
207:
205:
195:
194:
192:
191:
186:
182:
170:
167:
155:
154:
149:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
129:
128:
123:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
4116:
4103:
4096:
4089:
3855:Imo Incident
3519:. Retrieved
3494:
3490:
3480:
3473:
3455:
3443:
3421:
3402:
3393:
3374:
3344:(1): 66–72.
3341:
3337:
3318:
3292:. Retrieved
3278:
3270:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3245:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3203:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3164:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3125:
3118:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3060:the original
3055:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:
3020:
3011:
3005:
2979:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2937:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2874:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2821:
2816:
2807:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2756:
2749:
2716:
2712:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2623:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2591:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2501:
2479:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2440:
2436:
2353:Zhang Zuolin
2330:China portal
2316:Japan portal
2284:Masuji Ibuse
2277:
2261:
2243:
2224:
2220:The violent
2212:
2202:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2148:
2139:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2096:
2084:Please help
2079:verification
2076:
2053:
2037:
2013:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1971:
1963:
1939:
1931:
1896:
1892:Wang Jingwei
1864:
1860:
1845:
1807:
1803:Zhang Zuolin
1786:
1773:
1764:Heilongjiang
1744:Heilongjiang
1733:
1701:
1690:
1675:
1652:
1633:
1631:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1589:Liutiao Lake
1586:
1560:
1532:
1528:
1513:
1489:assassinated
1485:Zhang Zuolin
1451:
1446:Heilongjiang
1377:
1350:
1340:
1317:Liutiao Lake
1313:Manshū-jihen
1312:
1286:
1265:puppet state
1220:
1207:
1205:
1190:Manshū Jihen
1184:Romanization
1049:Chinese name
1002:Shōwa period
1000:
999:
976:
975:
970:Korea (1910)
929:Meiji period
927:
850:
836:
827:4th Changsha
818:
817:
810:
791:
784:
765:
733:3rd Changsha
731:
726:2nd Changsha
724:
719:South Shanxi
717:
710:
698:
675:
674:
667:
649:West Suiyuan
641:
627:
622:1st Changsha
620:
606:
599:
568:
561:
525:
511:
500:Pingxingguan
492:
465:2nd Shanghai
463:
410:1st Shanghai
228:Feng Zhanhai
151:Belligerents
133:
49:Part of the
36:
4075:Liu Lianren
4055:Pei Shiqing
3860:Gapsin Coup
3497:(1): 45–76.
2608:January 23,
2571:: 129–152.
2267:Family Game
2262:Kazoku Game
2236:death metal
2050:Remembrance
1949:Controversy
1901:issued his
1884:Sun Yat-sen
1574:Jirō Minami
1472:(including
1237: [
1226: [
759:Yenangyaung
700:South Henan
694:South Anhui
635:Kunlun Pass
533:Taierzhuang
309:340+ killed
258:Jirō Minami
216:Ma Zhanshan
117: /
105:123°27′58″E
4137:Categories
3996:Xiao Riben
2632:B000JA85DK
2423:References
2345:(May 1928)
2279:Black Rain
2265:(English:
2252:about the
2112:newspapers
1794:Great Wall
1661:, Colonel
1582:militarist
1436:, and the
1368:Renault FT
1359:Background
1319:incident (
1212:false flag
852:West Hunan
804:Mount Song
786:West Hubei
706:West Hubei
581:Wenxi fire
576:Wanjialing
425:Great Wall
102:41°50′05″N
4085:Ling Ling
3833:Incidents
3730:ABCD line
3715:Manchukuo
3691:Conflicts
3603:Diplomacy
3430:cite book
3366:144691966
3107:Farr 2001
3092:March 16,
2991:cite news
2949:cite news
2879:Behr 1987
2800:Behr 1987
2741:144691966
2428:Citations
2291:Wang Yibo
2024:East Asia
2005:Shōwa war
1919:Manchukuo
1907:recognize
1882:, son of
1814:Hu Hanmin
1810:Guangzhou
1770:Aftermath
1748:Ding Chao
1609:běidàyíng
1599:liǔtiáohú
1514:The 1929
1478:Taiwanese
1430:Changchun
1394:) of the
1388:Changchun
1301:Shinjitai
1269:Manchukuo
799:Myitkyina
779:1943–1945
662:1940–1942
557:Chongqing
443:1937–1939
388:Jiangqiao
371:Manchuria
312:25 killed
89:Manchuria
3515:Archived
3317:(2001).
3288:Archived
3250:Archived
3219:Archived
3180:Archived
3141:Archived
3086:Archived
3031:NüVoices
2687:Archived
2573:Archived
2302:See also
2201:'s play
1990:'s book
1978:Yūshūkan
1959:Shenyang
1940:Colonel
1915:Shanghai
1760:Liaoning
1736:garrison
1693:Shenyang
1653:Colonel
1641:Incident
1524:Red Army
1466:treaties
1372:Japanese
1289:Kyūjitai
1253:Shenyang
1167:まんしゅうじへん
832:Hengyang
712:Shanggao
601:Nanchang
519:Massacre
291:Strength
84:Location
65:Shenyang
3942:Related
3521:May 26,
3358:1877701
3307:Sources
3294:June 3,
3256:May 31,
3225:May 31,
3186:May 31,
3147:May 31,
3036:July 9,
2913:2944134
2840:(1993).
2733:1877701
2126:scholar
1888:Jinzhou
1834:Chinese
1830:Beijing
1824:of the
1740:Dandong
1723:of the
1706:in the
1632:liǔtiáo
1619:liǔtiáo
1535:Nanjing
1503:led by
1482:warlord
1474:Koreans
1454:Chinese
1232:of the
872:Taihoku
865:Air War
858:Guangxi
820:Ichi-Go
812:Changde
754:Toungoo
744:Tachiao
545:Lanfeng
513:Nanking
494:Taiyuan
435:Suiyuan
398:Jinzhou
296:160,000
3991:Jingri
3485:online
3462:
3448:online
3409:
3381:
3364:
3356:
3325:
3211:
3172:
3133:
2911:
2862:
2836:Nish,
2768:
2739:
2731:
2679:
2630:
2599:
2540:
2508:
2486:
2466:
2447:
2390:(1933)
2378:(1931)
2295:Li Qin
2171:comic
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
1880:Sun Fo
1844::
1842:pinyin
1836::
1704:Dalian
1549:Events
1442:Harbin
1392:Lüshun
1347:九・一八事变
1339::
1337:pinyin
1331::
1323::
1210:was a
749:Oktwin
654:Wuyuan
614:Swatow
593:Hainan
588:Canton
527:Xuzhou
505:Xinkou
459:Chahar
403:Harbin
376:Mukden
178:
163:
130:Result
4080:Zhapu
3986:Guizi
3974:Shina
3362:S2CID
3354:JSTOR
2909:JSTOR
2737:S2CID
2729:JSTOR
2576:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2238:band
2233:Dutch
2226:Gantz
2222:manga
2210:anime
2133:JSTOR
2119:books
1967:Tokyo
1878:) by
1838:不抵抗將軍
1798:Hebei
1756:Jilin
1752:Li Du
1729:Korea
1543:Tokyo
1507:from
1333:柳条湖事变
1325:柳條湖事變
1283:Names
1245:Japan
1241:]
1230:]
1147:Kanji
1075:九一八事变
1061:九一八事變
570:Wuhan
181:Japan
166:China
93:China
3523:2023
3460:ISBN
3436:link
3407:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3296:2010
3258:2023
3227:2023
3209:ISBN
3188:2023
3170:ISBN
3149:2023
3131:ISBN
3094:2019
3068:2014
3038:2023
2997:link
2983:2008
2955:link
2941:2008
2860:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2628:ASIN
2610:2017
2597:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2506:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2464:ISBN
2445:ISBN
2361:(by
2248:, a
2105:news
1923:Puyi
1750:and
1634:qiáo
1476:and
1307:満州事変
1295:滿洲事變
1206:The
1161:Kana
1153:満州事変
1121:沈阳事变
1107:瀋陽事變
552:Amoy
430:Rehe
76:Date
3346:doi
2901:doi
2762:180
2721:doi
2282:by
2088:by
1850:).
1796:in
1727:in
1702:At
1627:柳條橋
1621:gōu
1614:柳條溝
1604:北大營
1594:柳條湖
1440:in
1428:in
1390:to
1267:of
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