20:
737:, which had already been proclaimed by the time the Commission reached Manchuria. It also covered the question of the economic interests of Japan both in Manchuria and China as a whole, and the nature and effects of the Chinese anti-Japanese boycott. Soviet Union interests in the region were also mentioned. Finally, the Commission submitted a study of the conditions to which, in its judgment, any satisfactory solution should conform, and made various proposals and suggestions as to how an agreement embodying these principles might be brought about.
655:
757:. Regarding Manchukuo, the Report concluded that the new State could not have been formed without the presence of Japanese troops; that it had no general support locally or from China; and that it was not part of a genuine and spontaneous independent movement. Still, the report held that both China and Japan had legitimate grievances. Japan, it states, took advantage of questionable rights, and China obstructed by the exercise of her undoubted rights. The Geneva correspondent of
687:
732:
took place as the
Japanese army (without authorization from the Japanese government) seized the large Chinese province of Manchuria. The Report described the unsatisfactory features of the Chinese administration and giving weight to the various claims and complaints of Japan. It then proceeded with a
799:
In the end, the Lytton Report showcased the weaknesses of the League of
Nations and its inability to enforce its decisions. The situation was complicated by the length of time it took for the Lytton Commission to prepare its report, during which time Japan was able to firmly secure its control over
740:
However, the report did not directly address one of its chief goals: the cause of the Mukden
Incident. Instead, it simply stated the Japanese position (that the Chinese had been responsible), with no comment as to the truth or falsity of the Japanese claims. Although there was no doubt as to
770:
French correspondent says: "The report insists on the withdrawal of
Japanese troops within the South Manchuria railway zone, and recommends the establishment of an organisation under the sovereignty of China to deal with conditions in Manchuria, taking due account of the rights and interests of
787:
of
Manchukuo. When the findings of the Report were announced before the General Assembly of the League of Nations, recognizing Chinese sovereignty over Manchuria and refusing to recognize Manchukuo, the Japanese delegation led by ambassador
748:
between the conflicting views of China and Japan, the effect of the Report was regarded as a substantial vindication of the
Chinese case on most fundamental issues. In particular, the Commission stated that the operations of the
763:
says: "The report, which was approved unanimously, proposes that China and Japan shall be given three months in which to accept or reject the recommendations. It is hoped that the parties will agree to direct negotiations."
733:
narrative of the events in
Manchuria subsequent to September 18, 1931, based on the evidence of many participants and on that of eyewitnesses. It devoted particular attention to the origins and development of the State of
638:, announced its conclusions in October 1932. It stated that the Empire of Japan must withdraw from Manchuria, recognized Chinese sovereignty of Manchuria, and refused to recognize the Japanese puppet state of
717:, representative of the Lytton Commission during their voyage back to Europe. They planned to kidnap them and then demand ransom. Airplanes were used during their journey as a safety measure to prevent it.
1060:
Chang, David Wen-wei. âThe
Western Powers and Japanâs Aggression in China: The League of Nations and âThe Lytton Report.ââ American Journal of Chinese Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, 2003, pp. 43â63. JSTOR,
848:
Hudson, Manley O. âThe Report of the
Assembly of the League of Nations on the Sino-Japanese Dispute.â The American Journal of International Law, vol. 27, no. 2, 1933, pp. 300â05. JSTOR,
934:
706:
48:
984:
779:
In
September 1932, even before the official announcement of the findings of the Lytton Report on October 2, 1932, was made public, the Japanese government extended official
694:
The group spent six weeks in Manchuria in spring 1932 (despite having been sent in December 1931) on a fact-finding mission after they had met government leaders in the
709:, also many with sabotaging the railway with explosions. The bandits were also planning an attack on the express train transporting the German governor
573:
41:
835:âLeague of Nations Assembly Report on the Sino-Japanese Dispute.â The American Journal of International Law, vol. 27, no. 3, 1933, pp. 119â53. JSTOR,
910:
725:
It was hoped that the report would defuse the hostilities between Japan and China and thus help maintain peace and stability in the Far East.
34:
815:, the great powers were reluctant to further damage their own economies by sanctioning another great power, and the policy used was largely
1178:
1168:
1153:
1143:
642:. The League of Nations General Assembly adopted the report, and Japan quit the League. The recommendations went into effect after Japan
501:
741:
Japan's guilt among the five commission members, Claudel (the French delegate) insisted that Japan not be portrayed as the aggressor.
792:
walked out. Japan gave formal notice of its withdrawal from the League of Nations on March 27, 1933. The United States announced the
128:
1222:
635:
1232:
861:
481:
392:
1077:
Chang, David Wen-wei. "The Western Powers and Japan's Aggression in China: The League of Nations and 'The Lytton Report.'"
554:
248:
189:
447:
194:
441:
808:
695:
1122:. London: Oxford University Press, 1960. pp. 491â492. Available on the site of the United Nations Office in Geneva
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Japan, and the formation of a committee of negotiation for the application of these and other recommendations."
662:
The Lytton Commission, headed by Lord Lytton, included four other members, one each from the US (Major General
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351:
79:
1202:
377:
316:
162:
101:
546:
1043:
671:
385:
179:
1217:
996:
157:
929:
728:
The Lytton Report contained an account of the situation in Manchuria before September 1931, when the
535:
475:
434:
330:
133:
123:
19:
905:
402:
59:
1227:
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208:
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1165:
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467:
408:
343:
241:
968:
880:"The Faithful Hounds of Imperialism? Heinrich Schnee on the League's Manchurian Commission"
560:
512:
494:
284:
265:
8:
892:
759:
118:
879:
1103:
Japan's Struggle with Internationalism: Japan, China, and the League of Nations, 1931â3
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580:
540:
507:
420:
309:
289:
173:
96:
819:. Without Article 16, it was impossible for the League to enforce the Lytton Report.
784:
658:
Lytton Commission members in Shanghai (Lord Lytton wearing a coat in center of photo)
612:
528:
520:
462:
452:
253:
221:
202:
111:
106:
811:, to mark the Empire of Japan as an aggressor and levy economic sanctions. Amid the
800:
Manchuria and was thus able to reject the condemnation of the League with impunity.
16:
1932 League of Nations report on the illegitimacy of Japan's occupation of Manchuria
888:
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793:
663:
457:
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322:
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84:
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985:
Memo from the US Ambassador in Japan to the US Secretary of State, 16 July 1932
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1187:
1196:
1009:
714:
675:
796:, which warned Japan that areas gained by conquest would not be recognized.
754:
745:
26:
1141:
Observations of Japan to the report (from p. 88, or 8 by file's numbering)
987:, Foreign Relations of the United States, Japan 1931â1941 (see pp. 93â94),
701:
There were also members of the commission in September 1932. At the time,
611:
refers to the findings of the Lytton Commission, entrusted in 1931 by the
816:
804:
1151:
end of Japan's observations and comments by China to those observations
1113:
1096:
1061:
1031:
957:
803:
Despite insistence by the small powers of the League of Nations, the
753:
following on the Mukden incident could not be regarded as legitimate
734:
702:
639:
628:
1164:
Discussion on the report in the Assembly of the League of Nations.
1110:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
849:
836:
952:
Robert H. Ferrell, "The Mukden Incident: September 18â19, 1931."
939:
915:
690:
Lytton Commission, investigating the blast point of the railway.
1108:
Saito, Hirosi. "A Japanese view of the Manchurian situation."
1091:
Kuhn, Arthur K. "The Lytton Report on the Manchurian Crisis."
1086:
China and the League of nations: the Sino-Japanese controversy
1026:
Frederick V. Field, "American Far Eastern Policy, 1931â1937."
634:
The five-member commission, headed by British politician
906:"Planning tot ontvoering van leden der commissie-Lytton"
878:
1194:
930:"De Lyttoncommissie. | Plannen tot ontvoering?"
604:
598:
887:, Oxford University Press, pp. 194â215,
42:
1044:"League of Nations - Third period (1931â36)"
1014:Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842â1954)
56:
1036:
49:
35:
938:(in Dutch). 9 September 1932 – via
914:(in Dutch). 9 September 1932 – via
685:
681:
653:
18:
1195:
1093:American Journal of International Law
969:The Mukden Incident by Thomas Ferrell
876:
30:
1088:(St. John's University Press, 1965).
1062:http://www.jstor.org/stable/44288722
1079:American Journal of Chinese Studies
997:Myopic Grandeur by John E. Dreifort
13:
1120:A History of The League of Nations
1071:
893:10.1093/oso/9780190907211.003.0007
14:
1244:
1129:
649:
935:Westfriesch dagblad onze courant
807:never invoked Article 16 of the
720:
619:, which was used to justify the
1223:1931 in international relations
1054:
1020:
1002:
990:
850:https://doi.org/10.2307/2189554
837:https://doi.org/10.2307/2213489
774:
1233:Foreign relations of Manchukuo
1084:Jin, Wensi, and WĂȘn-ssĆ Chin.
1016:. 16 February 1933. p. 9.
978:
962:
946:
922:
898:
885:Revenants of the German Empire
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855:
842:
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615:in an attempt to evaluate the
74:1931â1937 (pre-war skirmishes)
1:
822:
744:In spite of care to preserve
7:
877:Wempe, Sean Andrew (2019),
672:Luigi Aldrovandi Marescotti
605:
502:North Burma and West Yunnan
10:
1249:
23:Cover of the Lytton Report
973:Journal of Modern History
954:Journal of modern history
599:
124:Pacification of Manchukuo
70:
1064:. Accessed 28 July 2024.
852:. Accessed 28 July 2024.
839:. Accessed 28 July 2024.
707:series of trains attacks
61:Second Sino-Japanese War
1136:Full text of the report
1118:Walters, Francis Paul.
975:March 1955 (see p. 67),
705:was plagued by a large
674:), and France (General
1030:10.4 (1937): 377â392.
781:diplomatic recognition
751:Imperial Japanese Army
691:
659:
555:West HenanâNorth Hubei
24:
1112:165 (1933): 159â166.
1095:27.1 (1933): 96â100.
1081:(2003) 19#1 pp 43â63.
956:27.1 (1955): 66â72.
689:
682:1932 Manchuria visits
657:
22:
1203:History of Manchuria
862:Five Wise Westerners
636:Victor Bulwer-Lytton
1188:US History.com site
768:The Daily Telegraph
760:The Daily Telegraph
713:and French general
666:), Germany (Doctor
482:Sichuan (cancelled)
1181:2016-04-27 at the
1171:2016-04-27 at the
1156:2016-04-27 at the
1146:2016-04-27 at the
1105:(Routledge, 1993).
692:
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272:Yellow River flood
186:Railway Operation
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1218:League of Nations
785:puppet government
696:Republic of China
613:League of Nations
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448:Yunnan-Burma Road
386:Hundred Regiments
158:Marco Polo Bridge
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119:1st Shanghai
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867:10 Oct 1932
817:appeasement
644:surrendered
468:Yenangyaung
409:South Henan
403:South Anhui
344:Kunlun Pass
242:Taierzhuang
1197:Categories
1048:Britannica
823:References
561:West Hunan
513:Mount Song
495:West Hubei
415:West Hubei
290:Wenxi fire
285:Wanjialing
134:Great Wall
735:Manchukuo
703:Manchuria
646:in 1945.
640:Manchukuo
629:Manchuria
508:Myitkyina
488:1943â1945
371:1940â1942
266:Chongqing
152:1937â1939
97:Jiangqiao
80:Manchuria
1179:Archived
1169:Archived
1154:Archived
1144:Archived
1114:in JSTOR
1097:in JSTOR
1032:in JSTOR
958:in JSTOR
809:Covenant
541:Hengyang
421:Shanggao
310:Nanchang
228:Massacre
940:Delpher
916:Delpher
783:to the
625:seizure
600:ăȘăăăłć ±ćæž
581:Taihoku
574:Air War
567:Guangxi
529:Ichi-Go
521:Changde
463:Toungoo
453:Tachiao
254:Lanfeng
222:Nanking
203:Taiyuan
144:Suiyuan
107:Jinzhou
1176:Part 2
1166:Part 1
1124:online
458:Oktwin
363:Wuyuan
323:Swatow
302:Hainan
297:Canton
236:Xuzhou
214:Xinkou
168:Chahar
112:Harbin
85:Mukden
279:Wuhan
678:).
592:The
261:Amoy
139:Rehe
889:doi
627:of
623:'s
1199::
1046:.
1012:.
971:,
932:.
908:.
883:,
631:.
603:,
1050:.
942:.
918:.
891::
609:)
597:(
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