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series of combats. While the left redoubt was still fighting, the fall of the right side of the French line opened the way to
Preveza, and a mass of Albanian soldiers headed that way. After a while, the left redoubt fell as well, and La Salcette taken prisoner. Tissot with 80 men tried to rescue his commander. Moving at speed through the ruins of Nicopolis, they repulsed cavalry attacks, but were finally stopped by the Albanian infantry and forced to conduct a slow fighting retreat. On the extreme right of the French line, Tzarlabas and his Prevezans, aided by the Souliotes under the
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649:, which was at anchor off Preveza, but the captain of the ship, having received false news that no French had survived the battle, set sail and left before the eyes of Tissot's men. Tissot's detachment nevertheless continued resisting, allowing many Prevezan civilians to escape by sea, until at last, exhausted and out of ammunition, Tissot's men were captured by the Albanians
410:, which encompassed much of Albania and mainland Greece. Both sides initially sought good relations: Gentili met in person with Ali at Butrint during his tour of the islands, and French envoys were frequent visitors at his court in Janina. Ali managed to convince the French of his good intentions, showering them with honours and providing food—and even feigning interest in
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original positions, but the execution of this manoeuvre failed due to the broken terrain and the pressure of the
Albanians. At around 08:00, Ali Pasha launched the mass of his army against the French. The latter held for a couple of hours, but a charge by Ali's cavalry broke their lines, and the battle descended into melee combat.
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and assisted by the French artillery, inflicted heavy casualties on their attackers, but after a few of their officers fled, they too broke in disorder. As a result, the right redoubt was flanked and captured. Trying to reach the left redoubt, which was still resisting, Richemont was captured after a
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counter-attacked and drove the
Albanians back to the ancient theatre of Nicopolis. After a company commander was killed, the Albanians took advantage of the disorder in the French lines to push them back again. Worried that his men were spread too thinly La Salcette ordered his men to return to their
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as a rearguard and to cover a French retreat. The right of the French center was given to the local civil guard, under Panos
Tzarlabas. The first attack was launched by 500 Albanians under Mukhtar Pasha shortly after. Either then or shortly before that, Christakis Kalogeros, Perraivos, and seventy
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The size of Ali Pasha's army is also unknown, with estimates given from 4,000 to over 20,000 men. The French soldiers who were present in the battle report the
Albanian army at 10,000–15,000 men, with most sources citing 11,000. Other historians give a more detailed breakdown of 4,000 infantry and
597:
The course of the subsequent battle is also not entirely clear, as the eyewitness and third-hand accounts offer partial views of the event at best. According to the reconstruction by the historian James S. Curlin, already at midnight on 22/23 October the
Albanians fired their guns, accompanied by
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caused the ruler of Janina deep concerns about ultimate French designs. While the French authorities in the Ionian
Islands believed in Ali's friendship and considered that his domains shielded them from attack by the Sultan's forces, Ali, after a period of prevarication, decided to side with the
569:. Further fortifications in the form of palisades and trenches were envisaged, but it is unclear how far they were completed; it appears that by the time of the battle, the French were positioned in five discontinuous trenches. This central portion of the French front was likely commanded by
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to return by promising amnesty, and had them too beheaded. Vonitsa surrendered soon after the fall of
Preveza, and only Parga managed to resist Ali's forces. Preveza remained in Ali's hands until 1800, when the Ionian Islands were converted into a Russo-Ottoman condominium, the
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loud cries. La
Salcette and Richemont left their quarters in Preveza and headed to the fortifications to assume command. Fifty French soldiers were left in Preveza under Captain Blanc to maintain order, and a further fifty were stationed outside the city under Captain
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in the middle of the city. Built by the
Ottomans in the early 18th century, it was very small and in a very poor state, as well as being indefensible due to the nearby houses being higher than its walls. When the French had occupied the town, they found only twelve
282:, which were coveted by Ali. French efforts to draw Ali into their camp against the Ottoman sultan failed, and when the Ottoman Empire turned against France, Ali attacked the French positions. The battle, which took place amidst the ruins of the ancient city of
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At Preveza, the small French garrison in the Castle of Saint Andrew was quickly overwhelmed. Tissot and his men eventually fought their way into the town, finding the Albanians in control. They made for the residence of the local French consul,
431:. After declaring war on France, a joint Ottoman–Russian fleet set sail for the Ionian Islands. Ali mobilized his men around Butrint, and sent letters to the French governor demanding the cession not only of the mainland exclaves, but of
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on 25 October. The French blew up the fortifications and evacuated to Corfu, along with the Greek inhabitants of the town and its environs. Ali then turned to Preveza, and appeared before the city on 22 October, accompanied by his son
561:, was likely larger, and was selected as the command post by La Salcete. It was equipped with three old Venetian three-pounder guns, and a detachment of 80 men was stationed there as a reserve. The right redoubt, towards the
557:, and was carried out by the local population as well as the French troops and their auxiliaries. In somewhat over two weeks, the French erected two square artillery redoubts on two small hills. The left redoubt, towards the
474:. The numbers given for the auxiliaries are also unclear, starting from 260 up to 600. The most reliable figures, coming from the French army officer Joseph Pierre Bellaire, give 440 French troops, 381 soldiers from the
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ideals—but his main objective, the cession of the mainland exclaves of the Ionian Islands, was rebuffed by the French. On the other hand, the French also failed to move Ali into open opposition to the Sultan, and
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150:
470:. Their exact size is unclear, with reports ranging from 300 to 600, but the most reliable accounts are between 380–460 men. They were complemented by local auxiliaries from Preveza, as well as some
672:
After capturing Preveza, Ali had the pro-French inhabitants publicly executed, and torched the town. Using the unsuspecting metropolitan bishop of Arta, Ali then lured the Prevezans who had fled to
1304:
Moschonas, Nikolaos (1975). "Τα Ιόνια Νησιά κατά την περίοδο 1797-1821" [The Ionian Islands in the period 1797-1821]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).
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La Salcette, seven officers, and 149 other ranks were taken prisoner. They were subjected to torture, and paraded through the streets of Janina before being sent on to
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3,000 cavalry. The ruler of Janina made his camp at a hill called Michalitsi, likely at or on the Monument of Augustus, which commanded a good view of the battlefield.
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1701:
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731:, who wrote on the battle based on conversations with these eyewitnesses. Many prisoners perished in captivity, with the remainder set free in 1801.
693:. This lasted until the Ottoman government turned against Ali in 1820. The last period of Ottoman rule lasted from 1820 until 1912, when Preveza was
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as a token of Ali's loyalty to the Sultan. A number of the prisoners, including Le Salcette, Richemont, and Tissot, were later imprisoned in the
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Zacharakis, were still resisting until noon, when the Albanians abandoned the fight with them and Tissot's group and moved to capture Preveza.
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The main external concern of the new French administration was its relationship to its most important neighbour, the powerful and ambitious
642:, where they held their ground for a few hours against repeated attacks with their backs to the sea. They hoped for assistance from the
565:, was commanded by Richemont, and had two guns of the same Venetian make. According to Richemont, it was located on top of an ancient
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Aventures de Guerre 1792-1809: Souvenirs et récits de soldats, recueillis et publiés par Frédéric Masson, illustré par F. de Myrbach
503:(regiments), 41 sappers, and 18 artillerymen; as well as 200 Prevezans, and 60 Souliotes. The Souliotes were under the command of
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Preveza and the other mainland exclaves of the Ionian Islands came under direct Ottoman administration. With the outbreak of the
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1306:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ΄: Ο Ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία (περίοδος 1669 - 1821), Τουρκοκρατία - Λατινοκρατία
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Preveza B: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium for the History and Culture of Preveza (16–20 September 2009)
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Ottoman Albanian horsemen display to French Lieutenant Richemont, a cut-off head of a French soldier, by Felicien Myrbach
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1270:. Vol. I. Preveza: University of Ioannina, Municipality of Preveza, Actia Nicopolis Foundation. pp. 265–296.
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in Constantinople. There they met other French prisoners, including the former chief engineer in the Ionian Islands,
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Prevezans deserted the French lines and made for the shore, from where they escaped on boats to the Ionian Islands.
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History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under Foreign Rule (Period 1669 - 1821), Turkocracy – Latinocracy
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Phourikis, Petros A. (1929). "Νικόπολις–Πρέβεζα, Β′ Πρέβεζα" [Nicopolis–Preveza, II. Preveza].
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At around 03:00, firing resumed, and continued sporadically until daybreak, when two French
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French troops fighting amidst the ruins of the ancient theatre of Nicopolis, painting by
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1368:"Le Combat de Nicopolis (1799) d' après les mémoires du général Camus de Richemont"
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French infantry fighting off Albanian cavalry attacks, painting by Felician Myrbach
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286:, resulted in a French defeat, and was followed by a devastating sack of Preveza.
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In July 1798, the Ottoman Empire concluded an anti-French alliance with the
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577:(major) Jean Baptiste Hotte, and included the Souliotes under Kalogeros.
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Heavy; 157 soldiers taken prisoner, many soldiers and civilians massacred
1401:
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4,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry; eyewitness estimates 10,000–15,000 men
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itself. Ali's forces first moved on Butrint, which they captured after
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The Muslim Bonaparte: Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece
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1387:] (in Greek) (4th ed.). Athens: Βιβλιοπωλείον της Εστίας.
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260 Prevezan civil guards and Souliotes (other accounts: up to 600)
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Précis des opérations générales de la division française du Levant
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1374:(in French). Paris: Bousson, Valadon & Cie. pp. 71–89.
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1312:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 382–402.
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French guns at the right redoubt, painting by Felician Myrbach
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put an end to the Venetian Republic. French forces under the
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Sultan, particularly after news of the French defeat in the
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of 17 October 1797, the islands were annexed to France as
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274:. The islands also included a few mainland exclaves like
1247:] (in French). Athens: Institut français d'Athènes.
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12 October] 1798 between the armed forces of
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546:. The work was directed by Captain of Engineers
1687:French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)
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1240:Les Français à Corfou, 1797-1799 et 1807-1814
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300:French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)
1245:The French in Corfu, 1797-1799 and 1807-1814
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461:Jean Jacques Bernardin Colaud de La Salcette
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180:440 French troops (other accounts: 300–600)
151:Jean Jacques Bernardin Colaud de La Salcette
16:1798 battle of the French Revolutionary Wars
542:leading to Preveza, at the site of ancient
452:French forces in Preveza were commanded by
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383:landed in the Islands in June, and in the
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1285:Fleming, Katherine Elizabeth (1999).
119:Victory of Ali Pasha, Fall of Preveza
1707:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
304:At the end of the 18th century, the
242:was fought on 23 October [
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534:marines, from the late corps of
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1289:. Princeton University Press.
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727:, and the diplomat and writer
718:Joseph Sécret Pascal-Vallongue
687:Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812
272:Fall of the Republic of Venice
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417:Napoleon's invasion of Egypt
262:. The French had seized the
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1379:Psimouli, Vaso D. (2006).
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752:French Republican calendar
356:, were the sole remaining
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1519:Greek War of Independence
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1366:Masson, Frédéric (1894).
1260:Curlin, James S. (2010).
1237:Baeyens, Jacques (1973).
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33:French Revolutionary Wars
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1355:Bellaire, J. P. (1805).
683:Treaty of Constantinople
437:a week of heavy fighting
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264:Venetian Ionian Islands
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516:Christoforos Perraivos
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228:Location within Greece
145:Commanders and leaders
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1611:Ali Pascha von Janina
1575:Saint George's Castle
1433:Ali Pasha of Ioannina
1335:. Ioannina: 263–294.
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366:First French Republic
190:Casualties and losses
100:39.01306°N 20.72639°E
60:23 October [
1616:Spoonmaker's Diamond
1565:Porto Palermo Castle
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1048:, pp. 278, 287.
981:, pp. 273, 276.
969:, pp. 272, 276.
870:, pp. 268, 282.
729:François Pouqueville
679:Septinsular Republic
505:Christakis Kalogeros
358:overseas possessions
248:Revolutionary France
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134:Revolutionary France
1626:The Traitor's Niche
1570:Saint Andrew Castle
1494:Battle of Nicopolis
1381:Σούλι και Σουλιώτες
1361:(in French). Paris.
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1200:, pp. 292–294.
1188:, pp. 291–292.
1176:, pp. 73, 104.
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1089:, pp. 288–289.
993:, pp. 273–275.
957:, pp. 270–272.
897:, pp. 266–267.
853:, pp. 388–389.
797:, pp. 385–386.
758:, pp. 266–267.
640:Pierre-Jérôme Dupré
396:Ali Pasha of Janina
376:général de division
360:of the once mighty
260:Ali Pasha of Janina
250:and the autonomous
240:Battle of Nicopolis
169:Ali Pasha of Janina
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25:Battle of Nicopolis
1621:The Lion of Yanina
1601:Albanian Pashaliks
1545:Hajji Bendo Mosque
1482:Conflict with the
1478:Pashalik of Yanina
1329:Ηπειρωτικά Χρονικά
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456:général de brigade
422:Battle of the Nile
408:Pashalik of Janina
398:, semi-autonomous
362:Republic of Venice
139:Pashalik of Janina
105:39.01306; 20.72639
1717:Conflicts in 1798
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1585:Veli Pasha Mosque
1489:Battle of Butrint
1319:978-960-213-100-8
1277:978-960-99475-1-0
750:Year VII, in the
714:Yedikule Fortress
699:Kingdom of Greece
681:. As part of the
600:Jean-Marie Tissot
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1162:Phourikis 1929
1154:
1142:
1123:
1121:, p. 290.
1106:
1104:, p. 289.
1091:
1079:
1077:, p. 288.
1062:
1050:
1038:
1036:, p. 287.
1019:
1017:, p. 269.
1007:
1005:, p. 277.
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
945:, p. 270.
935:
933:, p. 266.
923:
921:, p. 288.
919:Phourikis 1929
911:
909:, p. 278.
899:
887:
872:
855:
851:Moschonas 1975
843:
841:, p. 389.
839:Moschonas 1975
816:
814:, p. 388.
812:Moschonas 1975
799:
795:Moschonas 1975
787:
785:, p. 382.
783:Moschonas 1975
775:
773:, p. 287.
771:Phourikis 1929
760:
738:
736:
733:
710:Constantinople
661:
658:
586:
583:
563:Ambracian Gulf
449:
446:
429:Russian Empire
306:Ionian Islands
291:
288:
234:
233:
223:
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206:
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72:
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36:
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28:
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15:
9:
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4:
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1675:
1673:
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1652:
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1632:
1631:Zalongo Dance
1629:
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1390:
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1212:, p. 98.
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1187:
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1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1140:, p. 44.
1139:
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963:
956:
951:
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
885:, p. 43.
884:
879:
877:
869:
864:
862:
860:
852:
847:
840:
835:
833:
831:
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827:
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582:
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560:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
531:
524:
519:
517:
511:
506:
501:
500:
499:demi-brigades
493:
488:
482:
477:
473:
467:
462:
458:
457:
445:
443:
442:Mukhtar Pasha
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
418:
413:
409:
406:ruler of the
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
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315:
311:
307:
301:
297:
287:
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281:
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257:
253:
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245:
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226:
210:
201:
197:
194:
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167:
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157:
152:
149:
148:
143:
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137:
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126:
118:
115:
114:
109:
80:
76:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1648:
1560:Parga Castle
1493:
1447:Muhtar Pasha
1384:
1380:
1371:
1357:
1332:
1331:(in Greek).
1328:
1309:
1305:
1286:
1262:
1244:
1239:
1217:
1210:Fleming 1999
1205:
1193:
1181:
1174:Fleming 1999
1169:
1157:
1150:Fleming 1999
1145:
1138:Baeyens 1973
1082:
1053:
1041:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
902:
890:
883:Baeyens 1973
846:
790:
778:
742:
707:
671:
654: 15:30
646:
636:
624:
613:
596:
579:
567:burial mound
520:
451:
426:
393:
303:
239:
237:
128:Belligerents
77:and town of
31:Part of the
24:
18:
1222:Curlin 2010
1119:Curlin 2010
1102:Curlin 2010
1087:Curlin 2010
1075:Curlin 2010
1058:Curlin 2010
1046:Curlin 2010
1034:Curlin 2010
1015:Curlin 2010
1003:Curlin 2010
991:Curlin 2010
979:Curlin 2010
967:Curlin 2010
955:Curlin 2010
943:Curlin 2010
931:Curlin 2010
907:Curlin 2010
895:Curlin 2010
868:Curlin 2010
756:Curlin 2010
721: [
647:La Frimaire
551: [
536:Oltremarini
508: [
490: [
479: [
464: [
389:departments
154: [
103: /
73:Isthmus of
1666:Categories
1606:Alipashiad
1457:Veli Pasha
735:References
691:Veli Pasha
559:Ionian Sea
318:Cephalonia
290:Background
91:20°43′35″E
88:39°00′47″N
1727:Souliotes
1528:Buildings
1507:1789–1793
1341:1108-4758
660:Aftermath
619:companies
616:grenadier
544:Nicopolis
530:Schiavoni
472:Souliotes
314:Zakynthos
284:Nicopolis
75:Nicopolis
1650:Category
1501:Souliote
1471:Politics
1452:Veli Bey
748:Brumaire
695:captured
404:Albanian
370:Napoleon
256:Albanian
175:Strength
69:Location
1697:Preveza
1253:2763024
1231:Sources
701:in the
697:by the
644:gunboat
540:isthmus
412:Jacobin
400:Ottoman
368:led by
354:Butrint
350:Vonitsa
342:Preveza
330:Kythira
322:Lefkada
280:Preveza
276:Butrint
258:ruler,
252:Ottoman
198:Unknown
79:Preveza
1484:French
1440:Family
1391:
1339:
1316:
1293:
1274:
1251:
674:Aktion
632:klepht
585:Battle
352:, and
328:, and
326:Ithaca
268:Greece
160:
116:Result
1594:Other
1503:Wars
1383:[
1308:[
1243:[
725:]
627:ranks
555:]
512:]
494:]
483:]
468:]
433:Corfu
338:Parga
310:Corfu
158:]
1512:1803
1389:ISBN
1337:ISSN
1314:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1249:OCLC
487:79th
485:and
346:Arta
298:and
278:and
244:O.S.
238:The
62:O.S.
57:Date
476:6th
1668::
1370:.
1266:.
1126:^
1109:^
1094:^
1065:^
1022:^
875:^
858:^
819:^
802:^
763:^
754:.
746:2
723:fr
705:.
656:.
651:c.
553:fr
518:.
510:el
492:fr
481:fr
466:fr
444:.
424:.
391:.
348:,
344:,
340:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
156:fr
1425:e
1418:t
1411:v
1397:.
1343:.
1333:4
1322:.
1299:.
1280:.
1255:.
402:-
308:(
254:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
