Battle of the Trebia

965: 1373:

anticipated victory. He was also aware that he would be superseded in his position in less than three months, when the new consuls would take up their positions. Hannibal was also ready for a set-piece battle: he wished his new Gallic allies to participate in a victory before boredom and winter weather provoked desertions; and was possibly concerned by the recent suspected Gallic treachery in the immediate area. He also preferred to fight a battle on the flat and open floodplain of the Trebia, where the manoeuvrability of his cavalry could be used to greatest effect, to the hillier ground away from the river where the Roman heavy infantry would have found it easier to dominate. From the enthusiastic way in which Sempronius had reinforced his cavalry, Hannibal felt confident that he could provoke a battle at a time and place of his choosing.

1700:

Romans fleeing back over the Trebia and most of the Carthaginian cavalry pursuing them. Goldsworthy describes the fight put up by the Roman cavalry as "feeble", while the military historian Philip Sabin says that the two contests were "speedily decided". The Carthaginian light infantry, who had withdrawn to the wings behind the cavalry, moved forward and round the now exposed Roman flanks. The Roman light infantry, who had withdrawn to the rear of Roman heavy infantry, turned to face this developing Carthaginian threat. Many of the Roman allied heavy infantry on each flank also turned to their flanks to face this new threat, which inevitably took much of the impetus out of their parent formation's push against the African and Iberian infantry to their fronts.

1306: 1113: 1346:

to gather information on each other's forces and achieve minor, morale-raising victories. These were typically fluid affairs and viewed as preliminaries to any subsequent battle. In such circumstances either commander could prevent a battle from occurring; unless both commanders were to at least some degree willing to give battle, either side might march off without engaging. Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. Many battles were decided when one side's infantry force was partially or wholly

1671: 1764: 1609: 1123: 59: 1704: 1397: 1369:

large, fast-moving conflict sprawled across the plain. Hannibal was concerned that it would develop into a full-scale battle in a manner which he would not be able to control, so he recalled his troops and took personal command of reforming them immediately outside his camp. This brought the fighting to an end, as the Romans were unwilling to attack uphill against an enemy who would be supported by missile fire from within their camp. The Romans withdrew, claiming the victory: they had inflicted more casualties and the Carthaginians had abandoned the field of battle to them.

259: 1254: 1922:

Goldsworthy argues that the cavalry saddles of the time "provide an admirably firm seat" and that dismounting was an appropriate response to an extended cavalry versus cavalry mêlée. He does not suggest why this habit ceased once stirrups were introduced. Nigel Bagnall doubts that the cavalrymen dismounted at all, and suggests that the accounts of them doing so reflect the additional men carried by the Gallic cavalry dismounting and that the velites joining the fight gave the impression of a largely dismounted combat.

4272: 1520: 1289:

deserted to the Carthaginians, taking the Romans' heads with them as a sign of good faith. Hannibal rewarded them and sent them back to their homes to enrol more recruits. Hannibal also made his first formal treaty with a Gallic tribe and supplies and recruits started to come in. The Romans abandoned their camp and withdrew under cover of night. The next morning the Carthaginian cavalry bungled their pursuit and the Romans were able to set up camp on an area of high ground by the

4652: 1751:

survived. Goldsworthy states that the Romans "suffered heavily", but that "numbers of soldiers" straggled into Placentia or one of their camps in addition to the formed group of 10,000, while John Lazenby argues that outside of the 12,500, "few" infantry escaped, although "most" of the cavalry did, as does Leonard Cottrell. According to Paul Erdkamp, the Romans lost 20,000 killed during the battle, half of their force; this excludes those captured.

4086: 1190:, northern Italy. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance. The Carthaginians needed to obtain supplies of food, as they had exhausted theirs during their journey. They also wanted to obtain allies among the north-Italian Gallic tribes from which they could recruit, to build up their army to a size which would enable it to effectively take on the Romans. The local tribe, the 1742:

and that the battle was lost. Sempronius, who was fighting with the Roman infantry, ordered them away from the site of the battle and, maintaining their formation, 10,000 of them re-crossed the Trebia and reached the nearby Roman-held settlement of Placentia without interference from the Carthaginians. The Carthaginians concentrated on pursuing and cutting down the partially surrounded balance of the Roman army.

4098: 266: 1827:

account there were only minor operations during the winter and most of the surviving Romans were evacuated down the Po and assigned to one of the two new armies being formed, while the flow of Gallic support for the Carthaginians became a flood and their army grew to 60,000. Livy retails dramatic accounts of winter confrontations, but Goldsworthy describes these as "probably an invention".

1206:. However, Scipio led his army equally boldly against the Carthaginians, causing the Gauls to remain neutral. Both commanders attempted to inspire the ardour of their men for the coming battle by making fiery speeches to their assembled armies. Hannibal is reported to have stressed to his troops that they had to win, whatever the cost, as there was no place they could retreat to. 1504:, writing 200 years later, gives 18,000. In addition there were approximately 20,000 allied infantry, comprising four Latin allied legions and a strong force of Gauls. Mention is made of 6,000 light infantry and it is unclear whether these are included in the 36,000, or 38,000, infantry or in addition to them. As the nominal total number of 1681:

formed up symmetrically: the Roman heavy infantry were in the centre, perhaps 13,000 strong; on each side of them were part of their allied force, some 17,000 in total – this included a force of still-loyal Cisalpine Gauls, but the sources are unclear as to how many or where they were positioned. The survivors of the 6,000

1297:, a little south west of Placentia. Even so, they had to abandon much of their baggage and heavier gear and many stragglers were killed or captured. Scipio waited for reinforcements while Hannibal camped at a distance on the plain on the other side of the river, gathering supplies and training the Gauls now flocking to his standard. 1696:

thinned the Carthaginian line, especially that of the Gauls in the centre, to be able to lengthen it to match the Romans'. Also, with tactical forethought typical of him, he had positioned the elephants on either side of the infantry, which discouraged the Roman infantry from approaching their flanks too closely.

1273:, the small Roman cavalry reserve to which Scipio had attached himself, and the rear of the already engaged Roman cavalry, throwing them all into confusion and panic. The Romans broke and fled, with heavy casualties. Scipio was wounded and only saved from death or capture by his 16-year-old son, also named 1319:, had been assembling an army in western Sicily, with which it was planned to invade Africa the following year. Shocked by Hannibal's arrival and Scipio's setback, the Senate ordered this army to move north to assist Scipio. It probably covered part of the distance by sea as it arrived at Ariminum (modern 1876:, the son of the Scipio who had been wounded at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland and defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled from Italy to confront him. They met at the 1536:. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". The region provided several types of fighters, including: close-order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting 1741:

Meanwhile, the Roman infantry in the centre routed the 8,000 Gauls facing them, as well as a unit of African heavy infantry, and broke clean through the centre of the Carthaginian army. By the time they halted their pursuit and reorganised it was clear the rest of their army behind them had dissolved

1368:

and fled back to their camp. The Romans pursued, but were in turn thrown back by the Carthaginian reserve force on duty at the camp. Roman reinforcements were called in, eventually amounting to all 4,000 of their cavalry and 6,000 light infantry. How many Carthaginians were involved is unclear, but a

1713:

At the same time, unnoticed in the heat of battle, Mago's force of 2,000 had been making its way down the watercourse, onto the plain and into a position where they could attack the Romans' left rear. While all this was happening, the fighting between the two heavy infantry contingents had continued

1699:

On each wing 5,000 Carthaginian and 2,000 Roman cavalry charged each other. The Roman cavalry were not only outnumbered, but their horses were tired from chasing the Numidian cavalry and many had been wounded by the missiles of the Carthaginian light infantry. Both encounters ended rapidly, with the

1288:

and marched towards Placentia. They formed up outside the Roman camp and offered battle, which Scipio refused. The Carthaginians set up their own camp some 8 kilometres (5 mi) away. That night 2,200 Gallic troops serving with the Roman army attacked the Romans closest to them in their tents and

1750:

There is debate among modern historians as to the Roman losses. Dexter Hoyos states that the only Roman survivors were the infantry who broke through the Carthaginian centre. Richard Miles says that "many" not in this group were killed; Nigel Bagnall writes that only a minority of the Roman cavalry

1680:

The Carthaginian army formed up symmetrically: the 8,000 Gallic infantry were in the centre; on each side of them was a formation of 6,000 African and Iberian veteran infantry; on the far side of each of these were half of the surviving elephants; and on each wing were 5,000 cavalry. The Romans too

1629:

and then his whole army; he was so eager to give battle that few, if any, of the Romans had eaten breakfast. The Numidians withdrew slowly and Sempronius pushed his whole army after them, in three columns, each 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, through the icy waters of the Trebia, which was running

1622:

and provoke a fight. Meanwhile, the rest of his army ate an early breakfast and prepared for battle. When the Numidians appeared Sempronius ordered out all of his cavalry to chase them off. Polybius writes "the Numidians easily scattered and retreated, but afterwards wheeled round and attacked with

1345:

were usually preceded by the two armies camping two to twelve kilometres (1–8 miles) apart for days or weeks; sometimes forming up in battle order each day. During these periods when armies were encamped in close proximity it was common for their light forces to skirmish with each other, attempting

1201:

Hearing that Publius Scipio was operating in the region, Hannibal assumed the Roman army in Massalia, which he had believed en route to Iberia, had returned to Italy and reinforced the army already based in the north. Believing that he would therefore be facing a much larger Roman force than he had

1843:

unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. Hannibal attempted without success to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area. The Carthaginians then flanked Flaminius, cutting his supply line to Rome, which provoked him into a hasty pursuit

1826:

According to Polybius, the Carthaginians were now recognised as the dominant force in Cisalpine Gaul and most of the Gallic tribes sent plentiful supplies and recruits to Hannibal's camp. Livy, however, claims the Carthaginians suffered from a shortage of food throughout the winter. In Polybius's

1563:

In addition both Iberia and Gaul provided many experienced infantry and cavalry. The close-order or "heavy" infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. The Gallic cavalry, and possibly some of the

1868:

which Richard Miles describes as "Rome's greatest military disaster". The historian Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. Subsequently the Carthaginians campaigned in

1372:

Hannibal had deliberately brought the battle to a close, but Sempronius interpreted events as the Roman cavalry having dominated the Carthaginians. Sempronius was eager for a full-scale battle: he wished it to take place before Scipio fully recovered and so would be able to share the glory of an

1695:

The Romans had a total of approximately 30,000 heavy infantry to the Carthaginians' 20,000 and could expect sooner or later to overwhelm their opponents by weight of numbers. The Carthaginian line was also in danger of being outflanked by the stronger Roman force; to guard against this Hannibal

1940:

Roman and Greek sources refer to these foreign fighters derogatively as "mercenaries", but the modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy describes this as "a gross oversimplification". They served under a variety of arrangements; for example, some were the regular troops of allied cities or kingdoms

1921:

had not been invented at the time, and Archer Jones believes its absence meant cavalrymen had a "feeble seat" and were liable to come off their horses if a sword swing missed its target. Sabin states that cavalry dismounted to gain a more solid base to fight from than a horse without stirrups.

1793:

were selected and Sempronius then returned to Placentia to see out his term to 15 March. The Carthaginian cavalry isolated both Placentia and Cremona, but these could be supplied by boat up the Po. The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both Roman and from Rome's Latin allies; reinforced

1784:

As was usual at the time, the Romans had left a strong guard at their camps. On hearing the news of the defeat the wounded Scipio gathered them together and marched to Placentia, where he joined Sempronius. When news of the defeat reached Rome it initially caused panic. But this calmed once

1583:

Hannibal had arrived in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. At Trebia this had grown to 29,000 infantry – 21,000 close-order and 8,000 light infantry – and 11,000 cavalry. In each case they would be a combination of Africans, Iberians and Gauls; the

1855:

Roman prisoners were treated badly, but captured Roman allies were treated well. Many were soon freed and sent back to their cities, in the hope that they would speak well of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their treatment. Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to

1357:

While waiting to see what Sempronius would do, Hannibal came to believe some of the Gauls in the immediate area were communicating with the Romans. He sent a force of 3,000 men, partly composed of Gauls, to devastate the area and plunder their settlements. Sempronius sent a force of

1754:

Carthaginian losses are generally agreed to have been several thousand of the Gallic infantry in the centre, a smaller number of their other infantry and of their cavalry; and several elephants. Many of the African infantry were re-equipped with captured Roman armour and weapons.

1661:

back through the gaps in their supporting heavy infantry. The Carthaginian light infantry then moved towards the flanks of their army and harassed the Roman cavalry with their missiles, before finally falling back behind their own cavalry as the gap between the armies closed.

1323:) only 40 days later. Sempronius's army then marched to join Scipio's on the Trebia and set up camp alongside it. As Scipio was still partly incapacitated by his wounds Sempronius took overall command. Meanwhile, Hannibal bribed a force of Roman allies from Brundisium (modern 1941:

seconded to Carthage as part of formal treaties, some were from allied states fighting under their own leaders, many were volunteers from areas under Carthaginian control who were not Carthaginian citizens. (Which was largely reserved for inhabitants of the city of Carthage.)

1510:

from eight legions is 9,600, and it is known that many were lost at the Battle of the Ticinus, most modern historians assume that the 6,000 are included within the total number of infantry given. There were also 4,000 cavalry, a mixture of Romans, Latin allies and Gauls.

1354:. In 218 BC the two armies established camps about 8 kilometres (5 mi) from each other on opposite sides of the River Trebia. The Romans' was on an easily defended low hill to the east of the Trebia and the Carthaginians' was on high ground to the west. 1818:

in preparation for marching north later in the year. Two armies – of four legions each, two Roman and two allied, but with stronger than usual cavalry contingents – were formed. One was stationed at Arretium and one on the

1267:, with many cavalry dismounting to fight on foot and many of the Roman javelin-men reinforcing the fighting line. This continued indecisively until the Numidian cavalry swept round both ends of the line of battle and attacked the still disorganised 1487:; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. In 218 BC each consul was leading a larger army of four legions, two Roman and two provided by its allies, for a total of approximately 20,000 men. 1171:. A Roman cavalry patrol scattered a force of Carthaginian cavalry, but Hannibal's main army evaded the Romans and Gnaeus Scipio continued to Iberia with the Roman force; Publius returned to Italy. The Carthaginians crossed the 1198:), stormed it, massacred the population and seized the supplies there. With these brutal actions Hannibal was sending out a clear message to the other Gallic tribes as to the likely consequences of non-cooperation. 1844:

without proper reconnaissance. That the Carthaginians continued to lay waste to farms and villages on their line of march probably spurred Flaminius and his men in their pursuit. Hannibal set an ambush and in the

1714:

fiercely, with the more numerous and better armoured Romans getting the better of it; despite being weakened by many of their component units having to turn to the flank or rear. Mago's force charged into the

1097:

detached one Roman and one allied legion from the force intended for Iberia to send to the region. The Scipios had to raise fresh troops to replace these and thus could not set out for Iberia until September.

1630:

chest-high. The Romans were met by the Carthaginian light infantry; behind them the entire Carthaginian army was forming up for battle. The Romans also organised themselves in battle formation and advanced.

1623:

great daring—these being their peculiar tactics." The confrontation broke down into a wheeling mass of cavalry, but with the Numidians refusing to withdraw, Sempronius promptly ordered out first his 6,000

1633:

The cavalry of both sides fell back to their positions on the wings. The large number of light infantry in each army – entirely javelin-men for the Romans, a mixture of javelin-men and

1732:. Increasing numbers of Carthaginian cavalry broke off their pursuit, returned and attacked the Roman rear. Eventually the strain told and the units of Latin allies and Gauls on the flanks and the 397: 925:

by the Carthaginians, but 10,000 under Sempronius maintained formation and fought their way out to the safety of Placentia. Recognising the Carthaginians as the dominant force in Cisalpine Gaul,

1093:

earlier that year on traditionally Gallic territory. They rose and attacked the Romans, capturing several towns. They repeatedly ambushed a Roman relief force and blockaded it in Tannetum. The

432: 1202:

anticipated, Hannibal felt an even more pressing need to recruit strongly among the Cisalpine Gauls. He determined that a display of confidence was called for and advanced boldly down the

906:

under Sempronius was redeployed to the north and joined with Scipio's force. After a day of heavy skirmishing in which the Romans gained the upper hand, Sempronius was eager for a battle.

1584:

proportions are not known, other than that 8,000 of the close-order infantry were Gauls. In addition there were about 30 elephants, the survivors of the 37 with which he had left Iberia.

1597:

The terrain between the Carthaginian camp and the Trebia was an unwooded flood plain, where it was apparently impossible to stage an ambush. Hannibal, however, had his younger brother

1643:

had used many of their javelins against the Carthaginian cavalry, while the Carthaginian skirmishers were fully supplied, and the slingers among the Carthaginians outranged the

711: 669: 4251: 1418:, each of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry – poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard 467: 4246: 427: 921:

the Roman infantry. A previously hidden Carthaginian force attacked the Roman infantry in the rear. Most of the Roman units then collapsed and most Romans were killed or

1432:; they each carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3 ft) circular shield. The balance were equipped as 706: 619: 557: 447: 492: 1618:

The next morning, either 22 or 23 December, was cold and snowy. Shortly before daybreak Hannibal sent his Numidian cavalry across the river to force back the Roman

1364:

to challenge them. As they were dispersed between a large number of settlements and many were burdened with plunder and looted food, the Carthaginians were easily

392: 1601:

take 1,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry during the night to the south of where he intended to fight the battle and secrete themselves in an old watercourse full of

4241: 1655:

were unfed, and also tired and cold from having forded the Trebia. For these reasons the Carthaginians got the better of the initial skirmishing and drove the

311: 937:

on the Romans, the last of what modern historians describe as the three great military calamities suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war.

614: 696: 1490:

The combined force which Sempronius led into battle included four Roman legions. At full strength these should have mustered 16,800 men, including 4,800

567: 547: 542: 472: 624: 442: 929:

recruits flocked to them, and Hannibal's army grew to 60,000. The following spring, it moved south into Roman Italy and gained another victory at the

1823:

coast; they would be able to block Hannibal's possible advance into central Italy and be well positioned to move north to operate in Cisalpine Gaul.

639: 437: 776: 95: 1263:

On sighting the Roman infantry the Carthaginian centre immediately charged and the javelin-men fled back through the ranks of their cavalry. A

4700: 990:. The war lasted for 23 years until the Carthaginians were defeated. Five years later an army commanded by the leading Carthaginian general 258: 1335:), 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the west, into surrendering the place. This resolved any remaining Carthaginian logistical difficulties. 1230:

the size and make-up of the opposing army, things of which they would have been almost completely ignorant. Scipio mixed a large force of

4695: 4130: 1155:

in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia. The Roman fleet carrying the Scipio brothers' army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern

870:

War broke out between Carthage and Rome in 218 BC. The leading Carthaginian general, Hannibal, responded by leading a large army out of

4102: 1953:

are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before, or immediately upon, contact.

1316: 852: 304: 161: 1464:, were very similarly equipped but wore better armour and consisted of older, more experienced men. The third rank consisted of the 4705: 4293: 4036:

Scullard, Howard H. (2006) . "Carthage and Rome". In Walbank, F. W.; Astin, A. E.; Frederiksen, M. W. & Ogilvie, R. M. (eds.).

1066: 887: 274: 1720:

who were already fending off the Carthaginian light infantry, but their formation held. Some of the rear rank of the legions, the

4333: 886:(in northern Italy). The Romans went on the attack against the reduced force which had survived the rigours of the march, and 4211: 4067: 4045: 4006: 3970: 3951: 3929: 3910: 3871: 3852: 3833: 3814: 3795: 3776: 3757: 3738: 3716: 3697: 3678: 3639: 3617: 3598: 3571: 1962:

These elephants were typically about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) high at the shoulder and were distinct from the larger

297: 4090: 1483:

A consular army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their

4216: 769: 4637: 4231: 1065:, who in time of war would each lead an army. In 218 BC the Romans raised an army to campaign in Iberia under the consul 969:

The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War.

964: 1908:

The Roman army in Massalia had, in fact, continued to Iberia under Publius's brother, Gnaeus; only Publius had returned.

4442: 4362: 4298: 4156: 1496:; at least one of the legions is known to have been significantly understrength. The near-contemporary Greek historian 1107: 879: 701: 350: 4303: 3961:Ñaco del Hoyo, Toni (2015) . "Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). 17: 1687:

were regrouping to their rear. Like the Carthaginians, the Romans divided their 4,000 cavalry between their wings.

4123: 1790: 898:. The Romans were soundly beaten and Scipio was wounded. The Romans retreated to near Placentia, fortified their 762: 1163:

in September, at about the same time as Hannibal was fighting his way across the river against a force of local

4627: 4313: 1387: 1222:

and continued west. With his scouts reporting the nearby presence of Carthaginians, Scipio ordered his army to

1070: 1013:

Hamilcar ruled Carthaginian Iberia autonomously until his death in 228 BC. He was succeeded by his son-in-law,

3688:

Erdkamp, Paul (2015) . "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

855:

on 22 or 23 December 218 BC. Each army had a strength of about 40,000 men; the Carthaginians were stronger in

4474: 4437: 487: 457: 1848:

surprised and completely defeated the Romans, killing Flaminius and another 15,000 Romans and taking 15,000

1175:

with 38,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry in October, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain and the

4171: 377: 1242:-armed light infantry) with his main cavalry force, anticipating a large-scale skirmish. Hannibal put his 1006:. This expansion gained Carthage silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as 63: 4632: 4519: 4504: 4489: 4469: 1560:. On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among Hannibal's troops. 999: 955: 552: 527: 507: 482: 1568:, wore armour and fought as close-order troops; most or all of the mounted Iberians were light cavalry. 4690: 4584: 4494: 4116: 733: 629: 517: 3901:

Lomas, Kathryn (2015) . "Rome, Latins, and Italians in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

4564: 4352: 3939: 1305: 1277:. That night Scipio broke camp and retreated over the Ticinus; the Carthaginians captured 600 of his 686: 664: 3707:

Fronda, Michael P. (2015) . "Hannibal: Tactics, Strategy, and Geostrategy". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

4622: 4579: 4387: 4357: 1861: 1845: 1786: 1168: 1112: 930: 728: 387: 372: 345: 31: 1580:

at the time. The sources are not clear as to whether they carried towers containing fighting men.

4574: 4499: 4449: 4432: 4422: 4412: 4392: 3824:

Koon, Sam (2015) . "Phalanx and Legion: the 'Face' of Punic War Battle". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

1552:

skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually

1477: 1284:

The Romans withdrew as far as Placentia. Two days after this clash the Carthaginians crossed the

913:

to lure the Romans out of their camp and onto ground of his choosing. Fresh Carthaginian cavalry

859:, the Romans in infantry. The battle took place on the flood plain of the west bank of the lower 723: 512: 462: 452: 422: 402: 4544: 4524: 4461: 4407: 4318: 4196: 3586: 1577: 1226:. The Carthaginians did the same. Next day each commander led out a strong force to personally 1151:, then taking an inland route to avoid Roman allies along the coast. Hannibal left his brother 634: 577: 417: 1410:

Most male Roman citizens were liable for military service and would serve as infantry, with a

1405:, which was used by Roman infantry between c. 300 BC and 100 AD. The cheek guards are missing. 1139:

Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in the Iberian city of New Carthage (modern

978:

was fought from 264 to 241 BC between Carthage and Rome: these two main powers of the western

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Edwell, Peter (2015) . "War Abroad: Spain, Sicily, Macedon, Africa". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

1963: 1243: 691: 522: 502: 1532:

Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of

4617: 4382: 4166: 1608: 1391: 604: 382: 1798:

and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at

1670: 933:. In 216 BC Hannibal marched to southern Italy and inflicted the disastrous defeat of the 58: 8: 4656: 4539: 4347: 1402: 1194:, were unwelcoming, so Hannibal promptly besieged their capital (near the site of modern 1037:. A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the independent city of 1030: 995: 840: 681: 572: 3593:. Vol. VIII (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–80. 1358:

cavalry – large, but of unknown size – supported by 1,000

4594: 4514: 4509: 4453: 4397: 4261: 4221: 4191: 4040:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 486–569. 4024: 3985: 3980:

Rawlings, Louis (1996). "Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldiers' War".

3881: 3726: 1840: 1703: 1122: 1046: 1041:(modern Sagunto), well south of the Ebro. In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal 1014: 982:

in the 3rd century BC struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of

587: 537: 532: 407: 1763: 4569: 4559: 4534: 4529: 4372: 4342: 4308: 4226: 4181: 4161: 4063: 4041: 4002: 3966: 3947: 3925: 3906: 3889: 3867: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3772: 3753: 3734: 3712: 3693: 3674: 3657: 3635: 3613: 3594: 3567: 1852:. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. 1637:

for the Carthaginians – skirmished between the main armies. The Roman

1619: 1414:

providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two

1351: 1264: 1176: 1042: 1034: 959: 918: 895: 871: 659: 644: 582: 562: 362: 340: 4058:(2015) . "Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). 4663: 4402: 4328: 4236: 4055: 3649: 1873: 1865: 1634: 1573: 1556:. The close-order African infantry fought in a tightly packed formation known as a 1525: 1274: 1247: 1140: 1058: 1002:

and turned into a quasi-monarchical, autonomous territory ruled by his family, the

934: 910: 836: 808: 412: 321: 149: 50: 4685: 4609: 4589: 4554: 4549: 4479: 4417: 4367: 4288: 4186: 4176: 4148: 1849: 1441: 1152: 1082: 975: 951: 922: 813: 798: 738: 654: 649: 609: 599: 497: 4271: 1785:

Sempronius arrived, to preside over the consular elections in the usual manner.

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Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC

1877: 1569: 1541: 1433: 1342: 1227: 1215: 1078: 991: 891: 883: 848: 743: 144: 3997:

Rawlings, Louis (2015) . "The War in Italy, 218–203". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

3661: 1931:

This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, or, rarely, even more.

1884:

BC where Hannibal was decisively defeated. As a consequence Carthage agreed a

1057:

It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year as senior

4679: 4280: 3922:

Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia

3893: 3627: 3582: 3559: 1576:. The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous 1549: 1545: 1473: 1396: 1223: 1183: 979: 899: 860: 803: 477: 110: 97: 88: 4108: 4016: 1950: 1885: 1860:

and marched south in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and

1415: 1143:) in late 219 and early 218 BC. This marched north in May 218 BC, entering 1128: 1094: 1062: 1010:

and territorial depth, which encouraged it to resist future Roman demands.

987: 1803: 1347: 1253: 1132: 1022: 4028: 3989: 1448:. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank, known as 279:

Approximate location of the battle, shown on a map of modern north Italy

4140: 1598: 1437: 1423: 1339: 1328: 1285: 1164: 1077:

tribes in the area of north Italy either side of the River Po known as

1026: 786: 3564:

The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean

1857: 1602: 1459: 1419: 1332: 1294: 1278: 1203: 1156: 4062:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 280–298. 3965:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 376–392. 3905:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 339–356. 3711:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 242–259. 3673:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 320–338. 3591:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C

1820: 1811: 1795: 1565: 1553: 1533: 1519: 1497: 1324: 1187: 1148: 1086: 1038: 1018: 1007: 864: 844: 289: 166: 4085: 4001:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 58–76. 3828:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 77–94. 3692:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 58–76. 1182:

Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and about 30

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A Carthaginian cavalryman of Hannibal's army, as depicted in 1891

1239: 1233: 1219: 1191: 1090: 1003: 894:

of the army he commanded against the Carthaginian cavalry at the

856: 832: 3581:

Briscoe, John (2006) . "The Second Punic War". In Astin, A. E.;

2306: 2304: 1613:

The Numidian cavalry provoke the Romans into leaving their camp.

30:

For the battle of Trebbia in the French Revolutionary Wars, see

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the outnumbered Roman cavalry and Carthaginian light infantry

3497: 3347: 3345: 3151: 3149: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2636: 2634: 2544: 2542: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2301: 2050: 1537: 1484: 1195: 1160: 1074: 926: 754: 2909: 2291: 2289: 2130: 2128: 2026: 1480:

and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order.

1186:

from the force with which he had left Iberia in what is now

4019:(1996). "The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War". 3536: 3446: 3405: 3393: 3325: 3245: 2115: 2113: 1501: 1365: 1172: 1144: 914: 875: 4021:

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement

3982:

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement

3864:

Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War

3369: 3342: 3235: 3233: 3146: 3107: 3035: 2798: 2721: 2631: 2607: 2539: 2403: 2379: 2316: 2140: 2098: 1802:

and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60

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Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage

3274: 3230: 2965: 2963: 2948: 2873: 2515: 1864:

city states. There, the following year, Hannibal won a

1456:, also carried two javelins. The second rank, known as 3473: 3417: 3381: 3357: 3310: 3286: 3257: 3188: 3166: 3164: 2774: 2711: 2709: 2646: 2595: 2578: 2473: 2471: 2434: 2164: 1888:

which stripped it of most of its territory and power.

1839:

BC, probably early May, the Carthaginians crossed the

3521: 3509: 3485: 3461: 3215: 3200: 3083: 3071: 3023: 2924: 2786: 2750: 2498: 2483: 2458: 2456: 2422: 2367: 2259: 2232: 2208: 2196: 2181: 1990: 1649:

by some distance. As opposed to their opponents, the

1548:(also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and 3298: 3047: 3011: 2999: 2960: 2861: 2619: 2566: 2340: 2328: 2074: 2002: 1500:

gives a total of 16,000 Romans, the Roman historian

1214:

After camping at Placentia the Romans constructed a

3847:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 3176: 3161: 3119: 2975: 2706: 2670: 2468: 2014: 863:, not far from the settlement of Placentia (modern 3809:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 2936: 2897: 2694: 2554: 2453: 1246:cavalry in the centre of his line, with his light 867:), and resulted in a heavy defeat for the Romans. 1810:); and established supply depots at Ariminum and 4677: 1675:The two armies form up and move towards contact. 3750:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC 1891: 3866:. Warminster, Wiltshire: Aris & Phillips. 3612:. Barnslet, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. 4138: 4124: 3960: 3503: 1029:as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian 902:and awaited reinforcement. The Roman army in 770: 305: 3880: 3788:Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War 3411: 1524:Modern interpretation of a slinger from the 1472:, the veterans of the army, equipped with a 265: 3747: 3725: 3542: 3455: 3440: 3399: 3336: 3251: 3155: 3140: 3113: 3065: 2993: 2918: 2891: 2855: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2744: 2732: 2688: 2664: 2640: 2613: 2548: 2533: 2416: 2397: 2385: 2361: 2322: 2295: 2146: 2134: 2104: 2092: 2068: 2056: 1984: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1682: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1624: 1505: 1491: 1465: 1457: 1449: 1427: 1359: 1268: 1231: 4131: 4117: 4054: 3375: 3351: 2310: 2226: 2158: 1422: – served as javelin-armed 777: 763: 312: 298: 27:First major battle of the Second Punic War 3924:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 1708:The Carthaginians envelop the Roman army. 1101: 4035: 3996: 3979: 3656:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 3648: 3280: 2954: 2879: 2601: 1762: 1702: 1669: 1607: 1518: 1395: 1304: 1252: 1121: 1111: 1052: 963: 3919: 3861: 3845:The First Punic War: A Military History 3842: 3687: 3626: 3580: 3558: 3479: 3387: 3363: 3319: 3292: 3268: 3239: 3194: 3101: 3077: 3029: 3005: 2969: 2867: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2652: 2589: 2509: 2447: 2428: 2373: 2268: 2253: 2202: 2190: 2175: 2119: 2080: 2008: 1996: 1869:southern Italy for a further 13 years. 1830: 14: 4678: 3706: 3668: 3428: 2492: 2241: 2214: 1043:besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum 4112: 4015: 3938: 3900: 3804: 3785: 3766: 3632:Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide 3607: 3530: 3515: 3491: 3467: 3304: 3224: 3209: 3182: 3170: 3125: 3053: 3041: 3017: 2981: 2903: 2715: 2676: 2625: 2572: 2521: 2477: 2346: 2334: 2280: 2044: 2032: 2020: 1327:) garrisoning a large grain depot at 1117:Hannibal's route from Iberia to Italy 1069:, who was accompanied by his brother 874:(modern Spain and Portugal), through 758: 293: 4701:Battles involving the Roman Republic 3823: 3089: 2942: 2930: 2700: 2560: 2462: 1081:were antagonised by the settling of 835:) was the first major battle of the 319: 202:• 21,000 African or Iberian infantry 3807:The Art of War in the Western World 3790:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3634:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1768:An Iberian warrior from bas-relief 1572:were frequently recruited from the 24: 4696:Military history of Emilia-Romagna 4038:Cambridge Ancient History (part 2) 1376: 986:and its surrounding waters and in 25: 4717: 4078: 1738:to the rear started to break up. 4651: 4650: 4270: 4096: 4084: 1209: 998:(modern south-east Spain) which 264: 257: 187:• 20,000 Italian allied infantry 57: 4706:Battles of the Second Punic War 4299:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas 3886:Strategy: The Indirect Approach 1956: 1944: 1934: 1925: 1911: 1902: 1592: 1514: 1108:Hannibal's crossing of the Alps 890:personally led the cavalry and 1388:Roman army of the mid-Republic 784: 13: 1: 4091:From the Founding of the City 4060:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3999:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3963:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3903:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3826:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3748:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006) . 3709:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3690:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3671:A Companion to the Punic Wars 1769: 1745: 1690: 1665: 1352:attacked in the flank or rear 940: 1972: 1892:Notes, citations and sources 1758: 66:, "Battle of Trebbia" (1625) 7: 1635:slingers from the Balearics 956:Barcid conquest of Hispania 10: 4722: 3944:Carthage Must be Destroyed 3608:Carey, Brian Todd (2007). 3551: 1385: 1300: 1105: 949: 945: 29: 4646: 4608: 4327: 4279: 4268: 4147: 4103:Battle of Trebia (218 BC) 1587: 1544:skirmishers; close-order 1017:and in 221 BC by his son 794: 398:Crossing of the Apennines 331: 252: 239:Several thousand infantry 218: 172: 155: 138: 70: 64:Matthäus Merian the Elder 56: 48: 43: 2035:, pp. 219–220, 225. 1896: 1874:Publius Cornelius Scipio 1846:Battle of Lake Trasimene 1787:Gnaeus Servilius Geminus 1476:instead. Both legionary 1403:Montefortino-type helmet 1381: 1275:Publius Cornelius Scipio 1169:Battle of Rhone Crossing 931:Battle of Lake Trasimene 32:Battle of Trebbia (1799) 4585:Great Plains (Bagradas) 3920:Mahaney, W. C. (2008). 3771:. New York: Routledge. 3654:Hannibal: Enemy of Rome 1726:, turned to assist the 242:Small number of cavalry 205:• 8,000 Gallic infantry 184:• 16,000 Roman infantry 91:, in modern north Italy 87:West bank of the lower 3862:Lazenby, John (1998). 3843:Lazenby, John (1996). 3805:Jones, Archer (1987). 3786:Hoyos, Dexter (2015). 3767:Hoyos, Dexter (2005). 3585:; Frederiksen, M. W.; 1781: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1683: 1677: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1625: 1615: 1529: 1506: 1492: 1466: 1458: 1450: 1446:short thrusting swords 1428: 1407: 1360: 1312: 1269: 1260: 1232: 1179:of the native tribes. 1159:) at the mouth of the 1136: 1119: 1102:Carthage invades Italy 971: 156:Commanders and leaders 1964:African bush elephant 1775:. He is armed with a 1766: 1706: 1673: 1611: 1522: 1399: 1315:Rome's other consul, 1308: 1256: 1127:Roman statuette of a 1125: 1115: 1085:at Piacentia (modern 1053:War in Cisalpine Gaul 967: 839:, fought between the 219:Casualties and losses 78:22/23 December 218 BC 4363:Crossing of the Alps 4105:at Wikimedia Commons 3044:, p. 70, n. 76. 2283:, pp. 100, 107. 2047:, pp. 222, 225. 1831:Subsequent campaigns 1392:Military of Carthage 1045:, which led Rome to 829:Battle of the Trebia 351:Crossing of the Alps 275:class=notpageimage| 130:Carthaginian victory 111:45.05000°N 9.60000°E 44:Battle of the Trebia 3946:. London: Penguin. 3888:. London: Penguin. 3882:Liddell Hart, Basil 3752:. London: Phoenix. 3733:. London: Cassell. 3727:Goldsworthy, Adrian 3566:. London: Pimlico. 3443:, pp. 185–186. 3143:, pp. 179–180. 3068:, pp. 177–178. 2858:, pp. 178–179. 2843:, pp. 50, 227. 2747:, pp. 174–175. 2536:, pp. 170–171. 2400:, pp. 169–170. 2364:, pp. 168–169. 2313:, pp. 283–284. 2095:, pp. 144–145. 2059:, pp. 143–144. 1814:(modern Arezzo) in 1779:and an oval shield. 1412:better-off minority 1147:to the east of the 1031:sphere of influence 1000:he greatly expanded 996:Carthaginian Iberia 676:Sicily and Sardinia 211:• ~30 war elephants 107: / 4454:Claw of Archimedes 4262:Treaty of Lutatius 3504:Ñaco del Hoyo 2015 2524:, pp. 9, 103. 1841:Apennine Mountains 1782: 1711: 1678: 1616: 1530: 1408: 1313: 1265:large mêlée ensued 1261: 1137: 1120: 972: 909:Hannibal used his 4691:210s BC conflicts 4673: 4672: 4101:Media related to 4089:Works related to 4069:978-1-1190-2550-4 4056:Zimmermann, Klaus 4047:978-0-521-23446-7 4008:978-1-1190-2550-4 3972:978-1-1190-2550-4 3953:978-0-14-101809-6 3931:978-1-59333-951-7 3912:978-1-1190-2550-4 3873:978-0-85668-080-9 3854:978-0-8047-2673-3 3835:978-1-1190-2550-4 3816:978-0-252-01380-5 3797:978-0-19-986010-4 3778:978-0-415-35958-0 3759:978-0-304-36642-2 3740:978-0-304-35714-7 3718:978-1-1190-2550-4 3699:978-1-1190-2550-4 3680:978-1-1190-2550-4 3650:Cottrell, Leonard 3641:978-0-19-285300-4 3619:978-1-84415-635-1 3600:978-0-521-23448-1 3573:978-0-7126-6608-4 3412:Liddell Hart 1967 3104:, pp. 56–57. 3092:, pp. 86–87. 2933:, pp. 79–87. 2921:, pp. 32–34. 2771:, pp. 55–56. 2256:, pp. 43–44. 2122:, pp. 22–25. 1866:victory at Cannae 1317:Sempronius Longus 1218:across the lower 1177:guerrilla tactics 960:Siege of Saguntum 896:Battle of Ticinus 853:Sempronius Longus 822: 821: 752: 751: 428:Nuceria Alfaterna 288: 287: 245:Several elephants 162:Sempronius Longus 134: 133: 116:45.05000; 9.60000 18:Battle of Trebbia 16:(Redirected from 4713: 4664:Military history 4654: 4653: 4628:Port of Carthage 4464: 4457: 4456: 4336: 4329:Second Punic War 4274: 4212:Bagradas (Tunis) 4133: 4126: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4100: 4088: 4073: 4051: 4032: 4012: 3993: 3976: 3957: 3935: 3916: 3897: 3877: 3858: 3839: 3820: 3801: 3782: 3763: 3744: 3722: 3703: 3684: 3665: 3645: 3623: 3604: 3577: 3546: 3543:Goldsworthy 2006 3540: 3534: 3528: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3456:Goldsworthy 2006 3453: 3444: 3441:Goldsworthy 2006 3438: 3432: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3400:Goldsworthy 2006 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3340: 3337:Goldsworthy 2006 3334: 3323: 3317: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3255: 3252:Goldsworthy 2006 3249: 3243: 3237: 3228: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3156:Goldsworthy 2006 3153: 3144: 3141:Goldsworthy 2006 3138: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3114:Goldsworthy 2006 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3066:Goldsworthy 2006 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2994:Goldsworthy 2006 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2919:Goldsworthy 2006 2916: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2892:Goldsworthy 2006 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2856:Goldsworthy 2006 2853: 2844: 2841:Goldsworthy 2006 2838: 2832: 2829:Goldsworthy 2006 2826: 2820: 2817:Goldsworthy 2006 2814: 2808: 2805:Goldsworthy 2006 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2745:Goldsworthy 2006 2742: 2736: 2733:Goldsworthy 2006 2730: 2719: 2713: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2689:Goldsworthy 2006 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2665:Goldsworthy 2006 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2641:Goldsworthy 2006 2638: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2614:Goldsworthy 2006 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2549:Goldsworthy 2006 2546: 2537: 2534:Goldsworthy 2006 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2466: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2417:Goldsworthy 2006 2414: 2401: 2398:Goldsworthy 2006 2395: 2389: 2386:Goldsworthy 2006 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2362:Goldsworthy 2006 2359: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2323:Goldsworthy 2006 2320: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2296:Goldsworthy 2001 2293: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2179: 2173: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2147:Goldsworthy 2006 2144: 2138: 2135:Goldsworthy 2006 2132: 2123: 2117: 2108: 2105:Goldsworthy 2006 2102: 2096: 2093:Goldsworthy 2006 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2069:Goldsworthy 2006 2066: 2060: 2057:Goldsworthy 2006 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1985:Goldsworthy 2006 1982: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1883: 1838: 1774: 1771: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1686: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1628: 1574:Balearic Islands 1540:; javelin-armed 1526:Balearic Islands 1509: 1495: 1471: 1463: 1455: 1431: 1363: 1272: 1248:Numidian cavalry 1237: 1204:valley of the Po 1025:established the 1021:. In 226 BC the 935:Battle of Cannae 911:Numidian cavalry 837:Second Punic War 789: 779: 772: 765: 756: 755: 670:2nd New Carthage 635:1st New Carthage 326: 324: 323:Second Punic War 314: 307: 300: 291: 290: 268: 267: 261: 208:• 11,000 cavalry 122: 121: 119: 118: 117: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 100: 72: 71: 61: 51:Second Punic War 41: 40: 21: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4642: 4610:Third Punic War 4604: 4565:Carteia (naval) 4460: 4448: 4447: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4275: 4266: 4237:Drepana (siege) 4149:First Punic War 4143: 4139:Battles of the 4137: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4048: 4009: 3973: 3954: 3932: 3913: 3874: 3855: 3836: 3817: 3798: 3779: 3760: 3741: 3719: 3700: 3681: 3642: 3620: 3601: 3574: 3554: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3376:Zimmermann 2015 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3352:Zimmermann 2015 3350: 3343: 3335: 3326: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2722: 2714: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2311:Zimmermann 2015 2309: 2302: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2227:Zimmermann 2015 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2165: 2159:Zimmermann 2015 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1881: 1836: 1833: 1791:Gaius Flaminius 1780: 1772: 1761: 1748: 1709: 1693: 1676: 1668: 1614: 1595: 1590: 1528: 1517: 1474:thrusting spear 1406: 1394: 1386:Main articles: 1384: 1379: 1377:Opposing forces 1311: 1303: 1293:at what is now 1259: 1212: 1153:Hasdrubal Barca 1135: 1131:recovered from 1118: 1110: 1104: 1083:Roman colonists 1055: 976:First Punic War 970: 962: 952:First Punic War 950:Main articles: 948: 943: 880:across the Alps 825: 824: 823: 818: 790: 785: 783: 753: 748: 327: 322: 320: 318: 284: 283: 282: 281: 280: 277: 271: 270: 269: 248: 233: 214: 193: 190:• 4,000 cavalry 115: 113: 109: 106: 101: 98: 96: 94: 93: 92: 62: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4719: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4560:Carteia (land) 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4475:2nd Beneventum 4472: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4440: 4438:1st Beneventum 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:Lake Trasimene 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4172:Lipari Islands 4169: 4164: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4094: 4080: 4079:External links 4077: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4033: 4013: 4007: 3994: 3977: 3971: 3958: 3952: 3940:Miles, Richard 3936: 3930: 3917: 3911: 3898: 3878: 3872: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3834: 3821: 3815: 3802: 3796: 3783: 3777: 3764: 3758: 3745: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3704: 3698: 3685: 3679: 3666: 3646: 3640: 3628:Collins, Roger 3624: 3618: 3605: 3599: 3587:Ogilvie, R. M. 3583:Walbank, F. W. 3578: 3572: 3560:Bagnall, Nigel 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3545:, p. 222. 3535: 3533:, p. 315. 3520: 3518:, p. 310. 3508: 3506:, p. 377. 3496: 3494:, p. 279. 3484: 3472: 3470:, p. 243. 3460: 3458:, p. 190. 3445: 3433: 3431:, p. 244. 3416: 3404: 3402:, p. 184. 3392: 3380: 3378:, p. 284. 3368: 3356: 3354:, p. 285. 3341: 3339:, p. 181. 3324: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3256: 3254:, p. 180. 3244: 3242:, p. 176. 3229: 3227:, p. 270. 3214: 3212:, p. 114. 3199: 3187: 3175: 3160: 3158:, p. 179. 3145: 3130: 3118: 3116:, p. 177. 3106: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3056:, p. 107. 3046: 3034: 3022: 3020:, p. 240. 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2959: 2957:, p. 305. 2947: 2935: 2923: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2882:, p. 494. 2872: 2860: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2807:, p. 287. 2797: 2785: 2783:, p. 175. 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2735:, p. 175. 2720: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2655:, p. 174. 2645: 2643:, p. 173. 2630: 2628:, p. 114. 2618: 2616:, p. 172. 2606: 2594: 2592:, p. 173. 2577: 2575:, p. 108. 2565: 2553: 2551:, p. 171. 2538: 2526: 2514: 2497: 2495:, p. 243. 2482: 2467: 2452: 2450:, p. 172. 2433: 2421: 2419:, p. 170. 2402: 2390: 2388:, p. 169. 2378: 2366: 2351: 2349:, p. 266. 2339: 2337:, p. 111. 2327: 2325:, p. 168. 2315: 2300: 2285: 2273: 2258: 2246: 2244:, p. 321. 2231: 2229:, p. 291. 2219: 2217:, p. 252. 2207: 2195: 2180: 2178:, p. 221. 2163: 2161:, p. 283. 2151: 2149:, p. 151. 2139: 2124: 2109: 2107:, p. 145. 2097: 2085: 2073: 2071:, p. 144. 2061: 2049: 2037: 2025: 2023:, p. 220. 2013: 2001: 1999:, p. 157. 1989: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1955: 1951:"Shock" troops 1943: 1933: 1924: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1880:in October 202 1878:Battle of Zama 1832: 1829: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1747: 1744: 1707: 1692: 1689: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1612: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1542:light infantry 1523: 1516: 1513: 1434:heavy infantry 1401:The bowl of a 1400: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1343:formal battles 1309: 1302: 1299: 1281:the next day. 1257: 1250:on the wings. 1216:pontoon bridge 1211: 1208: 1126: 1116: 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1079:Cisalpine Gaul 1067:Publius Scipio 1054: 1051: 992:Hamilcar Barca 968: 947: 944: 942: 939: 892:light infantry 888:Publius Scipio 884:Cisalpine Gaul 820: 819: 817: 816: 811: 806: 801: 795: 792: 791: 782: 781: 774: 767: 759: 750: 749: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 720: 719: 715: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 678: 677: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 595: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 488:2nd Beneventum 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 458:1st Beneventum 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 388:Lake Trasimene 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 359: 358: 354: 353: 348: 343: 337: 336: 332: 329: 328: 317: 316: 309: 302: 294: 286: 285: 278: 273: 272: 263: 262: 256: 255: 254: 253: 250: 249: 247: 246: 243: 240: 236: 234: 232: 231: 228: 224: 221: 220: 216: 215: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 196: 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4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4281:Mercenary War 4278: 4273: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217:Cape Hermaeum 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4093:at Wikisource 4092: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023:(67): 59–79. 4022: 4018: 4017:Sabin, Philip 4014: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984:(67): 81–95. 3983: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3482:, p. 86. 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3414:, p. 46. 3413: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3390:, p. 60. 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3366:, p. 72. 3365: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3322:, p. 58. 3321: 3316: 3314: 3307:, p. 74. 3306: 3301: 3295:, p. 67. 3294: 3289: 3283:, p. 98. 3282: 3281:Cottrell 1961 3277: 3271:, p. 57. 3270: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3197:, p. 57. 3196: 3191: 3185:, p. 57. 3184: 3179: 3173:, p. 29. 3172: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3128:, p. 53. 3127: 3122: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3080:, p. 56. 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3032:, p. 27. 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2996:, p. 32. 2995: 2990: 2984:, p. 13. 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2955:Rawlings 2015 2951: 2945:, p. 93. 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2900: 2894:, p. 33. 2893: 2888: 2881: 2880:Scullard 2006 2876: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2837: 2831:, p. 53. 2830: 2825: 2819:, p. 48. 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2795:, p. 23. 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2770: 2765: 2759:, p. 55. 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2718:, p. 66. 2717: 2712: 2710: 2703:, p. 80. 2702: 2697: 2691:, p. 57. 2690: 2685: 2679:, p. 64. 2678: 2673: 2667:, p. 56. 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2604:, p. 88. 2603: 2602:Rawlings 1996 2598: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2563:, p. 86. 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2512:, p. 53. 2511: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2480:, p. 69. 2479: 2474: 2472: 2465:, p. 83. 2464: 2459: 2457: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2431:, p. 98. 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2376:, p. 52. 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2298:, p. 33. 2297: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2271:, p. 71. 2270: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2205:, p. 41. 2204: 2199: 2193:, p. 47. 2192: 2187: 2185: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2155: 2148: 2143: 2137:, p. 50. 2136: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2089: 2083:, p. 13. 2082: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2017: 2011:, p. 97. 2010: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1987:, p. 82. 1986: 1981: 1977: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1937: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1905: 1901: 1889: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1835:In spring 217 1828: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1773: 200 BC 1765: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1685: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:light cavalry 1547: 1546:shock cavalry 1543: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1307: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:River Ticinus 1217: 1210:First contact 1207: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:war elephants 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1114: 1109: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1049:on Carthage. 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:Mediterranean 977: 966: 961: 957: 953: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 793: 788: 780: 775: 773: 768: 766: 761: 760: 757: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 592: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 493:Campi Veteres 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 468:2nd Casilinum 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 433:1st Casilinum 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 403:Ager Falernus 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 356: 355: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 334: 333: 330: 325: 315: 310: 308: 303: 301: 296: 295: 292: 276: 260: 251: 244: 241: 238: 237: 235: 230:Many captured 229: 227:20,000 killed 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 210: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 195: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 177: 176: 171: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 154: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 137: 129: 126: 125: 120: 90: 85: 82: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 65: 60: 55: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 4662: 4655: 4633:2nd Nepheris 4623:1st Nepheris 4525:New Carthage 4520:2nd Tarentum 4505:2nd Herdonia 4495:Upper Baetis 4490:1st Herdonia 4470:1st Tarentum 4408:Silva Litana 4377: 4319:Leptis Parva 4252:2nd Mt. Eryx 4247:1st Mt. Eryx 4197:Cape Ecnomus 4059: 4037: 4020: 3998: 3981: 3962: 3943: 3921: 3902: 3885: 3863: 3844: 3825: 3806: 3787: 3768: 3749: 3730: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3653: 3631: 3609: 3590: 3563: 3538: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3480:Lazenby 1998 3475: 3463: 3436: 3407: 3395: 3388:Lazenby 1996 3383: 3371: 3364:Erdkamp 2015 3359: 3320:Lazenby 1996 3300: 3293:Erdkamp 2015 3288: 3276: 3269:Lazenby 1996 3247: 3240:Bagnall 1999 3195:Lazenby 1998 3190: 3178: 3121: 3109: 3102:Lazenby 1996 3097: 3085: 3078:Lazenby 1996 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3030:Lazenby 1996 3025: 3013: 3008:, p. 8. 3006:Bagnall 1999 3001: 2989: 2977: 2972:, p. 9. 2970:Bagnall 1999 2950: 2938: 2926: 2906:, p. 1. 2899: 2887: 2875: 2870:, p. 9. 2868:Lazenby 1998 2863: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2793:Bagnall 1999 2788: 2781:Bagnall 1999 2776: 2769:Lazenby 1998 2764: 2757:Lazenby 1998 2752: 2740: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2653:Bagnall 1999 2648: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2590:Bagnall 1999 2568: 2556: 2529: 2517: 2510:Lazenby 1998 2448:Bagnall 1999 2429:Lazenby 1998 2424: 2393: 2381: 2374:Lazenby 1998 2369: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2276: 2269:Erdkamp 2015 2254:Lazenby 1998 2249: 2222: 2210: 2203:Lazenby 1998 2198: 2191:Briscoe 2006 2176:Mahaney 2008 2154: 2142: 2120:Bagnall 1999 2100: 2088: 2081:Collins 1998 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2009:Bagnall 1999 2004: 1997:Lazenby 1996 1992: 1980: 1958: 1946: 1936: 1927: 1913: 1904: 1886:peace treaty 1871: 1854: 1834: 1825: 1804:quinqueremes 1783: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1712: 1698: 1694: 1679: 1632: 1617: 1596: 1593:Early stages 1582: 1562: 1531: 1515:Carthaginian 1489: 1485:Latin allies 1482: 1409: 1371: 1356: 1337: 1314: 1291:River Trebia 1283: 1262: 1213: 1200: 1181: 1138: 1129:war elephant 1095:Roman Senate 1073:. The major 1056: 1012: 988:North Africa 973: 908: 869: 861:Trebia River 841:Carthaginian 828: 826: 734:Great Plains 718:North Africa 630:Upper Baetis 553:2nd Tarentum 528:2nd Herdonia 508:1st Herdonia 483:1st Tarentum 418:Silva Litana 393:Umbrian Lake 367: 139:Belligerents 89:Trebia River 49:Part of the 36: 4428:Decimomannu 4242:Mount Ercte 3429:Fronda 2015 2493:Fronda 2015 2242:Edwell 2015 2215:Fronda 2015 1438:body armour 1424:skirmishers 1338:During the 1244:close-order 1228:reconnoitre 1161:River Rhone 1133:Herculaneum 1061:, known as 1059:magistrates 1047:declare war 1023:Ebro Treaty 851:army under 692:Decimomannu 665:2nd Carteia 660:1st Carteia 563:2nd Petelia 523:Sapriportis 443:1st Petelia 114: / 4680:Categories 4618:Lake Tunis 4383:Ebro River 4167:Agrigentum 4141:Punic Wars 3662:1176315261 3531:Miles 2011 3516:Miles 2011 3492:Miles 2011 3468:Lomas 2015 3305:Sabin 1996 3225:Miles 2011 3210:Hoyos 2005 3183:Carey 2007 3171:Jones 1987 3126:Carey 2007 3054:Hoyos 2015 3042:Sabin 1996 3018:Miles 2011 2982:Carey 2007 2904:Jones 1987 2716:Sabin 1996 2677:Sabin 1996 2626:Hoyos 2015 2573:Hoyos 2015 2522:Jones 1987 2478:Sabin 1996 2347:Miles 2011 2335:Hoyos 2005 2281:Hoyos 2015 2045:Miles 2011 2033:Miles 2011 2021:Miles 2011 1872:In 204 BC 1746:Casualties 1691:Engagement 1666:Formations 1440:, a large 1340:Punic Wars 1329:Clastidium 1165:Allobroges 1027:Ebro River 994:landed in 941:Background 919:outflanked 843:forces of 787:Punic Wars 712:Agrigentum 615:Illiturgis 605:Ebro River 383:Victumulae 199:40,000 men 181:40,000 men 4580:2nd Utica 4575:1st Utica 4540:Grumentum 4500:2nd Capua 4480:1st Capua 4348:Lilybaeum 4334:(Battles) 4232:Lilybaeum 3894:470715409 3090:Koon 2015 2943:Koon 2015 2931:Koon 2015 2701:Koon 2015 2561:Koon 2015 2463:Koon 2015 1973:Citations 1759:Aftermath 1578:elephants 1554:Numidians 1478:sub-units 1460:principes 1426:known as 1420:legionary 1348:enveloped 1333:Casteggio 1295:Rivergaro 1279:rearguard 1157:Marseille 1141:Cartagena 1015:Hasdrubal 1008:shipyards 882:and into 804:Mercenary 729:2nd Utica 724:1st Utica 682:Lilybaeum 573:Grumentum 513:2nd Capua 498:1st Capua 378:Placentia 4657:Category 4638:Carthage 4595:Insubria 4545:Metaurus 4515:Canusium 4510:Numistro 4450:Heat ray 4443:Syracuse 4433:3rd Nola 4423:2nd Nola 4413:1st Nola 4398:Geronium 4343:Saguntum 4304:Carthage 4294:Bagradas 4222:Panormus 4192:Tyndaris 4157:Treaties 4029:43767903 3990:43767904 3942:(2011). 3884:(1967). 3729:(2001). 3652:(1961). 3630:(1998). 3589:(eds.). 3562:(1999). 1850:prisoner 1821:Adriatic 1812:Arretium 1800:Tarentum 1796:Sardinia 1570:Slingers 1566:Iberians 1534:Carthage 1498:Polybius 1331:(modern 1325:Brindisi 1310:Hannibal 1286:River Po 1188:Piedmont 1149:Pyrenees 1087:Piacenza 1039:Saguntum 1019:Hannibal 923:captured 865:Piacenza 845:Hannibal 702:Syracuse 697:Leontini 588:Insubria 578:Metaurus 548:Caulonia 543:Manduria 538:Canusium 533:Numistro 463:3rd Nola 453:2nd Nola 423:1st Nola 408:Geronium 341:Saguntum 173:Strength 167:Hannibal 150:Carthage 102:9°36′0″E 99:45°3′0″N 83:Location 4570:Crotona 4535:Petelia 4530:Baecula 4485:Silarus 4462:Sambuca 4373:Ticinus 4309:The Saw 4257:Aegates 4227:Drepana 4182:Thermae 4162:Messana 3552:Sources 1919:stirrup 1816:Etruria 1808:galleys 1806:(large 1777:falcata 1735:velites 1729:velites 1723:triarii 1717:velites 1684:velites 1658:velites 1652:velites 1646:velites 1640:velites 1626:velites 1620:pickets 1558:phalanx 1507:velites 1493:velites 1468:triarii 1452:hastati 1436:, with 1429:velites 1416:legions 1361:velites 1301:Prelude 1270:velites 1240:javelin 1234:velites 1192:Taurini 1167:at the 1091:Cremona 1063:consuls 1004:Barcids 946:Pre-war 857:cavalry 833:Trebbia 645:Baecula 583:Crotona 568:Venusia 503:Silarus 473:Lucania 363:Ticinus 335:Prelude 4686:218 BC 4403:Cannae 4378:Trebia 4066: 4044: 4027: 4005: 3988: 3969: 3950: 3928: 3909: 3892: 3870: 3851: 3832: 3813: 3794: 3775: 3756: 3737: 3731:Cannae 3715: 3696: 3677: 3660: 3638: 3616: 3597: 3570: 1882: 1862:Italic 1858:defect 1837: 1588:Battle 1538:spears 1442:shield 1366:routed 1321:Rimini 1224:encamp 1089:) and 1075:Gallic 1071:Gnaeus 1035:Iberia 984:Sicily 958:, and 927:Gallic 915:routed 904:Sicily 872:Iberia 847:and a 809:Second 707:Himera 625:Orongi 594:Iberia 413:Cannae 373:Mutina 368:Trebia 127:Result 4590:Cirta 4555:Sucro 4550:Ilipa 4418:Ibera 4368:Cissa 4358:Rhone 4353:Malta 4314:Tunis 4289:Utica 4202:Aspis 4187:Sulci 4177:Mylae 4025:JSTOR 3986:JSTOR 1897:Notes 1603:brush 1382:Roman 1196:Turin 849:Roman 814:Third 799:First 739:Cirta 687:Malta 655:Sucro 650:Ilipa 640:Baria 620:Munda 610:Ibera 600:Cissa 558:Locri 448:Cumae 438:Hamae 357:Italy 346:Rhone 4600:Zama 4452:and 4207:Adys 4064:ISBN 4042:ISBN 4003:ISBN 3967:ISBN 3948:ISBN 3926:ISBN 3907:ISBN 3890:OCLC 3868:ISBN 3849:ISBN 3830:ISBN 3811:ISBN 3792:ISBN 3773:ISBN 3754:ISBN 3735:ISBN 3713:ISBN 3694:ISBN 3675:ISBN 3658:OCLC 3636:ISBN 3614:ISBN 3595:ISBN 3568:ISBN 1917:The 1789:and 1599:Mago 1502:Livy 1444:and 1390:and 1350:and 1173:Alps 1145:Gaul 974:The 900:camp 876:Gaul 831:(or 827:The 744:Zama 518:Rome 478:Arpi 145:Rome 75:Date 1605:. 1033:in 4682:: 3523:^ 3448:^ 3419:^ 3344:^ 3327:^ 3312:^ 3259:^ 3232:^ 3217:^ 3202:^ 3163:^ 3148:^ 3133:^ 2962:^ 2911:^ 2848:^ 2723:^ 2708:^ 2633:^ 2580:^ 2541:^ 2500:^ 2485:^ 2470:^ 2455:^ 2436:^ 2405:^ 2354:^ 2303:^ 2288:^ 2261:^ 2234:^ 2183:^ 2166:^ 2127:^ 2112:^ 1770:c. 954:, 878:, 4132:e 4125:t 4118:v 4072:. 4050:. 4031:. 4011:. 3992:. 3975:. 3956:. 3934:. 3915:. 3896:. 3876:. 3857:. 3838:. 3819:. 3800:. 3781:. 3762:. 3743:. 3721:. 3702:. 3683:. 3664:. 3644:. 3622:. 3603:. 3576:. 1966:. 1238:( 778:e 771:t 764:v 313:e 306:t 299:v 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge

Battle of the Trebia

Index