765:
with almost all the elephants paying the price. The truth is that: This defeat generated such fear in Rome that it was believed that
Hannibal would arrive in the city with his banners displayed hostilely. And there would have been no hope of help that the Romans could count on to keep the violence of the Carthaginian away from the gates and walls. The Cisalpine Gaul, theater of operations in the autumn of 218 BC: from the revolt of the Boii with the siege of Modena (218 BC), to Hannibal's victories at the
108:
86:
780:. There was in fact a first Battle of Piacenza (217 BC) clash of minor importance near Piacenza which saw the victorious Romans and Hannibal leave, wounded in combat, «a circumstance which generated dismay in the souls of the Carthaginians». Following this clash, the deposit was further fortified and defended.
719:
had just ended with a clear victory for the
Carthaginian cavalry and the wounding of the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 218 BC) in the first, as well as a clear defeat of the army of Tiberius Sempronius Longus (consul 218 BC. ) in the second, where the Roman army was largely destroyed on the
764:
had ended with a clear success for
Hannibal. The Carthaginian forces were now positioned in the western Po Valley. There were few casualties among the Iberians and Libyans, many more among the Celts. Livy adds that the rain mixed with snow and the frost caused many victims among the Carthaginians,
748:
by
Hannibal's knights and elephants, while he lingered to recross the course of the freezing river. The cavalry and part of the Roman infantry had managed to return to the camp and, having seen that the Carthaginian forces were unable to cross the river due to tiredness, stiffened by the cold, as
799:
This heterogeneous mass, incited by the Battle of
Piacenza (217 BC), decided to go to meet Hannibal after arming itself. Rather than in battle order, they looked like a militia marching in a disorderly manner. And since they were 30,000 men inexperienced in military art, they were defeated by
812:, who had taken refuge within the city walls, welcomed the Carthaginian garrison and surrendered, handing them over their weapons. It was then that the victors were given the order to sack the city as if it had been taken by force. No form of massacre was overlooked, so much so that
771:
Not even their stay in the winter quartersas peaceful for the Romans, as the
Numidian cavalry continued to carry out raids everywhere, and when the places were unsuitable for these raids, the troops of the Celtiberians also intervened and the
239:
274:
792:
to conquer it. A Roman deposit had been located here since the time of the Gallic war of the years 225-222 BC. People who belonged to the neighboring populations, probably the
553:
511:
309:
269:
548:
461:
399:
289:
334:
234:
153:
456:
538:
409:
389:
384:
314:
466:
284:
481:
279:
618:
796:, had flocked to this location from all over and had gathered here from the nearby campaigns due to fear of looting by the Carthaginians.
684:
146:
1287:
1224:
139:
611:
749:
well as by the disorder, to return to
Piacenza led by Publius Cornelius. Finally, part of the Romans moved to the nearby
788:
Hannibal, after resting for a few days, when he recovered from his wound, continued his journey towards the location of
543:
192:
604:
820:
such was the example that the
Carthaginians then gave of lust, cruelty and inhuman pride against those miserable
729:, where the Romans kept large reserves of food, especially wheat, had also fallen into the hands of Hannibal.
776:. In fact, it was difficult to obtain supplies for the Roman troops except through transport along the river
329:
299:
219:
394:
369:
349:
324:
575:
471:
359:
793:
528:
506:
79:
800:
Hannibal, who, although he could count on a few well-trained soldiers, had full confidence in them.
741:
Dasio, the transfer of the town for the sum, not even exceptional, of four hundred golden nummies.
570:
229:
214:
187:
565:
354:
304:
294:
264:
244:
744:
Of the remnants of the Roman army after the battle of
Trebbia, a part was exterminated near the
476:
419:
259:
533:
364:
344:
446:
209:
8:
523:
414:
1214:
429:
379:
374:
249:
1220:
766:
761:
716:
700:
696:
501:
486:
424:
404:
204:
182:
1255:
677:
650:
254:
163:
101:
27:
1243:
655:
640:
580:
496:
491:
451:
441:
339:
1269:
Storia del mondo romano. Dalla fondazione di Roma alla distruzione di
Cartagine
585:
1281:
645:
319:
757:, so as not to burden the resources of a single colony with the whole army.
750:
681:
680:, represented a clash of secondary importance, engaged between the army of
773:
734:
50:
813:
777:
730:
628:
725:
107:
85:
738:
692:
688:
131:
111:
89:
754:
745:
704:
596:
54:
808:The following day the inhabitants of the city of
1279:
1162:
695:, after the victories of the latter reported in
1216:Scipione e Annibale, la guerra per salvare Roma
1142:
737:attributes to the prefect of the garrison, the
612:
147:
619:
605:
154:
140:
1236:Canne. La sconfitta che fece vincere Roma
897:
895:
676:, fought in January of 217 BC during the
1280:
892:
600:
135:
161:
1266:
13:
1254:
14:
1299:
1242:
1250:. Vol. II. Milano: Sansoni.
1233:
1212:
106:
84:
1288:Battles of the Second Punic War
1182:
1122:
1102:
1082:
1062:
1030:
1010:
990:
958:
938:
848:
626:
1:
841:
7:
1271:. Vol. I. Milano: BUR.
10:
1304:
1267:Howard H.Scullard (1992).
1206:
710:
685:Tiberius Sempronius Longus
803:
783:
636:
240:Crossing of the Apennines
173:
117:
95:
80:Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)
73:
33:
25:
20:
1262:. Milano: Il Saggiatore.
1234:Giovanni Brizzi (2016).
1213:Giovanni Brizzi (2007).
1260:Le conquiste dei romani
733:, the historian of the
723:The fortress-pantry of
1219:. Bari-Roma: Laterza.
1198:
1178:
1158:
1138:
1118:
1098:
1078:
1058:
1046:
1026:
1006:
986:
974:
954:
935:
932:vol. I, tomo 2, p. 732
923:
911:
888:
876:
864:
839:
835:
96:Commanders and leaders
1248:Storia di Roma antica
1238:. Bologna: Il Mulino.
1188:
1168:
1148:
1128:
1108:
1088:
1068:
1048:
1036:
1016:
996:
976:
964:
944:
925:
913:
901:
878:
866:
854:
825:
818:
193:Crossing of the Alps
65:Carthaginian victory
21:Battle of Victumulae
518:Sicily and Sardinia
1226:978-88-420-8332-0
767:Battle of Trebbia
762:Battle of Trebbia
717:Battle of Trebbia
701:Battle of Trebbia
697:Battle of Ticinus
664:
663:
594:
593:
270:Nuceria Alfaterna
130:
129:
69:
68:
1295:
1272:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1230:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1044:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1008:
1004:
994:
988:
984:
972:
962:
956:
952:
942:
936:
933:
921:
909:
899:
890:
886:
874:
862:
852:
837:
833:
678:Second Punic War
631:
621:
614:
607:
598:
597:
512:2nd New Carthage
477:1st New Carthage
168:
166:
165:Second Punic War
156:
149:
142:
133:
132:
110:
102:Scipio Africanus
88:
35:
34:
28:Second Punic War
18:
17:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1278:
1277:
1244:Theodor Mommsen
1227:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
995:
991:
985:
982:
973:
970:
963:
959:
953:
951:III, 65-66, 7-9
950:
943:
939:
934:
931:
922:
919:
910:
907:
900:
893:
887:
884:
875:
872:
863:
860:
853:
849:
844:
838:
834:
831:
824:
806:
786:
713:
667:
666:
665:
660:
632:
627:
625:
595:
590:
169:
164:
162:
160:
57:
12:
11:
5:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1256:André Piganiol
1252:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1181:
1172:
1161:
1152:
1141:
1132:
1121:
1112:
1101:
1092:
1081:
1072:
1061:
1052:
1040:
1029:
1020:
1009:
1000:
989:
980:
968:
957:
948:
937:
929:
917:
905:
891:
882:
870:
858:
846:
845:
843:
840:
829:
822:
805:
802:
785:
782:
712:
709:
662:
661:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
634:
633:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
592:
591:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
561:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
437:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
330:2nd Beneventum
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
300:1st Beneventum
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
230:Lake Trasimene
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
201:
200:
196:
195:
190:
185:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
159:
158:
151:
144:
136:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
49:
47:
43:
42:
41:January 217 BC
39:
31:
30:
23:
22:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1300:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1195:XXI, 57.13-14
1191:
1185:
1175:XXI, 57.11-12
1171:
1165:
1151:
1145:
1131:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1075:III, 74, 9-11
1071:
1065:
1051:
1039:
1033:
1019:
1013:
999:
993:
979:
967:
961:
947:
941:
928:
916:
904:
898:
896:
881:
869:
857:
851:
847:
828:
821:
817:
815:
811:
801:
797:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
769:
768:
763:
758:
756:
752:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:
721:
718:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
674:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
630:
622:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
602:
599:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:Campi Veteres
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:2nd Casilinum
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:1st Casilinum
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
245:Ager Falernus
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
198:
197:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
167:
157:
152:
150:
145:
143:
138:
137:
134:
125:
122:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
103:
100:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
81:
78:
77:
72:
64:
61:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
44:
40:
37:
36:
32:
29:
24:
19:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1215:
1189:
1184:
1169:
1164:
1155:XXI, 57.9-10
1149:
1144:
1129:
1124:
1109:
1104:
1089:
1084:
1069:
1064:
1049:
1043:III, 74, 7-8
1037:
1032:
1017:
1012:
997:
992:
977:
971:III, 69, 1-4
965:
960:
945:
940:
927:Mommsen 2001
926:
914:
902:
879:
867:
855:
850:
826:
819:
809:
807:
798:
789:
787:
770:
759:
751:Roman colony
746:river itself
743:
724:
722:
714:
672:
670:
668:
576:Great Plains
560:North Africa
472:Upper Baetis
395:2nd Tarentum
370:2nd Herdonia
350:1st Herdonia
325:1st Tarentum
260:Silva Litana
235:Umbrian Lake
224:
74:Belligerents
26:Part of the
1135:XXI, 57.6-8
1055:XXI, 56.7-9
774:Lusitanians
735:1st century
699:and at the
534:Decimomannu
507:2nd Carteia
502:1st Carteia
405:2nd Petelia
365:Sapriportis
285:1st Petelia
51:Ventimiglia
920:III, 71-74
908:XXI, 54-56
861:XXI, 45-46
842:References
832:XXI, 57.14
814:Titus Livy
810:Victumulae
790:Victumulae
739:brindisino
731:Titus Livy
726:Clastidium
673:Victumulae
671:Battle of
629:Punic Wars
554:Agrigentum
457:Illiturgis
447:Ebro River
225:Victumulae
1115:XXI, 57.5
1095:XXI, 56.6
1023:XXI, 56.5
1003:XXI, 56.4
983:XXI, 48.9
646:Mercenary
571:2nd Utica
566:1st Utica
524:Lilybaeum
415:Grumentum
355:2nd Capua
340:1st Capua
220:Placentia
1282:Category
1258:(1989).
1246:(2001).
1193:—
1173:—
1153:—
1133:—
1113:—
1093:—
1073:—
1053:—
1041:—
1021:—
1001:—
981:—
969:—
949:—
930:—
918:—
906:—
883:—
871:—
868:Eutropio
859:—
830:—
823:—
794:Cenomani
703:(end of
693:Hannibal
691:army of
689:Carthage
687:and the
544:Syracuse
539:Leontini
430:Insubria
420:Metaurus
390:Caulonia
385:Manduria
380:Canusium
375:Numistro
305:3rd Nola
295:2nd Nola
265:1st Nola
250:Geronium
183:Saguntum
118:Strength
112:Hannibal
90:Carthage
46:Location
1207:Sources
1070:Polibio
1038:Polibio
966:Polibio
946:Polibio
915:Polibio
885:III, 65
880:Polibio
816:wrote:
755:Cremona
720:field.
711:Prelude
487:Baecula
425:Crotona
410:Venusia
345:Silarus
315:Lucania
205:Ticinus
177:Prelude
126:Unknown
1223:
873:III, 9
804:Result
784:Battle
705:218 BC
682:consul
651:Second
549:Himera
467:Orongi
436:Iberia
255:Cannae
215:Mutina
210:Trebia
123:30,000
62:Result
1190:Livio
1150:Livio
1130:Livio
1110:Livio
1090:Livio
1050:Livio
1018:Livio
998:Livio
978:Livio
903:Livio
856:Livio
827:Livio
656:Third
641:First
581:Cirta
529:Malta
497:Sucro
492:Ilipa
482:Baria
462:Munda
452:Ibera
442:Cissa
400:Locri
290:Cumae
280:Hamae
199:Italy
188:Rhone
55:Italy
1221:ISBN
1170:Livy
760:The
715:The
669:The
586:Zama
360:Rome
320:Arpi
38:Date
753:of
707:).
1284::
1047:;
975:;
924:;
912:;
894:^
877:;
865:;
778:Po
53:,
1229:.
1199:.
1179:.
1159:.
1139:.
1119:.
1099:.
1079:.
1059:.
1027:.
1007:.
987:.
955:.
889:.
836:.
620:e
613:t
606:v
155:e
148:t
141:v
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