Battle of the Trebia

954: 1362:

anticipated victory. He was also aware that he would be superseded in his position in less than three months, when the new consuls would take up their positions. Hannibal was also ready for a set-piece battle: he wished his new Gallic allies to participate in a victory before boredom and winter weather provoked desertions; and was possibly concerned by the recent suspected Gallic treachery in the immediate area. He also preferred to fight a battle on the flat and open floodplain of the Trebia, where the manoeuvrability of his cavalry could be used to greatest effect, to the hillier ground away from the river where the Roman heavy infantry would have found it easier to dominate. From the enthusiastic way in which Sempronius had reinforced his cavalry, Hannibal felt confident that he could provoke a battle at a time and place of his choosing.

1689:

Romans fleeing back over the Trebia and most of the Carthaginian cavalry pursuing them. Goldsworthy describes the fight put up by the Roman cavalry as "feeble", while the military historian Philip Sabin says that the two contests were "speedily decided". The Carthaginian light infantry, who had withdrawn to the wings behind the cavalry, moved forward and round the now exposed Roman flanks. The Roman light infantry, who had withdrawn to the rear of Roman heavy infantry, turned to face this developing Carthaginian threat. Many of the Roman allied heavy infantry on each flank also turned to their flanks to face this new threat, which inevitably took much of the impetus out of their parent formation's push against the African and Iberian infantry to their fronts.

1295: 1102: 1335:

to gather information on each other's forces and achieve minor, morale-raising victories. These were typically fluid affairs and viewed as preliminaries to any subsequent battle. In such circumstances either commander could prevent a battle from occurring; unless both commanders were to at least some degree willing to give battle, either side might march off without engaging. Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. Many battles were decided when one side's infantry force was partially or wholly

1660: 1753: 1598: 1112: 48: 1693: 1386: 1358:

large, fast-moving conflict sprawled across the plain. Hannibal was concerned that it would develop into a full-scale battle in a manner which he would not be able to control, so he recalled his troops and took personal command of reforming them immediately outside his camp. This brought the fighting to an end, as the Romans were unwilling to attack uphill against an enemy who would be supported by missile fire from within their camp. The Romans withdrew, claiming the victory: they had inflicted more casualties and the Carthaginians had abandoned the field of battle to them.

248: 1243: 1911:

Goldsworthy argues that the cavalry saddles of the time "provide an admirably firm seat" and that dismounting was an appropriate response to an extended cavalry versus cavalry mêlée. He does not suggest why this habit ceased once stirrups were introduced. Nigel Bagnall doubts that the cavalrymen dismounted at all, and suggests that the accounts of them doing so reflect the additional men carried by the Gallic cavalry dismounting and that the velites joining the fight gave the impression of a largely dismounted combat.

4261: 1509: 1278:

deserted to the Carthaginians, taking the Romans' heads with them as a sign of good faith. Hannibal rewarded them and sent them back to their homes to enrol more recruits. Hannibal also made his first formal treaty with a Gallic tribe and supplies and recruits started to come in. The Romans abandoned their camp and withdrew under cover of night. The next morning the Carthaginian cavalry bungled their pursuit and the Romans were able to set up camp on an area of high ground by the

4641: 1740:

survived. Goldsworthy states that the Romans "suffered heavily", but that "numbers of soldiers" straggled into Placentia or one of their camps in addition to the formed group of 10,000, while John Lazenby argues that outside of the 12,500, "few" infantry escaped, although "most" of the cavalry did, as does Leonard Cottrell. According to Paul Erdkamp, the Romans lost 20,000 killed during the battle, half of their force; this excludes those captured.

4075: 1179:, northern Italy. The Romans had already withdrawn to their winter quarters and were astonished by Hannibal's appearance. The Carthaginians needed to obtain supplies of food, as they had exhausted theirs during their journey. They also wanted to obtain allies among the north-Italian Gallic tribes from which they could recruit, to build up their army to a size which would enable it to effectively take on the Romans. The local tribe, the 1731:

and that the battle was lost. Sempronius, who was fighting with the Roman infantry, ordered them away from the site of the battle and, maintaining their formation, 10,000 of them re-crossed the Trebia and reached the nearby Roman-held settlement of Placentia without interference from the Carthaginians. The Carthaginians concentrated on pursuing and cutting down the partially surrounded balance of the Roman army.

4087: 255: 1816:

account there were only minor operations during the winter and most of the surviving Romans were evacuated down the Po and assigned to one of the two new armies being formed, while the flow of Gallic support for the Carthaginians became a flood and their army grew to 60,000. Livy retails dramatic accounts of winter confrontations, but Goldsworthy describes these as "probably an invention".

1195:. However, Scipio led his army equally boldly against the Carthaginians, causing the Gauls to remain neutral. Both commanders attempted to inspire the ardour of their men for the coming battle by making fiery speeches to their assembled armies. Hannibal is reported to have stressed to his troops that they had to win, whatever the cost, as there was no place they could retreat to. 1493:, writing 200 years later, gives 18,000. In addition there were approximately 20,000 allied infantry, comprising four Latin allied legions and a strong force of Gauls. Mention is made of 6,000 light infantry and it is unclear whether these are included in the 36,000, or 38,000, infantry or in addition to them. As the nominal total number of 1670:

formed up symmetrically: the Roman heavy infantry were in the centre, perhaps 13,000 strong; on each side of them were part of their allied force, some 17,000 in total – this included a force of still-loyal Cisalpine Gauls, but the sources are unclear as to how many or where they were positioned. The survivors of the 6,000

1286:, a little south west of Placentia. Even so, they had to abandon much of their baggage and heavier gear and many stragglers were killed or captured. Scipio waited for reinforcements while Hannibal camped at a distance on the plain on the other side of the river, gathering supplies and training the Gauls now flocking to his standard. 1685:

thinned the Carthaginian line, especially that of the Gauls in the centre, to be able to lengthen it to match the Romans'. Also, with tactical forethought typical of him, he had positioned the elephants on either side of the infantry, which discouraged the Roman infantry from approaching their flanks too closely.

1262:, the small Roman cavalry reserve to which Scipio had attached himself, and the rear of the already engaged Roman cavalry, throwing them all into confusion and panic. The Romans broke and fled, with heavy casualties. Scipio was wounded and only saved from death or capture by his 16-year-old son, also named 1308:, had been assembling an army in western Sicily, with which it was planned to invade Africa the following year. Shocked by Hannibal's arrival and Scipio's setback, the Senate ordered this army to move north to assist Scipio. It probably covered part of the distance by sea as it arrived at Ariminum (modern 1865:, the son of the Scipio who had been wounded at Ticinus, invaded the Carthaginian homeland and defeated the Carthaginians in two major battles and won the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa. Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled from Italy to confront him. They met at the 1525:. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". The region provided several types of fighters, including: close-order infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting 1730:

Meanwhile, the Roman infantry in the centre routed the 8,000 Gauls facing them, as well as a unit of African heavy infantry, and broke clean through the centre of the Carthaginian army. By the time they halted their pursuit and reorganised it was clear the rest of their army behind them had dissolved

1357:

and fled back to their camp. The Romans pursued, but were in turn thrown back by the Carthaginian reserve force on duty at the camp. Roman reinforcements were called in, eventually amounting to all 4,000 of their cavalry and 6,000 light infantry. How many Carthaginians were involved is unclear, but a

1702:

At the same time, unnoticed in the heat of battle, Mago's force of 2,000 had been making its way down the watercourse, onto the plain and into a position where they could attack the Romans' left rear. While all this was happening, the fighting between the two heavy infantry contingents had continued

1688:

On each wing 5,000 Carthaginian and 2,000 Roman cavalry charged each other. The Roman cavalry were not only outnumbered, but their horses were tired from chasing the Numidian cavalry and many had been wounded by the missiles of the Carthaginian light infantry. Both encounters ended rapidly, with the

1277:

and marched towards Placentia. They formed up outside the Roman camp and offered battle, which Scipio refused. The Carthaginians set up their own camp some 8 kilometres (5 mi) away. That night 2,200 Gallic troops serving with the Roman army attacked the Romans closest to them in their tents and

1739:

There is debate among modern historians as to the Roman losses. Dexter Hoyos states that the only Roman survivors were the infantry who broke through the Carthaginian centre. Richard Miles says that "many" not in this group were killed; Nigel Bagnall writes that only a minority of the Roman cavalry

1669:

The Carthaginian army formed up symmetrically: the 8,000 Gallic infantry were in the centre; on each side of them was a formation of 6,000 African and Iberian veteran infantry; on the far side of each of these were half of the surviving elephants; and on each wing were 5,000 cavalry. The Romans too

1618:

and then his whole army; he was so eager to give battle that few, if any, of the Romans had eaten breakfast. The Numidians withdrew slowly and Sempronius pushed his whole army after them, in three columns, each 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long, through the icy waters of the Trebia, which was running

1611:

and provoke a fight. Meanwhile, the rest of his army ate an early breakfast and prepared for battle. When the Numidians appeared Sempronius ordered out all of his cavalry to chase them off. Polybius writes "the Numidians easily scattered and retreated, but afterwards wheeled round and attacked with

1334:

were usually preceded by the two armies camping two to twelve kilometres (1–8 miles) apart for days or weeks; sometimes forming up in battle order each day. During these periods when armies were encamped in close proximity it was common for their light forces to skirmish with each other, attempting

1190:

Hearing that Publius Scipio was operating in the region, Hannibal assumed the Roman army in Massalia, which he had believed en route to Iberia, had returned to Italy and reinforced the army already based in the north. Believing that he would therefore be facing a much larger Roman force than he had

1832:

unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. Hannibal attempted without success to draw the main Roman army under Gaius Flaminius into a pitched battle by devastating the area. The Carthaginians then flanked Flaminius, cutting his supply line to Rome, which provoked him into a hasty pursuit

1815:

According to Polybius, the Carthaginians were now recognised as the dominant force in Cisalpine Gaul and most of the Gallic tribes sent plentiful supplies and recruits to Hannibal's camp. Livy, however, claims the Carthaginians suffered from a shortage of food throughout the winter. In Polybius's

1552:

In addition both Iberia and Gaul provided many experienced infantry and cavalry. The close-order or "heavy" infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. The Gallic cavalry, and possibly some of the

1857:

which Richard Miles describes as "Rome's greatest military disaster". The historian Toni Ñaco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. Subsequently the Carthaginians campaigned in

1361:

Hannibal had deliberately brought the battle to a close, but Sempronius interpreted events as the Roman cavalry having dominated the Carthaginians. Sempronius was eager for a full-scale battle: he wished it to take place before Scipio fully recovered and so would be able to share the glory of an

1684:

The Romans had a total of approximately 30,000 heavy infantry to the Carthaginians' 20,000 and could expect sooner or later to overwhelm their opponents by weight of numbers. The Carthaginian line was also in danger of being outflanked by the stronger Roman force; to guard against this Hannibal

1929:

Roman and Greek sources refer to these foreign fighters derogatively as "mercenaries", but the modern historian Adrian Goldsworthy describes this as "a gross oversimplification". They served under a variety of arrangements; for example, some were the regular troops of allied cities or kingdoms

1910:

had not been invented at the time, and Archer Jones believes its absence meant cavalrymen had a "feeble seat" and were liable to come off their horses if a sword swing missed its target. Sabin states that cavalry dismounted to gain a more solid base to fight from than a horse without stirrups.

1782:

were selected and Sempronius then returned to Placentia to see out his term to 15 March. The Carthaginian cavalry isolated both Placentia and Cremona, but these could be supplied by boat up the Po. The consuls-elect recruited further legions, both Roman and from Rome's Latin allies; reinforced

1773:

As was usual at the time, the Romans had left a strong guard at their camps. On hearing the news of the defeat the wounded Scipio gathered them together and marched to Placentia, where he joined Sempronius. When news of the defeat reached Rome it initially caused panic. But this calmed once

1572:

Hannibal had arrived in Italy with 20,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. At Trebia this had grown to 29,000 infantry – 21,000 close-order and 8,000 light infantry – and 11,000 cavalry. In each case they would be a combination of Africans, Iberians and Gauls; the

1844:

Roman prisoners were treated badly, but captured Roman allies were treated well. Many were soon freed and sent back to their cities, in the hope that they would speak well of Carthaginian martial prowess and of their treatment. Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to

1346:

While waiting to see what Sempronius would do, Hannibal came to believe some of the Gauls in the immediate area were communicating with the Romans. He sent a force of 3,000 men, partly composed of Gauls, to devastate the area and plunder their settlements. Sempronius sent a force of

1743:

Carthaginian losses are generally agreed to have been several thousand of the Gallic infantry in the centre, a smaller number of their other infantry and of their cavalry; and several elephants. Many of the African infantry were re-equipped with captured Roman armour and weapons.

1650:

back through the gaps in their supporting heavy infantry. The Carthaginian light infantry then moved towards the flanks of their army and harassed the Roman cavalry with their missiles, before finally falling back behind their own cavalry as the gap between the armies closed.

1312:) only 40 days later. Sempronius's army then marched to join Scipio's on the Trebia and set up camp alongside it. As Scipio was still partly incapacitated by his wounds Sempronius took overall command. Meanwhile, Hannibal bribed a force of Roman allies from Brundisium (modern 1930:

seconded to Carthage as part of formal treaties, some were from allied states fighting under their own leaders, many were volunteers from areas under Carthaginian control who were not Carthaginian citizens. (Which was largely reserved for inhabitants of the city of Carthage.)

1499:

from eight legions is 9,600, and it is known that many were lost at the Battle of the Ticinus, most modern historians assume that the 6,000 are included within the total number of infantry given. There were also 4,000 cavalry, a mixture of Romans, Latin allies and Gauls.

1343:. In 218 BC the two armies established camps about 8 kilometres (5 mi) from each other on opposite sides of the River Trebia. The Romans' was on an easily defended low hill to the east of the Trebia and the Carthaginians' was on high ground to the west. 1807:

in preparation for marching north later in the year. Two armies – of four legions each, two Roman and two allied, but with stronger than usual cavalry contingents – were formed. One was stationed at Arretium and one on the

1256:, with many cavalry dismounting to fight on foot and many of the Roman javelin-men reinforcing the fighting line. This continued indecisively until the Numidian cavalry swept round both ends of the line of battle and attacked the still disorganised 1476:; allied legions usually had a larger attached complement of cavalry than Roman ones. In 218 BC each consul was leading a larger army of four legions, two Roman and two provided by its allies, for a total of approximately 20,000 men. 1160:. A Roman cavalry patrol scattered a force of Carthaginian cavalry, but Hannibal's main army evaded the Romans and Gnaeus Scipio continued to Iberia with the Roman force; Publius returned to Italy. The Carthaginians crossed the 1187:), stormed it, massacred the population and seized the supplies there. With these brutal actions Hannibal was sending out a clear message to the other Gallic tribes as to the likely consequences of non-cooperation. 1833:

without proper reconnaissance. That the Carthaginians continued to lay waste to farms and villages on their line of march probably spurred Flaminius and his men in their pursuit. Hannibal set an ambush and in the

1703:

fiercely, with the more numerous and better armoured Romans getting the better of it; despite being weakened by many of their component units having to turn to the flank or rear. Mago's force charged into the

1086:

detached one Roman and one allied legion from the force intended for Iberia to send to the region. The Scipios had to raise fresh troops to replace these and thus could not set out for Iberia until September.

1619:

chest-high. The Romans were met by the Carthaginian light infantry; behind them the entire Carthaginian army was forming up for battle. The Romans also organised themselves in battle formation and advanced.

1612:

great daring—these being their peculiar tactics." The confrontation broke down into a wheeling mass of cavalry, but with the Numidians refusing to withdraw, Sempronius promptly ordered out first his 6,000

1622:

The cavalry of both sides fell back to their positions on the wings. The large number of light infantry in each army – entirely javelin-men for the Romans, a mixture of javelin-men and

1721:. Increasing numbers of Carthaginian cavalry broke off their pursuit, returned and attacked the Roman rear. Eventually the strain told and the units of Latin allies and Gauls on the flanks and the 386: 914:

by the Carthaginians, but 10,000 under Sempronius maintained formation and fought their way out to the safety of Placentia. Recognising the Carthaginians as the dominant force in Cisalpine Gaul,

1082:

earlier that year on traditionally Gallic territory. They rose and attacked the Romans, capturing several towns. They repeatedly ambushed a Roman relief force and blockaded it in Tannetum. The

421: 1191:

anticipated, Hannibal felt an even more pressing need to recruit strongly among the Cisalpine Gauls. He determined that a display of confidence was called for and advanced boldly down the

895:

under Sempronius was redeployed to the north and joined with Scipio's force. After a day of heavy skirmishing in which the Romans gained the upper hand, Sempronius was eager for a battle.

1573:

proportions are not known, other than that 8,000 of the close-order infantry were Gauls. In addition there were about 30 elephants, the survivors of the 37 with which he had left Iberia.

1586:

The terrain between the Carthaginian camp and the Trebia was an unwooded flood plain, where it was apparently impossible to stage an ambush. Hannibal, however, had his younger brother

1632:

had used many of their javelins against the Carthaginian cavalry, while the Carthaginian skirmishers were fully supplied, and the slingers among the Carthaginians outranged the

700: 658: 4240: 1407:, each of 4,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Approximately 1,200 of the infantry – poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard 456: 4235: 416: 910:

the Roman infantry. A previously hidden Carthaginian force attacked the Roman infantry in the rear. Most of the Roman units then collapsed and most Romans were killed or

1421:; they each carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3 ft) circular shield. The balance were equipped as 695: 608: 546: 436: 481: 1607:

The next morning, either 22 or 23 December, was cold and snowy. Shortly before daybreak Hannibal sent his Numidian cavalry across the river to force back the Roman

1353:

to challenge them. As they were dispersed between a large number of settlements and many were burdened with plunder and looted food, the Carthaginians were easily

381: 1590:

take 1,000 cavalry and 1,000 infantry during the night to the south of where he intended to fight the battle and secrete themselves in an old watercourse full of

4230: 1644:

were unfed, and also tired and cold from having forded the Trebia. For these reasons the Carthaginians got the better of the initial skirmishing and drove the

300: 926:

on the Romans, the last of what modern historians describe as the three great military calamities suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war.

603: 685: 1479:

The combined force which Sempronius led into battle included four Roman legions. At full strength these should have mustered 16,800 men, including 4,800

556: 536: 531: 461: 613: 431: 918:

recruits flocked to them, and Hannibal's army grew to 60,000. The following spring, it moved south into Roman Italy and gained another victory at the

1812:

coast; they would be able to block Hannibal's possible advance into central Italy and be well positioned to move north to operate in Cisalpine Gaul.

628: 426: 765: 84: 1252:

On sighting the Roman infantry the Carthaginian centre immediately charged and the javelin-men fled back through the ranks of their cavalry. A

4689: 979:. The war lasted for 23 years until the Carthaginians were defeated. Five years later an army commanded by the leading Carthaginian general 247: 1324:), 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the west, into surrendering the place. This resolved any remaining Carthaginian logistical difficulties. 1219:

the size and make-up of the opposing army, things of which they would have been almost completely ignorant. Scipio mixed a large force of

4684: 4119: 1144:

in charge of Carthaginian interests in Iberia. The Roman fleet carrying the Scipio brothers' army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern

859:

War broke out between Carthage and Rome in 218 BC. The leading Carthaginian general, Hannibal, responded by leading a large army out of

4091: 1942:

are those trained and used to close rapidly with an opponent, with the intention of breaking them before, or immediately upon, contact.

1305: 841: 293: 150: 1453:, were very similarly equipped but wore better armour and consisted of older, more experienced men. The third rank consisted of the 4694: 4282: 4025:

Scullard, Howard H. (2006) . "Carthage and Rome". In Walbank, F. W.; Astin, A. E.; Frederiksen, M. W. & Ogilvie, R. M. (eds.).

1055: 876: 263: 1709:

who were already fending off the Carthaginian light infantry, but their formation held. Some of the rear rank of the legions, the

4322: 875:(in northern Italy). The Romans went on the attack against the reduced force which had survived the rigours of the march, and 4200: 4056: 4034: 3995: 3959: 3940: 3918: 3899: 3860: 3841: 3822: 3803: 3784: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3705: 3686: 3667: 3628: 3606: 3587: 3560: 1951:

These elephants were typically about 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) high at the shoulder and were distinct from the larger

286: 4079: 1472:

A consular army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their

4205: 758: 4626: 4220: 1054:, who in time of war would each lead an army. In 218 BC the Romans raised an army to campaign in Iberia under the consul 958:

The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War.

953: 1897:

The Roman army in Massalia had, in fact, continued to Iberia under Publius's brother, Gnaeus; only Publius had returned.

4431: 4351: 4287: 4145: 1485:; at least one of the legions is known to have been significantly understrength. The near-contemporary Greek historian 1096: 868: 690: 339: 4292: 3950:Ñaco del Hoyo, Toni (2015) . "Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). 1676:

were regrouping to their rear. Like the Carthaginians, the Romans divided their 4,000 cavalry between their wings.

4112: 1779: 887:. The Romans were soundly beaten and Scipio was wounded. The Romans retreated to near Placentia, fortified their 751: 1152:

in September, at about the same time as Hannibal was fighting his way across the river against a force of local

4616: 4302: 1376: 1211:

and continued west. With his scouts reporting the nearby presence of Carthaginians, Scipio ordered his army to

1059: 1002:

Hamilcar ruled Carthaginian Iberia autonomously until his death in 228 BC. He was succeeded by his son-in-law,

3677:

Erdkamp, Paul (2015) . "Manpower and Food Supply in the First and Second Punic Wars". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

844:

on 22 or 23 December 218 BC. Each army had a strength of about 40,000 men; the Carthaginians were stronger in

4463: 4426: 476: 446: 1837:

surprised and completely defeated the Romans, killing Flaminius and another 15,000 Romans and taking 15,000

1164:

with 38,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry in October, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain and the

4160: 366: 1231:-armed light infantry) with his main cavalry force, anticipating a large-scale skirmish. Hannibal put his 995:. This expansion gained Carthage silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as 52: 4621: 4508: 4493: 4478: 4458: 1549:. On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among Hannibal's troops. 988: 944: 541: 516: 496: 471: 1557:, wore armour and fought as close-order troops; most or all of the mounted Iberians were light cavalry. 4679: 4573: 4483: 4105: 722: 618: 506: 3890:

Lomas, Kathryn (2015) . "Rome, Latins, and Italians in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

4553: 4341: 3928: 1294: 1266:. That night Scipio broke camp and retreated over the Ticinus; the Carthaginians captured 600 of his 675: 653: 3696:

Fronda, Michael P. (2015) . "Hannibal: Tactics, Strategy, and Geostrategy". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

4611: 4568: 4376: 4346: 1850: 1834: 1775: 1157: 1101: 919: 717: 376: 361: 334: 20: 1569:

at the time. The sources are not clear as to whether they carried towers containing fighting men.

4563: 4488: 4438: 4421: 4411: 4401: 4381: 3813:

Koon, Sam (2015) . "Phalanx and Legion: the 'Face' of Punic War Battle". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

1541:

skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat; the latter were usually

1466: 1273:

The Romans withdrew as far as Placentia. Two days after this clash the Carthaginians crossed the

902:

to lure the Romans out of their camp and onto ground of his choosing. Fresh Carthaginian cavalry

848:, the Romans in infantry. The battle took place on the flood plain of the west bank of the lower 712: 501: 451: 441: 411: 391: 4533: 4513: 4450: 4396: 4307: 4185: 3575: 1566: 1215:. The Carthaginians did the same. Next day each commander led out a strong force to personally 1140:, then taking an inland route to avoid Roman allies along the coast. Hannibal left his brother 623: 566: 406: 1399:

Most male Roman citizens were liable for military service and would serve as infantry, with a

1394:, which was used by Roman infantry between c. 300 BC and 100 AD. The cheek guards are missing. 1128:

Meanwhile, Hannibal assembled a Carthaginian army in the Iberian city of New Carthage (modern

967:

was fought from 264 to 241 BC between Carthage and Rome: these two main powers of the western

4473: 4416: 4245: 3658:

Edwell, Peter (2015) . "War Abroad: Spain, Sicily, Macedon, Africa". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

1952: 1232: 680: 511: 491: 1521:

Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of

4606: 4371: 4155: 1597: 1380: 593: 371: 1787:

and Sicily against the possibility of Carthaginian raids or invasion; placed garrisons at

1659: 922:. In 216 BC Hannibal marched to southern Italy and inflicted the disastrous defeat of the 47: 8: 4645: 4528: 4336: 1391: 1183:, were unwelcoming, so Hannibal promptly besieged their capital (near the site of modern 1026:. A little later Rome made a separate treaty of association with the independent city of 1019: 984: 829: 670: 561: 3582:. Vol. VIII (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–80. 1347:

cavalry – large, but of unknown size – supported by 1,000

4583: 4503: 4498: 4442: 4386: 4250: 4210: 4180: 4029:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 486–569. 4013: 3974: 3969:

Rawlings, Louis (1996). "Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldiers' War".

3870: 3715: 1829: 1692: 1111: 1035: 1030:(modern Sagunto), well south of the Ebro. In 219 BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal 1003: 971:

in the 3rd century BC struggled for supremacy primarily on the Mediterranean island of

576: 526: 521: 396: 1752: 4558: 4548: 4523: 4518: 4361: 4331: 4297: 4215: 4170: 4150: 4052: 4030: 3991: 3955: 3936: 3914: 3895: 3878: 3856: 3837: 3818: 3799: 3780: 3761: 3742: 3723: 3701: 3682: 3663: 3646: 3624: 3602: 3583: 3556: 1841:. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. 1626:

for the Carthaginians – skirmished between the main armies. The Roman

1608: 1403:

providing a cavalry component. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two

1340: 1253: 1165: 1031: 1023: 948: 907: 884: 860: 648: 633: 571: 551: 351: 329: 4047:(2015) . "Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.). 4652: 4391: 4317: 4225: 4044: 3638: 1862: 1854: 1623: 1562: 1545:. The close-order African infantry fought in a tightly packed formation known as a 1514: 1263: 1236: 1129: 1047: 991:

and turned into a quasi-monarchical, autonomous territory ruled by his family, the

923: 899: 825: 797: 401: 310: 138: 39: 4674: 4598: 4578: 4543: 4538: 4468: 4406: 4356: 4277: 4175: 4165: 4137: 1838: 1430: 1141: 1071: 964: 940: 911: 802: 787: 727: 643: 638: 598: 588: 486: 4260: 1774:

Sempronius arrived, to preside over the consular elections in the usual manner.

4588: 4195: 4190: 3758:

Hannibal's Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC

1866: 1558: 1530: 1422: 1331: 1216: 1204: 1067: 980: 880: 872: 837: 732: 133: 3986:

Rawlings, Louis (2015) . "The War in Italy, 218–203". In Hoyos, Dexter (ed.).

3650: 1920:

This could be increased to 5,000 in some circumstances, or, rarely, even more.

1873:

BC where Hannibal was decisively defeated. As a consequence Carthage agreed a

1046:

It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year as senior

4668: 4269: 3911:

Hannibal's Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia

3882: 3616: 3571: 3548: 1565:. The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous 1538: 1534: 1462: 1385: 1212: 1172: 968: 888: 849: 792: 466: 99: 86: 77: 4097: 4005: 1939: 1874: 1849:

and marched south in the hope of winning over some of the ethnic Greek and

1404: 1132:) in late 219 and early 218 BC. This marched north in May 218 BC, entering 1117: 1083: 1051: 999:

and territorial depth, which encouraged it to resist future Roman demands.

976: 1792: 1336: 1242: 1121: 1011: 4017: 3978: 1437:. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank, known as 268:

Approximate location of the battle, shown on a map of modern north Italy

4129: 1587: 1426: 1412: 1328: 1317: 1274: 1153: 1066:

tribes in the area of north Italy either side of the River Po known as

1015: 775: 3553:

The Punic Wars: Rome, Carthage and the Struggle for the Mediterranean

1846: 1591: 1448: 1408: 1321: 1283: 1267: 1192: 1145: 4051:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 280–298. 3954:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 376–392. 3894:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 339–356. 3700:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 242–259. 3662:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 320–338. 3580:

The Cambridge Ancient History: Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C

1809: 1800: 1784: 1554: 1542: 1522: 1508: 1486: 1313: 1176: 1137: 1075: 1027: 1007: 996: 853: 833: 278: 155: 4074: 3990:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 58–76. 3817:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 77–94. 3681:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 58–76. 1171:

Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and about 30

3125: 3123: 2840: 2838: 2346: 2344: 1907: 1804: 1796: 1788: 1765: 1546: 1456: 1440: 1434: 1400: 1279: 1247:

A Carthaginian cavalryman of Hannibal's army, as depicted in 1891

1228: 1222: 1208: 1180: 1079: 992: 883:

of the army he commanded against the Carthaginian cavalry at the

845: 821: 3570:

Briscoe, John (2006) . "The Second Punic War". In Astin, A. E.;

2295: 2293: 1602:

The Numidian cavalry provoke the Romans into leaving their camp.

19:

For the battle of Trebbia in the French Revolutionary Wars, see

4086: 3423: 2903: 2901: 1309: 972: 892: 3440: 3438: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3120: 3048: 2835: 2823: 2727: 2516: 2380: 2341: 2075: 906:

the outnumbered Roman cavalry and Carthaginian light infantry

3486: 3336: 3334: 3140: 3138: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2625: 2623: 2533: 2531: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2290: 2039: 1526: 1473: 1184: 1149: 1063: 915: 743: 2898: 2280: 2278: 2119: 2117: 2015: 1469:

and individual legionaries fought in relatively open order.

1175:

from the force with which he had left Iberia in what is now

4008:(1996). "The Mechanics of Battle in the Second Punic War". 3525: 3435: 3394: 3382: 3314: 3234: 2104: 2102: 1490: 1354: 1161: 1133: 903: 864: 4010:

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement

3971:

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement

3853:

Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War

3358: 3331: 3224: 3222: 3135: 3096: 3024: 2787: 2710: 2620: 2596: 2528: 2392: 2368: 2305: 2129: 2087: 1791:

and other places for similar reasons; built a fleet of 60

3413: 3411: 3409: 3304: 3302: 3253: 3251: 3249: 2976: 2874: 2811: 2799: 2671: 2647: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2275: 2263: 2209: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2141: 2114: 2051: 3515: 3513: 3209: 3207: 3194: 3192: 3084: 2751: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2477: 2475: 2253: 2251: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2175: 2173: 2099: 2027: 1967: 3599:

Hannibal's Last Battle: Zama & the Fall of Carthage

3263: 3219: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2862: 2504: 1853:

city states. There, the following year, Hannibal won a

1445:, also carried two javelins. The second rank, known as 3462: 3406: 3370: 3346: 3299: 3275: 3246: 3177: 3155: 3153: 2763: 2700: 2698: 2635: 2584: 2567: 2462: 2460: 2423: 2153: 1877:

which stripped it of most of its territory and power.

1828:

BC, probably early May, the Carthaginians crossed the

3510: 3498: 3474: 3450: 3204: 3189: 3072: 3060: 3012: 2913: 2775: 2739: 2487: 2472: 2447: 2445: 2411: 2356: 2248: 2221: 2197: 2185: 2170: 1979: 1638:

by some distance. As opposed to their opponents, the

1537:(also known as "heavy cavalry") carrying spears; and 3287: 3036: 3000: 2988: 2949: 2850: 2608: 2555: 2329: 2317: 2063: 1991: 1489:

gives a total of 16,000 Romans, the Roman historian

1203:

After camping at Placentia the Romans constructed a

3836:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 3165: 3150: 3108: 2964: 2695: 2659: 2457: 2003: 852:, not far from the settlement of Placentia (modern 3798:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 2925: 2886: 2683: 2543: 2442: 1235:cavalry in the centre of his line, with his light 856:), and resulted in a heavy defeat for the Romans. 1799:); and established supply depots at Ariminum and 4666: 1664:The two armies form up and move towards contact. 3739:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC 1880: 3855:. Warminster, Wiltshire: Aris & Phillips. 3601:. Barnslet, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. 4127: 4113: 3949: 3492: 1018:as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian 891:and awaited reinforcement. The Roman army in 759: 294: 3869: 3777:Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War 3400: 1513:Modern interpretation of a slinger from the 1461:, the veterans of the army, equipped with a 254: 3736: 3714: 3531: 3444: 3429: 3388: 3325: 3240: 3144: 3129: 3102: 3054: 2982: 2907: 2880: 2844: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2733: 2721: 2677: 2653: 2629: 2602: 2537: 2522: 2405: 2386: 2374: 2350: 2311: 2284: 2135: 2123: 2093: 2081: 2057: 2045: 1973: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1671: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1613: 1494: 1480: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1416: 1348: 1257: 1220: 4120: 4106: 4043: 3364: 3340: 2299: 2215: 2147: 1411: – served as javelin-armed 766: 752: 301: 287: 16:First major battle of the Second Punic War 3913:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 1697:The Carthaginians envelop the Roman army. 1090: 4024: 3985: 3968: 3645:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 3637: 3269: 2943: 2868: 2590: 1751: 1691: 1658: 1596: 1507: 1384: 1293: 1241: 1110: 1100: 1041: 952: 3908: 3850: 3834:The First Punic War: A Military History 3831: 3676: 3615: 3569: 3547: 3468: 3376: 3352: 3308: 3281: 3257: 3228: 3183: 3090: 3066: 3018: 2994: 2958: 2856: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2641: 2578: 2498: 2436: 2417: 2362: 2257: 2242: 2191: 2179: 2164: 2108: 2069: 1997: 1985: 1858:southern Italy for a further 13 years. 1819: 4667: 3695: 3657: 3417: 2481: 2230: 2203: 1032:besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum 4101: 4004: 3927: 3889: 3793: 3774: 3755: 3621:Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide 3596: 3519: 3504: 3480: 3456: 3293: 3213: 3198: 3171: 3159: 3114: 3042: 3030: 3006: 2970: 2892: 2704: 2665: 2614: 2561: 2510: 2466: 2335: 2323: 2269: 2033: 2021: 2009: 1316:) garrisoning a large grain depot at 1106:Hannibal's route from Iberia to Italy 1058:, who was accompanied by his brother 863:(modern Spain and Portugal), through 747: 282: 4690:Battles involving the Roman Republic 3812: 3078: 2931: 2919: 2689: 2549: 2451: 1070:were antagonised by the settling of 824:) was the first major battle of the 308: 191:• 21,000 African or Iberian infantry 3796:The Art of War in the Western World 3779:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3623:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1757:An Iberian warrior from bas-relief 1561:were frequently recruited from the 13: 4685:Military history of Emilia-Romagna 4027:Cambridge Ancient History (part 2) 1365: 975:and its surrounding waters and in 14: 4706: 4067: 1727:to the rear started to break up. 4640: 4639: 4259: 4085: 4073: 1198: 987:(modern south-east Spain) which 253: 246: 176:• 20,000 Italian allied infantry 46: 4695:Battles of the Second Punic War 4288:Hamilcar's victory with Naravas 3875:Strategy: The Indirect Approach 1945: 1933: 1923: 1914: 1900: 1891: 1581: 1503: 1097:Hannibal's crossing of the Alps 879:personally led the cavalry and 1377:Roman army of the mid-Republic 773: 1: 4080:From the Founding of the City 4049:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3988:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3952:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3892:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3815:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3737:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006) . 3698:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3679:A Companion to the Punic Wars 3660:A Companion to the Punic Wars 1758: 1734: 1679: 1654: 1341:attacked in the flank or rear 929: 1961: 1881:Notes, citations and sources 1747: 55:, "Battle of Trebbia" (1625) 7: 1624:slingers from the Balearics 945:Barcid conquest of Hispania 10: 4711: 3933:Carthage Must be Destroyed 3597:Carey, Brian Todd (2007). 3540: 1374: 1289: 1094: 938: 934: 18: 4635: 4597: 4316: 4268: 4257: 4136: 4092:Battle of Trebia (218 BC) 1576: 1533:skirmishers; close-order 1006:and in 221 BC by his son 783: 387:Crossing of the Apennines 320: 241: 228:Several thousand infantry 207: 161: 144: 127: 59: 53:Matthäus Merian the Elder 45: 37: 32: 2024:, pp. 219–220, 225. 1885: 1863:Publius Cornelius Scipio 1835:Battle of Lake Trasimene 1776:Gnaeus Servilius Geminus 1465:instead. Both legionary 1392:Montefortino-type helmet 1370: 1264:Publius Cornelius Scipio 1158:Battle of Rhone Crossing 920:Battle of Lake Trasimene 21:Battle of Trebbia (1799) 4574:Great Plains (Bagradas) 3909:Mahaney, W. C. (2008). 3760:. New York: Routledge. 3643:Hannibal: Enemy of Rome 1715:, turned to assist the 231:Small number of cavalry 194:• 8,000 Gallic infantry 173:• 16,000 Roman infantry 80:, in modern north Italy 76:West bank of the lower 3851:Lazenby, John (1998). 3832:Lazenby, John (1996). 3794:Jones, Archer (1987). 3775:Hoyos, Dexter (2015). 3756:Hoyos, Dexter (2005). 3574:; Frederiksen, M. W.; 1770: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1672: 1666: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1614: 1604: 1518: 1495: 1481: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1435:short thrusting swords 1417: 1396: 1349: 1301: 1258: 1249: 1221: 1168:of the native tribes. 1148:) at the mouth of the 1125: 1108: 1091:Carthage invades Italy 960: 145:Commanders and leaders 1953:African bush elephant 1764:. He is armed with a 1755: 1695: 1662: 1600: 1511: 1388: 1304:Rome's other consul, 1297: 1245: 1116:Roman statuette of a 1114: 1104: 1074:at Piacentia (modern 1042:War in Cisalpine Gaul 956: 828:, fought between the 208:Casualties and losses 67:22/23 December 218 BC 4352:Crossing of the Alps 4094:at Wikimedia Commons 3033:, p. 70, n. 76. 2272:, pp. 100, 107. 2036:, pp. 222, 225. 1820:Subsequent campaigns 1381:Military of Carthage 1034:, which led Rome to 818:Battle of the Trebia 340:Crossing of the Alps 264:class=notpageimage| 119:Carthaginian victory 100:45.05000°N 9.60000°E 33:Battle of the Trebia 3935:. London: Penguin. 3877:. London: Penguin. 3871:Liddell Hart, Basil 3741:. London: Phoenix. 3722:. London: Cassell. 3716:Goldsworthy, Adrian 3555:. London: Pimlico. 3432:, pp. 185–186. 3132:, pp. 179–180. 3057:, pp. 177–178. 2847:, pp. 178–179. 2832:, pp. 50, 227. 2736:, pp. 174–175. 2525:, pp. 170–171. 2389:, pp. 169–170. 2353:, pp. 168–169. 2302:, pp. 283–284. 2084:, pp. 144–145. 2048:, pp. 143–144. 1803:(modern Arezzo) in 1768:and an oval shield. 1401:better-off minority 1136:to the east of the 1020:sphere of influence 989:he greatly expanded 985:Carthaginian Iberia 665:Sicily and Sardinia 200:• ~30 war elephants 96: / 4443:Claw of Archimedes 4251:Treaty of Lutatius 3493:Ñaco del Hoyo 2015 2513:, pp. 9, 103. 1830:Apennine Mountains 1771: 1700: 1667: 1605: 1519: 1397: 1302: 1254:large mêlée ensued 1250: 1126: 1109: 961: 898:Hannibal used his 4680:210s BC conflicts 4662: 4661: 4090:Media related to 4078:Works related to 4058:978-1-1190-2550-4 4045:Zimmermann, Klaus 4036:978-0-521-23446-7 3997:978-1-1190-2550-4 3961:978-1-1190-2550-4 3942:978-0-14-101809-6 3920:978-1-59333-951-7 3901:978-1-1190-2550-4 3862:978-0-85668-080-9 3843:978-0-8047-2673-3 3824:978-1-1190-2550-4 3805:978-0-252-01380-5 3786:978-0-19-986010-4 3767:978-0-415-35958-0 3748:978-0-304-36642-2 3729:978-0-304-35714-7 3707:978-1-1190-2550-4 3688:978-1-1190-2550-4 3669:978-1-1190-2550-4 3639:Cottrell, Leonard 3630:978-0-19-285300-4 3608:978-1-84415-635-1 3589:978-0-521-23448-1 3562:978-0-7126-6608-4 3401:Liddell Hart 1967 3093:, pp. 56–57. 3081:, pp. 86–87. 2922:, pp. 79–87. 2910:, pp. 32–34. 2760:, pp. 55–56. 2245:, pp. 43–44. 2111:, pp. 22–25. 1855:victory at Cannae 1306:Sempronius Longus 1207:across the lower 1166:guerrilla tactics 949:Siege of Saguntum 885:Battle of Ticinus 842:Sempronius Longus 811: 810: 741: 740: 417:Nuceria Alfaterna 277: 276: 234:Several elephants 151:Sempronius Longus 123: 122: 105:45.05000; 9.60000 4702: 4653:Military history 4643: 4642: 4617:Port of Carthage 4453: 4446: 4445: 4325: 4318:Second Punic War 4263: 4201:Bagradas (Tunis) 4122: 4115: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4089: 4077: 4062: 4040: 4021: 4001: 3982: 3965: 3946: 3924: 3905: 3886: 3866: 3847: 3828: 3809: 3790: 3771: 3752: 3733: 3711: 3692: 3673: 3654: 3634: 3612: 3593: 3566: 3535: 3532:Goldsworthy 2006 3529: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3445:Goldsworthy 2006 3442: 3433: 3430:Goldsworthy 2006 3427: 3421: 3415: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3389:Goldsworthy 2006 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3326:Goldsworthy 2006 3323: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3244: 3241:Goldsworthy 2006 3238: 3232: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3148: 3145:Goldsworthy 2006 3142: 3133: 3130:Goldsworthy 2006 3127: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3103:Goldsworthy 2006 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3055:Goldsworthy 2006 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2983:Goldsworthy 2006 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2908:Goldsworthy 2006 2905: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2881:Goldsworthy 2006 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2845:Goldsworthy 2006 2842: 2833: 2830:Goldsworthy 2006 2827: 2821: 2818:Goldsworthy 2006 2815: 2809: 2806:Goldsworthy 2006 2803: 2797: 2794:Goldsworthy 2006 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2734:Goldsworthy 2006 2731: 2725: 2722:Goldsworthy 2006 2719: 2708: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2678:Goldsworthy 2006 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2654:Goldsworthy 2006 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2630:Goldsworthy 2006 2627: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2603:Goldsworthy 2006 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2538:Goldsworthy 2006 2535: 2526: 2523:Goldsworthy 2006 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2455: 2449: 2440: 2434: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2406:Goldsworthy 2006 2403: 2390: 2387:Goldsworthy 2006 2384: 2378: 2375:Goldsworthy 2006 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2351:Goldsworthy 2006 2348: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2312:Goldsworthy 2006 2309: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2285:Goldsworthy 2001 2282: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2136:Goldsworthy 2006 2133: 2127: 2124:Goldsworthy 2006 2121: 2112: 2106: 2097: 2094:Goldsworthy 2006 2091: 2085: 2082:Goldsworthy 2006 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2058:Goldsworthy 2006 2055: 2049: 2046:Goldsworthy 2006 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1974:Goldsworthy 2006 1971: 1956: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1872: 1827: 1763: 1760: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1675: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1617: 1563:Balearic Islands 1529:; javelin-armed 1515:Balearic Islands 1498: 1484: 1460: 1452: 1444: 1420: 1352: 1261: 1237:Numidian cavalry 1226: 1193:valley of the Po 1014:established the 1010:. In 226 BC the 924:Battle of Cannae 900:Numidian cavalry 826:Second Punic War 778: 768: 761: 754: 745: 744: 659:2nd New Carthage 624:1st New Carthage 315: 313: 312:Second Punic War 303: 296: 289: 280: 279: 257: 256: 250: 197:• 11,000 cavalry 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 61: 60: 50: 40:Second Punic War 30: 29: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4631: 4599:Third Punic War 4593: 4554:Carteia (naval) 4449: 4437: 4436: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4264: 4255: 4226:Drepana (siege) 4138:First Punic War 4132: 4128:Battles of the 4126: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4037: 3998: 3962: 3943: 3921: 3902: 3863: 3844: 3825: 3806: 3787: 3768: 3749: 3730: 3708: 3689: 3670: 3631: 3609: 3590: 3563: 3543: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3365:Zimmermann 2015 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3341:Zimmermann 2015 3339: 3332: 3324: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2488: 2480: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2450: 2443: 2435: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2300:Zimmermann 2015 2298: 2291: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2229: 2222: 2216:Zimmermann 2015 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2154: 2148:Zimmermann 2015 2146: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1870: 1825: 1822: 1780:Gaius Flaminius 1769: 1761: 1750: 1737: 1698: 1682: 1665: 1657: 1603: 1584: 1579: 1517: 1506: 1463:thrusting spear 1395: 1383: 1375:Main articles: 1373: 1368: 1366:Opposing forces 1300: 1292: 1282:at what is now 1248: 1201: 1142:Hasdrubal Barca 1124: 1120:recovered from 1107: 1099: 1093: 1072:Roman colonists 1044: 965:First Punic War 959: 951: 941:First Punic War 939:Main articles: 937: 932: 869:across the Alps 814: 813: 812: 807: 779: 774: 772: 742: 737: 316: 311: 309: 307: 273: 272: 271: 270: 269: 266: 260: 259: 258: 237: 222: 203: 182: 179:• 4,000 cavalry 104: 102: 98: 95: 90: 87: 85: 83: 82: 81: 51: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4708: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4549:Carteia (land) 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4464:2nd Beneventum 4461: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4429: 4427:1st Beneventum 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4377:Lake Trasimene 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4161:Lipari Islands 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4083: 4069: 4068:External links 4066: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4041: 4035: 4022: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3941: 3929:Miles, Richard 3925: 3919: 3906: 3900: 3887: 3867: 3861: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3823: 3810: 3804: 3791: 3785: 3772: 3766: 3753: 3747: 3734: 3728: 3712: 3706: 3693: 3687: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3635: 3629: 3617:Collins, Roger 3613: 3607: 3594: 3588: 3576:Ogilvie, R. M. 3572:Walbank, F. W. 3567: 3561: 3549:Bagnall, Nigel 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3534:, p. 222. 3524: 3522:, p. 315. 3509: 3507:, p. 310. 3497: 3495:, p. 377. 3485: 3483:, p. 279. 3473: 3461: 3459:, p. 243. 3449: 3447:, p. 190. 3434: 3422: 3420:, p. 244. 3405: 3393: 3391:, p. 184. 3381: 3369: 3367:, p. 284. 3357: 3345: 3343:, p. 285. 3330: 3328:, p. 181. 3313: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3245: 3243:, p. 180. 3233: 3231:, p. 176. 3218: 3216:, p. 270. 3203: 3201:, p. 114. 3188: 3176: 3164: 3149: 3147:, p. 179. 3134: 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 177. 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3045:, p. 107. 3035: 3023: 3011: 3009:, p. 240. 2999: 2987: 2975: 2963: 2948: 2946:, p. 305. 2936: 2924: 2912: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2871:, p. 494. 2861: 2849: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2796:, p. 287. 2786: 2774: 2772:, p. 175. 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2724:, p. 175. 2709: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2644:, p. 174. 2634: 2632:, p. 173. 2619: 2617:, p. 114. 2607: 2605:, p. 172. 2595: 2583: 2581:, p. 173. 2566: 2564:, p. 108. 2554: 2542: 2540:, p. 171. 2527: 2515: 2503: 2486: 2484:, p. 243. 2471: 2456: 2441: 2439:, p. 172. 2422: 2410: 2408:, p. 170. 2391: 2379: 2377:, p. 169. 2367: 2355: 2340: 2338:, p. 266. 2328: 2326:, p. 111. 2316: 2314:, p. 168. 2304: 2289: 2274: 2262: 2247: 2235: 2233:, p. 321. 2220: 2218:, p. 291. 2208: 2206:, p. 252. 2196: 2184: 2169: 2167:, p. 221. 2152: 2150:, p. 283. 2140: 2138:, p. 151. 2128: 2113: 2098: 2096:, p. 145. 2086: 2074: 2062: 2060:, p. 144. 2050: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2012:, p. 220. 2002: 1990: 1988:, p. 157. 1978: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1944: 1940:"Shock" troops 1932: 1922: 1913: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1869:in October 202 1867:Battle of Zama 1821: 1818: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1736: 1733: 1696: 1681: 1678: 1663: 1656: 1653: 1601: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1531:light infantry 1512: 1505: 1502: 1423:heavy infantry 1390:The bowl of a 1389: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1332:formal battles 1298: 1291: 1288: 1270:the next day. 1246: 1239:on the wings. 1205:pontoon bridge 1200: 1197: 1115: 1105: 1095:Main article: 1092: 1089: 1068:Cisalpine Gaul 1056:Publius Scipio 1043: 1040: 981:Hamilcar Barca 957: 936: 933: 931: 928: 881:light infantry 877:Publius Scipio 873:Cisalpine Gaul 809: 808: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 784: 781: 780: 771: 770: 763: 756: 748: 739: 738: 736: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 709: 708: 704: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 667: 666: 662: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 584: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 477:2nd Beneventum 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 447:1st Beneventum 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 377:Lake Trasimene 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 348: 347: 343: 342: 337: 332: 326: 325: 321: 318: 317: 306: 305: 298: 291: 283: 275: 274: 267: 262: 261: 252: 251: 245: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 236: 235: 232: 229: 225: 223: 221: 220: 217: 213: 210: 209: 205: 204: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 189: 185: 183: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 167: 164: 163: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 142: 141: 136: 130: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 75: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4707: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382:Ager Falernus 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4270:Mercenary War 4267: 4262: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4206:Cape Hermaeum 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4082:at Wikisource 4081: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012:(67): 59–79. 4011: 4007: 4006:Sabin, Philip 4003: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3973:(67): 81–95. 3972: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3471:, p. 86. 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3403:, p. 46. 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3379:, p. 60. 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3355:, p. 72. 3354: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3311:, p. 58. 3310: 3305: 3303: 3296:, p. 74. 3295: 3290: 3284:, p. 67. 3283: 3278: 3272:, p. 98. 3271: 3270:Cottrell 1961 3266: 3260:, p. 57. 3259: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3193: 3186:, p. 57. 3185: 3180: 3174:, p. 57. 3173: 3168: 3162:, p. 29. 3161: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3117:, p. 53. 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3069:, p. 56. 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3021:, p. 27. 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2985:, p. 32. 2984: 2979: 2973:, p. 13. 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2945: 2944:Rawlings 2015 2940: 2934:, p. 93. 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2889: 2883:, p. 33. 2882: 2877: 2870: 2869:Scullard 2006 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2820:, p. 53. 2819: 2814: 2808:, p. 48. 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2784:, p. 23. 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2748:, p. 55. 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2707:, p. 66. 2706: 2701: 2699: 2692:, p. 80. 2691: 2686: 2680:, p. 57. 2679: 2674: 2668:, p. 64. 2667: 2662: 2656:, p. 56. 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2593:, p. 88. 2592: 2591:Rawlings 1996 2587: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2552:, p. 86. 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2524: 2519: 2512: 2507: 2501:, p. 53. 2500: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2469:, p. 69. 2468: 2463: 2461: 2454:, p. 83. 2453: 2448: 2446: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2420:, p. 98. 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2365:, p. 52. 2364: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2337: 2332: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2287:, p. 33. 2286: 2281: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2260:, p. 71. 2259: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2194:, p. 41. 2193: 2188: 2182:, p. 47. 2181: 2176: 2174: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2132: 2126:, p. 50. 2125: 2120: 2118: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2072:, p. 13. 2071: 2066: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2006: 2000:, p. 97. 1999: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1976:, p. 82. 1975: 1970: 1966: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1926: 1917: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1824:In spring 217 1817: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1762: 200 BC 1754: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539:light cavalry 1536: 1535:shock cavalry 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1296: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209:River Ticinus 1206: 1199:First contact 1196: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:war elephants 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1103: 1098: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1038:on Carthage. 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:Mediterranean 966: 955: 950: 946: 942: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 782: 777: 769: 764: 762: 757: 755: 750: 749: 746: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 706: 705: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 663: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 581: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 482:Campi Veteres 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 457:2nd Casilinum 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 422:1st Casilinum 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Ager Falernus 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 345: 344: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 323: 322: 319: 314: 304: 299: 297: 292: 290: 285: 284: 281: 265: 249: 240: 233: 230: 227: 226: 224: 219:Many captured 218: 216:20,000 killed 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 184: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 166: 165: 160: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 143: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 126: 118: 115: 114: 109: 79: 74: 71: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58: 54: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 4651: 4644: 4622:2nd Nepheris 4612:1st Nepheris 4514:New Carthage 4509:2nd Tarentum 4494:2nd Herdonia 4484:Upper Baetis 4479:1st Herdonia 4459:1st Tarentum 4397:Silva Litana 4366: 4308:Leptis Parva 4241:2nd Mt. Eryx 4236:1st Mt. Eryx 4186:Cape Ecnomus 4048: 4026: 4009: 3987: 3970: 3951: 3932: 3910: 3891: 3874: 3852: 3833: 3814: 3795: 3776: 3757: 3738: 3719: 3697: 3678: 3659: 3642: 3620: 3598: 3579: 3552: 3527: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3469:Lazenby 1998 3464: 3452: 3425: 3396: 3384: 3377:Lazenby 1996 3372: 3360: 3353:Erdkamp 2015 3348: 3309:Lazenby 1996 3289: 3282:Erdkamp 2015 3277: 3265: 3258:Lazenby 1996 3236: 3229:Bagnall 1999 3184:Lazenby 1998 3179: 3167: 3110: 3098: 3091:Lazenby 1996 3086: 3074: 3067:Lazenby 1996 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3019:Lazenby 1996 3014: 3002: 2997:, p. 8. 2995:Bagnall 1999 2990: 2978: 2966: 2961:, p. 9. 2959:Bagnall 1999 2939: 2927: 2915: 2895:, p. 1. 2888: 2876: 2864: 2859:, p. 9. 2857:Lazenby 1998 2852: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2782:Bagnall 1999 2777: 2770:Bagnall 1999 2765: 2758:Lazenby 1998 2753: 2746:Lazenby 1998 2741: 2729: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2642:Bagnall 1999 2637: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2579:Bagnall 1999 2557: 2545: 2518: 2506: 2499:Lazenby 1998 2437:Bagnall 1999 2418:Lazenby 1998 2413: 2382: 2370: 2363:Lazenby 1998 2358: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2265: 2258:Erdkamp 2015 2243:Lazenby 1998 2238: 2211: 2199: 2192:Lazenby 1998 2187: 2180:Briscoe 2006 2165:Mahaney 2008 2143: 2131: 2109:Bagnall 1999 2089: 2077: 2070:Collins 1998 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1998:Bagnall 1999 1993: 1986:Lazenby 1996 1981: 1969: 1947: 1935: 1925: 1916: 1902: 1893: 1875:peace treaty 1860: 1843: 1823: 1814: 1793:quinqueremes 1772: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1701: 1687: 1683: 1668: 1621: 1606: 1585: 1582:Early stages 1571: 1551: 1520: 1504:Carthaginian 1478: 1474:Latin allies 1471: 1398: 1360: 1345: 1326: 1303: 1280:River Trebia 1272: 1251: 1202: 1189: 1170: 1127: 1118:war elephant 1084:Roman Senate 1062:. The major 1045: 1001: 977:North Africa 962: 897: 858: 850:Trebia River 830:Carthaginian 817: 815: 723:Great Plains 707:North Africa 619:Upper Baetis 542:2nd Tarentum 517:2nd Herdonia 497:1st Herdonia 472:1st Tarentum 407:Silva Litana 382:Umbrian Lake 356: 128:Belligerents 78:Trebia River 38:Part of the 25: 4417:Decimomannu 4231:Mount Ercte 3418:Fronda 2015 2482:Fronda 2015 2231:Edwell 2015 2204:Fronda 2015 1427:body armour 1413:skirmishers 1327:During the 1233:close-order 1217:reconnoitre 1150:River Rhone 1122:Herculaneum 1050:, known as 1048:magistrates 1036:declare war 1012:Ebro Treaty 840:army under 681:Decimomannu 654:2nd Carteia 649:1st Carteia 552:2nd Petelia 512:Sapriportis 432:1st Petelia 103: / 4669:Categories 4607:Lake Tunis 4372:Ebro River 4156:Agrigentum 4130:Punic Wars 3651:1176315261 3520:Miles 2011 3505:Miles 2011 3481:Miles 2011 3457:Lomas 2015 3294:Sabin 1996 3214:Miles 2011 3199:Hoyos 2005 3172:Carey 2007 3160:Jones 1987 3115:Carey 2007 3043:Hoyos 2015 3031:Sabin 1996 3007:Miles 2011 2971:Carey 2007 2893:Jones 1987 2705:Sabin 1996 2666:Sabin 1996 2615:Hoyos 2015 2562:Hoyos 2015 2511:Jones 1987 2467:Sabin 1996 2336:Miles 2011 2324:Hoyos 2005 2270:Hoyos 2015 2034:Miles 2011 2022:Miles 2011 2010:Miles 2011 1861:In 204 BC 1735:Casualties 1680:Engagement 1655:Formations 1429:, a large 1329:Punic Wars 1318:Clastidium 1154:Allobroges 1016:Ebro River 983:landed in 930:Background 908:outflanked 832:forces of 776:Punic Wars 701:Agrigentum 604:Illiturgis 594:Ebro River 372:Victumulae 188:40,000 men 170:40,000 men 4569:2nd Utica 4564:1st Utica 4529:Grumentum 4489:2nd Capua 4469:1st Capua 4337:Lilybaeum 4323:(Battles) 4221:Lilybaeum 3883:470715409 3079:Koon 2015 2932:Koon 2015 2920:Koon 2015 2690:Koon 2015 2550:Koon 2015 2452:Koon 2015 1962:Citations 1748:Aftermath 1567:elephants 1543:Numidians 1467:sub-units 1449:principes 1415:known as 1409:legionary 1337:enveloped 1322:Casteggio 1284:Rivergaro 1268:rearguard 1146:Marseille 1130:Cartagena 1004:Hasdrubal 997:shipyards 871:and into 793:Mercenary 718:2nd Utica 713:1st Utica 671:Lilybaeum 562:Grumentum 502:2nd Capua 487:1st Capua 367:Placentia 4646:Category 4627:Carthage 4584:Insubria 4534:Metaurus 4504:Canusium 4499:Numistro 4439:Heat ray 4432:Syracuse 4422:3rd Nola 4412:2nd Nola 4402:1st Nola 4387:Geronium 4332:Saguntum 4293:Carthage 4283:Bagradas 4211:Panormus 4181:Tyndaris 4146:Treaties 4018:43767903 3979:43767904 3931:(2011). 3873:(1967). 3718:(2001). 3641:(1961). 3619:(1998). 3578:(eds.). 3551:(1999). 1839:prisoner 1810:Adriatic 1801:Arretium 1789:Tarentum 1785:Sardinia 1559:Slingers 1555:Iberians 1523:Carthage 1487:Polybius 1320:(modern 1314:Brindisi 1299:Hannibal 1275:River Po 1177:Piedmont 1138:Pyrenees 1076:Piacenza 1028:Saguntum 1008:Hannibal 912:captured 854:Piacenza 834:Hannibal 691:Syracuse 686:Leontini 577:Insubria 567:Metaurus 537:Caulonia 532:Manduria 527:Canusium 522:Numistro 452:3rd Nola 442:2nd Nola 412:1st Nola 397:Geronium 330:Saguntum 162:Strength 156:Hannibal 139:Carthage 91:9°36′0″E 88:45°3′0″N 72:Location 4559:Crotona 4524:Petelia 4519:Baecula 4474:Silarus 4451:Sambuca 4362:Ticinus 4298:The Saw 4246:Aegates 4216:Drepana 4171:Thermae 4151:Messana 3541:Sources 1908:stirrup 1805:Etruria 1797:galleys 1795:(large 1766:falcata 1724:velites 1718:velites 1712:triarii 1706:velites 1673:velites 1647:velites 1641:velites 1635:velites 1629:velites 1615:velites 1609:pickets 1547:phalanx 1496:velites 1482:velites 1457:triarii 1441:hastati 1425:, with 1418:velites 1405:legions 1350:velites 1290:Prelude 1259:velites 1229:javelin 1223:velites 1181:Taurini 1156:at the 1080:Cremona 1052:consuls 993:Barcids 935:Pre-war 846:cavalry 822:Trebbia 634:Baecula 572:Crotona 557:Venusia 492:Silarus 462:Lucania 352:Ticinus 324:Prelude 4675:218 BC 4392:Cannae 4367:Trebia 4055: 4033: 4016: 3994: 3977: 3958: 3939: 3917: 3898: 3881: 3859: 3840: 3821: 3802: 3783: 3764: 3745: 3726: 3720:Cannae 3704: 3685: 3666: 3649: 3627: 3605: 3586: 3559: 1871: 1851:Italic 1847:defect 1826: 1577:Battle 1527:spears 1431:shield 1355:routed 1310:Rimini 1213:encamp 1078:) and 1064:Gallic 1060:Gnaeus 1024:Iberia 973:Sicily 947:, and 916:Gallic 904:routed 893:Sicily 861:Iberia 836:and a 798:Second 696:Himera 614:Orongi 583:Iberia 402:Cannae 362:Mutina 357:Trebia 116:Result 4579:Cirta 4544:Sucro 4539:Ilipa 4407:Ibera 4357:Cissa 4347:Rhone 4342:Malta 4303:Tunis 4278:Utica 4191:Aspis 4176:Sulci 4166:Mylae 4014:JSTOR 3975:JSTOR 1886:Notes 1592:brush 1371:Roman 1185:Turin 838:Roman 803:Third 788:First 728:Cirta 676:Malta 644:Sucro 639:Ilipa 629:Baria 609:Munda 599:Ibera 589:Cissa 547:Locri 437:Cumae 427:Hamae 346:Italy 335:Rhone 4589:Zama 4441:and 4196:Adys 4053:ISBN 4031:ISBN 3992:ISBN 3956:ISBN 3937:ISBN 3915:ISBN 3896:ISBN 3879:OCLC 3857:ISBN 3838:ISBN 3819:ISBN 3800:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3762:ISBN 3743:ISBN 3724:ISBN 3702:ISBN 3683:ISBN 3664:ISBN 3647:OCLC 3625:ISBN 3603:ISBN 3584:ISBN 3557:ISBN 1906:The 1778:and 1588:Mago 1491:Livy 1433:and 1379:and 1339:and 1162:Alps 1134:Gaul 963:The 889:camp 865:Gaul 820:(or 816:The 733:Zama 507:Rome 467:Arpi 134:Rome 64:Date 1594:. 1022:in 4671:: 3512:^ 3437:^ 3408:^ 3333:^ 3316:^ 3301:^ 3248:^ 3221:^ 3206:^ 3191:^ 3152:^ 3137:^ 3122:^ 2951:^ 2900:^ 2837:^ 2712:^ 2697:^ 2622:^ 2569:^ 2530:^ 2489:^ 2474:^ 2459:^ 2444:^ 2425:^ 2394:^ 2343:^ 2292:^ 2277:^ 2250:^ 2223:^ 2172:^ 2155:^ 2116:^ 2101:^ 1759:c. 943:, 867:, 4121:e 4114:t 4107:v 4061:. 4039:. 4020:. 4000:. 3981:. 3964:. 3945:. 3923:. 3904:. 3885:. 3865:. 3846:. 3827:. 3808:. 3789:. 3770:. 3751:. 3732:. 3710:. 3691:. 3672:. 3653:. 3633:. 3611:. 3592:. 3565:. 1955:. 1227:( 767:e 760:t 753:v 302:e 295:t 288:v 23:.

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Knowledge

Battle of the Trebia

Index