658:). Cao Shuang chose this central route to attack Shu, which proved to be a grave strategic blunder. Although it was the shortest, the road condition was the poorest among all three routes. More importantly, it also had the longest section among the three routes with no water source. As a result, logistical problems crippled the invasion force, with many if not most of the packing animals of the Wei army dying of thirst before even getting out of the valley. Cao Shuang was forced to mobilise tens of thousands of draftees as coolies to carry supplies, and many of them met the same fate as the packing animals. Consequently, morale plummeted and resentment of Cao Shuang not only drastically increased among the troops he commanded, but also back home in Wei.
709:) and plant an array of flags over a hundred miles long to create the illusion that the Shu defense force was larger than it actually was. Wang Ping then personally led an army behind Liu Min to prevent possible separate assaults by Wei forces from Huangjin Valley (黃金谷; located east of Mount Xingshi). As Wang Ping had correctly predicted, by May 244, the enemy advance had been successfully checked at Mount Xingshi. And their supplies were depleting as their supply lines were overextended and nearly all their transport animals were dead. Shu's General-in-Chief,
747:
situation they were in after reading Sima Yi's letter, and finally managed to convince Cao Shuang to give the order to retreat, albeit the latter did so reluctantly. Guo Huai at this time was the commander of the vanguard forces and had also realised the danger of their situation, and preventively withdrew his troops to avoid the presumable rout. Therefore, Guo Huai was not severely defeated and for this was awarded imperial authority by the Wei government following the army return.
730:) realised the danger and begged Cao to abandon the campaign and retreat immediately, but Deng Yang objected and argued with Yang despite his lack of military knowledge. Yang Wei could not convince either and furiously claimed that Deng Yang and Li Sheng were disregarding the lives of hundreds of thousands, as well as the fate of their state, and they should be executed. Both of them fought in front of Cao Shuang who was unhappy with such situation. Grand Tutor
567:). The rugged local terrain provided numerous spots that were perfect for ambushes, and whoever sets up ambushes could easily and completely annihilate the opposing side travelling in the valley, and thus this longest route was also the most dangerous. However, if Shu was on the offensive, it could easily threaten Chang'an by taking this route, and that was the exact suggestion
699:, Shaanxi). Wang Ping rejected the idea because reinforcements were too far away, and it would be a disaster for Shu if the enemy was allowed to pass through Yangping Pass unopposed. Therefore, the enemy could only be stopped by taking advantage of the rugged local terrain. Wang Ping ordered the General Who Protects the Army,
674:, was appointed as the vanguard commander. Together, they began the march toward Hanzhong via Tangluo Trail. Cao Shuang's protégés, Deng Yang and Li Sheng, participated in the invasion as his staff officers. The primary target of the Wei invasion force was Yangping Pass (陽平關; located west of present-day Wuhou Town (
509:) in October 243. Cao Shuang and his protégés concluded that with numerical superiority, their army could easily conquer Hanzhong before Shu reinforcements arrive. Even if they failed to eliminate Shu, the fall of Hanzhong would be sufficient to increase Cao Shuang's fame and influence in the Wei court.
746:
for
Hanzhong. The Shu army was in firm control of Mount Xingshi, which prevented Wei forces from pushing forward, and if another Shu force cut off the Wei retreat route, Cao Shuang and Xiahou Xuan would not even be able to live to regret their decisions. Xiahou Xuan finally realised the dangerous
520:
was appointed as the
Administrator of Hanzhong (漢中太守). During his tenure, he built several fortified outposts at strategic locations on the roads leading to Hanzhong then would garrison them with elite soldiers. Although enemy forces would assault them, they were beaten back. Those outposts were
750:
Fei Yi, however, would not let Cao Shuang retreat so easily, and led his army to flank the Wei troops and block their retreat. Shu forces set up defensive positions in the places where they enjoyed absolute geographical advantage over the Wei army: the three ridges in the Luo Valley: Shen Ridge
617:), a strategic stronghold that would be threatened if Shu was on the offensive. If Wei was on the offensive and took the initiative, the good road condition would mean that Shu could deploy their defensive force quicker and stop the attack before Wei force could get out of the valley.
695:, was in charge of defending Hanzhong, but his force totalled less than 30,000. Facing absolute numerical inferiority, some Shu commanders suggested concentrating on defending Hancheng (漢城; east of present-day Mian County, Shaanxi) and Yuecheng (樂城; east of present-day
824:
caused many writers to put much less emphasis on or even ignore the battle in their works in comparison to other battles that occurred in that era. Although this battle shows that the state of Shu-Han still benefited from superior military commanders.
799:
in
September 244. In contrast, the prestige and popularity of Cao Shuang dropped sharply, which helped lead to his eventual downfall in the power struggle against Sima Yi. After this defeat, Wei would wait twenty years before launching another
852:). This meant that if the enemy held absolute geographical advantage and you were already having trouble carrying on the fight, a rapid retreat was the only viable option.
626:) in the centre was the shortest among all three, and it got its name from the geographical locations at its ends. The southern end was located next to the Tangshui River (
721:
597:). The southern end of the Baoxie Trail was located around 25 km north of Hanzhong, while its northern end was located 15 km to the south of present-day
178:
576:
1347:
171:
585:) located in the west had the best road condition among all three traditional passages, with the northern half called Xie Valley (
521:
still active by the time of the battle of
Xingshi. Wang Ping would use those previous arrangements to achieve his victory against
1452:
188:
769:). Cao Shuang's forces fought a desperate battle. In the end, Cao Shuang and his officers were barely able to escape back to
232:
551:. Meridian Trail in the east is the longest, totalling more than 330 km, with its northern end located to the south of
1457:
292:
217:
164:
319:
222:
1429:
1403:
476:
1379:, 1st Edition, published by Chinese Publishing House & Distributed by New China Bookstore Publishing House in
828:
Despite being relatively unnoticed in literature, later militarists gave high credit to the battle: For example,
206:
734:, who opposed the campaign from the very beginning, could no longer ignore the dangerous situation and wrote to
774:
378:
262:
1331:
392:
344:
304:
717:. The counter-offensive of Shu Han was about to be launched against the overstretched Wei invasion army.
738:
to inform him about the impending disaster, and warned him that he was personally aware that years ago,
944:
692:
116:
781:
region became a wasteland. Following this failure, people would ridicule Cao Shuang and Xiahou Xuan.
773:. Almost all the cattle and horses Cao Shuang had levied for transport either died or were lost. The
287:
334:
267:
1462:
801:
329:
324:
1236:(漢晉春秋曰：司馬宣王謂夏侯玄曰：「春秋責大德重，昔武皇帝再入漢中，幾至大敗，君所知也。今興平路勢至險，蜀已先據；若進不獲戰，退見徼絕，覆軍必矣。將何以任其責！」玄懼，言於爽，引軍退。)
354:
314:
257:
252:
247:
282:
8:
598:
339:
812:
The Battle of
Xingshi was one of the most important yet most understated battles of the
1394:
Academy of Social
Science Publishing House & Distributed by New China Bookstore in
989:'s reign. This month corresponds to 26 March to 24 April 244 in the Gregorian calendar.
513:
309:
227:
212:
483:, the regent of Wei, to conquer Wei's rival state, Shu. It ended in complete failure.
1425:
1399:
1002:'s reign. This month corresponds to 23 June to 21 July 244 in the Gregorian calendar.
611:) branched out westward, and then turned northward, eventually ending near Chencang (
237:
415:
349:
297:
272:
1364:
816:
period. The lack of participation of the principal figures of the time such as
813:
696:
643:
458:
192:
28:
1441:
998:
The troops retreated in the 5th month of the 4th year of the
Zhengshi era of
985:
The campaign started in the 3rd month of the 4th year of the
Zhengshi era of
956:
700:
548:
242:
156:
1447:
829:
422:
789:
For his victory, Fei Yi was awarded the title of "Marquis of
Chengxiang" (
495:
believed that the campaign was viable, especially when the Shu commander,
1342:
891:
817:
735:
681:
667:
633:
572:
552:
468:
131:
107:
53:
1359:
878:
522:
492:
480:
103:
846:), classified this battle as a classic example of a "retreating war" (
1326:
833:
821:
778:
770:
670:
to
General Who Subdues the West, and the Inspector of Yong Province,
544:
534:
496:
1413:
999:
986:
904:
671:
540:
500:
605:. In the center of Baoxie Trail, another valley called Ji Valley (
1421:
1417:
1395:
1391:
1380:
796:
743:
739:
731:
714:
685:
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568:
517:
472:
454:
450:
91:
86:
57:
931:
710:
636:, Shaanxi, and the northern end was located in the Luo Ravine (
112:
61:
646:, Shaanxi. Hence, the southern half was called Tang Valley (
1223:(爽參軍楊偉為爽陳形勢，宜急還，不然將敗。颺與偉爭於爽前，偉曰：「颺、勝將敗國家事，可斬也。」爽不悅，乃引軍還。)
795:), and stayed in Hanzhong until his return to the capital
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
555:. The southern half of the valley was called Zi Valley (
742:
almost suffered a total defeat in the struggle against
1016:
713:, was on his way to Hanzhong with reinforcements from
427:
1145:(平曰：「不然。漢中去涪垂千里。賊若得關，便為禍也。今宜先遣劉護軍、杜參軍據興勢，平為後拒；...」)
1093:(初，先主留魏延鎮漢中，皆實兵諸圍以御外敵。敵若來攻，使不得入。及興勢之役，王平捍拒曹爽，皆承此制。)
461:
period in China. The location was at Mount Xingshi (
777:of the North greatly resented him for this and the
491:Despite facing strong opposition in the Wei court,
1439:
1080:(及爽秉政，乃復進敘，任為腹心。颺等欲令爽立威名於天下，勸使伐蜀，爽從其言，宣王止之不能禁。)
652:) and the northern half was called Luo Valley (
16:Battle between Cao Wei and Shu Han forces (244)
1416:, published by Long March Publishing House in
838:The Unexpected Strategies of a Hundred Battles
561:) and the northern half was called Wu Valley (
186:
1377:Selected Examples of Battles in Ancient China
1373:Selected Examples of Battles in Ancient China
1119:(七年春，魏大將軍曹爽率步騎十餘萬向漢川，前鋒已在駱谷。時漢中守兵不滿三萬，諸將大驚。)
950:
938:
925:
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675:
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621:
612:
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504:
462:
397:
383:
172:
52:Mount Xingshi (situated north of present-day
1420:& Distributed by New China Bookstore in
1348:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
136:Less than 30 000 under Wang Ping and Liu Min
1171:(平曰：「...；若賊分向黃金，平率千人下自臨之，比爾間，涪軍行至，此計之上也。」)
691:Shu's Senior General Who Guards the North,
1132:(或曰：「今力不足以拒敵，聽當固守漢、樂二城，遇賊令入，比爾間，涪軍足得救關。」)
703:, to take up a position in Mount Xingshi (
467:), which is situated north of present-day
179:
165:
1440:
937:Senior General Who Guards the North (
579:. The 235 km long Baoxie Trail (
160:
138:Unknown number of troops under Fei Yi
1410:General View of War of Ancient China
1358:
1029:
860:
620:The 210 km long Tangluo Trail (
539:The three traditional passages from
13:
855:
666:In April 244, Cao Shuang promoted
14:
1474:
591:) and the south half Bao Valley (
477:Changqing National Nature Reserve
449:was fought between the states of
1197:(是時，關中及氐、羌轉輸不能供，牛馬騾驢多死，民夷號泣道路。)
130:Main army of 60 000-70 000 from
1308:
1305:annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
1295:
1292:annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
1282:
1279:annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
1269:
1256:
1249:(五年，夏侯玄伐蜀，淮督諸軍為前鋒。淮度勢不利，輙拔軍出，)
1243:
1240:annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
1230:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1178:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1126:
1113:
949:General Who Protects the Army (
499:, withdrew his main force from
479:. The battle was an attempt by
1301:(所發牛馬運轉者，死失略盡，羌、胡怨嘆，而關右悉虛耗矣。)
1100:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1048:
1041:(七年春，魏大將軍曹爽率步騎十餘萬向漢川，前鋒已在駱谷。)
1035:
992:
979:
951:
939:
926:
886:
884:General Who Subdues the West (
873:
848:
842:
791:
726:
676:
613:
505:
428:
398:
384:
1:
1453:Battles of the Three Kingdoms
1332:Records of the Three Kingdoms
1009:
642:) to the west of present-day
486:
1390:, 1st Edition, published by
1106:(正始五年，爽乃西至長安，大發卒六七萬人，從駱谷入。)
1054:(正始五年，爽乃西至長安，大發卒六七萬人，從駱谷入。)
897:Inspector of Yong Province (
784:
528:
7:
1458:Military history of Shaanxi
907:, commander of the vanguard
894:, deputy commander-in-chief
807:
720:Cao Shuang's staff officer
10:
1479:
532:
128:More than 100 000 in total
1210:(延熙七年，魏軍次于興勢，假禕節，率眾往禦之。)
899:
765:
759:
753:
705:
661:
654:
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628:
622:
607:
593:
587:
581:
577:first Northern Expedition
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475:, and is now part of the
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414:
409:
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391:
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200:
142:
122:
97:
80:
35:
26:
21:
1158:(遂帥所領與平據興勢，多張旗幟，彌亙百餘里。)
972:
547:were all valleys in the
379:Traditional Chinese
27:Part of the wars of the
393:Simplified Chinese
763:), and Fenshui Ridge (
98:Commanders and leaders
1184:(入谷行數百里，賊因山為固，兵不得進。)
934:, commander-in-chief
881:, commander-in-chief
836:, in his work titled
143:Casualties and losses
1388:War in Ancient China
832:military strategist
233:Northern Expeditions
293:Jiang's Expeditions
1408:Zhang, Xiaosheng,
1314:(與曹爽共興駱谷之役，時人譏之。)
924:General-in-Chief (
871:General-in-Chief (
514:battle of Hanzhong
457:in 244 during the
207:End of Han dynasty
1412:, 1st Edition in
969:
968:
632:) in present-day
447:Battle of Xingshi
443:
442:
435:
434:
416:Standard Mandarin
369:Battle of Xingshi
363:
362:
301:
223:Southern Campaign
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22:Battle of Xingshi
1470:
1386:Yuan, Tingdong,
1369:
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43:April – July 244
37:
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1303:Han Jin Chunqiu
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1290:Han Jin Chunqiu
1287:
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1277:Han Jin Chunqiu
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1238:Han Jin Chunqiu
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856:Order of battle
810:
802:conquest of Shu
787:
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196:
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72:Shu Han victory
64:
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1466:
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1463:240s conflicts
1460:
1455:
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1384:
1383:, 1981 - 1984.
1375:Writing Team,
1370:
1365:Zizhi Tongjian
1356:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1307:
1294:
1288:(爽爭嶮苦戰，僅乃得過。)
1281:
1275:(費禕進兵據三嶺以截爽，)
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1242:
1229:
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1325:
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1311:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1262:(故不大敗。還假淮節。)
1259:
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1067:(時漢中守兵不滿三萬，)
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775:ethnic tribes
772:
757:), Ya Ridge (
748:
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723:
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712:
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673:
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554:
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549:Qin Mountains
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325:Jiao Province
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288:Gaoping Tombs
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1346:
1343:Pei, Songzhi
1336:
1330:
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1310:
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1289:
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1128:
1120:
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1055:
1050:
1042:
1037:
994:
981:
963:
918:
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912:
865:
864:
837:
830:Ming dynasty
827:
811:
788:
749:
719:
690:
665:
619:
571:proposed to
538:
511:
490:
446:
444:
423:Hanyu Pinyin
277:
205:
81:Belligerents
1360:Sima, Guang
1030:Sima (1084)
892:Xiahou Xuan
818:Zhuge Liang
736:Xiahou Xuan
682:Mian County
668:Xiahou Xuan
634:Yang County
575:before the
573:Zhuge Liang
525:'s forces.
469:Yang County
330:Fall of Shu
315:Hefei (253)
258:Hefei (234)
253:Hefei (233)
248:Hefei (231)
108:Xiahou Xuan
54:Yang County
1442:Categories
1327:Chen, Shou
1032:, vol. 74.
1010:References
919:Shu forces
879:Cao Shuang
866:Wei forces
599:Mei County
533:See also:
523:Cao Shuang
512:After the
493:Cao Shuang
487:Background
481:Cao Shuang
355:Fall of Wu
104:Cao Shuang
1337:Sanguozhi
1316:Sanguozhi
1264:Sanguozhi
1251:Sanguozhi
1225:Sanguozhi
1212:Sanguozhi
1199:Sanguozhi
1186:Sanguozhi
1173:Sanguozhi
1160:Sanguozhi
1147:Sanguozhi
1134:Sanguozhi
1121:Sanguozhi
1108:Sanguozhi
1095:Sanguozhi
1082:Sanguozhi
1069:Sanguozhi
1056:Sanguozhi
1043:Sanguozhi
945:Wang Ping
834:Liu Bowen
822:Jiang Wei
785:Aftermath
779:Guanzhong
771:Guanzhong
693:Wang Ping
545:Guanzhong
535:Shu Roads
529:Geography
497:Jiang Wan
335:Zhong Hui
117:Wang Ping
1424:, 1988,
1398:, 1988,
1362:(1084).
1266:vol. 26.
1253:vol. 26.
1214:vol. 44.
1175:vol. 43.
1162:vol. 44.
1149:vol. 43.
1136:vol. 43.
1123:vol. 43.
1097:vol. 44.
1071:vol. 43.
1045:vol. 43.
1000:Cao Fang
987:Cao Fang
905:Guo Huai
808:Analysis
722:Yang Wei
672:Guo Huai
553:Chang'an
541:Hanzhong
501:Hanzhong
310:Dongxing
305:Shouchun
283:Goguryeo
263:Liaodong
228:Xincheng
213:Xiaoting
132:Chang'an
123:Strength
48:Location
1422:Beijing
1418:Beijing
1396:Chengdu
1392:Sichuan
1381:Beijing
1318:vol. 9.
1227:vol. 9.
1201:vol. 9.
1188:vol. 9.
1110:vol. 9.
1084:vol. 9.
1058:vol. 9.
957:Liu Min
797:Chengdu
744:Liu Bei
740:Cao Cao
732:Sima Yi
715:Chengdu
701:Liu Min
686:Shaanxi
603:Shaanxi
569:Wei Yan
518:Wei Yan
473:Shaanxi
455:Shu Han
451:Cao Wei
340:Yong'an
320:Cao Mao
278:Xingshi
238:Shiting
191:of the
151:Unknown
148:Unknown
92:Shu Han
87:Cao Wei
58:Shaanxi
1428:
1402:
964:
932:Fei Yi
711:Fei Yi
662:Battle
350:Xiling
273:Quebei
113:Fei Yi
69:Result
31:period
1432:(set)
1414:Xi'an
973:Notes
940:鎮北大將軍
298:Didao
62:China
1426:ISBN
1400:ISBN
952:護軍將軍
900:雍州刺史
887:征西將軍
843:百戰奇略
820:and
453:and
445:The
399:兴势之战
385:興勢之戰
243:Ziwu
189:Wars
40:Date
1448:244
927:大將軍
874:大將軍
792:成鄉侯
766:分水嶺
706:興勢山
688:).
680:),
677:武侯鎮
629:儻水河
623:儻駱道
582:褒斜道
543:to
464:興勢山
60:),
1444::
1355:).
1345:.
1339:).
1329:.
1018:^
955:)
943:)
930:)
903:)
890:)
877:)
849:退戰
804:.
760:衙嶺
754:沈嶺
727:楊偉
684:,
655:駱谷
649:儻谷
639:駱峪
614:陳倉
608:箕谷
601:,
594:褒谷
588:斜谷
564:午谷
558:子谷
516:,
506:涪縣
471:,
204:←
56:,
1368:.
1351:(
1335:(
840:(
751:(
724:(
300:)
296:(
180:e
173:t
166:v
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