Battle of the Camel

1349:

and the rebel army then camped outside of Basra. The agreement stipulated that governor's residence and the mosque and the treasury should remain under the governor's control, while the rebels were free to reside where they chose. Soon, however, they raided the town on "a cold, dark night with wind and rain," killing many and seizing the control of Basra and its treasury. The governor was tortured and then imprisoned, but later released and expelled from the city. Some (Sunni) traditions praise the moderation and self-defense of the rebels, though these are dismissed by Veccia Vaglieri. She says that the rebels must have instigated the violence as they needed provisions and money, and it was unfavorable for them to wait for Ali. This last point is also echoed by Madelung. The rebels then asked Basrans to surrender those who had participated in Uthman's siege and some six hundred men were thus killed by the rebels. The killings and the distribution of town supplies among the rebels are said to have driven a large number of Basrans to join Ali in fighting. In Basra, Aisha wrote letters to incite against Ali, addressed to Kufans and their governor, to Medinans, and to

1249:) to appoint his successor. This removal of Ali was likely their primary goal, rather than vengeance for Uthman, against whom Talha, Zubayr, and Aisha had been active earlier. In particular, Talha and Aisha had likely written to the provinces to stir unrest. The caliphate of Ali perhaps frustrated the political ambitions of Talha and Zubayr, and the Quraysh in general. For these, Ali represented the Ansar and the lower classes of the society. Fearing that he would end their privileged status as the ruling class of Islam, the Quraysh thus challenged Ali to safeguard their entitlements. Their fears were soon confirmed as Ali opened the governorships to the Ansar. Ali was also vocal about the divine and exclusive right of Muhammad's kin to succeed him, which similarly jeopardized the future ambitions of other Qurayshites for leadership. In place of Ali, the opposition wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the principles laid by 1616:

of the prophet's widow. With this ruling, Ali thus recognized his enemies' rights as Muslims. Alongside this, Ali also set the prisoners free upon his victory, and both practices were soon enshrined in the Islamic law. Ali also extended this pardon to high-profile rebels such as Marwan and the sons of Uthman, Talha, and Zubayr. A Qurayshite prisoner named Musahiq ibn Abd Allah ibn Makhrama al-Amiri relates that Ali asked them if he was not the closest to Muhammad in kinship and the most entitled to the leadership after his death. He then let them go after they pledged allegiance to him. A different report on the authority of Abu Mikhnaf states that a defiant Marwan was still let go without giving his oath of allegiance. Marwan soon after joined the court of Mu'awiya. For Madelung, that Ali released such a "dangerous and vicious enemy" signals how little he was willing to engage in the ongoing political games of the civil war.

1202:) similarly suggests that it was the succession of Ali that moved Aisha to action, rather than the assassination of Uthman. Some authors represent Aisha as an unwilling political victim in this saga, like one by al-Ya'qubi, and some say that she desired peace, while others emphasize her central role in mobilizing the rebel party against Ali, in favor of her close relatives, namely, Talha and Zubayr. This last group cites that Aisha gave speeches in Mecca and wrote letters to rally support against Ali. She did so ostensibly to seek justice for Uthman, although some question her motives, saying that she had earlier opposed Uthman. A representative view is that of Veccia Vaglieri, who writes that Aisha had been an opponent of Uthman. Even though she did not condone his assassination, Aisha could not bear to witness that Ali, whom she deeply hated, had benefited from the assassination. The opposition of Aisha as a 1602:, to escort her back to Mecca or Medina. The treatment of Aisha is viewed by Shah-Kazemi as an example of Ali's magnanimity. Following her defeat, John Cappucci writes that Aisha acknowledged the caliphate of Ali. Some traditions indeed show Aisha as remorseful and that she wished not to have lived to witness the battle. In one such tradition, avoiding the battle is preferred over bearing ten sons for the prophet. Her view of Ali might have not changed though, suggests Madelung. He cites a tradition related by Kabsha bint Ka'b ibn Malik, in which Aisha praises Uthman and regrets that she incited revolt against him (but not against Ali). At any rate, her defeat put an end to her political ambitions, and she only engaged in a few minor political events henceforth. Her defeat was presumably cited to discourage medieval Muslim women from engaging in politics. 1444:(632), where he is said to have implored God to befriend the friend of Ali and to be the enemy of his enemy. The report adds that this exchange convinced Talha to give up the leadership of the rebels. The details of the negotiations are not reliable for Madelung but he does conclude that the talks broke the resolve of Zubayr, who might have realized his small chances for the caliphate and perhaps the immorality of his bloody rebellion. At the negotiations, Aisha's party demanded the removal of Ali from office and a council to elect his successor, but Ali countered that he was the legitimate caliph. The two sides also accused each other of responsibility in the assassination of Uthman. The negotiations thus failed after three days and the two sides readied for battle. Alternatively, 1335:, where they were unable to muster much support. The war efforts were funded by the likes of Ya'la ibn Munya, Uthman's governor of Yemen who had brought the public funds with him to Mecca. Rivalling each other for the caliphate, Talha and Zubayr are said to have quarrelled for leading the prayers during the campaign, while Aisha mediated between them. As for her, al-Tabari and some others write that Aisha was disheartened by the incessant howling of dogs at a place called Hawab on the way to Basra, which is said to have reminded her of Muhammad's warning to his wives, "The day will come that the dogs of Hawab will bark at one of you, and that would be the day when she would be in manifest error." She was, however, dissuaded from any change of plans. 1148:) views the claims about coercion as an invented justification for the later violation of the pacts made by Talha and Zubayr. Gleave similarly dismisses the (Sunni) reports that Talha and Zubayr did not pledge or did so under duress, saying that these reports reflect their authors' attempts to provide a fuller context for their subsequent rebellion against Ali in the Battle of the Camel. Madelung argues that the election of Ali could have not happened without the pledge of Talha, as the main rival of Ali, but he also suggests that Talha did not come to the ceremony voluntarily and was dragged there by al-Ashtar. Alternatively, Hamid Mavani refers to a letter in 37: 771:). These wanted to see Ali as the next caliph, though there is no evidence that he communicated or coordinated with them. Ali is also said to have rejected the requests to lead the rebels, although he might have sympathized with their grievances, and was thus considered a natural focus for the opposition, at least morally. It is also likely that some companions supported the protests with the hope of either deposing Uthman, or changing his policies, thus underestimating the severity of the opposition to Uthman. 1162: 1230:. The Umayyads joined Talha and Zubayr in their opposition to Ali, although their objectives were different. These may have believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman, suggests Madelung. Indeed, some of the Umayyads later left the campaign as it became clear for them that Talha and Zubayr were eying the caliphate upon victory. These included Sa'id ibn al-As and Abd Allah ibn Khalid ibn Asid. Among those who remained with the rebels were Marwan and Uthman's sons, namely, 1010:, who was allegedly among those who killed Uthman. Some authors have rejected this accusation, though most seem to agree that Muhammad visited Uthman shortly before his death and rebuked him for his conduct. These two men and some other supporters of Ali were implicated by Mu'awiya in the assassination of Uthman. As such, some authors suggest that Ali was unwilling or unable to punish these individuals. The revenge for Uthman soon became the pretext for two revolts against Ali. 1041:). Some early reports emphasize that Ali then accepted the caliphate when it became clear that he enjoyed popular support, reporting also that Ali demanded a public pledge at the mosque. Perhaps he also accepted the caliphate so as to prevent further chaos, but his nomination by the rebels left Ali exposed to accusations of complicity in Uthman's assassination. It appears that Ali personally did not force anyone for pledge and, among others, 1057:, and Marwan likely refused to give their oaths, some motivated by their personal grudges against Ali. On the whole, Madelung suggests that there is less evidence for any violence here than in the case of Abu Bakr, even though many broke with Ali later, claiming that they had pledged under duress. At the same time, that the majority favored Ali in Medina might have created an intimidating atmosphere for those opposed to him. 1474:) about rebellions. Both rulings prohibit looting, but the ruling of al-Shaybani is said to be less generous than Ali's as the former allows for chasing the fugitives, killing the prisoners, and dispatching the wounded until the rebellion subsides. Both rulings are, however, intended to uphold the rebels' rights as Muslims, even though they are considered a threat to order. 966:. Madelung sides with this judgement of Ali from a judicial point of view, saying that Uthman probably did not sanction the murder of Niyar ibn Iyad Aslami, which triggered the deadly raid on his residence, but he obstructed justice by preventing an investigation into the murder, fearing that his aide Marwan was behind it. Still, in his letters to 1176:, despite the pleas by Uthman, who believed her presence in Medina would restrain the rebels from attack. When she learned about the accession of Ali on her way back to Medina, she immediately returned to Mecca and publicly blamed the assassination on him, saying that a mere fingertip of Uthman was better than the whole of Ali. Citing 1552:, who had remained on the sidelines of the battle, learned about the desertion. Some of his men then followed and killed Zubayr, either to gratify Ali, or more likely for his dishonorable act of leaving other Muslims behind in a civil war he had ignited, as suggested by al-Ya'qubi, Ayoub, and Madelung. Some early sources introduce 1483:

caliph ordered one of his men to raise a copy of the Quran between the battle lines and appeal to its contents. When this man was shot and killed by the rebel army, Ali gave the order to advance, according to al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri. The rebels were thus the aggressors and Ali might have wanted them to be seen as such.

1388:, hampered the war efforts, he was expelled from the town by the supporters of Ali, who then deposed the governor, saying that he had not found Abu Musa trustworthy and that he would have removed him earlier had it not been for al-Ashtar's advice to confirm him after the assassination of Uthman. Ali then sent his son 1659:. Kennedy similarly highlights the strategic disadvantages of Medina, saying that it was far from population centers of Iraq and Syria, and heavily depended on grain shipments from Egypt. Kufa was to remain the main center of Shia Islam until mid-second century AH (mid-eighth century), when Baghdad was founded. 722:, and he was joined in this criticism by most of the senior companions, including Talha and Zubayr. Uthman was also widely accused of nepotism, corruption, and injustice, and Ali is known to have protested his conduct, including his lavish gifts for his kinsmen. Ali also protected outspoken companions, such as 1292:

plans for "moderate" changes after him which did not materialize under Ali. Then they revolted because apparently they feared the influence of extremists on him. Not only Talha and Zubayr, Ayoub suggests that the egalitarian policies of Ali also antagonized much of the Quraysh. Alternatively, a report by the

1448:

and his coauthor write that the negotiations were nearly successful but were sabotaged by those who had killed Uthman. Veccia Vaglieri similarly says that the "extremists" in Ali's camp provoked the war, while Madelung argues that the account of Sayf to this effect is fictitious and not backed by the

1414:

says that both armies had about 10,000 men. Both armies were also multi-tribal and many tribes were represented on both sides, which must have created some hesitation among the soldiers. Many apparently withdrew, either because they did not wish to fight other Muslims, or because they did not want to

1392:

and Ammar ibn Yasir or al-Ashtar himself to rally the support of the Kufans, who met the caliph outside of the town with an army of six to seven thousand men. Ali marched on Basra when his forces were ready, and stationed his army at the nearby al-Zawiya. From there, he sent messengers and letters to

1561:

al-Mufid. This account is preferred by Shias because it suggests that Ali did not forgive Zubayr. According to another account, preferred by Sunnis, Ali said that the killer of Zubayr was damned to hell. In another version of this account, Ali adds that Zubayr was a good man, who made mistakes. Then

1482:

After three days of failed negotiations, the battle took place near Basra on a December day in 656, lasting from noon to sunset, perhaps only four hours. Ali is said to have barred his men from commencing hostilities. Possibly in a last-ditch effort to avoid war, early sources widely report that the

1615:

against Ali. The discontented soldiers questioned why they were not allowed to take enemy's possessions and enslave their women and children when shedding their blood was considered lawful. If that was to be the case, Ali retorted, then they had to first decide whom among them would take possession

806:

convinced him that repentance would only embolden the opposition. On their way back home, some Egyptian rebels intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment. They now returned to Medina and laid siege to Uthman's residence for a second time, demanding that he abdicate. The caliph refused

1556:

as the killer and Wadi al-Siba near Basra as the location of his death. When the news of his death reached Ali, he commented that Zubayr had many times fought valiantly in front of Muhammad but that he had come to an evil end. This account is narrated by Marwan and also by Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn

1521:) similarly suggests that Aisha was on the battlefield to provide moral support for the rebels. Because of her presence on the battlefield, the rebel army continued to fight to defend her, even after both Talha and Zubayr were killed. The fighting was thus particularly fierce around Aisha's camel. 1439:

A tent was pitched between the two armies where Ali, Talha, and Zubayr negotiated to avoid the impending war. There are reports, including some by al-Baladhuri and al-Tabari, to the effect that Ali reminded Zubayr of Muhammad's prediction that Zubayr would one day unjustly fight Ali. This reminder

1348:

from the Ansar. Some apparently opposed Talha and his call for vengeance, having seen his earlier letters that called for Uthman's death. After an inconclusive fight, in which Ali's chief of police Hukaym ibn Jabala and many others were killed, both sides agreed to a truce until the arrival of Ali

907:

and Robert Gleave suggest that Ali was the immediate beneficiary of Uthman's death. This is challenged by Madelung, who argues that Aisha would have not actively opposed Uthman if Ali had been the prime mover of the rebellion and its future beneficiary. He and others observe the hostility of Aisha

1628:

Before leaving Basra, Ali chastized its residents for breaking their oath of allegiance and dividing the community. He then appointed Ibn Abbas as the governor of Basra after receiving their renewed pledges. M.A. Shaban adds that Ali divided the treasury funds equally in Basra, which nevertheless

1610:

Ali announced a public pardon after the battle, setting free the war prisoners and prohibiting the enslavement of their women and children. The properties seized were to be returned to the enemy soldiers, otherwise to their legal Muslim heirs. Ali instead compensated his army from the treasury of

1570:

The deaths of Talha and Zubayr likely sealed the fate of the battle, despite the intense fighting that continued possibly for hours around Aisha's camel. One by one, the rebels stepped up to lead the camel and, one by one, they were killed. The fighting stopped only when Ali's troops succeeded in

1462:

Before the battle, Ali ordered that the wounded or captured enemies should not be killed. Those who surrender should not be fought, and those fleeing the battlefield should not be pursued. Only captured weapons and animals were to be considered war booty. These instructions form the basis for the

1291:

suggests that the two jumped ship when Ali began to reverse the excessive entitlements of the ruling elite during the caliphate of Uthman, under whom Talha and Zubayr had amassed considerable wealth. Veccia Vaglieri suggests that the triumvirate of Talha, Zubayr, and Aisha had opposed Uthman with

1543:

Zubayr, an experienced fighter, left shortly after the battle began, possibly without having fought at all, or after Talha was killed, or after single combat with Ammar, according to al-Tabari. Madelung and Veccia Vaglieri suggest that it was the serious misgivings of Zubayr about the justice of

1274:

Alternatively, Talha and Zubayr revolted after Ali refused to grant them favors. In particular, Ali did not offer the two any posts in his government, specifically the governorships of Basra and Kufa. There is, however, one report by al-Ya'qubi, according to which Ali offered the governorship of

801:

opposition to avoid violence, which was heeded. He also acted as a mediator between Uthman and the provincial dissidents more than once to address their economical and political grievances. In particular, he negotiated and guaranteed on behalf of Uthman the promises that persuaded the rebels to

1210:, another widow of Muhammad, to join her. According to al-Ya'qubi, she rejected the proposal and criticized Aisha for violating the Islamic rule of seclusion for the wives of Muhammad. Umm Salama then returned to Medina and gave her allegiance to Ali, as reported by al-Baladhuri and al-Tabari. 957:

Ali was openly critical of the conduct of Uthman, though he generally neither justified his violent death nor condemned the killers. While he did not condone the assassination, Ali probably held Uthman responsible through his injustice for the protests which led to his death, a view for which

1534:

suggests that Marwan's main motive in killing Talha was to rid his kinsman Mu'awiya of a serious contender for the caliphate. Marwan received only minor wounds during the battle, and afterward joined the court of Mu'awiya in Damascus. Madelung similarly believes that the murder of Talha was

902:

writes that Ali mediated between Uthman and the rebels, urging the former to alter his policies and refusing the requests from the latter to lead them. This is similar to the view of John McHugo, who adds that Ali withdrew in frustration when his peace efforts where thwarted by Marwan.

1535:

premeditated and postponed by Marwan long enough for him to be confident that he would not face any retribution from a victorious Aisha. In contrast, Ali Bahramian suggests that Marwan claimed to have killed Talha to gratify the Umayyads, who held Talha responsible in Uthman's death.

860:

was injured while guarding Uthman's besieged residence at the request of Ali. He also convinced the rebels not to prevent the delivery of water to Uthman's house during the siege. Beyond this, historians disagree about his measures to protect the third caliph. Ali is represented by

1242:

The opposition to Ali decried his leniency towards the rebels, and accused him of complicity in the assassination. They demanded that Ali punish those responsible for the assassination of Uthman. They also called for the removal of Ali from office and for a (Qurayshite) council

730:, against the wrath of the caliph. Ali appears in early sources as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. Some supporters of Ali were part of the opposition to Uthman, joined in their efforts by Talha and Zubayr, who were both companions of 1502:). The latter adds that the caliph fought intensely during the battle. Nevertheless, the sources are mostly silent about the tactical developments, but Veccia Vaglieri suggests that the battle consisted of a series of duels and encounters, as this was the 1440:

greatly disturbed Zubayr, writes al-Tabari, but he was persuaded to continue the campaign, contrary to the reports that he left before the battle. Another report by al-Mas'udi suggests that Ali reminded Talha of the prayer attributed to Muhammad at the

1419:

told Talha and Zubayr to keep his pro-Aisha tribesmen from fighting against Ali. For the rebels, Zubayr was the overall commander, while his son, Talha and his son, and Marwan were assigned to lead various divisions, reports the Twelver

1529:

Talha was soon killed apparently by the Umayyad's Marwan, another rebel, who later told Uthman's son that he had now exacted revenge for Uthman, indicating that he held Talha responsible in the assassination of Uthman. Even so,

1100:) too said that he saw Talha and Zubayr pledging to Ali with a sword over their head in a walled garden. Alternatively, a report by al-Baladhuri implies that Talha voluntarily paid his allegiance to Ali, while other reports by 1655:), and instead stayed with his nephew Ja'da ibn Hubayra. Kufa thus became Ali's main base of activity during his caliphate. With this move, the Medinan elite permanently lost their authority over the Muslim community, remarks 1034:

to the above list of Ali's supporters. The key tribal chiefs also favored Ali at the time. The caliphate was offered by these groups to Ali, who was initially reluctant to accept it, saying that he preferred to be a minister

1006:, who had led the Kufan delegation against Uthman, even though they heeded Ali's call for nonviolence, and did not participate in the siege of Uthman's residence. A leading Egyptian rebel with links to Ali was his stepson, 1401:

The two armies soon camped across from each other just outside of Basra. After Ali appealed to the opposite camp, large numbers defected to his side, possibly tipping the numerical strength in his favor. Alternatively,

1152:

where Ali rebukes Talha and Zubayr before the Battle of the Camel for breaking their oaths after voluntarily offering them. Madelung also dismisses as legendary the report by al-Tabari about Zubayr's refusal to pledge.

1343:

The arrival of the rebels and their propaganda divided the Basrans for and against Ali, though they largely remained loyal to him, perhaps because Ali had earlier replaced Uthman's unpopular governor with the upright

1169:

Shortly before the assassination of Uthman, Aisha had called for the death of the caliph, as reported by al-Baladhuri. She was already in Mecca at the time of the assassination, having left Medina earlier for the

807:

and claimed he was unaware of the letter, for which Marwan is often blamed in the early sources. Ali and another companion sided with Uthman about the letter, and suspected Marwan, while a report by the Sunni

1571:

killing Aisha's camel and capturing Aisha. Surviving poems about the battle portray this final episode, while the lowest figures for the battle are 2500 dead from Aisha's side and 400-500 from Ali's army.

1598:

reprimanded Aisha as they saw her responsible for the loss of life and for leaving her home in violation of the Quran's instructions for Muhammad's widows. Ali later ordered Aisha's half-brother,

449: 1580:

Our Mother brought us to drink at the pool of death. We did not leave until our thirst was quenched. When we obeyed her, we lost our senses. When we supported her, we gained nothing but pain.

992:, Ayoub suggests that a mob from various tribes murdered Uthman and that Ali could have not punished them without risking widespread tribal conflict, even if he could identify them. Here, 1070:

Talha and Zubayr, both companions of Muhammad with ambitions for the high office, offered their pledges to Ali but later broke them, after leaving Medina on the pretext of performing the

848:

holds Uthman responsible for the letter. The caliph was assassinated soon afterward in the final days of 35 AH (June 656) by the Egyptian rebels during a raid on his residence in Medina.

1287:

to Zubayr, but the two asked for even more and Ali balked. For the Shia Tabatabai, the equal distribution of the treasury funds among Muslims by Ali antagonized Talha and Zubayr, while

818:) suggests that the caliph accused Ali of forging the letter. This is likely when Ali refused to further intercede for Uthman. That Ali was behind the letter is also the opinion of 1018:

When Uthman was killed in 656 CE by the Egyptian rebels, the potential candidates for caliphate were Ali and Talha. The Umayyads had fled Medina, and the provincial rebels and the

4962: 1000:

say that the actual murderers soon fled (Medina) after the assassination, a view for which Jafri cites al-Tabari. Closely associated with Ali was Malik al-Ashtar, a leader of the

844:

strongly rejects the accusation, saying that it "stretches the imagination" in the absence of any evidence. In turn, he accuses Marwan, the bellicose secretary of Uthman, while

802:

return home and ended the first siege. Ali then urged Uthman to publicly repent, which he did. The caliph soon retracted his statement, however, possibly because his secretary

1611:

Basra. These instructions upset those whom Madelung and Veccia Vaglieri describe as the radicals in the camp of Ali. The orders indeed later became a rallying cry for the

1306:) suggests it was a letter by Mu'awiya that convinced Talha and Zubayr to revolt. The letter also offered them support should the duo seize the control of Kufa and Basra. 442: 4941: 435: 738:. The last was critical of Uthman for religious innovations and nepotism, but also objected to him for reducing her pension. Among the supporters of Ali were 1206:

added credibility to the subsequent Meccan rebellion against Ali. Some reports by al-Baladhuri and al-Ya'qubi indicate that Aisha also attempted to persuade

1510:, after which the battle is named. Aisha was likely the rallying point of the rebel army, urging them to fight on with the battle cry of avenging Uthman. 938:) believe that Ali remained neutral, while Caetani labels Ali as the chief culprit in the murder of Uthman, even though the evidence suggests otherwise. 5308: 1633:

sentiments. The caliph soon set off for Kufa, arriving there in December 656 or January 657. He refused to reside in the governor's castle, calling it

977:) and elsewhere, Ali insisted that he would bring the murderers to justice in due course, probably after establishing his authority. Quoting the Shia 5890: 5220: 374: 4848: 1562:

he recites verse 15:47 and expresses hope that it applies to both Talha and Zubayr. The latter account is not credible in the opinion of Madelung.

5467: 5532:

Ali and Mu'awiya in Early Arabic Tradition: Studies on the Genesis and Growth of Islamic Historical Writing Until the End of the Ninth Century

689:), although Aisha and Talha are both known to have actively opposed him. The three also called for the removal of Ali from office and for a 1864: 1575:

Oh Mother of ours, the most uncaring mother we know. Did you not see how many a brave man was struck down, his hand and wrist made lonely?

5844: 4973: 1161: 5176:

Veccia Vaglieri, Laura (1970). "THE PATRIARCHAL AND UMAYYAD CALIPHATES". In Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).

5112: 4774: 5135: 1899:

A similar version is quoted by Madelung, in which "the most uncaring mother we know" is replaced by "the best mother we know."

919:) notes that Ali refused to lead the rebellion but sympathized with them and possibly agreed with their calls for abdication. 5059: 367: 5026: 1030:, who had heeded Ali's call for nonviolence, and most of the Ansar supported Ali. Some authors add the (majority of the) 5900: 567: 198: 5905: 5789: 5780: 5739: 5720: 5636: 5560: 5539: 5488: 5456: 5435: 5414: 5395: 5367: 5348: 5327: 5297: 5276: 5253: 5230: 5166: 5145: 5124: 5101: 5078: 5036: 5002: 4983: 4951: 4919: 4898: 4879: 1822: 1046: 587: 793:

opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to send a delegation to negotiate with Uthman, unlike Talha and

549: 360: 5156: 1832: 582: 1879: 1361:

Ali had set off in pursuit earlier with about seven hundred men but failed to intercept the rebels in time. In

1226:. Mecca was thus in open rebellion against Ali, and the rebels found an ally in Uthman's governor of the city, 678:

afterward. The triumvirate had revolted against Ali ostensibly to avenge the assassination of the third caliph

1415:

take sides in a war between the prophet's cousin and his widow. This last one was apparently what the pro-Ali

1022:(early Medinan Muslims) were in control of the city. Among the Egyptians, Talha enjoyed some support, but the 5818: 5338: 5089: 1089:) writes that Talha told some in Basra that he pledged to Ali with a sword over his head in a walled garden. 310: 949:) notes the often pro-Umayyad stance of the Western classical orientalists, with the exception of Madelung. 5775: 1837: 416: 1331:, six to nine hundred Meccan rebels marched on the garrison city of Basra, some 1300 kilometers away from 5520: 5446: 5264: 1406:

writes that Ali had brought a large following from Kufa whereas the rebels' support in Basra was modest.

674:. Ali emerged victorious from the battle, Talha and Zubayr were both killed, and Aisha was sent back to 5310:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

1724: 1704: 1594:

Aisha was treated with respect and temporarily housed in Basra. Still, both Ali and his representative

1506:

custom at the time. Aisha was also led onto the battlefield, riding in an armored palanquin atop a red

539: 206: 1365:, he thus changed direction to Kufa and sent delegates to raise an army there. His first delegate was 5177: 4909: 1192: 671: 194: 5910: 1042: 830: 780: 278: 5710: 5626: 5550: 5478: 5287: 1531: 1385: 1370: 1288: 618: 506: 5358:

Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2015). "Imam Ali". In Daftary, Farhad; Sajoo, Amyn; Jiwa, Shainool (eds.).

4930: 1218:

The Umayyads fled Medina after the assassination of Uthman, notable among them his secretary,

5425: 1769: 1699: 1599: 1138: 1123: 1007: 989: 909: 873: 659: 496: 190: 5571: 5895: 1464: 723: 501: 36: 1078:(lesser pilgrimage). Some early reports suggest that the duo pledged to Ali under duress. 797:, who might have encouraged the Egyptians to advance on the town. Ali similarly asked the 8: 5671:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5650:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5502:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5387: 5013: 1784: 1779: 1719: 1714: 1445: 1374: 1328: 1203: 920: 908:

toward Ali, which resurfaced immediately after his accession in the Battle of the Camel.

898:

points to Ali's "constructive criticism" of Uthman and his opposition to violence, while

663: 306: 245: 222: 218: 210: 202: 5692:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; vanDonzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5608:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). 5241: 5427:

Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini

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As their grievances mounted, discontented groups from provinces began arriving in

5803: 5762: 1827: 1729: 1709: 1694: 1679: 1491:

The battle involved intense hand-to-hand combat, as reported by al-Baladhuri and

1411: 1407: 1403: 1366: 1350: 1231: 1079: 924: 845: 794: 739: 727: 609: 560: 286: 237: 186: 182: 107: 5094:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

5216: 1745: 1689: 1553: 1127: 1090: 993: 592: 517: 226: 178: 5200: 666:, on the other side. Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet 5879: 5859: 5846: 1750: 1684: 1389: 1019: 967: 857: 819: 511: 174: 5885: 5799: 1549: 1441: 1293: 899: 884: 808: 554: 527: 481: 122: 883:) and Madelung highlight multiple attempts by Ali for reconciliation, and 5028:

The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism

1869: 1137:) place Talha and Zubayr among the first who voluntarily pledged to Ali. 1101: 997: 904: 522: 476: 384: 134: 96: 28: 1630: 1612: 1362: 1207: 1112: 978: 471: 146: 1595: 1280: 1031: 862: 655: 641: 491: 156: 111: 5534:. Translated by Christensen, P. Lampe. Acls History E Book Project. 5340:

Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation

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The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam

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After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam

894:) believes that Ali could not have done anything more for Uthman. 5784:. Vol. XV. Translated by Humphreys, R. Stephen. SUNY Press. 2593: 1284: 690: 139: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 1222:. Most of them gathered in Mecca, though some made their way to 4448: 4446: 3520: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 1324: 1165:

Aisha battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel

786: 719: 711: 679: 640:(656 CE). The battle was fought between the army of the fourth 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 352: 4655: 4653: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4344: 4342: 4049: 4024: 4022: 3922: 3910: 3877: 2940: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2507: 2097: 1764: 1507: 1503: 1332: 1320: 1276: 1071: 1023: 790: 735: 715: 675: 629: 233: 62: 41:

Ali (the fourth caliph) and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel

4560: 4443: 3742: 3730: 3580: 2751: 2637: 2519: 5182:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–103. 4911:

No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam

4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4706: 4704: 4638: 4604: 4602: 4577: 4575: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4514: 4512: 4487: 4485: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4397: 4395: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4232: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4039: 4037: 4009: 4007: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3951: 3949: 3771: 3769: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3216: 1996: 1261: 1027: 798: 633: 117: 102: 66: 5407:

The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam

4975:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

4689: 4677: 4650: 4587: 4470: 4458: 4426: 4339: 4110: 4019: 3706: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3448: 3446: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3155: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2730: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2466: 2464: 2462: 872:) as an honest negotiator genuinely concerned for Uthman. 5757: 5525:. Translated by Weir, Margaret G. University of Calcutta. 5187:

Hinds, Martin (1972). "The Murder of the Caliph'Uthman".

4193: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 3549: 3431: 3392: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3104: 2854: 2447: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2292: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2109: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1674: 644: 150: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4740: 4701: 4626: 4614: 4599: 4572: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4524: 4509: 4497: 4482: 4407: 4392: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4320: 4296: 4284: 4261: 4210: 4208: 4176: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4122: 4061: 4034: 4004: 3992: 3973: 3946: 3934: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3766: 3694: 3677: 3643: 3609: 3592: 3532: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3191: 3189: 3094: 3092: 2952: 2928: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 1972: 1960: 1393:

discourage the rebels from opposition, but to no avail.

5246:

The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought

4251: 4249: 4247: 3793: 3781: 3667: 3665: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3489: 3443: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3288: 3167: 3121: 3119: 3062: 3050: 2988: 2964: 2866: 2620: 2574: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2495: 2459: 2435: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2136: 2126: 2124: 4073: 3841: 3817: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3264: 3240: 3206: 3204: 3079: 3077: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2842: 2673: 2330: 2328: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2261: 2237: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2085: 2054: 1929: 1912: 1810:

Abdullah ibn Abi Uthman ibn al-Akhnas ibn Sharlq (KIA)

457: 5497: 4872:

Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity

4789: 4728: 4716: 4541: 4354: 4308: 4220: 4205: 4164: 4147: 3961: 3889: 3829: 3805: 3718: 3312: 3300: 3228: 3186: 3089: 2889: 2709: 2697: 2661: 2649: 2602: 2476: 2390: 2369: 2218: 1948: 1544:

their cause that led Zubayr to desertion. Apparently

856:

Ali played no role in the deadly attack, and his son

5360:

The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity

4665: 4244: 3865: 3853: 3754: 3662: 3626: 3561: 3508: 3404: 3252: 3143: 3116: 3005: 2340: 2160: 2121: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 1634: 1244: 1171: 1072: 1036: 1001: 750: 623: 5289:

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5092:. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). 3477: 3458: 3375: 3276: 3201: 3131: 3074: 3017: 2976: 2916: 2830: 2608: 2357: 2325: 2304: 2280: 2191: 2148: 2073: 1984: 851: 5047: 697:) with Talha and Zubayr to appoint his successor. 5756: 4891:The Prophet's heir: The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib 2685: 2023: 1557:al-Harith al-Taymi, as reported by the prominent 952: 5877: 5687: 5666: 5645: 4055: 2824: 2017: 5175: 5012:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Afsaruddin, Asma (2021). 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 2946: 2513: 2103: 1619: 5117:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 5011: 2745: 5248:. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 18–20. 5068: 4620: 3620: 3369: 2429: 1795:Abdullah ibn Safwan ibn Umayya ibn Khalaf 1314: 300: 5891:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate 5732:'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability? 5548: 5529: 5087: 5024: 4971: 4939: 4819: 4800: 4752: 4746: 4710: 4695: 4683: 4644: 4632: 4608: 4581: 4535: 4518: 4503: 4491: 4476: 4452: 4437: 4420: 4401: 4386: 4348: 4333: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4238: 4187: 4141: 4116: 4043: 4028: 4013: 3998: 3986: 3955: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3883: 3799: 3775: 3748: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3656: 3603: 3586: 3543: 3526: 3502: 3452: 3437: 3425: 3398: 3294: 3270: 3222: 3068: 3056: 3044: 2999: 2970: 2883: 2848: 2679: 2643: 2631: 2587: 2568: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2501: 2470: 2453: 2441: 2298: 2274: 2255: 2243: 2185: 2142: 2091: 2067: 1978: 1966: 1942: 1923: 1486: 1160: 710:Ali frequently accused the third caliph 5624: 5444: 5306: 5239: 5215: 3306: 3234: 3195: 2724: 2655: 2489: 2231: 1954: 1356: 789:in 35/656. 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Caliphate" 5512:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315 4777:from the original on 9 July 2006 1893: 1373:, according to al-Baladhuri and 852:Role of Ali in the assassination 749:) and other religiously learned 540:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul 5715:. Westminster John Knox Press. 5618:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324 5597:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0252 5322:. Georgetown University Press. 4935:. Doubleday & Company, Inc. 4862: 1833:Umm Salama Hind bint Abi Umayya 1662: 1629:remained a haven for years for 1457: 1434: 1309: 1266: 1255: 972: 684: 649: 382: 199:Abu Qatadah ibn Rab'i al-Ansari 5631:. Cambridge University Press. 5628:A History of Islamic Societies 5343:. Cambridge University Press. 5244:. In Bowering, Gerhard (ed.). 5179:The Cambridge History of Islam 5158:Historical Dictionary of Islam 5054:. Cambridge University Press. 4995:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 4978:. Cambridge University Press. 4874:. Cambridge University Press. 1667: 1463:ruling of the prominent Sunni 1384:). When the governor of Kufa, 953:Ali and retribution for Uthman 497:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab 1: 5819:Muslim conquest of the Levant 5776:Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir 5688:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). 5667:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012b). 5646:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012a). 5530:Petersen, Erling L. (2008) . 5522:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 5269:The new encyclopedia of Islam 5111:Spellberg, Denise A. (2006). 1906: 1477: 700: 588:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896) 311:Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi 5587:. In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). 5405:Dakake, Maria Massi (2012). 5292:. Harvard University Press. 5161:. Rowman & Littlefield. 1584: 1554:Amr ibn Jurmuz al-Muj'ashi'i 1516: 1497: 1469: 1426: 1379: 1301: 1197: 1143: 1132: 1117: 1106: 1095: 1084: 983: 944: 933: 914: 889: 878: 867: 835: 824: 813: 744: 344:>400 – 500 7: 5730:Keaney, Heather N. (2021). 5572:"ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB I. Life" 5555:. Oxford University Press. 5519:Wellhausen, Julius (1927). 5263:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003). 5115:. In Meri, Josef W. 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Yale University Press. 1757: 1548:, a pro-Ali chief of the 1452: 1339:Rebel occupation of Basra 1279:to Talha and the rule of 628:) took place outside of 467: 392: 338: 325: 195:Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr 164: 85: 45: 34: 26: 21: 5906:Shia days of remembrance 5690:"al-As̲h̲ʿarī, Abū Mūsā" 5625:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). 5570:Poonawala, I.K. (1982). 5552:Islam: The Straight Path 5286:Donner, Fred M. (2010). 5222:A History of Shi'i Islam 4870:Crone, Patricia (2003). 1886: 1792:Abdullah ibn Hakim (KIA) 1156: 550:Qays–Yaman war (793–796) 487:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath 5583:Bahramian, Ali (2015). 5113:"'A'ISHA BINT ABI BAKR" 5088:Cappucci, John (2014). 5018:Encyclopedia Britannica 4929:Bodley, R.V.C. (1946). 1319:In October 656, led by 927:, Levi della Vida, and 831:Giorgio Levi della Vida 781:Assassination of Uthman 775:Assassination of Uthman 279:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 5694:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5673:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5652:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5610:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5589:Encyclopaedia Islamica 5504:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5424:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 5307:Kennedy, Hugh (2015). 4993:Momen, Moojan (1985). 4889:Abbas, Hassan (2021). 3529:, pp. 141, 144–5. 1582: 1577: 1315:Rebels' march on Basra 1204:Mother of the Faithful 1166: 714:of deviating from the 165:Commanders and leaders 5709:Kelsay, John (1993). 5576:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5500:"ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān" 5337:Shaban, M.A. (1970). 5318:McHugo, John (2018). 4961:Jafri, S.H.M (1979). 4056:Veccia Vaglieri 2012c 3164:, pp. 64, 99n32. 2825:Veccia Vaglieri 2012b 2018:Veccia Vaglieri 2012a 1880:Rules of war in Islam 1770:Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah 1700:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 1600:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 1578: 1573: 1487:Tactical developments 1193:Muhammad H. Tabatabai 1164: 1139:Laura Veccia Vaglieri 1126:(ninth century), and 1008:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 910:Laura Veccia Vaglieri 507:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali 339:Casualties and losses 191:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 4908:Aslan, Reza (2011). 3931:, pp. 101, 105. 3919:, pp. 158, 162. 3886:, pp. 155, 157. 2947:Veccia Vaglieri 1970 2646:, pp. 127, 135. 2528:, pp. 111, 119. 2514:Veccia Vaglieri 1970 2104:Veccia Vaglieri 1970 1734:Abu Qatada bin Rab'i 1650:castle of corruption 1465:Muhammad al-Shaybani 1357:Ali's march on Basra 1043:Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas 706:Opposition to Uthman 614:مَعْرَكَة اَلْجَمَلِ 461:the early Caliphates 293:Abd Allah ibn Safwan 5860:30.5000°N 47.8167°E 5856: / 5696:(Second ed.). 5675:(Second ed.). 5654:(Second ed.). 5648:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib" 5606:"ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib" 5506:(Second ed.). 5388:Sayyid Hossein Nasr 5090:"'A'ISHA (614-678)" 3751:, pp. 98, 101. 1785:Marwan ibn al-Hakam 1780:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1720:Jabir ibn Abd-Allah 1386:Abu Musa al-Ash'ari 1371:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 1238:Demands and motives 840:) is unsure, while 734:, and by his widow 606:Battle of the Camel 492:Revolt of al-Ashdaq 307:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 246:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 223:Khuzaima ibn Thabit 219:Abd Allah ibn Abbas 211:Abu Ayyub al-Ansari 203:Jabir ibn Abd-Allah 22:Battle of the Camel 5612:(Third ed.). 5578:(Online ed.). 4967:. London: Longman. 4647:, pp. 179–80. 4455:, p. 171n275. 4241:, pp. 169–70. 4202:, pp. 67, 82. 3589:, p. 107n137. 3558:, pp. 109–10. 3225:, p. 139n195. 1852:Mughira bin Shaaba 1775:Muhammad ibn Talha 1566:Surrender of Aisha 1228:Abd-Allah ibn Amir 1167: 1047:Abd-Allah ibn Umar 990:Ibn A'tham al-Kufi 578:Anarchy at Samarra 573:Bashmurian revolts 535:Abbasid Revolution 296:Yahya ibn al-Hakam 269:Ka'b ibn Sur 258:Muhammad ibn Talha 5840: 5839: 5831:Succeeded by 5768:Peak of Eloquence 5758:Ali ibn Abi Talib 5061:978-0-521-29131-6 4698:, pp. 180–1. 4479:, pp. 172–3. 4440:, pp. 170–1. 4351:, pp. 171–2. 4119:, pp. 168–9. 4070:, pp. 158–9. 4031:, pp. 162–3. 3715:, pp. 158–9. 3440:, pp. 144–5. 3401:, pp. 142–3. 2456:, pp. 118–9. 2301:, pp. 107–8. 2258:, pp. 100–2. 1981:, pp. 167–8. 1969:, pp. 176–7. 1546:al-Ahnaf ibn Qays 1417:al-Ahnaf ibn Qays 1346:Uthman ibn Hunayf 1179:Tarikh al-Ya'qubi 1055:al-Walid ibn Uqba 929:Julius Wellhausen 625:Maʿrakat al-Jamal 622: 601: 600: 425: 424: 351: 350: 171:Ali ibn Abi Talib 81: 80: 5918: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5865:30.5000; 47.8167 5861: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5834:Battle of Siffin 5816:Preceded by 5813: 5812: 5809: 5795: 5771: 5745: 5726: 5705: 5684: 5663: 5642: 5621: 5600: 5579: 5566: 5545: 5526: 5515: 5494: 5473: 5462: 5441: 5420: 5401: 5386:. Translated by 5373: 5354: 5333: 5314: 5303: 5282: 5259: 5236: 5212: 5183: 5172: 5151: 5130: 5107: 5084: 5065: 5053: 5042: 5021: 5008: 4989: 4968: 4957: 4936: 4925: 4914:. Random House. 4904: 4885: 4857: 4856: 4844: 4823: 4817: 4804: 4798: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4767:"Islamic period" 4763: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4686:, p. 180-1. 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4660:Shah-Kazemi 2022 4657: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4594:Shah-Kazemi 2022 4591: 4585: 4579: 4570: 4569:, pp. 94–5. 4567:Shah-Kazemi 2022 4564: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4522: 4516: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4465:Shah-Kazemi 2022 4462: 4456: 4450: 4441: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4365: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4259: 4253: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4145: 4139: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3850:, pp. 55–6. 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3826:, pp. 85–6. 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3739:, pp. 95–6. 3737:Shah-Kazemi 2022 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3635: 3624: 3618: 3607: 3601: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3456: 3450: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3249:, pp. 56–7. 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3184: 3178: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3114: 3111:Shah-Kazemi 2022 3108: 3102: 3096: 3087: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2887: 2881: 2864: 2861:Shah-Kazemi 2022 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2749: 2743: 2728: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2572: 2566: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2474: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2388: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2323: 2317: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2216: 2210: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2116:Shah-Kazemi 2022 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2052: 2046: 2021: 2015: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1927: 1921: 1900: 1897: 1875:Battle of Siffin 1843:Ya'la bin Umayya 1715:Harith ibn Rab'i 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1520: 1518: 1512:Ludwig W. Adamec 1501: 1499: 1473: 1471: 1430: 1428: 1383: 1381: 1305: 1303: 1270: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1248: 1201: 1199: 1175: 1147: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1121: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1076: 1066:Talha and Zubayr 1040: 1005: 987: 985: 976: 974: 960:Ismail Poonawala 948: 946: 940:Mahmoud M. Ayoub 937: 935: 918: 916: 896:Reza Shah-Kazemi 893: 891: 882: 880: 871: 869: 842:Wilferd Madelung 839: 837: 828: 826: 817: 815: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 754: 748: 746: 688: 686: 653: 651: 627: 617: 615: 545:Battle of Fakhkh 462: 452: 445: 438: 429: 428: 412:Busr's campaigns 387: 377: 370: 363: 354: 353: 320: 302: 289: 275: 266: 254: 240: 145:Sections of the 47: 46: 39: 19: 18: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5876: 5875: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5836: 5827: 5825:Muslim battles 5821: 5792: 5763:Nahj al-balagha 5753: 5748: 5742: 5723: 5639: 5563: 5542: 5491: 5459: 5438: 5417: 5398: 5370: 5351: 5330: 5300: 5279: 5256: 5233: 5225:. I.B. Tauris. 5217:Daftary, Farhad 5169: 5148: 5127: 5104: 5081: 5062: 5050:Islamic History 5039: 5005: 4986: 4954: 4922: 4901: 4882: 4865: 4860: 4845: 4826: 4818: 4807: 4799: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4765: 4764: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4542: 4534: 4525: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4427: 4419: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4374: 4366: 4355: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4262: 4254: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4148: 4140: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4105:Afsaruddin 2013 4103: 4099: 4091: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3644: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3610: 3602: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3459: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3376: 3368: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2959:Wellhausen 1927 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2890: 2882: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2752: 2744: 2731: 2723: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2575: 2567: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2477: 2469: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2391: 2383: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2341: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2219: 2211: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2055: 2047: 2024: 2016: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1930: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1860: 1855: 1828:Hafsa bint Umar 1818: 1816:Others involved 1813: 1798:Yahya ibn Hakim 1760: 1755: 1742:Qathm bin Abbas 1730:Abu Ayub Ansari 1710:Muslim ibn Aqil 1695:Ammar ibn Yasir 1680:Malik al-Ashtar 1670: 1665: 1657:Maria M. Dakake 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1626: 1608: 1592: 1590:Pardon of Aisha 1587: 1568: 1541: 1539:Death of Zubayr 1527: 1515: 1496: 1489: 1480: 1468: 1460: 1455: 1449:other sources. 1437: 1425: 1408:Asma Afsaruddin 1404:Hugh N. Kennedy 1399: 1378: 1367:Hashim ibn Utba 1359: 1351:Hafsa bint Umar 1341: 1317: 1312: 1300: 1297:Ibn Abi'l-Hadid 1265: 1254: 1240: 1216: 1196: 1159: 1150:Nahj al-balagha 1142: 1131: 1116: 1105: 1094: 1083: 1068: 1063: 1051:Sa'id ibn al-As 1016: 1014:Election of Ali 982: 971: 955: 943: 932: 925:Asma Afsaruddin 913: 888: 877: 874:Husain M. Jafri 866: 854: 846:Hugh N. Kennedy 834: 823: 812: 795:Ammar ibn Yasir 783: 777: 768: 765: 762: 759: 743: 740:Malik al-Ashtar 708: 703: 683: 648: 602: 597: 463: 460: 458: 456: 426: 421: 388: 383: 381: 316: 313: 309: 305: 294: 292: 281: 277: 271: 268: 262: 256: 250: 244: 243: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 187:Ammar ibn Yasir 185: 183:Malik al-Ashtar 181: 177: 173: 108:Banu Abdul Qays 77:Victory for Ali 69: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5924: 5914: 5913: 5911:650s conflicts 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5796: 5790: 5772: 5752: 5751:External links 5749: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5727: 5721: 5706: 5685: 5664: 5643: 5637: 5622: 5601: 5580: 5567: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5527: 5516: 5495: 5489: 5474: 5472:. I.B. Tauris. 5463: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5421: 5415: 5402: 5396: 5374: 5368: 5355: 5349: 5334: 5328: 5315: 5304: 5298: 5283: 5277: 5260: 5254: 5237: 5231: 5213: 5184: 5173: 5167: 5152: 5146: 5131: 5125: 5108: 5102: 5085: 5079: 5066: 5060: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5009: 5003: 4990: 4984: 4969: 4958: 4952: 4937: 4926: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4886: 4880: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4824: 4822:, p. 158. 4805: 4788: 4751: 4749:, p. 183. 4739: 4727: 4715: 4713:, p. 182. 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4649: 4637: 4635:, p. 122. 4625: 4621:Spellberg 2006 4613: 4611:, p. 175. 4598: 4586: 4584:, p. 121. 4571: 4559: 4557:, p. 141. 4540: 4538:, p. 176. 4523: 4521:, p. 119. 4508: 4506:, p. 177. 4496: 4494:, p. 173. 4481: 4469: 4457: 4442: 4425: 4423:, p. 171. 4406: 4404:, p. 118. 4391: 4389:, p. 181. 4372: 4370:, p. 140. 4353: 4338: 4336:, p. 172. 4319: 4307: 4305:, p. 114. 4295: 4293:, p. 113. 4283: 4281:, p. 170. 4260: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4204: 4192: 4190:, p. 179. 4175: 4163: 4161:, p. 139. 4146: 4144:, p. 169. 4121: 4109: 4097: 4095:, p. 159. 4072: 4060: 4048: 4046:, p. 165. 4033: 4018: 4016:, p. 107. 4003: 4001:, p. 163. 3991: 3989:, p. 162. 3972: 3970:, p. 137. 3960: 3958:, p. 106. 3945: 3943:, p. 161. 3933: 3921: 3909: 3907:, p. 138. 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3838:, p. 132. 3828: 3816: 3814:, p. 115. 3804: 3792: 3780: 3778:, p. 152. 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729: 3727:, p. 132. 3717: 3705: 3703:, p. 155. 3693: 3691:, p. 148. 3676: 3661: 3659:, p. 157. 3642: 3625: 3621:Tabatabai 1975 3608: 3606:, p. 133. 3591: 3579: 3560: 3548: 3546:, p. 143. 3531: 3519: 3507: 3505:, p. 147. 3488: 3476: 3457: 3455:, p. 144. 3442: 3430: 3428:, p. 145. 3418: 3403: 3391: 3374: 3370:Bahramian 2015 3311: 3299: 3297:, p. 141. 3287: 3275: 3263: 3261:, p. 134. 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3200: 3185: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3115: 3103: 3101:, p. 407. 3088: 3073: 3071:, p. 206. 3061: 3059:, p. 256. 3049: 3037: 3016: 3004: 3002:, p. 151. 2987: 2975: 2973:, p. 106. 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2913:, p. 158. 2888: 2886:, p. 107. 2865: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2750: 2729: 2708: 2706:, p. 152. 2696: 2684: 2672: 2670:, p. 423. 2660: 2648: 2636: 2634:, p. 126. 2619: 2607: 2592: 2590:, p. 127. 2573: 2571:, p. 112. 2554: 2552:, p. 123. 2542: 2540:, p. 122. 2530: 2518: 2506: 2504:, p. 111. 2494: 2475: 2473:, p. 128. 2458: 2446: 2444:, p. 121. 2434: 2430:Poonawala 1982 2389: 2387:, p. 157. 2368: 2356: 2339: 2324: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2217: 2190: 2188:, p. 109. 2178: 2176:, p. 467. 2159: 2147: 2145:, p. 113. 2135: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2070:, p. 108. 2053: 2022: 1995: 1993:, p. 108. 1983: 1971: 1959: 1957:, p. 126. 1947: 1945:, p. 166. 1928: 1926:, p. 168. 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1746:Jundab al-Azdi 1743: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1690:Husayn ibn Ali 1687: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1636:qasr al-khabal 1625: 1618: 1607: 1606:General pardon 1604: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1567: 1564: 1540: 1537: 1526: 1525:Death of Talha 1523: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1436: 1433: 1398: 1395: 1369:, a nephew of 1358: 1355: 1340: 1337: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1269: 634–644 1258: 632–634 1239: 1236: 1215: 1212: 1158: 1155: 1128:Ibn Abd Rabbih 1111:), al-Tabari, 1091:Hasan al-Basri 1080:Ibn Abi Shayba 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1015: 1012: 994:Farhad Daftary 975: 661–680 954: 951: 853: 850: 779:Main article: 776: 773: 707: 704: 702: 699: 687: 644–656 652: 656–661 599: 598: 596: 595: 593:Zanj Rebellion 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 564: 563: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 531: 530: 520: 518:Yahya ibn Zayd 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 468: 465: 464: 459:Civil wars of 455: 454: 447: 440: 432: 423: 422: 420: 419: 417:Syria campaign 414: 409: 404: 399: 393: 390: 389: 380: 379: 372: 365: 357: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 332: 328: 327: 323: 322: 231: 227:Jundab al-Azdi 179:Husayn ibn Ali 167: 166: 162: 161: 160: 159: 154: 143: 137: 127: 126: 125: 120: 115: 105: 99: 92:Forces of Ali 88: 87: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 61: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5923: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5835: 5828:Year: 656 CE 5826: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5800:Muir, William 5797: 5793: 5791:0-7914-0154-5 5787: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5743: 5741:9781786076984 5737: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5722:9780664253028 5718: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5669:"al-D̲j̲amal" 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5638:9780521514309 5634: 5630: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5562:9780195074727 5558: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5541:9781597404716 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5490:9781780746746 5486: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5458:90-04-08551-3 5454: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5437:9780415624404 5433: 5430:. Routledge. 5429: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5416:9780791480342 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5397:0-87395-390-8 5393: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5383:Shi'ite Islam 5379: 5375: 5371: 5369:9780857727633 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5350:9780521291316 5346: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5329:9781626165885 5325: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5299:9780674064140 5295: 5291: 5290: 5284: 5280: 5278:9780759101890 5274: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5255:9780691134840 5251: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5232:9780755608669 5228: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195:(4): 450–69. 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5168:9781442277243 5164: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5147:9781780744483 5143: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5126:9780415966900 5122: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5103:9781610691789 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5080:9780873952729 5076: 5072: 5071:Shi'ite Islam 5067: 5063: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5038:9780748124701 5034: 5030: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5004:9780853982005 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4985:9780521646963 4981: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4953:9780385532099 4949: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4921:9780812982442 4917: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4900:9780300229455 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4881:9780521529402 4877: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4820:Madelung 1997 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4802: 4801:Madelung 1997 4797: 4795: 4793: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4747:Madelung 1997 4743: 4737:, p. 67. 4736: 4731: 4725:, p. 72. 4724: 4719: 4712: 4711:Madelung 1997 4707: 4705: 4697: 4696:Madelung 1997 4692: 4685: 4684:Madelung 1997 4680: 4674:, p. 84. 4673: 4668: 4662:, p. 94. 4661: 4656: 4654: 4646: 4645:Madelung 1997 4641: 4634: 4633:Hazleton 2009 4629: 4623:, p. 24. 4622: 4617: 4610: 4609:Madelung 1997 4605: 4603: 4596:, p. 95. 4595: 4590: 4583: 4582:Hazleton 2009 4578: 4576: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4537: 4536:Madelung 1997 4532: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4519:Hazleton 2009 4515: 4513: 4505: 4504:Madelung 1997 4500: 4493: 4492:Madelung 1997 4488: 4486: 4478: 4477:Madelung 1997 4473: 4467:, p. 93. 4466: 4461: 4454: 4453:Madelung 1997 4449: 4447: 4439: 4438:Madelung 1997 4434: 4432: 4430: 4422: 4421:Madelung 1997 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4403: 4402:Hazleton 2009 4398: 4396: 4388: 4387:Madelung 1997 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4349:Madelung 1997 4345: 4343: 4335: 4334:Madelung 1997 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4317:, p. 46. 4316: 4311: 4304: 4303:Hazleton 2009 4299: 4292: 4291:Hazleton 2009 4287: 4280: 4279:Madelung 1997 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4258:, p. 87. 4257: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4239:Madelung 1997 4235: 4229:, p. 67. 4228: 4223: 4217:, p. 68. 4216: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4188:Madelung 1997 4184: 4182: 4180: 4173:, p. 43. 4172: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4143: 4142:Madelung 1997 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4117:Madelung 1997 4113: 4107:, p. 52. 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4044:Madelung 1997 4040: 4038: 4030: 4029:Madelung 1997 4025: 4023: 4015: 4014:Hazleton 2009 4010: 4008: 4000: 3999:Madelung 1997 3995: 3988: 3987:Madelung 1997 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3956:Hazleton 2009 3952: 3950: 3942: 3941:Madelung 1997 3937: 3930: 3929:Hazleton 2009 3925: 3918: 3917:Madelung 1997 3913: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3884:Madelung 1997 3880: 3874:, p. 86. 3873: 3868: 3862:, p. 95. 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3802:, p. 72. 3801: 3800:Madelung 1997 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3776:Madelung 1997 3772: 3770: 3763:, p. 69. 3762: 3757: 3750: 3749:Madelung 1997 3745: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3713:Madelung 1997 3709: 3702: 3701:Madelung 1997 3697: 3690: 3689:Madelung 1997 3685: 3683: 3681: 3674:, p. 90. 3673: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3657:Madelung 1997 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3640:, p. 89. 3639: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3623:, p. 45. 3622: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3605: 3604:Madelung 1997 3600: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3587:Madelung 1997 3583: 3577:, p. 88. 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3544:Madelung 1997 3540: 3538: 3536: 3528: 3527:Madelung 1997 3523: 3517:, p. 64. 3516: 3511: 3504: 3503:Madelung 1997 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3486:, p. 70. 3485: 3480: 3474:, p. 24. 3473: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3453:Madelung 1997 3449: 3447: 3439: 3438:Madelung 1997 3434: 3427: 3426:Madelung 1997 3422: 3416:, p. 71. 3415: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3399:Madelung 1997 3395: 3389:, p. 81. 3388: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3309:, p. 56. 3308: 3303: 3296: 3295:Madelung 1997 3291: 3285:, p. 68. 3284: 3279: 3273:, p. 37. 3272: 3271:Esposito 1992 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3237:, p. 67. 3236: 3231: 3224: 3223:Madelung 1997 3219: 3213:, p. 74. 3212: 3207: 3205: 3198:, p. 66. 3197: 3192: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3163: 3158: 3152:, p. 84. 3151: 3146: 3140:, p. 82. 3139: 3134: 3128:, p. 56. 3127: 3122: 3120: 3113:, p. 90. 3112: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3086:, p. 94. 3085: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3069:Madelung 1997 3065: 3058: 3057:Madelung 1997 3053: 3047:, p. 10. 3046: 3045:Petersen 2008 3041: 3035:, p. 65. 3034: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3014:, p. 53. 3013: 3008: 3001: 3000:Madelung 1997 2996: 2994: 2992: 2985:, p. 64. 2984: 2979: 2972: 2971:Madelung 1997 2967: 2961:, p. 49. 2960: 2955: 2949:, p. 69. 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2925:, p. 28. 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2884:Madelung 1997 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2863:, p. 85. 2862: 2857: 2851:, p. §3. 2850: 2849:Madelung 1997 2845: 2839:, p. 76. 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2727:, p. 65. 2726: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2682:, p. 81. 2681: 2680:Madelung 1997 2676: 2669: 2664: 2658:, p. 64. 2657: 2652: 2645: 2644:Madelung 1997 2640: 2633: 2632:Madelung 1997 2628: 2626: 2624: 2617:, p. 71. 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2589: 2588:Madelung 1997 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2570: 2569:Madelung 1997 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2551: 2550:Madelung 1997 2546: 2539: 2538:Madelung 1997 2534: 2527: 2526:Madelung 1997 2522: 2516:, p. 68. 2515: 2510: 2503: 2502:Madelung 1997 2498: 2492:, p. 31. 2491: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2472: 2471:Madelung 1997 2467: 2465: 2463: 2455: 2454:Madelung 1997 2450: 2443: 2442:Madelung 1997 2438: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2366:, p. 62. 2365: 2360: 2354:, p. 49. 2353: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2337:, p. 62. 2336: 2331: 2329: 2322:, p. 22. 2321: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2300: 2299:Madelung 1997 2295: 2289:, p. 59. 2288: 2283: 2277:, p. 19. 2276: 2275:Cappucci 2014 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2256:Madelung 1997 2252: 2246:, p. 98. 2245: 2244:Madelung 1997 2240: 2234:, p. 30. 2233: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2215:, p. 63. 2214: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186:Madelung 1997 2182: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2157:, p. 53. 2156: 2151: 2144: 2143:Madelung 1997 2139: 2133:, p. 52. 2132: 2127: 2125: 2118:, p. 84. 2117: 2112: 2106:, p. 67. 2105: 2100: 2094:, p. 87. 2093: 2092:Madelung 1997 2088: 2082:, p. 21. 2081: 2076: 2069: 2068:Madelung 1997 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1987: 1980: 1979:Madelung 1997 1975: 1968: 1967:Madelung 1997 1963: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1943:Madelung 1997 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1924:Madelung 1997 1920: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1896: 1892: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1851: 1849:Saeed bin Aas 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1752: 1751:Adi ibn Hatim 1749: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1738:Qays ibn Sa'd 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:Hasan ibn Ali 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1660: 1658: 1637: 1632: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1536: 1533: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1494: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1432: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1347: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1307: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1263: 1252: 1247: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1163: 1154: 1151: 1140: 1129: 1125: 1114: 1103: 1092: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1011: 1009: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 980: 969: 965: 964:Waq'at Siffin 961: 950: 941: 930: 926: 922: 911: 906: 901: 897: 886: 875: 864: 859: 849: 847: 843: 832: 821: 820:Leone Caetani 810: 805: 800: 796: 792: 788: 782: 772: 766:Quran readers 753: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 698: 696: 692: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 620: 611: 607: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 562: 558: 557: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 529: 526: 525: 524: 521: 519: 515: 513: 512:Berber Revolt 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 466: 453: 448: 446: 441: 439: 434: 433: 430: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 391: 386: 378: 373: 371: 366: 364: 359: 358: 355: 346: 343: 342: 337: 333: 330: 329: 324: 321: 319: 312: 308: 303: 297: 290: 284: 280: 276: 274: 267: 265: 259: 255: 253: 247: 241: 235: 232: 230:Ali ibn Danūr 228: 224: 220: 216: 215:Qays ibn Sa'd 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 175:Hasan ibn Ali 172: 169: 168: 163: 158: 155: 152: 148: 144: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 131: 128: 124: 121: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 104: 101:Tribesmen of 100: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 84: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 48: 44: 38: 33: 30: 25: 20: 5873: 5841: 5824: 5804: 5779: 5767: 5761: 5731: 5711: 5693: 5672: 5651: 5627: 5609: 5588: 5575: 5551: 5531: 5521: 5503: 5479: 5468: 5447: 5426: 5406: 5382: 5359: 5339: 5319: 5313:. 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Abacus. 4672:Ayoub 2014 4555:Abbas 2021 4368:Abbas 2021 4256:Ayoub 2014 4159:Abbas 2021 3968:Abbas 2021 3905:Abbas 2021 3872:Ayoub 2014 3860:Ayoub 2014 3848:Jafri 1979 3836:Abbas 2021 3824:Ayoub 2014 3812:Abbas 2021 3761:Jafri 1979 3725:Aslan 2011 3672:Ayoub 2014 3638:Ayoub 2014 3575:Ayoub 2014 3515:Jafri 1979 3484:Ayoub 2014 3472:Momen 1985 3387:Ayoub 2014 3283:Jafri 1979 3259:Ayoub 2014 3211:Ayoub 2014 3162:Jafri 1979 3138:Ayoub 2014 3084:Ayoub 2014 3033:Jafri 1979 2983:Ayoub 2014 2923:Jafri 1979 2837:Ayoub 2014 2692:Hinds 1972 2615:Ayoub 2014 2364:Ayoub 2014 2335:Jafri 1979 2320:Momen 1985 2287:Jafri 1979 2213:Jafri 1979 2174:Hinds 1972 2155:Jafri 1979 2080:Momen 1985 1991:Crone 2003 1907:References 1631:pro-Uthman 1613:Kharijites 1478:Aggressors 1472: 805 1382: 895 1363:al-Rabadha 1208:Umm Salama 1135: 940 1113:al-Ya'qubi 1109: 845 1098: 728 1087: 849 979:al-Ya'qubi 870: 923 816: 892 747: 657 701:Background 691:Qurayshite 672:companions 559:Revolt of 516:Revolt of 472:Ridda Wars 147:Banu Tamim 5451:. Brill. 5265:"Shi'ism" 5209:159763369 2937:, §1.III. 1596:Ibn Abbas 1585:Aftermath 1550:Banu Sa'd 1281:al-Yamama 1032:Muhajirun 863:al-Tabari 724:Abu Dharr 693:council ( 619:romanized 397:The Camel 347:>2,500 157:Banu Amir 112:Banu Bakr 5802:(1891). 5778:(1990). 5380:(1975). 5219:(2013). 4775:Archived 3183:, §2.II. 1858:See also 1840:of Mecca 1622:de facto 1493:al-Mufid 1422:al-Mufid 1412:Hazleton 1251:Abu Bakr 1224:Damascus 1214:Umayyads 1188:Abulfeda 1102:Ibn Sa'd 968:Mu'awiya 791:Egyptian 732:Muhammad 718:and the 668:Muhammad 636:, in 36 407:Nahrawan 326:Strength 283:Marwan I 153:of Basra 142:of Mecca 114:of Basra 58:Location 3790:, §3.5. 1644: 1624:capital 1559:Twelver 1397:Line-up 1285:Bahrain 1124:al-Kufi 1024:Basrans 760: 621:: 334:~10,000 331:~10,000 318:† 298: ( 285: ( 273:† 264:† 252:† 236: ( 140:Quraysh 5788: 5738: 5719: 5635: 5559: 5538: 5487: 5455: 5434: 5413: 5394: 5366: 5347: 5326: 5296: 5275: 5252: 5229: 5207: 5165: 5144: 5123: 5100: 5077: 5058: 5035: 5001: 4982: 4950: 4918: 4897: 4878: 4781:6 July 1758:Rebels 1453:Battle 1329:Zubayr 1260:) and 1220:Marwan 1184:Tarikh 1028:Kufans 988:) and 962:cites 804:Marwan 787:Medina 712:Uthman 680:Uthman 664:Zubayr 642:caliph 610:Arabic 402:Siffin 260: 248: 74:Result 5766:[ 5205:S2CID 5014:"Ali" 1887:Notes 1765:Aisha 1508:camel 1390:Hasan 1333:Hejaz 1325:Talha 1321:Aisha 1277:Yemen 1246:shura 1157:Aisha 1038:wazir 1020:Ansar 1003:qurra 858:Hasan 799:Iraqi 752:qurra 736:Aisha 728:Ammar 720:Sunna 716:Quran 695:shura 676:Hejaz 660:Talha 656:Aisha 630:Basra 234:Aisha 63:Basra 5786:ISBN 5736:ISBN 5717:ISBN 5633:ISBN 5557:ISBN 5536:ISBN 5485:ISBN 5453:ISBN 5432:ISBN 5411:ISBN 5392:ISBN 5364:ISBN 5345:ISBN 5324:ISBN 5294:ISBN 5273:ISBN 5250:ISBN 5227:ISBN 5163:ISBN 5142:ISBN 5121:ISBN 5098:ISBN 5075:ISBN 5056:ISBN 5033:ISBN 4999:ISBN 4980:ISBN 4948:ISBN 4916:ISBN 4895:ISBN 4876:ISBN 4783:2006 1641:lit. 1504:Arab 1327:and 1283:and 1262:Umar 1232:Aban 1182:and 1173:umra 1074:umra 1026:and 996:and 923:and 757:lit. 726:and 662:and 634:Iraq 604:The 149:and 123:Jats 118:Tayy 110:and 103:Kufa 67:Iraq 50:Date 5886:656 5698:doi 5677:doi 5656:doi 5614:doi 5593:doi 5508:doi 5197:doi 1675:Ali 1431:). 1271:). 1122:), 1049:, 829:). 645:Ali 301:WIA 288:POW 239:POW 151:Azd 5882:: 5591:. 5574:. 5267:. 5203:. 5191:. 5016:. 4851:. 4827:^ 4808:^ 4791:^ 4773:. 4769:. 4754:^ 4703:^ 4652:^ 4601:^ 4574:^ 4543:^ 4526:^ 4511:^ 4484:^ 4445:^ 4428:^ 4409:^ 4394:^ 4375:^ 4356:^ 4341:^ 4322:^ 4263:^ 4246:^ 4207:^ 4178:^ 4149:^ 4124:^ 4075:^ 4036:^ 4021:^ 4006:^ 3975:^ 3948:^ 3891:^ 3768:^ 3679:^ 3664:^ 3645:^ 3628:^ 3611:^ 3594:^ 3563:^ 3534:^ 3491:^ 3460:^ 3445:^ 3406:^ 3377:^ 3314:^ 3203:^ 3188:^ 3169:^ 3118:^ 3091:^ 3076:^ 3019:^ 2990:^ 2891:^ 2868:^ 2753:^ 2732:^ 2711:^ 2622:^ 2595:^ 2576:^ 2557:^ 2478:^ 2461:^ 2392:^ 2371:^ 2342:^ 2327:^ 2306:^ 2263:^ 2220:^ 2193:^ 2162:^ 2123:^ 2056:^ 2025:^ 1998:^ 1931:^ 1914:^ 1517:d. 1498:d. 1470:d. 1427:d. 1380:d. 1323:, 1302:d. 1267:r. 1256:r. 1198:d. 1144:d. 1133:d. 1118:d. 1107:d. 1096:d. 1085:d. 1053:, 1045:, 984:d. 973:r. 945:d. 934:d. 915:d. 890:d. 879:d. 868:d. 836:d. 825:d. 814:d. 745:d. 685:r. 658:, 650:r. 638:AH 632:, 616:, 612:: 65:, 5794:. 5744:. 5725:. 5704:. 5700:: 5683:. 5679:: 5662:. 5658:: 5641:. 5620:. 5616:: 5599:. 5595:: 5565:. 5544:. 5514:. 5510:: 5493:. 5461:. 5440:. 5419:. 5400:. 5372:. 5353:. 5332:. 5302:. 5281:. 5258:. 5235:. 5211:. 5199:: 5193:3 5171:. 5150:. 5129:. 5106:. 5083:. 5064:. 5041:. 5020:. 5007:. 4988:. 4956:. 4924:. 4903:. 4884:. 4855:. 4803:. 4785:. 4058:. 3372:. 2827:. 2748:. 2694:. 2605:. 2432:. 2051:. 2020:. 1653:' 1647:' 1639:( 1514:( 1495:( 1467:( 1424:( 1377:( 1299:( 1264:( 1253:( 1243:( 1195:( 1141:( 1130:( 1115:( 1104:( 1093:( 1082:( 1035:( 981:( 970:( 942:( 931:( 912:( 887:( 876:( 865:( 833:( 822:( 811:( 769:' 763:' 755:( 742:( 682:( 647:( 608:( 451:e 444:t 437:v 376:e 369:t 362:v 304:) 291:) 242:)

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Knowledge

Battle of the Camel

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