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935:. In addition, Desaix sent a small detachment to occupy the nearby village of Biktil, just to the west. Murad anchored his right flank on the Nile at the village of Embabeh, which was fortified and held with infantry and some ancient cannons, his left flank was anchored on the village of Biktil, where the rest of his cannons were placed there to protect from French flanking movements. His Mamluk cavalry deployed in the center, between these villages. The other Mamluk army, commanded by Ibrahim Bey, stood across the Nile and watched the events unfold, unable to cross and intervene. Murad Bey's original plan was to repulse the French attacks on his fortified flanks, and then attack their demoralized center.
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formations, some of the frustrated
Mamluks rode off to attack Desaix's detached force. This was also a failure. Meanwhile, nearer the river, Bon's division deployed into attack columns and charged Embabeh. Breaking into the village, the French routed the garrison. Trapped against the river, many of the Mamluks and infantry tried to swim to safety, and hundreds drowned. The French reported a loss of 29 killed and 260 wounded. Murad's losses were far heavier, perhaps as many as 10,000 including 3,000 of the elite Mamluk cavalry, and his defterdar Ayyub Bey was also killed in the battle. Murad Bey himself was also wounded in the cheek with a hit from a saber. Murad escaped to
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947:....Then the column that came to fight Murad Bey was divided according to methods known to them (The French) in warfare, and it approached the barricades, so that it surrounded the soldiers from behind and in front of it, and its drums sounded, and it sent its successive guns and cannons, and the wind became fiercer, and the smoke became dark, and the world was darkened by the smoke of gunpowder and the dust of the wind. For people it seemed that the earth shook and the sky fell on it.
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The
Mamluks, being a force that was still largely feudal and medieval in all of its practical characteristics, including its military, were completely at odds with the modern standing French army. The majority of the Egyptian army was drafted Fellahin (peasants), its mainstay was the Mamluk horse. An
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On 21 July, after marching all night, the French caught up with the
Ottoman force in the vicinity of the village of Embabeh, after one hour rest the men were ordered to get ready for battle. Bonaparte ordered an advance on Murad's army with each of the five divisions of his army organised into hollow
962:
Ayyub Bey to attack the French squares, at about 15:30, the Mamluk cavalry hurled itself at the French without warning. The divisional squares of Desaix, Reynier and Dugua held firm and repelled the horsemen with point-blank musket and artillery fire. Unable to make an impression on the French
901:“Soldiers! You came to this country to save the inhabitants from barbarism, to bring civilisation to the Orient and subtract this beautiful part of the world from the domination of England. From the top of those pyramids, forty centuries are contemplating you”
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after the battle and created a new local administration under his supervision. The campaign formed part of a great global rivalry between France and
Britain; the French objective was to establish a base from which to continue its campaign against
957:
Napoleon ordered Desaix's square to advance to the right (towards the
Egyptian center) and the rest of his squares to the left (in the direction of Embebeh), Murad Bey saw an opportunity and ordered his
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rectangles with cavalry and baggage at the center and cannon at the corners. Bonaparte exhorted his troops to remain steady and keep their ranks closed up when facing the
Mameluke cavalry.
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1199:, “There is no denying that the combined Egyptian force was superior in number but the caliber of some of its conscripted men cannot be compared with that of the French”
1016:, later described the French as: "‘materialist, libertine philosophers … deny the resurrection, and the afterlife, and … prophets" while for the French, mathematician
983:, Bonaparte entered the conquered capital of Egypt on 24 July. On 11 August French forces caught up with Ibrahim Bey inflicting on him a crushing defeat at Salalieh.
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acting as infantry. On 13 July after French scouts located Murad's encampment, Bonaparte ordered an advance toward the enemy's forces, engaging them during the brief
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The Battle of the
Pyramids signalled the beginning of the end of seven centuries of Mamluk rule in Egypt. Despite this auspicious beginning, British Admiral
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rulers, wiping out almost the entire
Ottoman army located in Egypt. It was the first battle where Bonaparte personally devised and employed the
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888:. After the destruction of their flagship by French field artillery, the Mamluks retreated. The skirmish ended in a minor French victory.
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tactic to great effect. The deployment of the French brigades into these massive rectangular formations repeatedly threw back multiple
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nine miles (15 kilometres) from the
Pyramids and only four miles (6 kilometres) from Cairo. The Mamluk forces were commanded by two
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820:. French casualties amounted to roughly 300, but Ottoman and Mamluk casualties soared to approximately 10,000. Napoleon entered
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episode during the battle that demonstrated the rift between the armies occurred when a Mamluk rider, dressed in heavy armour,
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The French divisions advanced south in echelon, with the right flank leading and the left flank protected by the
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Upon hearing news of the defeat of their legendary cavalry, the waiting Mamluk armies in Cairo dispersed to
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asserts that
Bonaparte's 25,000-strong army outnumbered Murad's 6,000 Mamluks and 15,000 infantry, while
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and suppressed the subsequent rebellions violently. Although Napoleon tried to co-opt the local Egyptian
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indicates a force of 6,000 Mamluks and 54,000 Arab irregulars against 20,000 French, military historian
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1004:. Despite their cordial proclamations to the natives, with some French soldiers even converting to
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Engulfed by the west bank portion of the city of Cairo, nothing remains of the battlefield today.
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regretted that "the Muslim religion would on no account permit the development of the mind".
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on 2 July 1798, the French army led by General Bonaparte marched down the desert toward
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The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times
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The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times
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1509:"Napoleon Did Not Shoot the Pyramids As Ridley Scott Might Have You Believe"
3716:
986:
After the Battle of Pyramids, Napoleon instituted French administration in
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rode to within only a few steps from the French lines and demanded a duel
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with his 3,000 surviving cavalry, where he carried out an active
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ten days later effectively ended Napoleon's ambitions in Egypt.
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1736:
1695:
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The victory effectively sealed the French conquest of Egypt as
798:
797:, scored a decisive victory against the main army of the local
77:
774:
The battle took place near the village of Embabeh, across the
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1404:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. pp. 4–12.
1191:
gives a total of 50,000 Mamluks and irregulars. According to
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770:, was a major engagement fought on 21 July 1798, during the
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1459:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. p. 14.
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salvaged the remnants of his army, chaotically fleeing to
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915:. From right to left, Bonaparte posted the divisions of
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After landing in Ottoman-controlled Egypt and capturing
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After capturing Alexandria and crossing the desert, the
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1313:
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campaign before being defeated by Desaix in late 1799.
1455:
De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo".
1400:
De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). "Chapter 1: Cairo".
1301:
1241:
1279:
1277:
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1039:
The battle was depicted in the 2023 historical drama
1000:poured scorn on the ideas and cultural ways of the
1483:Mediterranean Naval Battles That Changed the World
1473:
1377:With Bonaparte in the East: 1798–1799, testimonies
1270:
873:, and had a force of powerful and highly trained
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1418:
906:General Bonaparte pre-battle Order of the Day,
16:1798 battle during the French Invasion of Egypt
1431:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 159.
418:
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952:ʻAbd al-Rah̤mān al-Jabartī's History of Egypt
756: Napoleon in command till 23 August 1799
455:
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1362:Modern contemplations of the French campaign
1012:, who headed Napoleon's Cairo government or
1008:in order to take Muslim wives, clerics like
3614:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
3667:
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1729:
1715:
1648:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East
1428:Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East
1337:The patterns of war since the 18th century
829:. After the French fleet was destroyed by
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1322:
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3883:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
3848:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
1550:
1339:. Indiana University Press. p. 25.
1307:
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1619:Napoleon in Egypt: 'the Greatest Glory'
1594:
1573:"Battle of the Pyramids, July 21, 1798"
1479:
1359:
1235:
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3623:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
782:, but was named by Napoleon after the
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3609:For 20th-century battles before 1914
1710:
1486:. Pen & Sword Books. p. 27.
1450:
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1156:Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte
943:. The French responded with gunfire.
443:
3868:Battles involving the Ottoman Empire
1677:. New York, American Heritage, 1963.
1583:
1506:
1424:
1283:
857:. They met the forces of the ruling
3618:For the battles during World War I
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13:
3843:French invasion of Egypt and Syria
1637:
1507:Kotb, Muhammed (3 December 2023).
1445:
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33:French Campaign in Egypt and Syria
14:
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1684:New York, Harper & Row, 1962.
3822:Green Land International Schools
3812:Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule
1694:
1670:– London, Hamish Hamilton, 1962.
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786:visible nearly nine miles away.
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426:Battle of the Pyramids (Earth)
1:
1379:. Giovanangeli. p. 224.
1215:
1102:François-Louis-Joseph Watteau
925:Charles-François-Joseph Dugua
398:Location within Mediterranean
1601:. Penguin Publishing Group.
974:
917:Louis Charles Antoine Desaix
877:at their command as well as
7:
1149:
1050:The battle was depicted by
921:Jean-Louis-Ébénézer Reynier
609:War of the Second Coalition
37:War of the Second Coalition
10:
3899:
3696:2011 Imbaba church attacks
1544:
1360:Armoush, Muhammad (2018).
1035:In literature and the arts
844:
50:The Battle of the Pyramids
3858:Military history of Egypt
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3633:Ottoman victories are in
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1554:The Campaigns of Napoleon
1335:Addington, Larry (1994).
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772:French Invasion of Egypt.
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480:French Revolutionary Wars
401:Show map of Mediterranean
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3873:Battles involving France
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1673:Herold, J. Christopher,
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367:10,000 killed or wounded
1551:Chandler, D.G. (2009).
3690:Battle of the Pyramids
1701:Battle of the Pyramids
1664:Herold, J. Christopher
1616:Strathern, P. (2008).
1375:Legat, Michel (2012).
1088:François-André Vincent
1052:François-André Vincent
955:
909:
764:Battle of the Pyramids
352:15,000–54,000 infantry
265:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
189:Commanders and leaders
55:Louis-François Lejeune
26:Battle of the Pyramids
3807:Cairo Japanese School
1590:(in French). Dumaine.
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793:army, led by General
784:Great Pyramid of Giza
364:289 killed or wounded
359:Casualties and losses
1703:at Wikimedia Commons
1595:Roberts, A. (2015).
1587:Géographie militaire
1480:Russell, Q. (2021).
1010:Abdullah al-Sharqawi
766:, also known as the
750: current battle
473:Egypt–Syria campaign
395:class=notpageimage|
3779:Pyramid of Menkaure
1675:The Age of Napoleon
1584:Niox, G.L. (1887).
886:battle of Chobrakit
103: /
1668:Bonaparte in Egypt
1651:Palgrave Macmillan
1141:Plan of the Battle
1029:Battle of the Nile
1027:'s victory in the
835:Battle of the Nile
795:Napoleon Bonaparte
493:Prise d'Alexandrie
205:Napoleon Bonaparte
3853:Conflicts in 1798
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1754:(1299–1453)
1699:Media related to
1680:Moorehead, Alan,
1629:978-1-84413-917-0
1608:978-0-14-312785-7
1564:978-1-4391-3103-9
1493:978-1-5267-1601-9
1466:978-0-87140-373-5
1438:978-0-230-60741-5
1425:Cole, J. (2007).
1411:978-0-87140-373-5
1386:978-2-7587-0082-1
1197:Napoleon in Egypt
1189:Gustave Léon Niox
1074:Antoine-Jean Gros
803:divisional square
768:Battle of Embabeh
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429:Show map of Earth
130:
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107:30.083°N 31.200°E
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2876:4th Dardanelles
2870:3rd Dardanelles
2865:2nd Dardanelles
2859:1st Dardanelles
2812:
2624:2nd Zrínyiújvár
2619:1st Zrínyiújvár
2614:Jurjeve Stijene
2410:
2409:
2398:
2301:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2017:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1735:
1691:
1640:
1638:Further reading
1630:
1609:
1565:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1271:
1263:
1242:
1234:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1129:Wojciech Kossak
1127:
1118:
1116:Wojciech Kossak
1113:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1037:
977:
954:
951:
933:Louis André Bon
908:
905:
894:
847:
807:cavalry charges
760:
759:
758:
757:
753:
751:
747:
744:
743:
739:
737:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
662:
659:
657:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
638:
634:
631:
624:
616:
614:Egypt and Syria
612:
604:
603:
602:
597:
484:
479:
476:
472:
470:
468:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
422:
405:
404:
403:
400:
399:
397:
391:
390:
389:
346:
338:17,000 infantry
332:
319:
311:
301:
299:
289:
287:
277:
275:
269:
257:
247:
245:
235:
233:
223:
221:
211:
209:
199:
197:
182:Arab irregulars
172:
170:
167:
155:
148:French Republic
142:
140:
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
88:
84:
52:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2848:Cape Celidonia
2845:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2643:Saint Gotthard
2640:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2517:Alcácer Quibir
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2408:Transformation
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2012:Constantinople
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1742:Ottoman Empire
1740:involving the
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1689:External links
1687:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1592:
1581:
1569:
1563:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1499:
1492:
1472:
1465:
1444:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1392:
1385:
1367:
1352:
1346:978-0253301321
1345:
1327:
1325:, p. 128.
1323:Strathern 2008
1312:
1310:, p. 226.
1300:
1298:, p. 119.
1296:Strathern 2008
1288:
1286:, p. 110.
1269:
1267:, p. 224.
1240:
1238:, p. 132.
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1193:Paul Strathern
1185:Andrew Roberts
1181:David Chandler
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1036:
1033:
1025:Horatio Nelson
1018:Joseph Fourier
976:
973:
949:
903:
893:
890:
846:
843:
831:Horatio Nelson
752:
746:
745:
738:
731:
726:
721:
714:
709:
704:
697:
692:
687:
680:
675:
670:
663:
658:
651:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
617:
607:
606:
605:
599:
598:
596:
595:
585:
583:2nd Cairo
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
513:1st Cairo
510:
505:
500:
495:
489:
486:
485:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
436:
435:
425:
416:
415:
409:
408:
407:
406:
393:
392:
383:
382:
376:
375:
374:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
356:
355:
354:
353:
350:
349:6,000+ cavalry
344:21,000–35,000
341:
340:
339:
336:
326:
325:
321:
320:
318:
317:
297:
285:
272:
270:
268:
267:
255:
243:
231:
219:
207:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
184:
183:
180:
166:
165:
163:Ottoman Empire
152:
150:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:French victory
124:
120:
119:
112:30.083; 31.200
86:Ottoman Empire
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3895:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:1798 in Egypt
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Great Pyramid
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:Naval battles
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:Philippopolis
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3149:Modernization
3146:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:Naval battles
3094:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:Naval battles
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:Naval battles
2304:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2043:Classical Age
2040:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:Naval battles
2020:
2014:
2013:
2009:
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1682:The Blue Nile
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1308:Chandler 2009
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828:
827:British India
823:
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796:
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345:
342:
337:
335:3,000 cavalry
334:
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38:
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29:
24:
19:
3786:Great Sphinx
3717:Giza Plateau
3689:
3634:
3619:
3610:
3550:
3528:
3510:
3488:
3446:
3439:
3417:
3345:
3338:
3316:
3304:
3297:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3204:
3199:
3177:
3161:Land battles
3102:
3084:
3077:
3015:
3008:
2986:
2979:
2975:2nd Belgrade
2970:Petrovaradin
2962:
2955:
2948:
2942:Land battles
2913:
2901:
2874:
2857:
2835:
2823:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2761:Egri Palanka
2759:
2752:
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2440:
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2420:Land battles
2391:
2387:Gulf of Oman
2374:
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2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
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2174:
2162:
2130:
2123:
2111:
2077:1st Belgrade
2055:Land battles
2010:
1998:
1976:
1959:
1950:Hermannstadt
1942:
1935:
1930:Thessalonica
1928:
1921:
1909:
1882:
1865:
1855:Philadelphia
1853:
1846:
1839:
1834:Sırp Sındığı
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1771:Kulaca Hisar
1769:
1763:Land battles
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1597:
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1557:. Scribner.
1553:
1533:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
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1330:
1303:
1291:
1236:Roberts 2015
1204:
1196:
1049:
1038:
1022:
991:
985:
978:
956:
946:
937:
910:
900:
895:
848:
811:
788:
767:
763:
761:
592:capitulation
573:El Rahmaniya
543:2nd El Arish
518:1st El Arish
502:
343:
329:
312:
253:Jean Reynier
217:Louis Desaix
135:Belligerents
68:21 July 1798
49:
31:Part of the
18:
3748:Mohandessin
3454:Shipka Pass
3408:Başgedikler
3403:Akhaltsikhe
3368:Akhaltsikhe
3212:Mount Tabor
3195:Shubra Khit
3130:2nd Ochakov
3073:2nd Ochakov
3033:Stavunchany
3028:1st Ochakov
2572:Nagykanizsa
2250:Leobersdorf
1622:. Vintage.
965:Upper Egypt
929:Honoré Vial
871:Ibrahim Bey
818:Upper Egypt
295:Ibrahim Bey
241:Honoré Vial
110: /
35:during the
3837:Categories
3448:Kızıl Tepe
3324:Dervenakia
3222:Heliopolis
3086:Karánsebes
3010:Banja Luka
2930:Old Regime
2915:Samothrace
2843:Cape Corvo
2737:Negroponte
2724:2nd Mohács
2718:Vrtijeljka
2685:2nd Vienna
2670:2nd Khotyn
2655:Krasnobród
2595:1st Khotyn
2583:Tashiskari
2549:Călugăreni
2496:Gvozdansko
2468:Mostaganem
2347:Formentera
2340:1st Jeddah
2237:1st Mohács
2202:Mercidabık
2138:Breadfield
2125:Valea Albă
2087:Târgoviște
2072:2nd Oranik
2000:2nd Kosovo
1994:1st Oranik
1895:Karanovasa
1861:Dubravnica
1827:Adrianople
1659:1403964319
1644:Cole, Juan
1518:5 December
1216:References
1195:author of
1179:Historian
998:Al-Jabarti
851:Alexandria
776:Nile River
706:Alexandria
588:Alexandria
578:Al Khankah
548:Heliopolis
3795:Education
3757:Landmarks
3726:Districts
3710:Geography
3506:Velestino
3501:Al Wajbah
3425:Eupatoria
3413:Kurekdere
3373:Kulevicha
3329:Karpenisi
3299:Drăgășani
3063:Kozludzha
2999:Yeghevārd
2903:Oinousses
2767:Slankamen
2680:Trembowla
2630:Novi Zrin
2565:Keresztes
2559:2nd Brest
2524:1st Brest
2296:Sokhoista
2284:Esztergom
2209:Han Yunus
2153:Cătlăbuga
2113:Otlukbeli
2092:2nd Mokra
2029:Gallipoli
1984:1st Mokra
1944:Novo Brdo
1911:Nicopolis
1890:Kırkdilim
1813:Gallipoli
1799:Pelekanon
1284:Niox 1887
975:Aftermath
969:guerrilla
960:defterdar
867:Murad Bey
865:mamluks,
814:Murad Bey
307:Ayyub Bey
283:Murad Bey
229:Louis Bon
3878:Napoleon
3588:Navarino
3583:Gerontas
3546:Kaliakra
3479:Taşkesen
3469:4th Kars
3435:3rd Kars
3430:Chernaya
3419:Oltenița
3383:2nd Acre
3358:2nd Kars
3347:Phaleron
3340:Kamatero
3334:Arachova
3312:Vasilika
3283:Valtetsi
3247:Al-Safra
3242:Slobozia
3232:Arpachai
3206:1st Acre
3200:Pyramids
3135:Fidonisi
3048:Aspindza
3043:Khresili
3038:1st Kars
2897:Mytilene
2853:Focchies
2783:Moulouya
2777:Ustechko
2743:Batočina
2660:Niemirów
2608:Köbölkút
2435:Temesvár
2365:Girolata
2328:Balearic
2216:Ridanieh
2196:Koçhisar
2183:Turnadag
2176:Çaldıran
2082:Albulena
2067:Krusevac
2062:Leskovac
1972:Torvioll
1967:Kunovica
1961:Zlatitsa
1806:Demotika
1653:, 2007.
1150:See also
1045:pyramids
1041:Napoleon
950:—
904:—
879:fellahin
863:Georgian
643:500miles
503:Pyramids
324:Strength
73:Location
3683:History
3635:italics
3573:Nauplia
3568:Algiers
3512:Domokos
3496:Mouzaki
3484:Novšiće
3464:Aladzha
3441:Al-Hasa
3378:Algiers
3306:Sculeni
3288:Doliana
3278:Erzurum
3267:Alamana
3179:Giurgiu
3168:Focșani
3110:Matapan
3079:Mehadia
3068:Kinburn
3023:Perekop
2988:Samarra
2981:Kurijan
2892:Algiers
2887:Algiers
2882:Algiers
2831:Lepanto
2754:Zernest
2748:2nd Niš
2707:Eperjes
2690:Párkány
2665:Komarno
2649:Ładyżyn
2578:Sufiyan
2554:Giurgiu
2510:Torches
2482:Szigeth
2461:Tlemcen
2428:Tlemcen
2370:Alborán
2359:Preveza
2314:Zonchio
2290:Karagak
2270:Algiers
2263:Baghdad
2256:Gorjani
2230:Tlemcen
2190:Algiers
2132:Shkodra
1989:Otonetë
1955:1st Niš
1937:Golubac
1923:Çamurlu
1873:Pločnik
1848:Maritsa
1841:Samokov
1820:Ihtiman
1778:Bapheus
1738:Battles
1545:Sources
1534:the MET
882:militia
875:cavalry
859:Mamluks
845:Prelude
833:at the
558:Mandora
477:of the
330:25,000
313:†
178:Mamluks
98:31°12′E
78:Embabeh
3743:Imbaba
3733:Agouza
3692:(1798)
3541:Tendra
3530:Andros
3490:Ulcinj
3459:Plevna
3273:Gravia
3253:Jeddah
3217:Abukir
3185:Izmail
3173:Rymnik
3120:Patras
3104:Imbros
3017:Grocka
2994:Kirkuk
2950:Chelif
2909:Andros
2825:Cyprus
2730:Crimea
2601:Candia
2589:Cecora
2503:Çıldır
2442:Palast
2393:Djerba
2170:Dubica
2164:Krbava
2158:Vrpile
2119:Vaslui
2102:Vaikal
1917:Ankara
1900:Rovine
1884:Kosovo
1878:Bileća
1792:Nicaea
1785:Dimbos
1744:by era
1657:
1626:
1605:
1561:
1490:
1463:
1435:
1408:
1383:
1343:
1056:sketch
1002:French
892:Battle
799:Mamluk
791:French
754:
748:
563:Canope
309:
123:Result
95:30°5′N
3738:Dokki
3593:Sinop
3578:Samos
3563:Athos
3398:Nezib
3393:Konya
3363:Varna
3353:Petra
3293:Lalas
3260:Čegar
3237:Batin
3227:Derna
3190:Măcin
3115:Çeşme
3058:Kagul
3053:Larga
3004:Ganja
2964:Pruth
2837:Tunis
2808:Zenta
2790:Lugos
2772:Hodów
2712:Kassa
2637:Jijel
2543:Banat
2537:Sisak
2531:Bihać
2475:Krupa
2455:Tadla
2376:Ponza
2353:Tunis
2321:Modon
2223:Jajce
2148:Adana
2107:Meçad
2097:Ohrid
2006:Polog
1978:Varna
1905:Ohrid
1867:Savra
1162:Notes
1054:in a
1014:divan
1006:Islam
993:ulema
988:Cairo
981:Syria
855:Cairo
822:Cairo
780:Cairo
778:from
723:Malta
689:Cairo
672:Jaffa
641:800km
523:Jaffa
82:Egypt
3676:Giza
3388:Hims
3318:Peta
2957:Oran
2803:Azov
2797:Ulaş
2696:Buda
2675:Lwów
2277:Pest
1751:Rise
1655:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1520:2023
1488:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1341:ISBN
931:and
913:Nile
869:and
839:Acre
762:The
528:Acre
508:Nile
65:Date
3620:see
3611:see
2702:Vác
2489:Fez
2449:Fez
2334:Diu
2143:Una
53:by
3839::
1666:,
1646:,
1575:.
1511:.
1447:^
1315:^
1272:^
1243:^
1224:^
1170:^
1047:.
927:,
923:,
919:,
841:.
80:,
3668:e
3661:t
3654:v
3637:.
1730:e
1723:t
1716:v
1632:.
1611:.
1579:.
1567:.
1537:.
1522:.
1496:.
1469:.
1441:.
1414:.
1389:.
1364:.
1349:.
728:1
711:2
694:3
677:4
660:5
648:6
611::
594:)
590:(
463:e
456:t
449:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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