273:
The
Bavarian model of control over the police and the newly established concentration camps by the SS became the blueprint for all of Germany. Within a short time, all German state police forces would be organized in the same way. This model was different from Prussia's. Prussia's state government
222:
on 9 March 1933. They split off the Munich police's political department into a separate entity, the
Bavarian Political Police (BPP). The Bavarian Political Police operated outside the framework of the law in the state. The new force experienced no significant staffing changes compared to the
262:, chief of Department IV, the political police. The Bavarian Political Police was given authority above all other police forces in the state and, from 10 April, was authorised to take people into protective custody. In addition, Himmler obtained control over the
277:
Staff from the
Bavarian Political Police was instrumental in assisting Himmler to take control of the complete German police force. Key members from Bavarian Political Police that would later rise to high ranks within the SS and the Gestapo were Heydrich,
313:
decreed police forces' unification in
Germany and named Himmler Chief of German Police, which had previously been controlled through state law. This move gave Himmler operational control over Germany's entire detective and political police.
308:
Eventually, Himmler would gain control of all the police in
Germany. On 10 February 1936, a law was passed, allowing the police to act completely independent of the law, free to arrest, deport, torture, and murder people. On 17 June 1936,
133:
301:, who denounced over 250 fellow communists to the BPP. From June 1933, this was expanded to non-Nazi members of the national- and state parliaments being arrested, as well as members of the
491:
325:
and was eventually dismissed in 1937 over the issue. Sepp, in turn, had succeeded Jakob Beck, who led the
Bavarian Political Police from April 1934 to February 1935, acting for Heydrich.
496:
254:, appointed Himmler chief of the Munich Metropolitan Police. After the appointment became official by 1 April 1933, Himmler was given the BPP's overall command, with the title of
258:. Himmler was now subordinate if only nominally, under Wagner, and had command over all political police in the state. Himmler then appointed his second in command,
432:
184:
Bavaria, Germany's second-largest state after
Prussia, and specifically its capital Munich was the breeding ground of the Nazis. It was Munich where the
461:
321:, led by Walter Stepp, who had been in charge of the force since 1935. Sepp attempted to retain some independence from the Gestapo headquarters in
710:
Buchheim, Hans (1968). "The SS – Instrument of
Domination". In Krausnik, Helmut; Buchheim, Hans; Broszat, Martin; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (eds.).
297:, with thousands of people being taken into protective custody. Instrumental in destroying communist resistance in Munich was the informer
266:, the ones already established, and the ones planned. The first major concentration camp, initially for political prisoners, was opened at
156:
in
Bavaria, the secret police during the Nazi era, and was predominantly engaged in the persecution of political opponents of the Nazis.
794:
202:
were published. For these reasons, the city was declared the "Capital of the movement" in 1935 and remained the spiritual capital of
405:
804:
789:
223:
pre-Nazi era, with almost all previous staff being either retained or new staff coming from the existing
Bavarian police force.
799:
765:
743:
719:
700:
653:
294:
372:
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in 1933, as local jails were soon at capacity because of the large number of arrests after the Nazis took power.
215:
734:
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initially retained some control over these entities. Munich became the test site for the future Nazi terror.
376:
279:
302:
809:
267:
526:[From the Kingdom to the Weimar Republic and in the service of the Nazi state] (in German).
263:
234:, which was formed on 26 April 1933. In the early stages, the two organisations were rivals, with
194:
171:, Bavaria's capital, became the testing ground for the Nazi terror of the following twelve years.
523:
567:
283:
527:
328:
After integration into the Gestapo, the Bavarian branch was led by Walter Sepp (until 1937),
437:
251:
8:
656:[The German police during the Nazi era] (in German). Zukunft braucht Erinnerungen
293:
In Bavaria, the political police at first only targeted communists and members of the
761:
739:
715:
696:
287:
259:
247:
159:
The combination of political police and concentration camps under the control of the
110:
235:
784:
729:
333:
239:
164:
105:
401:
753:
564:"Stichtag: 26. April 1933 - Die "Geheime Staatspolizei" (Gestapo) wird gegrĂĽndet"
563:
137:
778:
329:
160:
566:[Anniversary: 26 April 1922 - The Gestapo was formed] (in German).
310:
243:
203:
189:
145:
466:
199:
185:
435:[How Munich became the breaking ground for the Nazi terror].
298:
167:, within a short time, controlling all police forces in the country.
524:"Vom Königreich zur Weimarer Republik und im Dienste des NS-Staates"
317:
The Bavarian Political Police, now part of the Gestapo, became the
693:
Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD
497:
Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism
231:
227:
219:
192:'s political career began. Munich was where the party newspaper,
153:
149:
71:
501:
322:
168:
92:
462:"Nazi past lingers ambiguously in culture of Bavarian capital"
152:, active from 1933 to 1936. It served as a forerunner of the
163:
in Bavaria became the model for all of Nazi Germany, with
404:[National Socialism: Rise and rule] (in German).
668:
606:
594:
582:
618:
541:
433:"Wie München zur Brutstätte für den Nazi-Terror wurde"
218:
in Germany in January 1933, the Nazis took control in
319:
Geheime Staatspolizei Staatspolizeileitstelle MĂĽnchen
630:
246:, acting Bavarian minister of the interior, under
776:
426:
424:
422:
402:"Nationalsozialismus: Aufstieg und Herrschaft"
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
760:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
654:"Die Deutsche Polizei im Nationalsozialismus"
516:
336:(1939–1942) and Oswald Schäfer (1942–1945).
226:The Bavarian Political Police pre-dated its
419:
351:
206:even when Berlin was the political centre.
16:1930s police force in Bavaria, Nazi Germany
647:
645:
752:
674:
612:
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49:Political department of the Munich Police
709:
651:
547:
486:
484:
690:
642:
624:
600:
588:
430:
777:
459:
242:, the Bavarian unit. On 9 March 1933,
84:Political opponents of the Nazi regime
728:
652:Bollmann, Michael (29 October 2011).
636:
558:
556:
481:
406:Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
399:
395:
393:
256:"Politischer Polizeikommandeur Bayern
238:controlling the Prussian version and
695:. The University Press of Kentucky.
431:BrĂĽning, Franziska (29 April 2015).
13:
553:
460:Scally, Derek (24 November 2014).
390:
295:Social Democratic Party of Germany
144:), BPP, was a police force in the
14:
821:
795:1936 disestablishments in Germany
370:
714:. New York: Walker and Company.
684:
373:"Schutzstaffel (SS), 1925-1945"
209:
805:Organisations based in Bavaria
790:1933 establishments in Germany
400:Wildt, Michael (24 May 2012).
1:
800:Police forces of Nazi Germany
735:The Coming of the Third Reich
339:
179:
142:Bayerische Politische Polizei
25:Bayerische Politische Polizei
691:Browder, George C. (2004) .
377:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
344:
216:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
7:
738:. New York: Penguin Group.
10:
826:
174:
129:Bavarian Political Police
98:
88:
80:
64:
56:
42:
34:
29:
24:
20:Bavarian Political Police
758:Heinrich Himmler: A Life
264:Nazi concentration camps
712:Anatomy of the SS State
492:"Max Troll (1902-1972)"
303:Bavarian People's Party
568:Westdeutscher Rundfunk
284:Josef Albert Meisinger
188:was founded and where
141:
528:Bavarian State Police
290:, and Edmund Trinkl.
195:Völkischer Beobachter
438:Sueddeutsche Zeitung
252:Franz Ritter von Epp
286:, Reinhard Flesch,
21:
591:, pp. 63, 64.
65:Superseding agency
19:
767:978-0-19-959232-6
745:978-0-14-303469-8
730:Evans, Richard J.
721:978-0-00211-026-6
702:978-0-81319-111-9
603:, pp. 64–66.
504:. 27 January 2018
288:Franz Josef Huber
260:Reinhard Heydrich
230:counterpart, the
125:
124:
111:Reinhard Heydrich
99:Agency executives
817:
810:Heinrich Himmler
771:
754:Longerich, Peter
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334:Erich Isselhorst
240:Heinrich Himmler
165:Heinrich Himmler
136:
106:Heinrich Himmler
43:Preceding agency
22:
18:
825:
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570:. 26 March 2013
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280:Heinrich MĂĽller
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198:, and Hitler's
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30:Agency overview
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11:
5:
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766:
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686:
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679:
677:, p. 204.
675:Longerich 2012
667:
641:
639:, p. 344.
629:
627:, p. 667.
617:
615:, p. 149.
613:Longerich 2012
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593:
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550:, p. 146.
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248:Reich Governor
236:Hermann Göring
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548:Buchheim 1968
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500:(in German).
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375:(in German).
374:
371:Hoser, Paul.
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337:
335:
332:(1937–1939),
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330:Lothar Beutel
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685:Bibliography
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658:. Retrieved
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625:Browder 2004
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608:
601:Browder 2004
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589:Browder 2004
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572:. Retrieved
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531:. Retrieved
518:
506:. Retrieved
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471:. Retrieved
465:
455:
443:. Retrieved
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409:. Retrieved
380:. Retrieved
327:
318:
316:
311:Adolf Hitler
307:
292:
276:
272:
255:
244:Adolf Wagner
225:
213:
210:Nazi Germany
204:Nazi Germany
193:
190:Adolf Hitler
183:
158:
128:
126:
118:Walter Stepp
89:Headquarters
81:Jurisdiction
467:Irish Times
441:(in German)
250:of Bavaria
779:Categories
660:21 October
637:Evans 2003
574:21 October
533:21 October
508:20 October
473:23 October
445:23 October
411:22 October
382:21 October
340:References
200:Mein Kampf
186:Nazi Party
180:Background
115:Jakob Beck
345:Citations
299:Max Troll
148:state of
134:‹See Tfd›
57:Dissolved
756:(2012).
732:(2003).
228:Prussian
785:Gestapo
232:Gestapo
220:Bavaria
175:History
154:Gestapo
150:Bavaria
72:Gestapo
764:
742:
718:
699:
502:Munich
323:Berlin
268:Dachau
214:After
169:Munich
146:German
138:German
93:Munich
35:Formed
762:ISBN
740:ISBN
716:ISBN
697:ISBN
662:2018
576:2018
535:2018
510:2018
475:2018
447:2018
413:2018
384:2018
127:The
60:1936
38:1933
781::
644:^
555:^
494:.
483:^
464:.
421:^
392:^
353:^
305:.
282:,
161:SS
140::
770:.
748:.
724:.
705:.
664:.
578:.
537:.
512:.
477:.
449:.
415:.
386:.
131:(
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