Beef - Knowledge

900:, with around 80% of all converted land being used to rear cattle. 91% of Amazon land deforested since 1970 has been converted to cattle ranching. 41% of global deforestation from 2005 to 2013 has been attributed to the expansion of beef production. This is due to the higher ratio of net energy of gain to net energy of maintenance where metabolizable energy intake is higher. The ratio of feed required to produce an equivalent amount of beef (live weight) has been estimated at 7:1 to 43:1, compared with about 2:1 for chicken. However, assumptions about feed quality are implicit in such generalizations. For example, production of a kilogram of beef cattle live weight may require between 4 and 5 kilograms of feed high in protein and metabolizable energy content, or more than 20 kilograms of feed of much lower quality. A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009. A 2021 1789:, a scenario of significant warming and very low adaptation, every additional 1 °C (1.8 °F) would decrease global beef production by 9.7%, mainly because of its impact on tropical and poor countries. In the countries which can afford adaptation measures, production would fall by around 4%, but by 27% in those which cannot. In 2024, another study suggested that the impacts would be milder - a 1% decrease per every additional 1 °C (1.8 °F) in low-income countries and 0.2% in high-income ones, and a 3.2% global decline in beef production by 2100 under SSP3-7.0. The same paper suggests that out of the top 10 beef-producing countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, France, India, Mexico, Russia, Turkey and the U.S.), only China, Russia and the U.S. would see overall production gains with increased warming, with the rest experiencing declines. Other research suggests that east and south of Argentina may become more suitable to cattle ranching due to climate-driven shifts in rainfall, but a shift to 361: 453: 345: 996: 3726:

India prohibits the export of beef (meat of cow, oxen and calf). Bone-in meat, a carcass, or half carcass of buffalo is also prohibited from export. Only the boneless meat of buffalo, meat of goat and sheep and birds is permitted for export. In 2017, India sought a total "beef ban" and Australian market analysts predicted that this would create market opportunities for leather traders and meat producers there and elsewhere. Their prediction estimated a twenty percent shortage of beef and a thirteen percent shortage of leather in the world market.

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dish made from finely chopped or ground (minced) raw meat (often beef). More accurately, it is scraped so as not to let even the slightest of the sinew fat get into the scraped meat. It is often served with onions, capers, seasonings such as fresh ground pepper and Worcestershire sauce, and sometimes

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In 2017, a rule against the slaughter of cattle and the eating of beef was signed into law by presidential assent as a modified version of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The original act, however, did permit the humane slaughter of animals for use as food. Existing meat export policy in

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Thermostatically controlled methods, such as sous-vide, can also prevent overcooking by bringing the meat to the exact degree of doneness desired, and holding it at that temperature indefinitely. The combination of precise temperature control and long cooking duration makes it possible to be assured

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proteins. Wet aging is accomplished using vacuum packaging to reduce spoilage and yield loss. Dry aging involves hanging primals (usually ribs or loins) in humidity-controlled coolers. Outer surfaces dry out and can support growth of molds (and spoilage bacteria, if too humid), resulting in trim and

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Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.

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precipitation is not expected to change much, there will be more unusually dry years as well as unusually wet years, and the negatives will outweigh the positives. Keeping smaller herds to be more flexible when dry years hit was suggested as an adaptation strategy. Since more variable and therefore

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could reduce the methane component of their emissions by 80%. While such feed options are still experimental, even when looking at the most widely used feeds around the globe, there is high variability in efficiency. One study found that shifting compositions of current feeds, production areas, and

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provides states must raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health as among its primary duties, based on this a reasonableness in slaughter of common cattle was instituted, if the animals ceased to be capable of breeding, providing milk, or serving as draught

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In 2010, the EU, through the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), proposed a roadmap to gradually lift the restrictions on the feed ban. In 2013, the ban on feeding mammal-based products to cattle, was amended to allow for certain milk, fish, eggs, and plant-fed farm animal products to be used.

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Sous-vide, French for "under vacuum", is a method of cooking food sealed in airtight plastic bags in a water bath for a long time—72 hours is not unknown—at an accurately determined temperature much lower than normally used for other types of cooking. The intention is to maintain the integrity of

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In 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China produced the most beef with 12.22 million tons, 9.9 million tons, and 6.46 million tons respectively. The top 3 beef exporting countries in 2019 were Australia (14.8% of total exports), the United States (13.4% of total exports), and Brazil (12.6% of

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Cooking the beef over or under a high radiant heat source, generally in excess of 340 °C (650 °F). This leads to searing of the surface of the beef, which creates a flavorsome crust. In Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, the UK, Germany and The Netherlands, grilling,

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Evaporation concentrates the remaining proteins and increases flavor intensity; the molds can contribute a nut-like flavor. After two to three days there are significant effects. The majority of the tenderizing effect occurs in the first 10 days. Boxed beef, stored and distributed in vacuum

3425:, although based on studies that separated the two, this meta-analysis found that red meat intake was not associated with higher incidence of coronary heart disease. As of 2020, there is substantial evidence for a link between high consumption of red meat and coronary heart disease. 5661:

Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021:

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and other subdivisions are cut. The term "primal cut" is quite different from "prime cut", used to characterize cuts considered to be of higher quality. Since the animal's legs and neck muscles do the most work, they are the toughest; the meat becomes more tender as distance from

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that pasteurization has been achieved, both on the surface and the interior of even very thick cuts of meat, which can not be assured with most other cooking techniques. (Although extremely long-duration cooking can break down the texture of the meat to an undesirable degree.)

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Castonguay, Adam C.; Polasky, Stephen; H. Holden, Matthew; Herrero, Mario; Mason-D’Croz, Daniel; Godde, Cecile; Chang, Jinfeng; Gerber, James; Witt, G. Bradd; Game, Edward T.; A. Bryan, Brett; Wintle, Brendan; Lee, Katie; Bal, Payal; McDonald-Madden, Eve (2 January 2023).

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increases. Different countries and cuisines have different cuts and names, and sometimes use the same name for a different cut; for example, the cut described as "brisket" in the United States is from a significantly different part of the carcass than British brisket.

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

892:, "Ranching-induced deforestation is one of the main causes of loss of some unique plant and animal species in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America as well as carbon release in the atmosphere." Beef is also the primary driver of 2126:

for bromelin). Similarly, solutions of salt and sodium phosphates can be injected to soften and swell the myofibrillar proteins. This improves juiciness and tenderness. Salt can improve the flavor, but phosphate can contribute a soapy flavor.

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As of 2022, it has been suggested that every additional millimeter of annual precipitation increases beef production by 2.1% in the tropical countries and reduces it by 1.9% in temperate ones, yet the effects of warming are much larger. Under

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In 2003, Cuba banned cow slaughter due to severe shortage of milk and milk products. On 14 April 2021, the ban was loosened, allowing ranchers to do as they wish as long as state quotas were met and the health of the herd could be ensured.

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February 2011, American Food Service, a Pico Rivera, Calif. establishment, is recalling approximately 1,440 kg (3,170 lb) of fresh ground beef patties and other bulk packages of ground beef products that may be contaminated with

399:(CAFOs), commonly referred to as factory farms, are commonly used to meet the demand of beef production. CAFOs supply 70.4% of cows in the US market and 99% of all meat in the United States supply. Cattle CAFOs can also be a source of 1177:

The world produced 60.57 million metric tons of beef in 2020, down 950K metric tons from the prior year. Major decline for production of beef was from India up to 510k and Australia down to 309K metric tons from the prior year.

880:(GHG), air pollution, and water pollution. A 2021 study added up GHG emissions from the entire lifecycle, including production, transportation, and consumption, and estimated that beef contributed about 4 billion tonnes (9%) of 3643:

issued a proclamation on stopping cow slaughter. Conflicts over cow slaughter often have sparked religious riots that have led to loss of human life and in one 1893 riot alone, more than 100 people were killed for the cause.

4671: 6047: 2397:. These techniques are often used for cuts of beef that are tougher, as these longer, lower-temperature cooking methods have time to dissolve connecting tissue which otherwise makes meat remain tough after cooking. 413:

O157:H7, which can be toxic to humans, because cattle typically hold this strain in their digestive system. Another consequence of unsanitary conditions created by high-density confinement systems is increased

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For religious reasons, the ancient Egyptian priests also refrained from consuming beef. Buddhists and Sikhs are also against wrongful slaughtering of animals, but they do not have a wrongful eating doctrine.

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cooking meats, in a covered container, with small amounts of liquids (usually seasoned or flavored). Unlike stewing, braised meat is not fully immersed in liquid, and usually is browned before the oven

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Meat from less tender cuts or older cattle can be mechanically tenderized by forcing small, sharp blades through the cuts to disrupt the proteins. Also, solutions of exogenous proteolytic enzymes (

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Beef is one of the main animal food resources providing protein and essential nutrients, including essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins, for human consumption.

2668:, salted beef that has been aged about two to three months until it becomes hard and a dark red, almost purple, colour. It is lean, has a sweet, musty smell and is tender. It originated in 2321:

Beef can be cooked to various degrees, from very rare to well done. The degree of cooking corresponds to the temperature in the approximate center of the meat, which can be measured with a

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especially the cow, due to their provision of sustenance for families. Bovines are generally considered to be integral to the landscape. However, they do not consider the cow to be a god.

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Oh, Mirae; Kim, Eun-Kyung; Jeon, Byong-Tae; Tang, Yujiao (2016). "Chemical compositions, free amino acid contents and antioxidant activities of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) beef by cut".

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Herrero, Mario; Havlík, Petr; Valin, Hugo; Notenbaert, An; Rufino, Mariana C.; Thornton, Philip K.; Blümmel, Michael; Weiss, Franz; Grace, Delia; Obersteiner, Michael (24 December 2013).

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May 2011, Irish Hills Meat Company of Michigan, a Tipton, Mich., establishment is recalling approximately 410 kg (900 lb) of ground beef products that may be contaminated with

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may be made from the cooking juices, after skimming off excess fat. Roasting is suitable for thicker pieces of meat; the other methods listed are usually for steaks and similar cuts.

4181: 207:, the French-speaking nobles who ruled England naturally used French words to refer to the meats they were served. Thus, various Anglo-Saxon words were used for the animal (such as 7010: 927: 2497:) can only occur at higher temperatures (above the boiling point of water), these moist techniques do not develop the flavors associated with browning. Meat will often undergo 5720:"Importance of timing: Vulnerability of semi-arid rangeland systems to increased variability in temporal distribution of rainfall events as predicted by future climate change" 2601:

of beef is a thin slice of raw beef dressed with olive oil, lemon juice and seasoning. Often, the beef is partially frozen before slicing to allow very thin slices to be cut.

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Meat may be cooked on a hot metal griddle. A little oil or fat may be added to inhibit sticking; the dividing line when the method becomes shallow frying is not well-defined.

6026: 4652: 301:. Cattle have been domesticated at least twice over the course of evolutionary history. The first domestication event occurred around 10,500 years ago with the evolution of 2373:. Then small pieces of meat are added, followed by ingredients which cook more quickly, such as mixed vegetables. The dish is ready when the ingredients are 'just cooked'. 2099:

packaging, is, in effect, wet aged during distribution. Premium steakhouses dry age for 21 to 28 days or wet age up to 45 days for maximum effect on flavor and tenderness.

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Ripple, William J.; Smith, Pete; Haberl, Helmut; Montzka, Stephen A.; McAlpine, Clive; Boucher, Douglas H. (January 2014). "Ruminants, climate change and climate policy".

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informed land restoration could enable greenhouse gas emissions reductions of 34–85% annually (612–1,506 MtCO2e yr−1) without increasing costs to global beef production.

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ingredients and achieve very precise control of cooking. Although water is used in the method, only moisture in or added to the food bags is in contact with the food.

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mandates the state may take steps for preserving and improving the bovine breeds, and prohibit the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.

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Rolla, Alfredo L.; Nuñez, Mario N.; Ramayón, Jorge J.; Ramayón, Martín E. (15 March 2019). "Impacts of climate change on bovine livestock production in Argentina".

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Xu, Xiaoming; Sharma, Prateek; Shu, Shijie; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Ciais, Philippe; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Smith, Pete; Campbell, Nelson; Jain, Atul K. (September 2021).

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Al-Shaar, Laila; Satija, Ambika; Wang, Dong D.; Rimm, Eric B.; Smith-Warner, Stephanie A.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Hu, Frank B.; Willett, Walter C. (2 December 2020).

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Kerr R.B., Hasegawa T., Lasco R., Bhatt I., Deryng D., Farrell A., Gurney-Smith H., Ju H., Lluch-Cota S., Meza F., Nelson G., Neufeldt H., Thornton P., 2022:

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is also made of finely chopped ground beef, though it is seasoned differently, and either eaten as a main dish or can be used as a dressing for a sandwich.

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0157:H7. The recalled products were produced at the company's plant in Brooks, Alberta, Canada; this was the largest recall of its kind in Canadian History.

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it is typically cooked such that it has a "bulls eye" of doneness, with the least done (coolest) at the center and the most done (warmest) at the outside.

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can denote different styles of brine-cured beef, depending on the region. Some, like American-style corned beef, are highly seasoned and often considered

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By 2017, it was already reported that farmers in Nepal kept fewer cattle due to the losses imposed by a longer hot season. Cow-calf ranches in Southeast

6533: 6469: 3627:, cattle, especially cows, were venerated as a source of milk, and dairy products, and their relative importance in transport services and farming like 242:

origins) that is also found in such English word-pairs as pig/pork, deer/venison, sheep/mutton and chicken/poultry (also the less common goat/chevon).

6279:"Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 4166: 2688:

is an American industrially produced air-dried beef product, described by one of its manufacturers as being "similar to bresaola, but not as tasty."

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temperature control became available, cooking at temperatures well below boiling, 52 °C (126 °F) (sous-vide) to 90 °C (194 °F) (

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In the United States, the growth of the beef business was largely due to expansion in the Southwest. Upon the acquisition of grasslands through the

7104: 7413: 4561: 7123: 5904: 4926: 7489: 7387: 6848: 6589: 922:; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production. The 2019 7264: 6177: 4146: 3709:

prohibit the killing of cow and consumption of beef for religious reasons. Certain Hindu castes and sects continue to avoid beef from their

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bourguignonne, diners dip small pieces of beef into a pot of hot oil at the table. Both techniques typically feature accompanying flavorful

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longhorn cattle. Chicago and New York City were the first to benefit from these developments in their stockyards and in their meat markets.

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Roque, Breanna M.; Venegas, Marielena; Kinley, Robert D.; Nys, Rocky de; Duarte, Toni L.; Yang, Xiang; Kebreab, Ermias (17 March 2021).

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Most of the top 10 beef-producing countries are likely to see lower production with greater temperatures (left) and heat stress (right).

7448: 6935: 1758: 8411: 7214: 6406: 6055:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 4161: 2520:, very thinly sliced meat is cooked by the diners at the table by immersing it in a heated pot of water or stock with vegetables. In 7434: 6510: 876:. Of all agricultural products, beef requires some of the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of 6018: 4900: 4311: 2412:

simmering meat, whole or cut into bite-size pieces, in a water-based liquid with flavorings. This technique may be used as part of

5379: 3572:. Clifford would not identify the ranch, calling that "privileged information." The 12-year-old animal was alive at the time when 7503: 5331: 3813: 3718: 3565: 439: 118: 4624: 7297: 3985: 3549:

Deaths in the UK caused by vCJD from the start of the BSE outbreak up until 2009. MM and MV refer to the two genotypes of vCJD.

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specifically for the quality or quantity of their meat. Today, beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, after

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A technique of cooking that involves cooking meat for long periods of time at low temperatures with smoke from a wood fire.

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only) and Argentina. Brazil, Australia, the United States and India accounted for roughly 61% of the world's beef exports.

5604:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012 1955:

are cooked and eaten as is, but are more often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings. The bones are used for making

8415: 8401: 5669:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 33–144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002. 2369:, typically an Asian way of cooking: cooking oil with flavorings such as garlic, ginger and onions is put in a very hot 6238:"Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 33 published studies" 5201:

Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption".

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animals. The overall mismanagement of India's common cattle is dubbed in academic fields as "India's bovine burden."

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Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after

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Hamilton, Tucker W.; Ritten, John P.; Bastian, Christopher T.; Derner, Justin D.; Tanaka, John A. (10 November 2016).

5357: 4874: 1857:). Trimmings, on the other hand, which are usually mixed with meat from older, leaner (therefore tougher) cattle, are 8384: 7061: 4665: 3438: 2180: 2069: 1016:

As per 2020, Brazil was the largest beef exporter in the world followed by Australia, United States, India (Includes

423: 2114:) can be applied or injected to augment the endogenous enzymes; this can be done with purified enzyme or by using a 2051: 426:

found 42% of medically important antibiotic use in the U.S. was on cattle, posing concerns about the development of

8354: 5977: 3595: 3539: 3529: 1926: 502: 9536: 7065: 5597: 6779: 6454: 4958:"Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers" 4195:

Michael Clark; Tilman, David (November 2014). "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health".

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Some kinds of beef may receive special certifications or designations based on criteria including their breed (

935:. Around 25% to nearly 40% of global land surface is being used for livestock farming, which is mostly cattle. 360: 6383: 6096: 6555: 3623:

Many of India's rural economies depend on cattle farming; hence they have been revered in society. Since the

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January 2012, Hannaford Supermarkets recalled all ground beef with sell by dates 17 December 2011 or earlier.

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April 2011, National Beef Packaging recalled more than 27,000 kg (60,000 lb) of ground beef due to

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periodically give up meat and poultry (and sometimes dairy products and eggs) as a religious act. Observant

3321: 9766: 6014: 5616:"Economic Impacts of Increasing Seasonal Precipitation Variation on Southeast Wyoming Cow-Calf Enterprises" 5538: 5495: 3798: 192: 7322: 5719: 5680: 5662: 5615: 2619:

which is usually made from raw ground beef seasoned with various spices or sauces. The beef part used for

9629: 9489: 3859: 984: 415: 7086: 5935: 5025:"Biomass use, production, feed efficiencies, and greenhouse gas emissions from global livestock systems" 4596: 4012: 9195: 7818: 2462:, such as in stewing; higher temperatures make meat tougher by causing the proteins to contract. Since 983:

beef). Some countries regulate the marketing and sale of beef by observing criteria post-slaughter and

8095: 3655:, the killing of cattle and consumption of beef was prohibited, as they were valued for their role in 9531: 8538: 7990: 6491: 5563: 4573: 3700: 2329:

method, which cooks the entire steak to the same temperature, but when cooked using a method such as

6822: 4702: 4182:"Global climate policy forecast predicts 'well below 2°C' Paris Agreement climate goals will be met" 2232:, often shortened to "BBQ". When cooked over charcoal, this method can also be called charbroiling. 1978:, large pieces of the animal initially separated by butchering. These are basic sections from which 1782:, similar patterns were later established across the rest of the United States, and then globally. 231:) by the French nobles — who did not often deal with the live animal — when it was served to them. 9853: 9672: 9604: 9494: 9037: 8359: 8237: 7486: 3793: 2032: 877: 462: 392: 325: 321: 126: 8070: 7273: 6852: 6601: 4135: 4052: 3498:

September 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled 59,500 kg (131,100 lb) of ground beef due to

2631:, sugar, salt, sesame oil, green onion, and ground garlic, sesame seed, black pepper and juice of 9858: 9652: 9453: 8262: 4761:"Calculation of external climate costs for food highlights inadequate pricing of animal products" 3667: 3608:

Most Indic religions reject the killing and eating of cows. Hinduism prohibits cow beef known as

3561:, Canada, the American border was closed to live Canadian cattle, but was reopened in early 2005. 3477:

March 2011, 6,400 kg (14,000 lb) beef recalled by Creekstone Farms Premium Beef due to

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December 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled 18,000 kg (40,000 lb) of ground beef due to

3206: 313:. There is a possible third domestication event 8,500 years ago, with a potential third species 234:

This is one example of the common English dichotomy between the words for animals (with largely

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National Research Council. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. National Academy Press.

4396:"Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods" 3154: 9739: 9682: 9614: 9516: 9042: 8227: 6675: 5304: 3714: 3180: 2158: 2043: 20: 6962:"Switzerland loves its cows. But unlike India, there is no merging of the bovine and divine" 6939: 6204: 5335: 3576:

raised concerns about cannibalistic feeding practices on her show which aired 16 April 1996.

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Agricultural land worldwide could be reduced by almost half if no beef or mutton were eaten.

452: 9458: 9448: 8252: 8000: 7903: 7627: 7437:. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (13 September 2003). Retrieved on 19 December 2016. 6732: 6328:"Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: prospective cohort study" 5859: 5822: 5731: 5692: 5627: 5210: 5104: 5036: 4969: 4772: 4509: 4350: 4267: 4204: 3955: 3823: 3515:

September 2012, XL Foods recalled more than 1800 products believed to be contaminated with

3232: 3193: 2470:), for prolonged periods has become possible; this is just hot enough to convert the tough 944: 884:

in 2010. Cattle populations graze around 26% of all land on Earth, not including the large

427: 7480: 7224: 7011:"The cow keepers: Some cattle vigilante groups operating in Delhi and neighbouring states" 4825: 8: 9749: 9443: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9401: 9393: 8190: 8010: 7890: 6805: 3818: 3324:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

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A term used in North America. It is similar to grilling, but with the heat source always

1894: 919: 915: 885: 873: 310: 6736: 5997: 5863: 5826: 5735: 5696: 5631: 5590: 5276: 5214: 5108: 5040: 4973: 4776: 4513: 4354: 4312:"Meat accounts for nearly 60% of all greenhouse gases from food production, study finds" 4271: 4208: 4066: 2365:. Larger pieces such as steaks may be cooked this way, or meat may be cut smaller as in 9791: 9431: 9321: 9122: 8445: 8015: 7915: 7732: 7677: 7523: 7026: 6755: 6720: 6360: 6303: 6278: 6254: 6237: 6181: 5885: 5788: 5767:"Re-examining the impact of annual weather fluctuations on global livestock production" 5747: 5643: 5383: 5128: 5067: 5024: 5000: 4957: 4801: 4760: 4690: 4441: 4236: 4110: 4085: 3760: 3734:

The cow is the national animal of Nepal, and slaughter of cattle is prohibited by law.

3535: 3219: 3134: 2919: 1770: 344: 235: 156:. As of 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China were the largest producers of beef. 145: 33: 6294: 6207:

Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective

5681:"Impact of weather on cow-calf industry locations and production in the United States" 4720: 2762:, and then optionally roasted for a period after. There are various other recipes for 2742:

is a cured and salted joint of round, topside, or silverside, traditionally served at

9717: 9619: 9224: 9075: 8788: 7762: 7243: 7141: 7057: 7033: 6990: 6760: 6721:"Uncertainty in the Tail of the Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Epidemic in the UK" 6365: 6347: 6308: 6259: 6216: 6205: 6156: 6135: 6066: 6056: 5889: 5809:

Liu, Weihang; Zhou, Junxiong; Ma, Yuchi; Chen, Shuo; Luo, Yuchuan (3 February 2024).

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Beef (and buffalo meat) production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years.

9786: 9687: 9581: 9576: 9085: 8997: 8923: 8908: 8858: 8379: 8232: 8155: 7945: 7930: 6750: 6740: 6355: 6339: 6298: 6290: 6249: 6127: 5875: 5867: 5830: 5783: 5778: 5766: 5739: 5700: 5635: 5218: 5183: 5112: 5062: 5044: 4995: 4977: 4837: 4796: 4780: 4539: 4517: 4415: 4407: 4358: 4275: 4240: 4212: 4105: 4097: 3710: 3617: 3454: 3167: 2576: 2413: 2322: 1814: 995: 164: 7197:"Explained: Holiness of the Cow and Controversy Over Beef-Eating In Ancient India" 6131: 3383: 9722: 9624: 9062: 9017: 9007: 8848: 8625: 8482: 8302: 8257: 8202: 7955: 7925: 7752: 7712: 7493: 6984: 6919: 6745: 5984: 5804: 5802: 4982: 4141: 3959: 3940: 3706: 3671: 3334:

Beef is a source of complete protein and it is a rich source (20% or more of the

2707: 2560: 2083: 2011: 713: 405:

contamination in the food supply due to the prevalence of manure in CAFOs. These

204: 163:, especially Indic religions like Hinduism. Buddhists and Sikhs are also against 7499: 2728:

refers to the grains of coarse salts (known as corns) used to cure it. The term

324:

of 1848, and later the expulsion of the Plains Indians from this region and the

227: 9692: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9215: 9047: 8903: 8728: 8693: 8668: 8660: 8605: 8570: 8323: 8247: 8120: 7985: 7940: 7861: 7612: 7557: 6050: 5871: 5835: 5810: 5704: 5639: 5380:"Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)/Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)" 5116: 4784: 4716: 4411: 3788: 3783: 3418: 3398: 2616: 2580: 2552: 2490: 2346: 1301: 1008:

of Japan, Argentina, Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Belarus and Nicaragua.

972: 881: 372: 328:, the American livestock industry began, starting primarily with the taming of 221: 114: 5799: 5382:. European Commission — Agriculture and Rural Development. Archived from 4462:

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T. D.; Castel, Vincent (2006).

9848: 9842: 9827: 9734: 9639: 9554: 9526: 9376: 9276: 9127: 9090: 8977: 8883: 8878: 8853: 8713: 8698: 8532: 8512: 8497: 8438: 8369: 8333: 8307: 8287: 8267: 8222: 8065: 7717: 7682: 7572: 7516: 7476: 7240:

Food, Ecology, and Culture: Readings in the Anthropology of Dietary Practices

6351: 5910: 5434: 5124: 5058: 4991: 4851: 4842: 4792: 4429: 4372: 4289: 4224: 3652: 3573: 3545: 3434: 3355: 2879: 2845: 2665: 2571: 2565: 2548: 2362: 2193:

These methods are applicable to all types of meat and some other foodstuffs.

1870: 1842: 1830: 893: 388: 290: 278: 122: 54: 6402:"Increasing red meat consumption linked with higher risk of premature death" 6327: 5187: 5049: 4363: 4338: 4280: 4255: 3659:. This custom is still followed by a few Chinese families across the world. 3568:

animal health inspection service, confirmed a fully domestic case of BSE in

2446: 2292:

by fat on the top, or by spooning hot fat from the oven pan over the top. A

352: 305:. The second was more recent, around 7,000 years ago, with the evolution of 215: 9756: 9744: 9712: 9596: 9281: 9220: 9185: 9145: 8943: 8780: 8768: 8678: 8575: 8487: 8217: 8140: 8110: 8085: 8080: 8060: 7950: 7828: 7747: 7657: 7642: 7587: 7582: 6764: 6369: 6312: 6263: 6139: 6070: 5811:"Unequal impact of climate warming on meat yields of global cattle farming" 5365: 5253: 5230: 5152: 5076: 5009: 4859: 4810: 4437: 4380: 4297: 4232: 4119: 4101: 3803: 3640: 3636: 3624: 3402: 3271: 2821: 2759: 2733: 2685: 2647: 2467: 2091: 1964: 1956: 1882: 1846: 1826: 1025: 1017: 968: 964: 137: 6013: 4759:

Pieper, Maximilian; Michalke, Amelie; Gaugler, Tobias (15 December 2020).

2086:

of beef, it is often aged (i.e., stored refrigerated) to allow endogenous

1813:

Most beef can be used as is by merely cutting into certain parts, such as

9816: 9727: 9677: 9662: 9647: 9366: 9356: 9326: 9256: 9251: 9190: 9175: 9117: 9112: 9097: 8918: 8898: 8823: 8813: 8798: 8793: 8748: 8718: 8708: 8673: 8650: 8522: 8517: 8338: 8292: 8277: 8242: 8207: 8050: 8040: 8005: 7965: 7920: 7856: 7813: 7803: 7737: 7727: 7722: 7692: 7672: 7647: 7632: 7617: 7604: 7562: 5906:

You got the guts to try Argentinian chinchulini - cow intestine delicacy?

4521: 3774: 3656: 3433:

Some cattle raised in the United States feed on pastures fertilized with

3343: 3335: 3057: 2805: 2767: 2739: 2717: 2711: 2636: 2517: 2366: 2354: 2350: 2237: 2087: 1886: 1858: 1850: 1808: 807: 791: 614: 534: 368: 141: 98: 82: 70: 7406:"Law banning cow slaughter infringe Indigenous Peoples' rights in Nepal" 5880: 4826:"Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based diets and the environment" 4216: 4136:"Overuse of antibiotics for meat production drives resistance in humans" 3874: 3854: 2505:

or browning with a torch before moist cooking (though sometimes after).

2003: 1968: 1773:

becomes more variable and affects forage growth. Even though the annual

1748: 9796: 9771: 9291: 9286: 9205: 9052: 8913: 8620: 8615: 8580: 8374: 8297: 8272: 8212: 8197: 8185: 8170: 8075: 8035: 8030: 7846: 7788: 7742: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7662: 7652: 4629: 4339:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers" 4256:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers" 3828: 3366:

and, like any other meat (pork, fish, veal, lamb etc.), is a source of

3024: 2990: 2691: 2669: 2624: 2611: 2512:

Beef can be cooked quickly at the table through several techniques. In

2475: 2463: 2285: 2228: 2165: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1997: 1975: 1914: 1854: 1834: 1818: 380: 364:

Beef has the highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.

333: 255: 7179:"Holy cow: World's 2nd-largest beef exporter may ban cattle slaughter" 6343: 6202: 5666: 5601: 4420: 9609: 9331: 9239: 9229: 9210: 9180: 9032: 8992: 8958: 8928: 8863: 8723: 8688: 8610: 8590: 8547: 8477: 8364: 8165: 8150: 8100: 7970: 7898: 7687: 7577: 7219: 5249:"Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life" 4031:

Putting Meat on the American Table: Taste, Technology, Transformation

3452:

Ground beef has been subject to recalls in the United States, due to

3363: 3112: 3099: 3086: 2747: 2743: 2628: 2597: 2434: 2405: 2394: 2386: 2326: 2123: 1952: 1838: 1005: 956: 823: 86: 28: 8055: 7370:"World's second-largest beef exporter bans sale of slaughter cattle" 6668:"Food Safety - Independent Review of XL Foods Inc. Beef Recall 2012" 5405: 4927:"Seaweed-fed cows could solve livestock industry's methane problems" 2710:, then partly dried and seasoned with various herbs and spices, and 2140: 2021: 209: 9781: 9776: 9586: 9336: 9316: 9311: 9301: 9296: 9165: 9155: 9107: 9070: 8873: 8828: 8803: 8763: 8733: 8683: 8595: 8585: 8282: 8135: 8125: 7935: 7910: 7823: 7793: 4086:"A Brief Overview of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Its Plasmid O157" 3414: 3394: 3367: 3359: 2973: 2755: 2703: 2677: 2660: 2502: 2486: 2482: 2471: 2421: 2382: 2358: 2334: 2330: 2316: 2275: 2247: 2220: 2115: 2107: 1934: 1906: 697: 518: 486: 102: 78: 7851: 3564:

In June 2005, Dr. John Clifford, chief veterinary officer for the

3379: 2639:) are used. The beef is mostly topped with the yolk of a raw egg. 2536: 914:

Some scientists claim that the demand for beef is contributing to

9657: 9521: 9371: 9351: 9234: 9160: 9027: 9002: 8972: 8964: 8948: 8933: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8818: 8808: 8758: 8703: 8565: 8502: 8469: 8328: 8180: 8160: 8115: 8025: 7975: 7757: 7667: 7622: 7124:"Muslim man dies in India after attack by Hindu 'cow protectors'" 6806:"reported Case of Mad Cow in Texas Is First to Originate in U.S." 6646:"XL Foods recall was product of preventable errors, review finds" 5176:"Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns" 5089: 3808: 3632: 3558: 3073: 2953: 2783: 2763: 2697: 2541: 2513: 2498: 2451: 2401: 2265: 1866: 1766: 976: 775: 678: 598: 566: 401: 376: 298: 286: 282: 247: 153: 133: 90: 7508: 5093:"Navigating sustainability trade-offs in global beef production" 1793:

breeds would likely be needed to minimize the impact of warming.

931:

also concurs that the beef industry plays a significant role in

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Emediegwu, Lotanna E.; Ubabukoh, Chisom L. (14 November 2022).

3628: 3542:(BSE or, colloquially, mad cow disease) in the United Kingdom. 3040: 2835: 2605: 2521: 2481:

With the adequate combination of temperature and cooking time,

2459: 2119: 2103: 1930: 1910: 1878: 1862: 928:

Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

743: 274: 62: 3600: 2118:

including ingredients that naturally contain the enzyme (e.g.

1778:

less predictable precipitation is one of the well-established

9761: 9361: 9306: 9271: 9266: 9170: 9150: 8938: 8888: 8630: 8507: 8175: 8105: 8090: 8045: 8020: 7995: 7871: 7838: 7783: 5277:"Nature crisis: Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'" 3679: 3613: 3569: 2721: 2652: 2589: 2525: 2307: 2293: 2201: 2111: 1979: 1922: 1918: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1874: 1822: 1743: 1172: 980: 923: 904:

trial concluded that feeding cattle a 3% diet of the seaweed

901: 662: 646: 582: 384: 329: 74: 43: 9811: 7341:"Buffalo meat exports at over Rs 21K cr in 10 mths in FY'17" 5362:

Kobe Beef Marketing & Distribution Promotion Association

5022: 4536:"Cattle ranching is encroaching on forests in Latin America" 3768: 3631:, row planting, ridging. Veneration grew with the advent of 2700:

is a cured, salted, air dried beef popular in South Africa.

2694:

is dried, salted, smoked beef popular in the United States.

1011: 219:

for adult females) by the peasants, but the meat was called

8987: 8893: 8738: 8640: 8635: 8461: 7543: 7449:"Cuba loosens regulations on killing cows and selling beef" 7161:"To protest Modi, these Indians are cooking beef in public" 6780:"Canadian beef industry loses patience over border dispute" 5613: 5410: 3833: 3675: 3663: 3351: 3347: 2779: 2673: 2390: 2281: 1960: 1790: 1769:

are expected to suffer greater losses in the future as the

855: 839: 759: 550: 430:

bacteria. In 2023 production was forecast to peak by 2035.

294: 149: 105:, high consumption is associated with an increased risk of 94: 58: 7355:"Nirmala slams Akhilesh, says beef exports already banned" 6041: 6019:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 5602:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

4872: 3684:

slaughtered and treated in conformance with religious laws

967:), or the way the cattle are treated, fed or slaughtered ( 46:

cattle are an example of a breed raised primarily for beef

9261: 8645: 8492: 8145: 7076:

Maimonodies, Yad Hachazaka; Kedusha; Hilchos Shechita 1:1

5679:

Buddhika Patalee, M. A.; Tonsor, Glynn T. (9 July 2021).

5309: 5281: 4601: 4465:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

3538:

in cattle feed resulted in the world's first outbreak of

2865: 2370: 1004:

total exports). Beef production is also important to the

889: 419: 348:

Cattle is the third most commonly consumed meat worldwide

6917: 5849: 4499: 3904:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1545: 39: 8430: 6276: 5934:

Schweihofer, Jeannine and Buskirk, Dan (10 April 2014)

5521:"Ranking Of Countries That Export The Most Beef (USDA)" 5471:"Ranking Of Countries That Export The Most Beef (USDA)" 4470:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

4162:"Report slams beef industry for overuse of antibiotics" 4084:

Lim, Ji Youn; Yoon, Jang W.; Hovde, Carolyn J. (2010).

3553:

Since then, other countries have had outbreaks of BSE:

1873:. Other parts that are eaten include other muscles and 1641: 1286: 6325: 6236:

Xue XJ, Gao Q, Qiao JH, Zhang J, Xu CP, Liu J (2014).

6157:"Eating Cooked Meat Can Distort CKD Stage in Diabetes" 5678: 5587:

Daily Livestock Report – Vol. 8, No. 126/ 30 June 2010

5194: 4824:

Pimentel, David; Pimentel, Marcia (1 September 2003).

4625:"Feeling Sad About the Amazon Fires? Stop Eating Meat" 3883:

The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia

3589: 3370:. Creatine is converted to creatinine during cooking. 2454:

and sliced with spiced paste, often called "cold beef"

872:

The consumption of beef poses numerous threats to the

7265:"Modi's India: the high cost of protecting holy cows" 7054:

China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty

5200: 4955: 4758: 3986:"Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa" 2583:

dish. And in Ethiopia, a ground raw meat dish called

1929:, BSE, commonly referred to as mad cow disease), the 7028:

A Movable Feast: Ten Millennia of Food Globalization

6666:

Agency, Canadian Food Inspection (31 October 2011).

6467: 3750: 3557:

In May 2003, after a cow with BSE was discovered in

2684:

is a similar product from neighbouring Switzerland.

2458:

Meat has usually been cooked in water which is just

277:

since prehistoric times; some of the earliest known

197: 6277:Micha, R.; Wallace, S. K.; Mozaffarian, D. (2010). 5598:

Chapter 5: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products

4194: 3682:may not eat any meat or poultry which has not been 918:as it is a significant driver of deforestation and 167:, but they do not have a wrongful eating doctrine. 7272: 7087:"The states where cow slaughter is legal in India" 7025: 6531: 6444: 6211:. American Institute for Cancer Research. p. 6052:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 5148:"How humans are driving the sixth mass extinction" 4134: 2226:particularly over charcoal, is sometimes known as 7237: 6777: 6719:Garske, Tini; Ghani, Azra C. (23 December 2010). 6700:. NewScientist.com news service. 13 December 2004 5764: 4167:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 4033:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 3144: 2963: 9840: 7023: 6508: 5539:"Ranking Of Countries That Export The Most Beef" 5496:"Ranking Of Countries That Export The Most Beef" 4823: 3922:The American Heritage College Dictionary, 4th ed 3604:A pamphlet against the practice of cow slaughter 2720:is a cut of beef cured or pickled in a seasoned 2642: 2345:Meat can be cooked in boiling oil, typically by 2311:Beef rump steak on grill pan, cooked medium rare 2256:the meat. Elsewhere this is considered a way of 999:Production of beef worldwide, by country in 2021 888:that are used to grow cattle feed. According to 6823:"Oprah transcript from recording 15 April 1996" 6235: 6203:American Institute for Cancer Research (2007). 5990: 5029:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4654:Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon 4247: 4013:"History of the Domestication of Cows and Yaks" 2288:. Liquid is not usually added; the beef may be 1925:(although forbidden where there is a danger of 1759:Effects of climate change on livestock § Cattle 8395: 7298:"A political stampede over India's sacred cow" 6007: 5433:Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (25 August 2017). 4660:. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. p. 9. 4393: 3954: 3466:January 2011, One Great Burger expands recall. 2800:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 8446: 7524: 7105:"Milking beef issue could tear social fabric" 6447:"One Great Burger expands ground beef recall" 6117: 5808: 5718:Fust, Pascal; Schlecht, Eva (30 March 2022). 1869:. The blood is used in some varieties called 7032:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 53+. 5717: 5432: 5242: 5240: 4336: 4253: 4083: 1959:. Meat from younger cows (calves) is called 1780:effects of climate change on the water cycle 418:in order to prevent illness. An analysis of 77:, which can be cooked to varying degrees of 7388:"Nepal declares Cow as its National animal" 6989:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 232. 6718: 2050:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1937:of the bull (known in the United States as 8453: 8439: 7531: 7517: 6982: 6712: 6170: 6015:United States Food and Drug Administration 5167: 4873:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew (June 2012). 4830:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4745: 4743: 3441:may be present in meat from these cattle. 3413:A 2010 meta-analysis found that processed 3362:is the most significant dietary source of 2474:in connective tissue into gelatin through 1991: 1744:Production losses caused by climate change 1173:Top 10 cattle and beef producing countries 6754: 6744: 6624:"Hannaford Supermarket recalls hamburger" 6407:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 6359: 6302: 6253: 5936:Do steers or heifers produce better beef? 5879: 5834: 5782: 5406:"Is a Halal food market boom on its way?" 5237: 5066: 5048: 4999: 4981: 4841: 4800: 4419: 4362: 4279: 4109: 4090:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 3408: 2353:may be used, often for meat enrobed with 2181:Learn how and when to remove this message 2070:Learn how and when to remove this message 1849:, etc.), while other cuts are processed ( 1012:Top 5 cattle and beef exporting countries 261:. The rarely used plural form of beef is 69:). Beef can be prepared in various ways; 6492:"Kansas City firm recalls beef products" 6468:McIntire, Richard J. (5 February 2011). 4924: 4866: 4650: 3599: 3544: 2646: 2535: 2445: 2306: 2200: 1747: 994: 451: 359: 351: 343: 293:cattle to provide ready access to beef, 38: 27: 7504:Nebraska Educational Telecommunications 7142:"Women raped in fatal attack over beef" 6936:"Holy Cows: Hinduism's Blessed Bovines" 6089: 5971: 5305:"How to stop the sixth mass extinction" 5274: 4901:"If Everyone Ate Beans Instead of Beef" 4898: 4740: 4715: 4528: 3814:Environmental impact of meat production 3719:Article 47 of the Constitution of India 3566:United States Department of Agriculture 3421:) was correlated with a higher risk of 2302: 1182:Beef production (1000 Metric Tons CWE) 440:Environmental impact of meat production 433: 132:In prehistoric times, humankind hunted 9841: 7262: 6803: 6665: 6570:from the original on 24 September 2015 6445:Cochran, Catherine (14 January 2011). 5978:Recipe for traditional dry spiced beef 5902: 5334:. Angus producer group. Archived from 5302: 5173: 4677:from the original on 10 September 2008 4622: 4562:"Cattle Ranching in the Amazon Region" 4538:. Fao.org. 8 June 2005. Archived from 4457: 4455: 4337:Nemecek, T.; Poore, J. (1 June 2018). 4254:Nemecek, T.; Poore, J. (1 June 2018). 4149:from the original on 10 December 2022. 2789: 2754:, intended to be boiled or broiled in 444:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 397:Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 375:using a variety of methods, including 8434: 7512: 7446: 7242:. Taylor & Francis. p. 126. 7158: 6897:"EU Commission Regulation No 56/2013" 6470:"California firm recalls ground beef" 5917:from the original on 5 September 2017 5246: 5145: 4875:"How the Chicken Conquered the World" 4132: 4050: 3964:. London: Reaktion Books. p. 7. 2706:is often made from beef; raw beef is 1546:National cattle herds (Per 1000 Head) 7483:at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject 7367: 7215:"Beef eating: strangulating history" 7121: 6938:. Hinduism.about.com. Archived from 6196: 5998:Food for Thought: Global Food Trends 5815:Communications Earth and Environment 5303:Sutter, John D. (12 December 2016). 4594: 4159: 3689: 3380:Health concerns associated with meat 3354:, but also contains high amounts of 2163:adding citations to reliable sources 2134: 2048:adding citations to reliable sources 2015: 990: 8416:2008 US beef protest in South Korea 7295: 6534:"Michigan firm recalls ground beef" 6509:Warner, Jennifer (15 August 2011). 4452: 3590:Religious and cultural prohibitions 3401:, is known to increase the risk of 2493:can be achieved. Because browning ( 2381:Moist heat cooking methods include 409:contaminations include one strain, 13: 7024:Kenneth F. Kiple (30 April 2007). 6804:Mcneil, Donald G. (30 June 2005). 6600:. 16 December 2011. Archived from 6532:Lindenberger, Joan (31 May 2011). 6029:from the original on 27 March 2024 5620:Rangeland Ecology & Management 5564:"World Beef Production By Country" 4937:from the original on 26 April 2017 4623:Liotta, Edoardo (23 August 2019). 4330: 4304: 3852: 3616:. Bovines have a sacred status in 3523: 3444: 2130: 987:the observed quality of the meat. 708:Land Use (myear per 100g protein) 448:Cattle § Environmental impact 14: 9870: 7538: 7469: 6918:Bankim Chandra Chatterji (1940). 6295:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977 5332:"Certified Angus Beef in Ireland" 5146:Hance, Jeremy (20 October 2015). 4925:McCarthy, Marty (20 April 2017). 4133:Evans, Judith (21 January 2021). 4010: 2090:enzymes to weaken structural and 938: 424:Natural Resources Defense Council 9822: 9821: 9810: 8537: 8531: 8355:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 7475: 7440: 7428: 7398: 7380: 7361: 7347: 7333: 7315: 7289: 7263:Kazmin, Amy (21 November 2017). 7256: 7231: 7223:. 14 August 2001. Archived from 7207: 7189: 7171: 7152: 7134: 7115: 7097: 7079: 7070: 7046: 7017: 7003: 6976: 6954: 6928: 6911: 6899:. EU Commission. 16 January 2013 6778:Fletcher, Anthony (4 May 2005). 6630:. 7 January 2012. Archived from 6384:"What's the beef with red meat?" 5903:Dejohn, Irving (29 March 2011), 5203:Science of the Total Environment 4899:Hamblin, James (2 August 2017). 4595:Wang, George C. (9 April 2017). 3767: 3753: 3596:Cattle in religion and mythology 3540:bovine spongiform encephalopathy 3530:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 3373: 2139: 2020: 1927:bovine spongiform encephalopathy 1757:This section is an excerpt from 140:them. Since that time, numerous 7412:. 20 March 2015. Archived from 6986:Indian Civilization and Culture 6889: 6867: 6849:"Food and Feed Safety, TSE/BSE" 6841: 6815: 6797: 6771: 6690: 6659: 6638: 6616: 6582: 6548: 6525: 6502: 6484: 6461: 6438: 6414: 6394: 6376: 6319: 6270: 6229: 6149: 6111: 6077:from the original on 9 May 2024 5941: 5928: 5896: 5843: 5744:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109961 5711: 5672: 5654: 5607: 5581: 5556: 5531: 5513: 5488: 5463: 5445: 5426: 5398: 5372: 5350: 5324: 5296: 5268: 5223:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022 5139: 5083: 5016: 4949: 4918: 4892: 4817: 4752: 4709: 4644: 4616: 4588: 4554: 4493: 4387: 4188: 4174: 4153: 4126: 4077: 4059: 4044: 3584: 2325:. Beef can be cooked using the 2280:A way of cooking meat in a hot 2150:needs additional citations for 273:People have eaten the flesh of 7122:Safi, Michael (5 April 2017). 5784:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107662 5453:"Top Beef Exporting Countries" 5247:Watts, Jonathan (6 May 2019). 4570:Yale School of the Environment 4053:"US Factory Farming Estimates" 4023: 4004: 3978: 3948: 3941:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3928: 3909: 3897: 3867: 3846: 3384:Red meat § Health effects 2773: 2593:is eaten (upon availability). 1797: 882:anthropogenic greenhouse gases 473:Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO 238:origins) and their meat (with 1: 9480:Countries by meat consumption 7447:Frank, Marc (14 April 2021). 7368:Long, Warwick (30 May 2017). 6132:10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.016 5996:Raloff, Janet (31 May 2003). 4051:Reese, Jacy (11 April 2019). 3906:, Fourth Edition, 2000: beef. 3840: 2810:1,047 kJ (250 kcal) 2786:at 38% and 30% respectively. 2643:Cured, smoked, and dried beef 2376: 916:significant biodiversity loss 535:Non-recirculating Aquaculture 339: 187:which is from Middle English 129:of any agricultural product. 9767:Non-vegetarian food in India 9485:Countries by meat production 7159:Doshi, Vidhi (6 June 2017). 6746:10.1371/journal.pone.0015626 5938:. Michigan State University. 5275:McGrath, Matt (6 May 2019). 4983:10.1371/journal.pone.0247820 4160:Dall, Chris (26 June 2020). 3799:Bovine Meat and Milk Factors 3320:Percentages estimated using 2795:Ground Beef 15% fat, broiled 2746:in Ireland. It is a form of 2540:Thin slices of raw beef for 170: 159:Some religions and cultures 121:, being a primary driver of 101:. Along with other kinds of 81:, while trimmings are often 7: 9490:Food and drink prohibitions 7487:USDA beef grading standards 7056:. Oxford University Press. 6590:"Tyson recalls beef due to 6178:"Bowel cancer risk factors" 5435:"Meat and Dairy Production" 4597:"Go vegan, save the planet" 3860:Online Etymology Dictionary 3746: 2531: 2478:, with minimal toughening. 2196: 1974:Beef is first divided into 10: 9875: 8529: 7238:John R. K. Robson (1980). 6983:Chatterjee, Suhas (1998). 6099:. WHFoods. 18 October 2004 5872:10.1007/s10584-019-02399-5 5836:10.1038/s43247-024-01232-x 5705:10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103212 5640:10.1016/j.rama.2016.06.008 5117:10.1038/s41893-022-01017-0 4785:10.1038/s41467-020-19474-6 4721:"Drivers of Deforestation" 4412:10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x 3698: 3593: 3527: 3428: 3377: 2314: 2001: 1995: 1806: 1756: 437: 289:in hunting scenes. People 268: 198: 191:(both words have the same 18: 9805: 9703: 9638: 9595: 9547: 9532:Psychology of eating meat 9507: 9472: 9392: 9385: 9136: 9076:Black soldier fly maggots 9061: 8957: 8779: 8659: 8546: 8468: 8347: 8316: 7889: 7837: 7776: 7603: 7596: 7550: 7323:"Beef, ban and bloodshed" 6556:"Tyson recalls beef over 5174:Morell, Virginia (2015). 4651:Margulis, Sergio (2004). 3701:Cattle slaughter in India 3388: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3270: 3257: 3244: 3231: 3218: 3205: 3192: 3179: 3166: 3153: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3098: 3085: 3072: 3056: 3039: 3023: 3006: 2989: 2972: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2888: 2878: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2799: 2340: 854: 838: 822: 806: 790: 774: 758: 742: 728: 712: 707: 704: 677: 661: 645: 629: 613: 597: 581: 565: 549: 533: 517: 503:Recirculating Aquaculture 501: 485: 472: 469: 465:for different food types 161:prohibit beef consumption 9605:Beef hormone controversy 8460: 8360:Beef hormone controversy 8238:Steak and kidney pudding 7502:Documentary produced by 6924:. M.M. Bose. p. 39. 6875:"Regulation No 999/2001" 6698:"Timeline: BSE and vCJD" 5983:26 December 2008 at the 5543:www.nationalbeefwire.com 5500:www.nationalbeefwire.com 4029:Horowitz, Roger (2006). 3794:Beef hormone controversy 3729: 3694: 3405:and some other cancers. 2750:, cured with spices and 2528:to complement the meat. 2004:Meat § Conditioning 1024:Beef exports, including 878:greenhouse gas emissions 463:greenhouse gas emissions 393:intensive animal farming 127:greenhouse gas emissions 7435:Cuba bans cow slaughter 7052:Benn, Charles. (2002). 6784:Foodproductiondaily.com 6598:The Wall Street Journal 5188:10.1126/science.aad1607 5050:10.1073/pnas.1308149110 4364:10.1126/science.aaq0216 4281:10.1126/science.aaq0216 3974:– via EBL Reader. 3885:. Thefreedictionary.com 3737: 3322:US recommendations 1992:Aging and tenderization 1802: 949:Certified Hereford Beef 907:Asparagopsis taxiformis 179:is from the Latin word 9630:Water holding capacity 7991:Calf's liver and bacon 7809:Frankfurter Rindswurst 6422:"USDA Emerging Issues" 4843:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.660S 4572:. 2016. Archived from 4102:10.4014/jmb.0908.08007 3961:Beef: A Global History 3605: 3550: 3423:coronary heart disease 3409:Coronary heart disease 3326:the National Academies 2656: 2545: 2455: 2312: 2206: 1948:Rocky Mountain oysters 1753: 1000: 457: 365: 357: 349: 111:coronary heart disease 47: 36: 9615:Feed conversion ratio 9517:Ethics of eating meat 8071:Hortobágyi palacsinta 6566:. 28 September 2011. 5949:"Dried Beef Products" 5097:Nature Sustainability 4765:Nature Communications 4502:Nature Climate Change 3956:Piatti-Farnell, Lorna 3715:Constitution of India 3662:During the season of 3641:Maharaja Ranjit Singh 3639:. In medieval India, 3603: 3548: 2938:Vitamins and minerals 2770:is a German variant. 2650: 2627:. For the seasoning, 2539: 2449: 2310: 2204: 2002:Further information: 1751: 998: 455: 438:Further information: 363: 355: 347: 42: 31: 21:Beef (disambiguation) 9668:Environmental impact 8253:Steak and oyster pie 8001:Chateaubriand (dish) 7904:List of steak dishes 7394:. 22 September 2015. 7148:. 12 September 2016. 6672:www.foodsafety.gc.ca 6097:"Beef, lean organic" 5771:Ecological Economics 5724:Ecological Modelling 5685:Agricultural Systems 4931:ABC News (Australia) 4522:10.1038/nclimate2081 4067:"Why are CAFOs bad?" 3824:List of meat animals 3713:. Article 48 of the 3534:In 1984, the use of 2676:of northern Italy's 2489:will be killed, and 2303:Internal temperature 2159:improve this article 2095:evaporative losses. 2044:improve this section 945:Certified Angus Beef 599:Non-trawling Fishery 434:Environmental impact 428:antibiotic resistant 322:Mexican–American War 225:(ox) (Modern French 119:environmental impact 19:For other uses, see 8191:Roast beef sandwich 8011:Chicken-fried steak 7628:Chateaubriand steak 7492:1 July 2014 at the 7302:The Washington Post 7277:on 10 December 2022 7227:on 17 October 2015. 7165:The Washington Post 6921:Letters on Hinduism 6737:2010PLoSO...515626G 6678:on 12 February 2018 6634:on 14 January 2012. 6515:in Southeastern US" 6434:on 12 January 2012. 5864:2019ClCh..153..439R 5827:2024ComEE...5...65L 5736:2022EcMod.46809961F 5697:2021AgSys.19303212P 5632:2016REcoM..69..465H 5457:World's Top Exports 5414:. 27 September 2013 5368:on 11 October 2014. 5338:on 15 February 2013 5215:2015ScTEn.536..419M 5109:2023NatSu...6..284C 5041:2013PNAS..11020888H 5035:(52): 20888–20893. 4974:2021PLoSO..1647820R 4777:2020NatCo..11.6117P 4719:(9 February 2021). 4576:on 13 February 2021 4566:Global Forest Atlas 4514:2014NatCC...4....2R 4355:2018Sci...360..987P 4318:. 13 September 2021 4272:2018Sci...360..987P 4217:10.1038/nature13959 4209:2014Natur.515..518T 4073:. 24 February 2015. 3992:on 13 February 2008 3819:List of beef dishes 3707:North Indian states 3668:Orthodox Christians 2796: 2790:Nutritional content 2501:in a very hot pan, 1183: 1029: 920:habitat destruction 886:agricultural fields 874:natural environment 701: 700:of different foods 466: 317:arising in Africa. 311:Indian subcontinent 281:, such as those of 165:animal slaughtering 85:, as found in most 73:are often used for 9792:Warmed-over flavor 9560:Semi-vegetarianism 8385:Ractopamine - Beef 8228:Shooter's sandwich 8096:Karađorđeva šnicla 7916:Blanquette de veau 7733:Standing rib roast 7678:Restructured steak 7568:Cow–calf operation 7416:on 4 February 2021 7013:. 11 October 2015. 6809:The New York Times 6390:. 1 February 2020. 6242:Int J Clin Exp Med 6184:. 17 December 2013 6182:Cancer Research UK 3944:. Merriam-Webster. 3761:Agriculture portal 3606: 3551: 3536:meat and bone meal 3399:processed red meat 3297:Other constituents 2794: 2672:, a valley in the 2657: 2546: 2495:Maillard reactions 2456: 2450:Beef roasted with 2313: 2207: 1905:(particularly the 1771:hydrological cycle 1754: 1181: 1023: 1001: 695: 460: 458: 422:sales data by the 416:use of antibiotics 366: 358: 350: 117:. Beef has a high 113:, especially when 48: 37: 9836: 9835: 9503: 9502: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8423: 7885: 7884: 7357:. 2 October 2015. 7329:. 7 October 2015. 7249:978-0-677-16090-0 7093:. 8 October 2015. 7039:978-1-139-46354-6 6996:978-81-7533-083-2 6877:. EU. 22 May 2001 6604:on 3 January 2018 6344:10.1136/bmj.m4141 6244:(Meta-analysis). 6222:978-0-9722522-2-5 6062:978-0-309-48834-1 5663:Technical Summary 5439:Our World in Data 5386:on 18 August 2007 4726:Our World in Data 4479:978-92-5-105571-7 4349:(6392): 987–992. 4266:(6392): 987–992. 4203:(7528): 518–522. 3853:Harper, Douglas. 3690:Legal prohibition 3462:) contamination: 3397:, and especially 3332: 3331: 3287: 3286: 2516:cooking, such as 2300: 2299: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2008:Meat preservation 1933:, and the tender 1913:, referred to as 1741: 1740: 1543: 1542: 1170: 1169: 1028:, in metric tons 991:Global statistics 933:biodiversity loss 870: 869: 693: 692: 480: 476: 183:, in contrast to 125:with the highest 107:colorectal cancer 9866: 9825: 9824: 9815: 9814: 9787:Roadkill cuisine 9582:Meat alternative 9577:Plant-based diet 9495:Meat substitutes 9390: 9389: 8541: 8535: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8432: 8431: 8393: 8392: 8380:Meat on the bone 8233:Soup Number Five 8156:Pozharsky cutlet 7946:Beef noodle soup 7931:Beef bourguignon 7601: 7600: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7479: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7410:Indigenous Voice 7402: 7396: 7395: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7343:. 27 March 2017. 7337: 7331: 7330: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7296:Prashad, Vijay. 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7276: 7271:. Archived from 7260: 7254: 7253: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7109:Deccan Chronicle 7101: 7095: 7094: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7068: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7031: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6851:. Archived from 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6758: 6748: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6674:. Archived from 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6540:. Archived from 6529: 6523: 6522: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6498:. 10 March 2011. 6488: 6482: 6481: 6476:. Archived from 6465: 6459: 6458: 6453:. Archived from 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6427:. Archived from 6426: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6306: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6257: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6210: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6011: 6005: 5994: 5988: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5959:on 11 March 2007 5955:. Archived from 5945: 5939: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5883: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5786: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5676: 5670: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5611: 5605: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5364:. Archived from 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5052: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5003: 4985: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4845: 4836:(3): 660S–663S. 4821: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4694: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4659: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4423: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4366: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4283: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4011:Hirst, K. Kris. 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3988:. Archived from 3982: 3976: 3975: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3850: 3777: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3455:Escherichia coli 3148: 3061: 3044: 3028: 3011: 2994: 2977: 2967: 2934: 2933: 2797: 2793: 2615:, raw dishes in 2609:is a variety of 2414:pressure cooking 2323:meat thermometer 2209: 2208: 2186: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2143: 2135: 2075: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2024: 2016: 1550: 1549: 1184: 1180: 1030: 1022: 865: 864: 849: 848: 833: 832: 817: 816: 801: 800: 785: 784: 769: 768: 753: 752: 737: 736: 723: 722: 702: 694: 688: 687: 672: 671: 656: 655: 640: 639: 624: 623: 608: 607: 592: 591: 576: 575: 560: 559: 544: 543: 528: 527: 519:Trawling Fishery 512: 511: 496: 495: 478: 474: 467: 459: 201: 200: 142:breeds of cattle 89:. Beef contains 83:ground or minced 16:Meat from cattle 9874: 9873: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9854:Cattle products 9839: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9817:Food portal 9809: 9801: 9723:Case-ready meat 9705: 9699: 9673:Factory farming 9634: 9591: 9543: 9509: 9499: 9468: 9381: 9138: 9132: 9057: 8962: 8953: 8775: 8655: 8626:Lamb and mutton 8542: 8536: 8527: 8464: 8459: 8429: 8420: 8396:US beef imports 8391: 8343: 8312: 8303:Vitello tonnato 8258:Steak au poivre 8203:Salisbury steak 7956:Beef Stroganoff 7926:Beef Wellington 7881: 7833: 7819:Montreal smoked 7772: 7713:Shoulder tender 7592: 7546: 7537: 7494:Wayback Machine 7472: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7366: 7362: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7269:Financial Times 7261: 7257: 7250: 7236: 7232: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7157: 7153: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7120: 7116: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7022: 7018: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6942:on 7 April 2014 6934: 6933: 6929: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6855:on 5 March 2016 6847: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6829:. 15 April 1996 6827:Mcspotlight.org 6821: 6820: 6816: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6776: 6772: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6696: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6679: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6628:wickedlocal.com 6622: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6544:on 31 May 2013. 6530: 6526: 6507: 6503: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6480:on 31 May 2013. 6466: 6462: 6457:on 31 May 2013. 6443: 6439: 6431: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6410:. 13 June 2019. 6400: 6399: 6395: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6324: 6320: 6289:(21): 2271–83. 6275: 6271: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6063: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6012: 6008: 5995: 5991: 5985:Wayback Machine 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5933: 5929: 5920: 5918: 5901: 5897: 5852:Climatic Change 5848: 5844: 5807: 5800: 5763: 5759: 5716: 5712: 5677: 5673: 5659: 5655: 5612: 5608: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5459:. 1 April 2020. 5451: 5450: 5446: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5358:"Exported Beef" 5356: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5245: 5238: 5199: 5195: 5172: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5144: 5140: 5088: 5084: 5021: 5017: 4968:(3): e0247820. 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4871: 4867: 4822: 4818: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4717:Ritchie, Hannah 4714: 4710: 4698: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4460: 4453: 4392: 4388: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4252: 4248: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4158: 4154: 4142:Financial Times 4131: 4127: 4082: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4049: 4045: 4028: 4024: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3953: 3949: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3740: 3732: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3532: 3526: 3524:Mad cow disease 3450: 3431: 3411: 3393:Consumption of 3391: 3386: 3376: 3278: 3265: 3252: 3239: 3226: 3213: 3200: 3187: 3174: 3161: 3149: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3080: 3067: 3059: 3051: 3042: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3009: 3001: 2992: 2984: 2975: 2968: 2939: 2928: 2923: 2900:Polyunsaturated 2890:Monounsaturated 2874: 2869: 2830: 2825: 2792: 2776: 2655:from Bangladesh 2645: 2566:filet américain 2534: 2379: 2343: 2319: 2305: 2199: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2156: 2144: 2133: 2131:Cooking methods 2076: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2041: 2025: 2014: 2012:Meat tenderness 2000: 1994: 1943:prairie oysters 1811: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1762: 1746: 1548: 1175: 1051:% of the World 1014: 993: 941: 866: 862: 861: 850: 846: 845: 834: 830: 829: 818: 814: 813: 802: 798: 797: 786: 782: 781: 770: 766: 765: 754: 750: 749: 738: 734: 733: 724: 720: 719: 714:Lamb and Mutton 689: 685: 684: 673: 669: 668: 657: 653: 652: 641: 637: 636: 625: 621: 620: 609: 605: 604: 593: 589: 588: 577: 573: 572: 561: 557: 556: 545: 541: 540: 529: 525: 524: 513: 509: 508: 497: 493: 492: 481:per g protein) 450: 436: 371:are raised and 342: 271: 205:Norman Conquest 173: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9872: 9862: 9861: 9859:Meat by animal 9856: 9851: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9828:Category: Meat 9819: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9715: 9709: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9693:Slaughterhouse 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9601: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9570:Pollotarianism 9567: 9565:Pescetarianism 9557: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9227: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9142: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8552: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8474: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8458: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8397: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8324:American bison 8320: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8248:Steak and eggs 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Mongolian beef 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7941:Beef Manhattan 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7613:Baseball steak 7609: 7607: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7558:Argentine beef 7554: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7497: 7484: 7471: 7470:External links 7468: 7466: 7465: 7439: 7427: 7397: 7379: 7360: 7346: 7332: 7314: 7288: 7255: 7248: 7230: 7206: 7203:. 8 June 2015. 7201:Indian Express 7188: 7185:. 2 June 2017. 7183:independent.ie 7170: 7151: 7133: 7114: 7111:. 28 May 2017. 7096: 7091:Indian Express 7078: 7069: 7045: 7038: 7016: 7002: 6995: 6975: 6953: 6927: 6910: 6888: 6866: 6840: 6814: 6796: 6770: 6731:(12): e15626. 6711: 6689: 6658: 6637: 6615: 6594:contamination" 6581: 6547: 6524: 6501: 6483: 6460: 6437: 6413: 6393: 6388:Harvard Health 6375: 6318: 6269: 6248:(6): 1542–53. 6228: 6221: 6195: 6169: 6148: 6110: 6088: 6061: 6040: 6006: 5989: 5970: 5940: 5927: 5895: 5858:(3): 439–455. 5842: 5798: 5757: 5710: 5671: 5653: 5626:(6): 465–473. 5606: 5589: 5580: 5555: 5530: 5512: 5487: 5462: 5444: 5425: 5397: 5371: 5349: 5323: 5295: 5267: 5236: 5193: 5166: 5138: 5103:(3): 284–294. 5082: 5015: 4948: 4917: 4891: 4865: 4816: 4751: 4739: 4708: 4666: 4643: 4615: 4587: 4553: 4542:on 23 May 2020 4527: 4492: 4478: 4451: 4406:(9): 724–732. 4386: 4329: 4303: 4246: 4187: 4173: 4152: 4125: 4076: 4058: 4043: 4022: 4003: 3977: 3971:978-1780231174 3970: 3947: 3927: 3908: 3896: 3866: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3789:Beef Australia 3786: 3784:Argentine beef 3780: 3779: 3778: 3764: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3699:Main article: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3594:Main article: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3562: 3528:Main article: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3509:contamination. 3503: 3502:contamination. 3496: 3489: 3488:contamination. 3482: 3475: 3467: 3449: 3443: 3430: 3427: 3419:processed meat 3410: 3407: 3390: 3387: 3375: 3372: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2788: 2775: 2772: 2724:. The corn in 2682:Bündnerfleisch 2644: 2641: 2617:Korean cuisine 2563:or Dutch dish 2556:raw egg yolk. 2533: 2530: 2491:pasteurization 2444: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2408: 2378: 2375: 2347:shallow frying 2342: 2339: 2315:Main article: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2147: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2122:for papain or 2078: 2077: 2028: 2026: 2019: 1996:Main article: 1993: 1990: 1877:, such as the 1807:Main article: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1763: 1755: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1234:United States 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1105:United States 1103: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042:% of the World 1040: 1037: 1034: 1013: 1010: 992: 989: 961:Carne de Ávila 940: 939:Certifications 937: 868: 867: 860: 858: 852: 851: 844: 842: 836: 835: 828: 826: 820: 819: 812: 810: 804: 803: 796: 794: 788: 787: 780: 778: 772: 771: 764: 762: 756: 755: 748: 746: 740: 739: 732: 730: 726: 725: 718: 716: 710: 709: 706: 691: 690: 683: 681: 675: 674: 667: 665: 659: 658: 651: 649: 643: 642: 635: 633: 627: 626: 619: 617: 611: 610: 603: 601: 595: 594: 587: 585: 579: 578: 571: 569: 563: 562: 555: 553: 547: 546: 539: 537: 531: 530: 523: 521: 515: 514: 507: 505: 499: 498: 491: 489: 483: 482: 471: 435: 432: 341: 338: 279:cave paintings 270: 267: 172: 169: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9871: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9829: 9820: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9735:Cultured meat 9733: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9702: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9640:Meat industry 9637: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9555:Vegetarianism 9553: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9527:Animal rights 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9506: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9386:List articles 9384: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9287:Luncheon meat 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8884:Pacific saury 8882: 8880: 8879:Orange roughy 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8449: 8444: 8442: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Carcass grade 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8334:Water buffalo 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317:Related meats 8315: 8309: 8308:Wallenbergare 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8288:Veal Milanese 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8223:Suea rong hai 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8131:Nilagang baka 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8066:Hamburg steak 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Feeder cattle 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7356: 7350: 7342: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7082: 7073: 7067: 7063: 7062:0-19-517665-0 7059: 7055: 7049: 7041: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7020: 7012: 7006: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6979: 6963: 6957: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6923: 6922: 6914: 6898: 6892: 6876: 6870: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6810: 6807: 6800: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6699: 6693: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6647: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6208: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6098: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6044: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5987:– An Bord Bia 5986: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5916: 5912: 5911:NY Daily News 5908: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5803: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5569: 5568:beef2live.com 5565: 5559: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5526: 5525:beef2live.com 5522: 5516: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5476: 5475:beef2live.com 5472: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5401: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4746: 4744: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4704: 4692: 4673: 4669: 4667:0-8213-5691-7 4663: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4177: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3751: 3744: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3653:ancient China 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3597: 3582: 3575: 3574:Oprah Winfrey 3571: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3435:sewage sludge 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3385: 3381: 3374:Health impact 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356:saturated fat 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3038: 3031: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2991:Riboflavin (B 2988: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2846:Dietary fiber 2843: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2822:Carbohydrates 2817: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758:or a similar 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2649: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575:is a similar 2574: 2573: 2572:Kibbeh nayyeh 2568: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2549:Steak tartare 2543: 2538: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363:finger steaks 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2309: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2148:This section 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2074: 2071: 2063: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2029:This section 2027: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1989: 1986: 1985:hoof and horn 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:blood sausage 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843:rib eye steak 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:sirloin steak 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1750: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624:United States 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1222:United States 1221: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1137:United States 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1019: 1009: 1007: 997: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 936: 934: 930: 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 909: 908: 903: 899: 895: 894:deforestation 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 859: 857: 853: 843: 841: 837: 827: 825: 821: 811: 809: 805: 795: 793: 789: 779: 777: 773: 763: 761: 757: 747: 745: 741: 731: 727: 717: 715: 711: 703: 699: 682: 680: 676: 666: 664: 660: 650: 648: 644: 634: 632: 631:Starchy Roots 628: 618: 616: 612: 602: 600: 596: 586: 584: 580: 570: 568: 564: 554: 552: 548: 538: 536: 532: 522: 520: 516: 506: 504: 500: 490: 488: 487:Ruminant Meat 484: 468: 464: 454: 449: 445: 441: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 390: 389:backgrounding 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 362: 354: 346: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 315:Bos africanus 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 266: 264: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 230: 229: 224: 223: 218: 217: 212: 211: 206: 203:). After the 202: 194: 193:Indo-European 190: 186: 182: 178: 168: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 124: 123:deforestation 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 55:culinary name 52: 45: 41: 35: 30: 26: 22: 9757:Mystery meat 9713:Arachnophagy 9653:Branch house 9620:Preservation 9597:Meat science 9548:Alternatives 9537:Meat paradox 9459:Smoked foods 9098:Grasshoppers 9043:Sea cucumber 9038:Shrimp/prawn 8560: 8218:Sha cha beef 8111:London broil 8086:Jellied veal 8081:Italian beef 8061:Hayashi rice 7951:Beef on weck 7829:Meat extract 7658:Hanger steak 7643:Filet mignon 7588:Osorno Steer 7583:Organic beef 7539: 7458:21 September 7456:. Retrieved 7452: 7442: 7430: 7418:. Retrieved 7414:the original 7409: 7400: 7391: 7382: 7373: 7363: 7349: 7335: 7326: 7317: 7305:. Retrieved 7301: 7291: 7279:. Retrieved 7274:the original 7268: 7258: 7239: 7233: 7225:the original 7218: 7209: 7200: 7191: 7182: 7173: 7164: 7154: 7145: 7136: 7128:The Guardian 7127: 7117: 7108: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7072: 7053: 7048: 7027: 7019: 7005: 6985: 6978: 6966:. Retrieved 6956: 6944:. Retrieved 6940:the original 6930: 6920: 6913: 6903:28 September 6901:. Retrieved 6891: 6881:28 September 6879:. Retrieved 6869: 6859:27 September 6857:. Retrieved 6853:the original 6843: 6831:. Retrieved 6826: 6817: 6808: 6799: 6787:. Retrieved 6783: 6773: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6702:. Retrieved 6692: 6680:. Retrieved 6676:the original 6671: 6661: 6649:. Retrieved 6640: 6632:the original 6627: 6618: 6606:. Retrieved 6602:the original 6597: 6591: 6584: 6572:. Retrieved 6563: 6557: 6550: 6542:the original 6537: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6504: 6495: 6486: 6478:the original 6473: 6463: 6455:the original 6450: 6440: 6429:the original 6416: 6405: 6396: 6387: 6378: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6206: 6198: 6188:12 September 6186:. Retrieved 6172: 6160:. Retrieved 6151: 6143: 6123: 6120:Meat Science 6119: 6113: 6101:. Retrieved 6091: 6079:. Retrieved 6051: 6043: 6031:. Retrieved 6022: 6009: 6002:Science News 6001: 5992: 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5957:the original 5943: 5930: 5919:, retrieved 5905: 5898: 5881:11336/123433 5855: 5851: 5845: 5818: 5814: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5656: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5592: 5583: 5571:. Retrieved 5567: 5558: 5546:. Retrieved 5542: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5503:. Retrieved 5499: 5490: 5478:. Retrieved 5474: 5465: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5428: 5416:. Retrieved 5409: 5400: 5388:. Retrieved 5384:the original 5374: 5366:the original 5361: 5352: 5340:. Retrieved 5336:the original 5326: 5314:. Retrieved 5308: 5298: 5286:. Retrieved 5280: 5270: 5258:. Retrieved 5254:The Guardian 5252: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5179: 5169: 5157:. Retrieved 5153:The Guardian 5151: 5141: 5100: 5096: 5085: 5032: 5028: 5018: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4939:. Retrieved 4930: 4920: 4910:26 September 4908:. Retrieved 4905:The Atlantic 4904: 4894: 4882:. Retrieved 4878: 4868: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4730:. Retrieved 4724: 4711: 4679:. Retrieved 4653: 4646: 4634:. Retrieved 4628: 4618: 4606:. Retrieved 4600: 4590: 4578:. Retrieved 4574:the original 4565: 4556: 4544:. Retrieved 4540:the original 4530: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4483:. Retrieved 4464: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4320:. Retrieved 4316:the Guardian 4315: 4306: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4176: 4165: 4155: 4140: 4128: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4046: 4030: 4025: 4016: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990:the original 3980: 3960: 3950: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3887:. Retrieved 3882: 3876: 3869: 3858: 3848: 3804:Buffalo meat 3741: 3733: 3724: 3705:Most of the 3704: 3661: 3650: 3646: 3637:Gupta period 3625:Vedic period 3622: 3609: 3607: 3585:Restrictions 3579: 3552: 3533: 3516: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3412: 3403:bowel cancer 3392: 3333: 3301: 3296: 3145: 3140: 3133: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2918: 2904:0.485 g 2894:6.662 g 2884:5.887 g 2864: 2820: 2777: 2738: 2734:delicatessen 2729: 2725: 2716: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2686:Chipped beef 2659: 2658: 2632: 2620: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2547: 2511: 2507: 2480: 2468:slow cooking 2464:thermostatic 2457: 2387:pot roasting 2380: 2344: 2320: 2284:, producing 2257: 2253: 2227: 2215:Description 2192: 2177: 2168: 2157:Please help 2152:verification 2149: 2101: 2097: 2092:myofibrillar 2081: 2066: 2057: 2042:Please help 2030: 1984: 1973: 1971:is similar. 1963:. Beef from 1946: 1942: 1938: 1847:hanger steak 1827:filet mignon 1812: 1774: 1764: 1176: 1026:buffalo meat 1015: 1002: 965:Belgian Blue 942: 926: 913: 905: 871: 410: 406: 400: 367: 319: 314: 306: 302: 291:domesticated 272: 262: 258: 254:through the 251: 243: 233: 226: 220: 214: 208: 196: 188: 184: 180: 176: 174: 158: 138:domesticated 131: 66: 50: 49: 32:An uncooked 25: 9740:Entomophagy 9728:Meat diaper 9718:Cannibalism 9394:Meat dishes 9176:Charcuterie 9139:preparation 9123:Mopane worm 9113:Mezcal worm 8412:South Korea 8293:Veal Orloff 8278:Tiyula itum 8243:Steak Diane 8208:Saltimbocca 8051:Gored gored 8041:Ginger beef 8016:Cordon bleu 8006:Cheesesteak 7966:Boiled beef 7921:Beef olives 7804:Corned beef 7728:Skirt steak 7723:Top sirloin 7673:Ranch steak 7648:Flank steak 7633:Chuck steak 7618:Blade steak 7563:Beef cattle 7327:India Today 6833:18 December 6789:18 December 6283:Circulation 6103:18 December 5963:3 September 5209:: 419–431. 4879:Smithsonian 4771:(1): 6117. 4699:|work= 4681:4 September 4400:Nature Food 4096:(1): 5–14. 4071:Sierra Club 3996:27 February 3889:18 December 3775:Food portal 3657:agriculture 3437:. Elevated 3344:vitamin B12 3336:Daily Value 2974:Thiamine (B 2774:Consumption 2768:Sauerbraten 2740:Spiced beef 2730:corned beef 2726:corned beef 2718:Corned beef 2637:Korean pear 2518:shabu-shabu 2367:stir frying 2355:breadcrumbs 2351:deep frying 2349:, although 2088:proteolytic 2082:To improve 1976:primal cuts 1865:or used in 1851:corned beef 1809:Cut of beef 1798:Preparation 1160:New Zealand 985:classifying 808:Farmed Fish 705:Food Types 470:Food Types 369:Beef cattle 307:Bos indicus 99:vitamin B12 9843:Categories 9797:White meat 9772:Pink slime 9750:Artificial 9625:Tenderness 9510:psychology 9508:Ethics and 9342:Salt-cured 9048:Sea urchin 8616:Guinea pig 8375:Darkcutter 8298:Veal Oscar 8273:Tafelspitz 8213:Selat solo 8198:Ropa vieja 8186:Roast beef 8171:Ragout fin 8076:Iga penyet 8036:French dip 7753:Tenderloin 7708:Short ribs 7703:Short loin 7653:Flap steak 7551:Production 7500:Beef State 7392:IndiaToday 6964:. 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