2190:
4209:
256:
4859:
437:
Meanwhile, there are some scholars who regard
Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin as a single division of Mandarin. Lin (1987) noticed the phonological similarity between Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin. Zhang (2010) suggested that the criteria for the division of Beijing Mandarin
1781:
1723:
1734:
921:
has completely dissolved and is distributed irregularly among the remaining tones. However, Beijing
Mandarin has significantly fewer rising-tone characters with a checked-tone origin, compared with
2602:
2593:
3087:
3632:
3594:
4334:
3116:
379:
initial have dark level, light level, rising and departing tone reflexes. He chose the name
Beijing Mandarin as this Mandarin group is approximate to the
4141:
4131:
4136:
3895:
3443:
167:
162:
4050:
1987:
438:
and
Northeastern Mandarin as top-level Mandarin groups are inconsistent with the criterion for the division of other top-level Mandarin groups.
4217:
3455:
2844:
3419:
3407:
433:
of Middle
Chinese are two sets of sibilants—dental and retroflex—and these two sets are not merged or confused in Beijing Mandarin.
415:
of Middle
Chinese developed into a modern non-null initial in Beijing Mandarin and a modern null initial in Northeastern Mandarin.
3431:
4515:
3754:
1957:
4565:
386:
He subsequently proposed a split of
Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin in 1987, listing the following as reasons:
4407:
1980:
1868:
1845:
2189:
365:
characters as the criterion for classifying
Mandarin dialects. In this paper, he used the term "Beijing Mandarin" (
4487:
2714:
215:
3194:
2837:
1973:
277:
246:
4803:
4257:
269:
358:
as two separate branches of
Mandarin in the 1980s. In Li's 1985 paper, he suggested using tonal reflexes of
4862:
4773:
4297:
2772:
2719:
2375:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
889:
884:
873:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
709:
705:
576:
572:
4778:
4650:
4575:
4232:
2765:
2420:
2342:
2058:
541:. This subgroup has characteristics intermediate of those of Beijing Mandarin and Northeastern Mandarin.
4820:
4793:
4670:
4582:
4329:
4309:
408:
The tonal value of the dark level tone is lower in
Northeastern Mandarin than that in Beijing Mandarin;
901:, in which the two categories are either in free variation or merged into a single type of sibilants.
4881:
4372:
3070:
2830:
2665:
2112:
2033:
4746:
4731:
4721:
4435:
2746:
2349:
2162:
1753:
1662:
1357:
1350:
1314:
1300:
240:
345:
4758:
2997:
2740:
2526:
2410:
1291:
666:
421:
300:
4751:
4600:
4692:
4535:
3133:
2786:
2779:
2559:
2493:
1996:
116:
897:
Dental and retroflex sibilants are distinct phonemes in Beijing Mandarin. This is contrary to
4687:
4610:
4324:
4302:
3057:
2890:
2729:
2679:
2235:
979:
922:
910:
898:
530:
351:
4455:
4423:
4252:
3377:
2872:
2541:
2387:
2333:
1754:"Tonetic Sound Change in Taiwan Mandarin: The Case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 Citation Contours"
1710:
8:
4699:
4665:
4500:
4467:
4314:
4242:
4159:
4000:
3995:
3749:
3559:
3065:
2724:
2314:
2141:
2072:
1347:
1328:
1297:
952:
791:
777:
763:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1321:
1307:
693:
586:
430:
412:
4815:
4682:
4645:
4530:
4428:
4362:
4357:
4247:
4237:
3863:
3841:
3734:
3542:
3537:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
2936:
2565:
2174:
2040:
1503:
1180:
534:
355:
1797:
641:), listed as a subgroup of Beijing Mandarin in the 1987 edition, is re-allocated to a
446:
Beijing Mandarin is classified into the following subdivisions in the 2012 edition of
425:
added one more method for distinguishing Beijing Mandarin from Northeastern Mandarin:
231:
4726:
4716:
4595:
4560:
4415:
4367:
4319:
4086:
3939:
3873:
3729:
3714:
3385:
3362:
3316:
3241:
3167:
3047:
3015:
2969:
2908:
2898:
2863:
2673:
2633:
2611:
2576:
2570:
2535:
2473:
2467:
2447:
2241:
2229:
2212:
2120:
2066:
2046:
1953:
1932:
1910:
1888:
1864:
1841:
1801:
1539:
121:
63:
4832:
4352:
4227:
4091:
4081:
4066:
4012:
3934:
3885:
3846:
3795:
3709:
3661:
3645:
3525:
3485:
3480:
3367:
3321:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3246:
3075:
3020:
3005:
2881:
2853:
2694:
2654:
2624:
2598:
2548:
2506:
2415:
2392:
2285:
2265:
2222:
2147:
2010:
1793:
1761:
Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20)
1558:
1556:
1554:
329:
295:
131:
126:
2272:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
4783:
4763:
4660:
4620:
4605:
4344:
4194:
4184:
4164:
4121:
4116:
3982:
3946:
3929:
3919:
3858:
3676:
3612:
3554:
3502:
3497:
3399:
3295:
3290:
3199:
3146:
3141:
3121:
3106:
3101:
3042:
3037:
3027:
3010:
2982:
2954:
2931:
2686:
2640:
2499:
2381:
2320:
2154:
2101:
2092:
2078:
1042:
963:
802:
652:
380:
325:
157:
108:
20:
1568:
1551:
4837:
4827:
4798:
4788:
4505:
4477:
4189:
4174:
4076:
4027:
4022:
4007:
3951:
3890:
3772:
3744:
3724:
3671:
3640:
3617:
3607:
3602:
3564:
3547:
3492:
3357:
3339:
3257:
3231:
3172:
3092:
3080:
3032:
2987:
2977:
2903:
2756:
2734:
2648:
2617:
2553:
2513:
2487:
2461:
2438:
2361:
2307:
2279:
2248:
2126:
2052:
1474:
1435:
1414:
984:
918:
697:
398:
359:
313:
81:
4208:
1396:
1385:
1335:
945:
938:
784:
770:
4875:
4638:
4450:
4445:
4017:
3961:
3956:
3924:
3911:
3787:
3739:
3666:
3622:
3512:
3349:
3272:
3111:
2959:
2946:
2480:
2402:
2168:
2133:
2085:
1936:
1914:
1892:
1805:
508:
255:
208:
2815:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
4510:
4460:
3836:
3719:
3692:
3236:
3226:
2454:
2370:
2326:
2255:
914:
390:
372:
362:
4655:
4629:
4525:
4495:
4472:
4440:
4179:
4169:
3973:
3868:
3853:
3816:
3764:
3585:
3576:
3472:
3311:
3186:
2913:
2800:
2015:
1711:"What Does Chao Have to Say about Tones? A Case Study of Taiwan Mandarin"
597:
Compared with the first edition (1987), the second edition (2012) of the
402:
1965:
4071:
4045:
3811:
3777:
3282:
3209:
1611:
There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. (
1598:
There are also other ways to pronounce such initials in this dialect. (
1261:
subgroup has more words in common with that of Northeastern Mandarin.
4520:
4271:
4262:
3990:
3880:
3532:
3520:
3331:
3162:
2793:
2434:
2199:
2006:
1147:
394:
376:
224:
194:
182:
1005:
subgroup generally has a lower tonal value for the dark level tone.
4810:
4396:
4037:
3218:
2822:
1218:
496:
317:
85:
4842:
1822:
1574:
1562:
1545:
1509:
1485:
1441:
1429:
4709:
4389:
4276:
4105:
3701:
2295:
1114:
1078:
862:
827:
688:
638:
634:
581:
538:
500:
478:
321:
305:
89:
73:
332:. Both Beijing Mandarin and its Beijing dialect are also called
4768:
4570:
2208:
2023:
1185:
549:, these subgroups are distinguished by the following features:
504:
285:
4281:
2204:
2019:
700:
differ amongst the subgroups: a null initial is found in the
309:
77:
405:
category in Northeastern Mandarin than in Beijing Mandarin;
304:, encompassing a number of dialects spoken in areas of
1689:
1687:
477:), including the urban area and some inner suburbs of
1515:
589:
in Middle Chinese, while an initial is absent in the
1674:
1672:
1660:
Referring to its checked-toned pronunciation, as in
1618:
1452:
1450:
673:
subgroup covers a greater area in the 2012 edition.
1684:
1527:
19:For the dialect spoken in Beijing urban area, see
1952:, Beijing Language and Culture University Press,
1669:
1642:
1630:
1580:
1447:
4873:
1923:Lin, Tao (1987), "Běijīng Guānhuà Qū de Huàfēn"
1491:
1462:
495:), including some suburbs of Beijing, parts of
2664:
2111:
16:Mandarin dialects spoken around Beijing, China
2838:
1981:
1835:
660:
646:
628:
618:
556:subgroup has a high dark level tone, and the
520:
458:
366:
45:
39:
4637:
2525:
1879:Li, Rong (1985), "Guānhuà Fāngyán de Fēnqū"
328:, which provides the phonological basis for
1840:(2nd ed.), Beijing: Commercial Press,
1823:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012),
401:are far more commonly distributed into the
4858:
4628:
2845:
2831:
1988:
1974:
1901:Li, Rong (1989), "Hànyǔ Fāngyán de Fēnqū"
254:
1995:
1863:, Shanghai Educational Publishing House,
1575:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)
1563:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)
1546:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)
1510:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)
1486:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)
1442:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)
1430:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2012)
686:With regard to initials, the reflexes of
676:
4553:
1779:
1751:
4874:
371:) to refer the dialect group in which
346:Mandarin Chinese § Classification
62:
2826:
1969:
1944:
1693:
1624:
1612:
1599:
1533:
324:, the most important of which is the
2852:
1834:], vol. Hànyǔ Fāngyán Juàn
633:) subgroup (including the cities of
1922:
1855:
1708:
1678:
1648:
1636:
1586:
1521:
1252:
13:
1900:
1878:
1721:
1497:
1468:
1456:
1010:Tones of Beijing Mandarin dialects
712:initials are often present in the
354:were proposed by Chinese linguist
14:
4893:
429:The modern pronunciations of the
339:
4857:
4335:Literary and colloquial readings
4207:
2188:
1773:
1699:
1654:
1605:
1592:
1263:
1007:
927:
722:
609:subgroups to clusters of a new
441:
1661:
1356:
1346:
1327:
1313:
1296:
951:
790:
776:
762:
560:subgroup a relatively low one;
492:
488:
474:
470:
294:) refers to a major branch of
290:
281:
273:
46:
40:
1:
1816:
1798:10.6519/TJL.202001_18(1).0004
1786:Taiwan Journal of Linguistics
909:In both Beijing Mandarin and
4863:List of varieties of Chinese
1947:Běijīng Guānhuà Yǔyīn Yánjiū
1858:Xiàndài Hànyǔ Fāngyán Gàilùn
726:Initial in Middle Chinese ►
7:
1780:慧如(Khoo, Hui-lu) 許 (2020).
681:
10:
4898:
4821:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
692:syllables with any of the
567:subgroup, dialects in the
343:
18:
4855:
4739:
4708:
4619:
4544:
4486:
4406:
4381:
4343:
4290:
4216:
4205:
4152:
4104:
4059:
4036:
3981:
3972:
3910:
3829:
3804:
3786:
3763:
3700:
3691:
3654:
3631:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3511:
3471:
3398:
3376:
3348:
3330:
3304:
3281:
3217:
3208:
3185:
3155:
3132:
3056:
2996:
2968:
2945:
2922:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2860:
2810:
2755:
2707:
2592:
2433:
2401:
2359:
2294:
2197:
2186:
2004:
1836:
1782:"「台中腔」－台灣中部華語的聲調特徵及其成因初探"
1733:: 371–393. Archived from
1395:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1334:
1320:
1306:
1179:
1110:
944:
937:
783:
769:
725:
661:
647:
629:
619:
533:, covering the cities of
521:
459:
367:
264:In Chinese dialectology,
253:
239:
222:
206:
192:
180:
175:
151:
105:
95:
69:
57:
38:
33:
28:
1949:
1924:
1902:
1880:
1860:
1827:
1752:Sanders, Robert (2008).
1407:
904:
545:Per the 2012 edition of
1945:Zhang, Shifang (2010),
1832:Language Atlas of China
667:Central Plains Mandarin
525:), an area between the
448:Language Atlas of China
422:Language Atlas of China
301:Language Atlas of China
1825:Zhōngguó Yǔyán Dìtú Jí
1709:Fon, Yee-Jean (1999).
694:影, 疑, 云 and 以 initials
587:影, 疑, 云 and 以 initials
431:精, 知, 莊 and 章 initials
101:27 million (2004)
2715:Central Tibeto-Burman
1512:, p. 35, 40, 41.
980:Northeastern Mandarin
923:Northeastern Mandarin
911:Northeastern Mandarin
899:Northeastern Mandarin
677:Phonological features
531:Northeastern Mandarin
352:Northeastern Mandarin
350:Beijing Mandarin and
1856:Hou, Jingyi (2002),
1400:is also used in the
419:The 2012 edition of
2773:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
1722:石, 鋒; 鄧, 丹 (2006).
1012:
278:traditional Chinese
4816:Cantonese Bopomofo
4683:Chinese characters
4611:Written Sichuanese
3195:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
2766:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
2708:Proposed groupings
1705:Multiple sources:
1548:, p. 42 - 43.
1524:, p. 166–167.
1008:
571:cluster append an
375:characters with a
298:recognized by the
270:simplified Chinese
4869:
4868:
4851:
4850:
4678:
4677:
4596:Written Cantonese
4591:
4590:
4373:Classical grammar
4368:Cantonese grammar
4203:
4202:
4100:
4099:
3906:
3905:
3825:
3824:
3687:
3686:
3394:
3393:
3181:
3180:
3071:Chengdu–Chongqing
2864:Sinitic languages
2820:
2819:
2703:
2702:
2588:
2587:
2429:
2428:
2184:
2183:
1959:978-7-5619-2775-5
1731:山高水長：丁邦新先生七秩壽慶論文集
1392:
1391:
1250:
1249:
999:
998:
960:Beijing Mandarin
895:
894:
262:
261:
61:Beijing dialect:
4889:
4882:Mandarin Chinese
4861:
4860:
4833:Taiwanese Hangul
4722:Mainland Chinese
4635:
4634:
4626:
4625:
4551:
4550:
4228:Standard Chinese
4211:
3979:
3978:
3698:
3697:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3215:
3214:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2854:Chinese language
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2662:
2661:
2523:
2522:
2357:
2356:
2192:
2109:
2108:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1939:
1917:
1895:
1873:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1810:
1809:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1399:
1394:The intensifier
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1264:
1253:Lexical features
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1013:
955:
948:
941:
928:
891:
886:
875:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
723:
716:cluster and the
711:
707:
664:
663:
650:
649:
632:
631:
622:
621:
585:characters with
578:
574:
529:cluster and the
524:
523:
499:, most parts of
494:
490:
476:
472:
462:
461:
393:characters with
370:
369:
330:Standard Chinese
296:Mandarin Chinese
292:
283:
275:
266:Beijing Mandarin
258:
249:
235: Beijingic
234:
218:
202:
197:
185:
137:Beijing Mandarin
111:
65:
49:
48:
43:
42:
29:Beijing Mandarin
26:
25:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4847:
4784:Tongyong Pinyin
4764:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
4752:Dungan Cyrillic
4735:
4704:
4674:
4615:
4606:Written Hokkien
4587:
4546:
4540:
4516:Middle Mandarin
4482:
4402:
4377:
4339:
4286:
4219:
4212:
4199:
4148:
4096:
4055:
4032:
3968:
3902:
3821:
3800:
3782:
3759:
3683:
3650:
3627:
3571:
3507:
3467:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3390:
3372:
3344:
3326:
3300:
3277:
3204:
3177:
3151:
3128:
3052:
2992:
2964:
2941:
2918:
2867:
2856:
2851:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2757:Proto-languages
2751:
2699:
2666:Greater Siangic
2660:
2597:
2584:
2521:
2425:
2397:
2355:
2299:
2290:
2202:
2193:
2180:
2113:Greater Magaric
2107:
2034:West Himalayish
2014:
2000:
1994:
1960:
1951:
1926:
1904:
1882:
1871:
1862:
1848:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1778:
1774:
1756:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1726:
1724:"普通話與台灣國語的語音對比"
1704:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:, p. 3, 4.
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1415:
1410:
1279:
1255:
907:
865:
704:cluster, while
684:
679:
653:Lanyin Mandarin
444:
411:Generally, the
381:Beijing dialect
348:
342:
326:Beijing dialect
291:Běijīng Guānhuà
245:
230:
214:
211:
200:
193:
181:
168:Chifeng dialect
163:Chengde dialect
158:Beijing dialect
147:
112:
109:Language family
107:
98:
97:Native speakers
52:Běijīng Guānhuà
50:
24:
21:Beijing dialect
17:
12:
11:
5:
4895:
4885:
4884:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:Taiwanese kana
4825:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4799:Lessing-Othmer
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Written Dungan
4598:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Middle Chinese
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4473:Wubi (Wang Ma)
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:Xiangnan Tuhua
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:Shaozhou Tuhua
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3088:Renshou–Fushun
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2998:Central Plains
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2747:Tibeto-Kanauri
2744:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:Kuki-Chin–Naga
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2606:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2439:Southeast Asia
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2376:Angami–Pochuri
2373:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2300:Burmese border
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2218:
2216:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1941:
1940:
1931:(3): 166–172,
1919:
1918:
1909:(4): 241–259,
1897:
1896:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1792:(1): 115–157.
1772:
1770:
1769:
1749:
1719:
1698:
1683:
1668:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1627:, p. 180.
1617:
1604:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1500:, p. 246.
1490:
1473:
1471:, p. 247.
1461:
1446:
1434:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
982:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
961:
957:
956:
949:
942:
935:
932:
919:Middle Chinese
906:
903:
893:
892:
887:
882:
879:
876:
871:
860:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
800:
796:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
757:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
698:Middle Chinese
683:
680:
678:
675:
665:) subgroup of
651:) subgroup of
595:
594:
561:
543:
542:
514:
513:
512:
482:
443:
440:
435:
434:
417:
416:
409:
406:
399:Middle Chinese
360:Middle Chinese
341:
340:Classification
338:
314:Inner Mongolia
260:
259:
251:
250:
243:
237:
236:
228:
220:
219:
212:
207:
204:
203:
198:
190:
189:
186:
178:
177:
176:Language codes
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
153:
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
115:
113:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
82:Inner Mongolia
71:
67:
66:
59:
55:
54:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4894:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4864:
4854:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:Cyrillization
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4639:Script styles
4636:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4210:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:Proto-Karenic
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:Proto-Loloish
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:Tibeto-Burman
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2527:Burmo-Qiangic
2524:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2421:Jingpho–Luish
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:Baram–Thangmi
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:7-5320-8084-6
1866:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:9787100070546
1843:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1740:on 2021-09-19
1736:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1696:, p. 33.
1695:
1690:
1688:
1681:, p. 38.
1680:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1657:
1651:, p. 19.
1650:
1645:
1639:, p. 17.
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1615:, p. 79)
1614:
1608:
1602:, p. 79)
1601:
1595:
1589:, p. 18.
1588:
1583:
1577:, p. 11.
1576:
1571:
1565:, p. 37.
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1536:, p. 45.
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1488:, p. 40.
1487:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1444:, p. 41.
1443:
1438:
1432:, p. 42.
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:to show off;
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
933:
930:
929:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
902:
900:
888:
883:
880:
877:
872:
869:
864:
861:
858:
857:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
755:
754:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
724:
721:
719:
715:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
674:
672:
668:
658:
654:
644:
640:
636:
626:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
588:
584:
583:
570:
566:
562:
559:
555:
552:
551:
550:
548:
540:
536:
532:
528:
518:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
486:
483:
480:
468:
465:
464:
456:
453:
452:
451:
449:
439:
432:
428:
427:
426:
424:
423:
414:
410:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
378:
374:
364:
361:
357:
353:
347:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
287:
279:
271:
267:
257:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
233:
229:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
210:
209:Linguist List
205:
199:
196:
191:
187:
184:
179:
174:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
154:
150:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
114:
110:
104:
100:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:Pronunciation
56:
53:
37:
32:
27:
22:
4769:Hanyu Pinyin
4759:Romanization
4666:Semi-cursive
4511:Old Mandarin
4468:Stroke count
4395:
4388:
4310:Old National
4153:Unclassified
3058:Southwestern
2923:
2891:Northeastern
2873:Major groups
2862:
2812:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2739:
2685:
2678:
2653:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2616:
2575:
2560:Lolo-Burmese
2558:
2534:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2380:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2325:
2313:
2306:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2228:
2221:
2173:
2167:
2153:
2146:
2132:
2125:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2065:
2051:
2039:
2032:
1997:Sino-Tibetan
1946:
1928:
1906:
1884:
1857:
1831:
1824:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1764:
1760:
1742:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1730:
1714:
1701:
1694:Zhang (2010)
1656:
1644:
1632:
1625:Zhang (2010)
1620:
1607:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1541:
1534:Zhang (2010)
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1464:
1437:
1401:
1393:
1258:
1256:
1025:Light level
1016:Subdivision
1009:
1002:
1000:
971:light level
931:Subdivision
915:checked tone
908:
896:
867:
756:Subdivision
717:
713:
701:
687:
685:
670:
656:
642:
624:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
590:
580:
568:
564:
557:
553:
546:
544:
526:
516:
484:
466:
454:
447:
445:
442:Subdivisions
436:
420:
418:
397:initials in
391:Checked-tone
385:
373:checked tone
363:checked tone
349:
333:
299:
289:
265:
263:
241:Linguasphere
223:
136:
117:Sino-Tibetan
51:
4838:Xiao'erjing
4700:Punctuation
4693:Traditional
4646:Oracle bone
4630:Logographic
4526:Proto-Hakka
4501:Eastern Han
4496:Old Chinese
4358:Classifiers
4325:Northern Wu
4253:Singaporean
3459: [
3447: [
3435: [
3423: [
3411: [
2801:Proto-Hakka
2730:Mahakiranti
2236:East Bodish
2016:Uttarakhand
1275:to deceive
1269:this place
1075:Huai–Cheng
1022:Dark level
968:dark level
824:Huai–Cheng
579:initial to
563:Within the
403:rising tone
4789:Wade–Giles
4688:Simplified
4583:Vernacular
4576:in Vietnam
4429:Simplified
4416:Biaoxingma
4363:Honorifics
4298:Historical
4243:Philippine
4233:Sichuanese
4160:Badong Yao
3864:Shao–Jiang
3735:Philippine
3543:Xiangxiang
3538:Shuangfeng
3283:Taizhou Wu
3066:Sichuanese
2695:Idu–Taraon
2649:Miju–Meyor
2542:Gyalrongic
2388:Tangkhulic
2163:Raji–Raute
1929:Fāngyán 方言
1907:Fāngyán 方言
1887:(1): 2–5,
1885:Fāngyán 方言
1817:References
1744:2021-12-11
1679:Hou (2002)
1649:Hou (2002)
1637:Hou (2002)
1613:Zhang 2010
1600:Zhang 2010
1587:Hou (2002)
1522:Lin (1987)
1404:subgroup.
1343:Chao–Feng
1111:Chao–Feng
1031:Departing
974:departing
859:Chao–Feng
720:subgroup.
714:Huái–Chéng
613:subgroup.
611:Jīng–Chéng
607:Huái–Chéng
569:Huái–Chéng
565:Jīng–Chéng
554:Jīng–Chéng
527:Huái–Chéng
485:Huái–Chéng
455:Jīng–Chéng
344:See also:
334:Beijingese
34:Beijingese
4727:Taiwanese
4717:Cantonese
4561:Classical
4521:Proto-Min
4456:Microsoft
4315:Cantonese
4291:Phonology
4272:Cantonese
4263:Singdarin
4248:Malaysian
4238:Taiwanese
4142:Rongjiang
4132:Yongjiang
4128:Southern
4113:Northern
4087:Luo–Guang
3996:Hong Kong
3991:Guangzhou
3947:Taiwanese
3940:Changting
3874:Zhanjiang
3788:Zhongshan
3755:Malaysian
3750:Singapore
3715:Zhangzhou
3667:Zhongshan
3560:Yong–Quan
3456:Jing-Zhan
3386:Xuancheng
3363:Jiangshan
3242:Changzhou
3163:Junjiahua
3016:Guanzhong
2899:Changchun
2794:Proto-Min
2725:Macro-Bai
2603:Arunachal
2596:(possible
2411:Boro–Garo
2315:Kuki-Chin
2298:and Indo-
2213:Arunachal
2200:Himalayas
2175:Tandrange
2142:Chepangic
2073:Dhimalish
2007:Himalayas
1937:0257-0203
1915:0257-0203
1893:0257-0203
1806:1729-4649
1767:: 87–107.
1498:Li (1989)
1469:Li (1989)
1457:Li (1985)
1402:Cháo–Fēng
1259:Cháo–Fēng
1181:Taiwanese
1148:Xingcheng
1019:Location
1003:Cháo–Fēng
934:Location
868:old-style
759:Location
718:Cháo–Fēng
689:kaikou hu
671:Cháo–Fēng
582:kaikou hu
558:Cháo–Fēng
517:Cháo–Fēng
413:日 initial
395:voiceless
377:voiceless
247:79-AAA-bb
225:Glottolog
195:ISO 639-6
183:ISO 639-3
4876:Category
4811:Bopomofo
4740:Phonetic
4732:Two-cell
4661:Clerical
4571:in Japan
4566:Adoption
4554:Official
4545:Literary
4420:Boshiamy
4397:Xiehouyu
4353:Numerals
4330:Mandarin
4258:Standard
4218:Standard
4092:Qin–Lian
4082:Yong–Xun
4067:Gao–Yang
4013:Jiujiang
4001:Malaysia
3935:Tingzhou
3886:Wenchang
3847:Jianyang
3837:Northern
3796:Sanxiang
3710:Quanzhou
3693:Southern
3662:Manjiang
3526:Changsha
3486:Nanchang
3481:Chang–Du
3378:Xuanzhou
3368:Qingtian
3322:Wencheng
3268:Jiangyin
3263:Jinxiang
3253:Shaoxing
3247:Hangzhou
3227:Shanghai
3168:Qinjiang
3076:Minjiang
3048:Xinjiang
3006:Dongping
2970:Jiaoliao
2909:Shenyang
2882:Mandarin
2599:isolates
2566:Mondzish
2494:Cai–Long
2242:Tshangla
2198:Eastern
2041:Tamangic
2011:Himachal
2005:Western
1999:branches
1950:北京官话语音研究
1925:北京官话区的划分
1861:现代汉语方言概论
1280:to brag
1272:to envy
1219:Taichung
1039:Jingshi
799:Jingshi
682:Initials
657:Nánjiāng
643:Běijiāng
625:Běijiāng
601:demoted
593:cluster.
535:Chaoyang
497:Langfang
318:Liaoning
232:beij1235
152:Dialects
132:Mandarin
86:Liaoning
4710:Braille
4671:Cursive
4621:Scripts
4488:History
4478:ZhengMa
4424:Cangjie
4390:Chengyu
4345:Grammar
4320:Hokkien
4277:Hokkien
4185:Waxiang
4165:Danzhou
4137:Guandao
4122:Younian
4117:Tongdao
4106:Pinghua
4046:Taishan
3962:Raoping
3930:Huizhou
3920:Meixian
3896:Banqiao
3869:Leizhou
3859:Pu–Xian
3854:Central
3842:Jian'ou
3817:Longyan
3765:Teochew
3702:Hokkien
3677:Nanlang
3633:Fu–Ning
3613:Changle
3595:Houguan
3586:Eastern
3533:Loushao
3521:Changyi
3503:Da–Tong
3498:Ying–Yi
3444:Yanzhou
3312:Wenzhou
3305:Oujiang
3296:Tiantai
3291:Taizhou
3200:Zhi–Yan
3147:Nantong
3142:Nanjing
3117:Gui–Liu
3107:Nanping
3102:Kunming
3028:Luoyang
2983:Qingdao
2955:Tianjin
2932:Beijing
2924:Beijing
2813:Italics
2674:Siangic
2655:Songlin
2634:Kho-Bwa
2612:Hrusish
2594:Dubious
2577:Loloish
2571:Burmish
2536:Qiangic
2507:Longjia
2474:Karenic
2468:Nungish
2448:Sinitic
2334:Hkongso
2296:Myanmar
2266:Gongduk
2230:Tibetic
2148:Chepang
2121:Magaric
2067:Kiranti
2047:Newaric
1903:汉语方言的分区
1881:官话方言的分区
1828:中国语言地图集
1115:Chifeng
1079:Chengde
1043:Beijing
1028:Rising
995:rising
992:rising
989:rising
964:Beijing
863:Chifeng
828:Chengde
803:Beijing
702:Jīngshī
639:Karamay
635:Shihezi
603:Jīngshī
591:Jīngshī
539:Chifeng
501:Chengde
479:Beijing
467:Jīngshī
356:Li Rong
322:Tianjin
306:Beijing
216:cmn-bei
127:Chinese
122:Sinitic
90:Tianjin
74:Beijing
4779:Postal
4774:MPS II
4651:Bronze
4531:Ba–Shu
4451:Google
4446:Pinyin
4382:Idioms
4195:Yeheni
4077:Wu–Hua
4072:Goulou
4051:Xinhui
4028:Dapeng
4023:Weitou
4008:Xiguan
3983:Yuehai
3952:Sixian
3891:Haikou
3881:Hainan
3812:Zhenan
3778:Haklau
3773:Swatow
3745:Penang
3730:Taiwan
3725:Chawan
3672:Longdu
3641:Ningde
3618:Gutian
3608:Fuqing
3603:Fuzhou
3565:Qiyang
3548:Wugang
3493:Yi–Liu
3420:Xiu-Yi
3408:Ji-She
3358:Quzhou
3350:Chu–Qu
3340:Jinhua
3332:Wuzhou
3317:Rui'an
3258:Ningbo
3232:Suzhou
3122:Wuming
3093:Zigong
3081:Leshan
3043:Lanyin
3038:Dungan
3033:Xuzhou
3011:Gangou
2988:Weihai
2978:Dalian
2937:Taiwan
2904:Harbin
2687:Milang
2641:Puroik
2625:Mijiic
2549:Ersuic
2500:Caijia
2416:Konyak
2382:Meitei
2286:Chamdo
2223:Bodish
2209:Bhutan
2155:Bhujel
2102:Lepcha
2093:Lhokpu
2079:Dhimal
2024:Sikkim
1956:
1935:
1913:
1891:
1867:
1844:
1804:
1286:to do
1283:dirty
1232:(322)
1205:(312)
1199:(323)
1186:Taipei
1167:(213)
1134:(213)
1128:(335)
1098:(214)
1062:(214)
985:Harbin
913:, the
669:. The
655:and a
615:Shí–Kè
509:Duolun
505:Wuqing
320:, and
288::
286:pinyin
280::
272::
70:Region
4843:Nüshu
4547:forms
4461:Sogou
4408:Input
4282:Hakka
4220:forms
4060:Other
4018:Shiqi
3957:Hailu
3925:Wuhua
3912:Hakka
3830:Other
3805:Other
3740:Pedan
3655:Other
3646:Fu'an
3623:Matsu
3555:Ji–Xu
3513:Xiang
3463:]
3451:]
3439:]
3432:Qi-De
3427:]
3415:]
3273:Shadi
3219:Taihu
3173:Gyami
3156:Other
3112:Wuhan
3021:Xi'an
2960:Jinan
2618:Hruso
2514:Luren
2488:Kathu
2462:Tujia
2350:Taman
2321:Mruic
2308:Karbi
2249:Basum
2205:Tibet
2127:Magar
2053:Newar
2020:Nepal
1837:汉语方言卷
1830:[
1757:(PDF)
1738:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1408:Notes
1244:(32)
1238:(31)
1226:(33)
1211:(52)
1193:(44)
1173:(51)
1161:(35)
1155:(44)
1140:(53)
1122:(44)
1104:(51)
1092:(35)
1086:(55)
1068:(51)
1056:(35)
1050:(55)
1034:Ref.
905:Tones
623:) or
599:Atlas
547:Atlas
310:Hebei
78:Hebei
4804:Yale
4794:EFEO
4656:Seal
4441:Dayi
4038:Siyi
3720:Amoy
3237:Wuxi
3134:Huai
2947:Jilu
2735:Rung
2680:Koro
2554:Naic
2481:Gong
2437:and
2435:East
2393:Zeme
2362:Naga
2280:Tani
2273:ʼOle
2169:Dura
2134:Kham
2086:Toto
1954:ISBN
1933:ISSN
1911:ISSN
1889:ISSN
1865:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1802:ISSN
1257:The
1001:The
637:and
605:and
537:and
507:and
368:北京官话
282:北京官話
274:北京官话
201:bjgh
88:and
47:北京官话
41:北京官話
4536:Gan
4436:CKC
4303:Old
4180:She
4170:Mai
3974:Yue
3577:Min
3473:Gan
3400:Hui
3249:(?)
3187:Jin
2914:Taz
2601:) (
2455:Bai
2403:Sal
2343:Pyu
2327:Mru
2256:Nam
1794:doi
1292:MSC
1230:˧˨˨
1203:˧˩˨
1197:˧˨˧
1165:˨˩˧
1132:˨˩˧
1126:˧˧˥
1096:˨˩˦
1060:˨˩˦
917:of
710:/ŋ/
708:or
706:/n/
696:in
577:/ŋ/
575:or
573:/n/
4878::
3461:zh
3449:zh
3437:zh
3425:zh
3413:zh
3210:Wu
2371:Ao
2211:,
2207:,
2022:,
2018:,
1927:,
1905:,
1883:,
1800:.
1790:18
1788:.
1784:.
1763:.
1759:.
1729:.
1715:AH
1713:.
1686:^
1671:^
1663:质量
1553:^
1476:^
1449:^
1416:^
1379:埋汰
1372:得瑟
1365:忽悠
1358:眼气
1351:圪垯
1322:炫耀
1315:骗人
1308:嫉妒
1301:地方
1242:˦˨
1236:˧˩
1209:˥˨
1171:˥˩
1159:˧˥
1138:˥˧
1102:˥˩
1090:˧˥
1066:˥˩
1054:˧˥
925:.
881:∅
878:∅
870:)
819:∅
816:∅
813:∅
810:∅
807:∅
750:*ʔ
745:*ʔ
740:*ʔ
735:*ŋ
730:*ŋ
662:南疆
648:北疆
630:北疆
620:石克
522:朝峰
503:,
493:懷承
491:;
489:怀承
475:京師
473:;
471:京师
463:)
460:京承
450::
383:.
336:.
316:,
312:,
308:,
284:;
276:;
84:,
80:,
76:,
44:/
2846:e
2839:t
2832:v
2605:)
2364:"
2360:"
2259:?
2215:)
2203:(
2172:–
2026:)
2013:,
2009:(
1989:e
1982:t
1975:v
1808:.
1796::
1765:1
1747:.
1717:.
1666:.
1397:老
1386:整
1348:这
1336:搞
1329:脏
1298:这
1224:˦
1191:˦
1153:˦
1120:˦
1084:˥
1048:˥
953:质
946:福
939:戳
890:n
885:ŋ
874:ŋ
866:(
853:n
848:n
843:n
838:n
833:n
792:袄
785:矮
778:爱
771:昂
764:鹅
659:(
645:(
627:(
617:(
519:(
511:.
487:(
481:.
469:(
457:(
268:(
188:–
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
