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927:(Hebrew: Yehuda HaNasi). His funeral is described as follows: "Miracles were wrought on that day. It was evening and all the towns gathered to mourn him, and eighteen synagogues praised him and bore him to Bet Shearim, and the daylight remained until everyone reached his home (Ketubot 12, 35a)." The fact that Rabbi Judah was buried here is believed to be a major reason for the popularity of the necropolis in Late Antiquity. Catacomb no. 14 is likely to have belonged to the family of Rabbi Judah the Prince. Two tombs located next to each other within the catacomb are identified by bilingual Hebrew and Greek inscriptions as those of "R. Gamliel" and "R. Shimon", believed to refer to Judah's sons, the
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77:
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84:
261:
967:. Those who had the financial means brought their dead to be buried in the Land of Israel, as it was considered an outstanding virtue for Jews not to be buried in foreign lands, but rather in the land of their forefathers. It is speculated that the Ḥimyarites, during their lifetime, were known and respected in the eyes of those who dwelt in the Land of Israel, seeing that one of them, whose name was Menaḥem, was coined the epithet
253:
963:) dating back to the 3rd century CE. The strength of ties between Yemenite Jewry and the Land of Israel can be learnt by the system of tombs at Beit She'arim dating back to the 3rd century. It is of great significance that Jews from Ḥimyar were being brought for interment in what was then considered a prestigious place, near the catacombs of the
895:'s poems. In one of the caves was discovered a marble slab measuring 21 × 24 × 2 cm. with the Greek inscription: Μημοριον Λέο νπου πατρος του ριββι παρηγοριου και Ιουλιανου παλατινουα ποχρυσοχων . Access to many of the catacombs was obtained by passing through stone doors that once turned on their axis, and in some cases still do.
975:(Menaḥem, the community's elder). The name of a woman written in Greek in its genitive form, Ενλογιαζ, is also engraved there, meaning either 'virtue', 'blessing', or 'gratis'; however, its precise transcription remains of scholarly dispute. The people of Himyar were buried in a single catacomb, in which 40 smaller rooms or
898:
In
October 2009, two new caves were opened to the public whose burial vaults date to the first two centuries CE. Catacomb no. 20 and no. 14 are regularly open to the public, but most catacombs remain closed to the public, with a few being opened on weekends upon special request and prior appointment.
1032:
Moshe Sharon speculates that this poem might be marking the beginning of the practice of treating this site as the sanctuary of Sheikh Abreik and suggests the site was used for burial at this time and possibly later as well. He further notes that the cave within which the inscription was found forms
938:
Rabbi Shimon. Another inscription refers to the tomb of "Rabbi Anania", believed to be Judah's student
Hanania bar Hama. According to the Talmud, Judah declared on his deathbed that "Simon my son shall be hakham , Gamaliel my son patriarch, Hanania bar Hama shall preside over the great court".
1033:
part of a vast area of ancient ruins which constituted a natural place for the emergence of a local shrine. Drawing on the work of Tawfiq Canaan, Sharon cites his observation that 32% of the sacred sites he visited in
Palestine were located in the vicinity of ancient ruins.
840:, the governmental body responsible for the reburial of exhumed bones at archaeological sites. Most of the remains date from the 2nd to 4th century CE. Close to 300 sepulchral inscriptions have been discovered at the necropolis, most of which engraved in Greek
797:'s Institute of Archaeology, and are ongoing as of 2021. Erlich is focusing her excavation on the actual ancient town, which occupied the hilltop above the well-studied necropolis, and of which only a few buildings had been previously discovered.
844:, and a few in Hebrew and Aramaic. Geographical references in these inscriptions reveal that the necropolis was used by people from the town of Beit She'arim, from elsewhere in Galilee, and even from further afield in the region, like
992:
In 1956, a bulldozer working at the site unearthed an enormous rectangular slab, 11 × 6.5 × 1.5 feet, weighing 9 tons. Initially, it was paved over, but it was eventually studied and found to be a gigantic piece of glass. A
1897:
Zelcer (2002), p. 74: "In 1954 two adjoining sepulchres in cave 14 in Bet She'arim were discovered bearing the inscriptions in Hebrew and Greek "R. Gamliel" and "R. Shimon", which are believed to be the coffins of the
418:, documenting two centuries of historical and cultural achievement. The wealth of artistic adornments contained in this, the most ancient extensive Jewish cemetery in the world, is unparalleled anywhere.
1754:
considers Beth She'arim of international importance (Volume 1, p. 309-11); Tessa Rajak considers its importance regional ("The rabbinic dead and the
Diaspora dead at Beth She’arim" in P. Schäfer (ed.),
1078:
1021:("Cave of Hell") catacomb during excavations conducted there in 1956. The sophisticated and beautifully worded elegy was composed by the previously unknown poet Umm al-Qasim, whose name is given in
587:, but in 135 CE, when Jews were barred from the area, Beit She'arim became an alternative. The fact that Rabbi Judah was interred there led many other Jews from all over the country and from the
713:, a total of 59 Arab tenants were evicted from the three villages, with 3,314 pounds compensation paid. In 1925 an agricultural settlement was established on the ruins of Sheikh Abreik by the
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774:
as a watchman, reported that he had found a breach in the wall of one of the caves which led into another cave decorated with inscriptions. In the 1930s and 1950s, the site was excavated by
352:
contained therein had almost all been broken-into by grave robbers in search for treasure. This pillaging was believed to have happened in the 8th and 9th centuries CE based on the type of
1090:
1102:
3117:
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recorded Sheikh Abreik with a population of 111 Muslims. At some time during the early 1920s, the Sursuk family sold the lands of the village, including the necropolis, to the
379:). While exploring a catacomb, he found there a coin of Agrippa, which find led him to conclude that the ruins date back to "the later Jewish times, about the Christian era."
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211:
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for health reasons, but planned his burial in Beit She'arim. According to tradition, he owned there land he received as a gift from his friend, the Roman emperor
2096:
2343:
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2101:
322:, the site includes the necropolis and remains of the town. Used from the first to fourth centuries CE, its peak occurred in the late second century when the
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2337:
129:
2404:
1610:
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449:, is "beit", while the traditional King James one is "beth", the effort being now to replace both with the etymologically better suited "bet".
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76:
17:
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From the beginning of the Early
Islamic period (7th century), settlement was sparse. Excavations uncovered 75 lamps dating to the period of
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560:
307:
28:
1126:
2120:. Erlanger geographische Arbeiten. Vol. Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.
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1626:
1916:
Die
Institution des jüdischen Patriarchen, eine quellen- und traditionskritische Studie zur Geschichte der Juden in der Spätantike
348:
were first explored by archaeologists in the 20th-century, the tombs had already fallen into great disrepair and neglect, and the
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Aside from an extensive body of inscriptions in several languages, the walls and tombs have many images, engraved and carved in
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1001:, which produced great batches of molten glass that were cooled and later broken into small pieces for crafting glass vessels.
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Although only a portion of the necropolis has been excavated, it has been likened to a book inscribed in stone. Its catacombs,
1138:
887:, ranging from Jewish symbols and geometric decoration to animals and figures from Hellenistic myth and religion. Many of the
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1724:, Survey Permit # A-7008. This survey was conducted by Tsvika Tsuk, Yosi Bordovitz, and Achia Cohen-Tavor, on behalf of the
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563:. The town is mentioned in rabbinical literature as an important center of Jewish learning during the 2nd century. Rabbi
1210:
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written on behalf of the deceased show a strong
Hellenistic cultural influence, as many of them are taken directly from
402:
are adorned with elaborate symbols and figures as well as an impressive quantity of incised and painted inscriptions in
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1997:
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2179:
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1980:
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458:
164:
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in
Ottoman Palestine. After the sale, which included lands from the Arab villages of Harithiya, Sheikh Abreik and
60:
2967:
2634:
364:(13–15th centuries), the "Cave of the Coffins" (Catacomb no. 20) served as a place of refuge for Arab shepherds.
1607:
717:, a Zionist political party and settlement movement, but who later abandoned the site for a newer settlement in
2526:
2491:
1198:
46:
469:, a decade prior to its archaeological identification. In early modern times the site was the Arab village of
2821:
434:, the name of the city was Beit She'arayim or Kfar She'arayim (the House/Village of Two Gates). The ancient
1725:
1717:
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that once contained the remains of the dead. These have since been removed, either by grave-robbers, or by
814:
Two lions facing each other, a Greek mythological scene decorating a sarcophagus in the Cave of the
Coffins
510:
1936:
Proceedings of the
Seminar for Arabian Studies, 43 (2013): British Museum, London; Article by Yosef Tobi,
1694:
1651:
List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine
1327:
1314:
330:, relocated to Beit She'arim, and his family was interred there. In 2015, the necropolis was designated a
264:
Wall inscription (epitaph) in Greek: "The tomb of Aidesios, head of the council of elders, from Antiochia"
2511:
1794:
Israel Guide - Lower Galilee and Kinneret Region (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country)
1740:
763:
279:
1949:
Hirschberg (1946), pp. 56–57; p. 33 plate b. Christian Robin rejects the interpretation of the ligature
1162:
793:
In 2014, the excavations at the site were resumed after a 50-year pause by Adi Erlich, on behalf of the
2735:
2629:
2463:
2167:
2143:
2089:
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1370:
782:. As late as 2014, the system of burial caves at Beit She'arim was still being explored and excavated.
706:
372:
3147:
2328:
1026:
375:
visited the site in late 1872 and described one of the systems of caves, known as "The Cave of Hell" (
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3024:
2755:
2649:
1017:
typical of the 9–10th century and containing the date AH 287 or 289 (AD 900 or 902) was found in the
466:
1433:
Vitto, Fanny (1996). "Byzantine Mosaics at Bet She'arim: New Evidence for the History of the Site".
2826:
2085:
The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
1555:
1469:
690:
216:
1569:
The Holy Land: An Oxford archaeological guide, From earliest times to 1700, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor
3142:
3137:
2476:
2001:
1222:
383:, during his excavations of Sheikh Abreik, discovered coins that date no later than the time of
3127:
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2075:
1857:
489:
Pottery shards discovered at the site indicate that a first settlement there dates back to the
478:
2377:
1638:
3014:
2566:
2042:
2026:
1388:
955:
In 1937, Benjamin Mazar revealed at Beit She'arim a system of tombs belonging to the Jews of
384:
268:
1350:
907:
785:
3152:
3047:
2858:
National parks declared by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territories and Golan Heights
2806:
2725:
2443:
1886:
1721:
694:
654:
There is some evidence of activity in the nearby village area and necropolis dating to the
516:
2117:
Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century
8:
3107:
2901:
2433:
2083:
794:
552:
438:
pronunciation of the name is also "Bet She'arayim", which is more closely related to the
334:
176:
971:, in the eight-character Ḥimyari ligature, while in the Greek inscription he was called
547:(Jewish legislature and supreme council) migrated from place to place, first going into
501:
Beit She'arayim was founded at the end of the 1st century BCE, during the reign of King
3102:
3051:
2997:
2841:
2425:
2303:
2280:
1873:
1863:
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515:, referred to the city in Greek as Besara, the administrative center of the estates of
431:
411:
2323:
360:. The robbers also emptied the stone coffins of the bones of the deceased. During the
2707:
2453:
2242:
2216:
2203:. Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 1: The Near and Middle East. Vol. 30/3.
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1976:
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2720:
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2204:
1852:
1822:
1666:
1452:
924:
916:
506:
462:
361:
272:
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2551:
2531:
2232:
2115:
1772:
1654:
1614:
1460:
1275:. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 498.
1250:. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 120.
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611:
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291:
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was located above the necropolis at least from the late 16th century. A map by
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103:
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1938:
The Jews of Yemen in light of the excavation of the Jewish synagogue in Qanī’
1805:
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849:
779:
762:
The archaeological importance of the site was recognized in the 1880s by the
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667:
564:
540:
531:
470:
439:
435:
327:
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144:
131:
50:
911:
Rock-cut graves in Catacomb no. 14, thought to belong to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi
2925:
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2639:
2382:
2196:
2005:
1084:
Catacomb no. 14 ("Cave of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi"), entrance door from within
931:
836:
658:(12th century), probably connected to travellers and temporary settlement.
556:
427:
368:
1763:. (Princeton 2001), pp. 153–8, plays down the importance of Beth She'arim.
766:, which explored many tombs and catacombs but did no excavation. In 1936,
734:
3007:
2765:
2672:
2586:
2561:
2556:
2541:
2536:
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994:
705:
activist who was responsible for most of the major land purchases of the
639:
622:
were found on the walls of the catacombs containing numerous sarcophagi.
353:
1446:
1108:
Stone door at entrance to Catacomb no. 20 imitating embossed wooden door
2982:
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2697:
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2481:
831:
823:
399:
395:
349:
299:
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228:
3039:
3002:
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2796:
2596:
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2501:
2448:
1467:), which follows more closely the Greek transliteration in Josephus'
964:
861:
819:
592:
584:
572:
544:
345:
341:
323:
260:
1834:
571:, lived there. In the last seventeen years of his life, he moved to
2836:
2801:
2506:
1022:
888:
655:
490:
477:, and identified as Beit She'arim in 1936 by historical geographer
1800:, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 43.
252:
3020:
2950:
2811:
2201:
Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae (CIAP), vol. III: D–F
1839:
853:
845:
841:
702:
638:(8th–13th centuries) rule over Palestine. A large Abbasid-period
635:
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615:
568:
407:
2900:
2987:
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2917:
2831:
2816:
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1835:
73 Years Later, Row Erupts Over Discovery of Beit Shearim Caves
1459:
9:3), the town's name is written in an elided-consonant form, (
956:
884:
877:
873:
869:
857:
826:, almost all containing a main hall with recesses in the wall (
710:
596:
331:
283:
Decorated sarcophagus in "Cave of the Coffins", Catacomb no. 20
107:
2360:
The Catacombs:Conservation and reconstruction of the catacombs
2324:
The Necropolis of Beit She'arim - A Landmark of Jewish Renewal
1914:, Vol. 1, pp. 309–11. For a more cautious view see M. Jacobs,
642:
facility from the 9th century was also found at the site (see
2940:
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2715:
2692:
1010:
960:
892:
865:
755:
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548:
311:
117:
465:
on the northeast and is located five kilometres west of the
2199:(2004). "Beth She'arāyim (Beth She'arīm) (Shaykh Buraik)".
1526:"Beit She'arim – The Jewish necropolis of the Roman Period"
902:
303:
1025:
in the poem, and it can be read in Moshe Sharon's book or
643:
579:
Antoninus. The most desired burial place for Jews was the
2140:
Beth She'arim: Report on the Excavations during 1936–1940
771:
275:
and sarcophagus in "Cave of the Coffins", Catacomb no. 20
187:
Necropolis of Beit She'arim: A Landmark of Jewish Renewal
1759:
1 (Tübingen 1997), pp. 349–66); S. Schwartz however, in
1072:
Facade of catacomb no. 14, "Cave of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi"
344:
and contains more than 30 burial cave systems. When the
2344:
Beit She-arim-The Jewish necropolis of the Roman Period
2064:
Excavations at Beit She'arim, 1955 - Preliminary Report
1957:
can no longer be seen. The only secured inscription is
1912:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
1752:
The Oxford encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
997:
furnace was located here in the 9th century during the
445:
The popular orthography for the Hebrew word for house,
3118:
Buildings and structures in Northern District (Israel)
1761:
Imperialism and Jewish society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E
729:
473:; it was depopulated in the 1920s as a result of the
2142:(in Hebrew). Vol. I: Catacombs 1–4. Jerusalem:
2113:
1096:
Facade of Catacomb no. 20, the "Cave of the Coffins"
83:
2114:Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977).
1192:
Chamber with decorated sarcophagus (bull and eagle)
2174:. New York and London: Continuum. pp. 86–87.
1625:Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p.
1120:Corridor in Catacomb no. 20, "Cave of the Coffins"
467:moshav named after the historical location in 1926
1685:, Vol. 6, entry "Colonies, Agricultural", p. 287.
822:have so far been discovered in the Beit She'arim
746:Broken stone door at entrance to one of the caves
3064:
923:cite Beit She'arim as the burial place of Rabbi
2936:Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev
2931:Baháʼi Holy Places in Haifa and Western Galilee
2293:
2270:
2134:
2074:
1843:, 29 October 2009. Re-accessed 26 January 2022.
1722:Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2014
1406:), ed. Yosef Amar, Jerusalem 1980, s.v.
2230:
1757:The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture
526:
442:rendition of the name, i.e. Βησάρα, "Besara".
3113:Protected areas of Northern District (Israel)
2886:
2398:
860:(South Mesopotamia, today in Iraq), the
298:, "House of Gates") is an extensive rock-cut
2412:
2172:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
1741:Official Facebook page of renewed expedition
1351:"Beit She'arim declared World Heritage Site"
567:, head of the Sanhedrin and compiler of the
452:
2158:
2090:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
2037:
2035:
1927:Hirschberg (1946), pp. 53–57, 148, 283–284.
1736:
1734:
1597:Hütteroth & Abdulfattah (1977), p. 158.
1579:Hirschberg (1946), pp. 53–57, 148, 283–284.
1383:
1381:
1379:
2968:Nahal Me'arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves
2893:
2879:
2405:
2391:
2308:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2285:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1975:(in Hebrew). עמותת אעלה בתמר. p. 37.
1532:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2000
1671:The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939
1431:Mazar (1957), p. 19. See also p. 137 in:
1270:
1245:
2296:Beth She'arim II: The Greek Inscriptions
2032:
2019:
1973:Yalqut Teman - Lexicon of Yemenite Jewry
1971:Tobi, Yosef; Seri, Shalom, eds. (2000).
1970:
1788:
1766:
1731:
1499:
1497:
1495:
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1491:
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903:Cave of Yehuda HaNasi (Judah the Prince)
809:
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749:
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733:
530:
278:
267:
259:
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29:Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village)
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987:
625:
496:
14:
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2353:Video Tour of Beit She'arim necropolis
2195:
2058:
1953:. He notes that today the inscription
1891:
1573:
1520:
1518:
3123:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee
2874:
2386:
1796:(in Hebrew). Vol. 3. Jerusalem:
1484:
1432:
1361:
606:Almost 300 inscriptions primarily in
340:The necropolis is carved out of soft
2372:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5:
1819:Jewish Palestine Exploration Society
876:, all in today's Lebanon), and even
805:
789:Beit She'arim - Cave of the Horseman
457:The national park is managed by the
2294:Schwabe, M.; Lifshitz, B. (1974) .
1998:"The Mystery Slab of Beth She'arim"
1779:"tentative list", summary from 2002
1515:
1464:
1339:Mazar (1957), p. vi (Introduction).
1313:Conder & Kitchener (1881), pp.
951:Tomb of Himyarite, in Greek uncials
738:Visitors at the Cave of the Coffins
295:
65:Facade of the "Cave of the Coffins"
24:
2348:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2264:
1326:Conder & Kitchener (1881), p.
1264:
1216:Sarcophagus in a catacomb corridor
942:
730:History of archaeological research
684:
649:
603:, to be buried next to his grave.
34:Jewish necropolis at Beit She'arim
25:
3164:
2333:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
2317:
1239:
982:
661:
314:in the southern foothills of the
165:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
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1185:
1173:
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1149:
1137:
1125:
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1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1043:Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel
880:(in Yemen), among other places.
800:
82:
75:
59:
18:Beit She'arim National Park
3098:Jezreel Valley Regional Council
2234:A Guide to the Jerusalem Talmud
2051:
1990:
1964:
1943:
1930:
1921:
1918:(Tübingen 1995), p. 247, n. 59.
1905:
1880:
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1812:
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1702:
1688:
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1503:Negev & Gibson, eds. (2001)
1425:
1413:
1393:
979:branched-off from a main hall.
3083:Archaeological sites in Israel
3078:World Heritage Sites in Israel
2273:Beth She'arim I: Catacombs 1–4
1698:, Vol. I, pp. 325–328, 343–351
1342:
1333:
1320:
1307:
1298:
1289:
724:
13:
1:
1683:Universal Jewish Encyclopedia
1400:Babylonian Talmud, Punctuated
1233:
1132:Sarcophagi in Catacomb no. 20
539:After the destruction of the
505:. The Roman Jewish historian
1726:Israel Antiquities Authority
1718:Israel Antiquities Authority
666:A small Arab village called
7:
3093:Jewish cemeteries in Israel
2338:Beit She'arim National Park
1696:Survey of Western Palestine
1271:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976).
1246:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976).
1036:
764:Survey of Western Palestine
678:showed the place, named as
676:Napoleon's invasion of 1799
527:Roman and Byzantine periods
484:
320:Beit She'arim National Park
256:Beit She'arim National Park
40:Beit She'arim National Park
10:
3169:
2144:Israel Exploration Society
2068:Israel Exploration Society
1777:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1371:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1156:Menorah in Catacomb no. 20
1144:Chamber in Catacomb no. 20
1058:
707:World Zionist Organization
373:Palestine Exploration Fund
177:UNESCO World Heritage Site
26:
3038:
2916:
2862:Nature reserves of Israel
2854:
2779:
2743:
2734:
2706:
2648:
2610:
2462:
2424:
2329:Bet Shearim National Park
2298:. Vol. 2. Jerusalem.
2275:. Vol. 1. Jerusalem.
2271:Mazar, Benjamin (1973) .
2213:10.1163/9789047404675_001
2136:Mazar (Maisler), Benjamin
1478:
1403:
1273:The Jews under Roman Rule
1248:The Jews under Roman Rule
461:. It borders the town of
453:History of the settlement
446:
302:located near the ancient
246:
242:
234:
224:
207:
199:
191:
183:
174:
170:
160:
123:
113:
99:
70:
58:
44:
39:
27:For the nearby ruin, see
3088:National parks of Israel
3030:Beit She'arim necropolis
1349:Eichner, Itamar (2015).
1180:Chamber of burial niches
691:1922 census of Palestine
634:(7th-8th centuries) and
459:National Parks Authority
288:Beit She'arim Necropolis
238:Europe and North America
2368:Conservation Department
2364:Israel Antiquities Site
2231:Zelcer, Heshey (2002).
2207:. pp. XXXVII–XLV.
2088:. Vol. 1. London:
2002:Corning Museum of Glass
1887:Bet Shearim archaeology
421:
3015:White City of Tel Aviv
1798:Keter Publishing House
1649:In 1925, according to
1422:Jewish Virtual Library
952:
912:
815:
790:
759:
747:
739:
536:
284:
276:
265:
257:
2097:Hirschberg, Haim Zeev
1304:Avigad (1958), p. 37.
1295:Avigad (1958), p. 36.
950:
910:
813:
788:
753:
745:
737:
534:
385:Constantine the Great
282:
271:
263:
255:
145:32.70222°N 35.12694°E
2902:World Heritage Sites
2239:Universal Publishers
2110:, Tel Aviv (Hebrew).
1837:, Eli Ashkenazi for
1708:Mazar (1957), p. 27.
1588:Mazar (1957), p. 20.
1512:Mazar (1957), p. 19.
1019:Magharat al-Jahannam
1005:Poem inside catacomb
988:Glassmaking industry
695:Jewish National Fund
626:Early Islamic period
497:Second Temple period
377:Mŭghâret el-Jehennum
2482:Beit Alfa Synagogue
2434:Adullam-France Park
1420:Modern Bet She'arim
1387:Sharon (2004), p.
852:. Others came from
795:University of Haifa
335:World Heritage Site
326:, led by Patriarch
161:Governing body
141: /
2426:Jerusalem District
2025:Sharon (2004), p.
1653:, evidence to the
1613:2019-12-22 at the
953:
913:
816:
791:
770:, employed by the
760:
748:
740:
559:, and thence into
555:, from there into
537:
432:Yechezkel Kutscher
285:
277:
266:
258:
225:Reference no.
150:32.70222; 35.12694
91:Location in Israel
3060:
3059:
3050:of Jerusalem and
2868:
2867:
2850:
2849:
2736:Southern District
2708:Tel Aviv District
2464:Northern District
2454:Judaean Mountains
2378:Wikimedia commons
2222:978-90-04-13197-2
2108:Yisrā’ēl ba-‘Arāb
1955:Menae presbyteros
1902:and his brother."
1869:Babylonian Talmud
1825:, 5 November 1936
1637:Avneri, 1984, p.
1606:Karmon, 1960, p.
1551:Babylonian Talmud
973:Menae presbyteros
921:Babylonian Talmud
806:Jewish necropolis
715:Hapoel HaMizrachi
475:Sursock Purchases
250:
249:
220:
114:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
3160:
3133:Jewish catacombs
3073:IUCN Category II
2926:Old City of Acre
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2741:
2740:
2658:Alexander stream
2650:Central District
2602:Yehi'am Fortress
2497:Belvoir Fortress
2407:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2358:Jacques Neguer,
2313:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2276:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2226:
2205:Brill Publishers
2192:
2190:
2188:
2155:
2131:
2105:
2093:
2071:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2004:. Archived from
1994:
1988:
1986:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1853:Jerusalem Talmud
1850:
1844:
1832:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1667:Kenneth W. Stein
1664:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1482:
1480:
1466:
1453:Jerusalem Talmud
1450:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1404:תלמוד בבלי מנוקד
1397:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1243:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
925:Judah the Prince
917:Jerusalem Talmud
862:Phoenician coast
507:Josephus Flavius
448:
310:, 20 km east of
297:
214:
156:
155:
153:
152:
151:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
86:
85:
79:
63:
37:
36:
21:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3034:
2998:Tel Be'er Sheva
2994:Biblical Tells
2912:
2899:
2869:
2864:
2846:
2842:Tel Be'er Sheva
2775:
2730:
2702:
2678:Palmachim beach
2668:Mazor Mausoleum
2644:
2606:
2552:Montfort Castle
2532:Horns of Hattin
2458:
2420:
2411:
2340:- official site
2320:
2301:
2300:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2265:Further reading
2262:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2223:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2166:, eds. (2001).
2128:
2099:
2080:Kitchener, H.H.
2054:
2049:
2041:Sharon (2004),
2040:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1969:
1965:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1851:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1767:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1661:
1655:Shaw Commission
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1615:Wayback Machine
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1485:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1190:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1168:Catacomb no. 20
1166:
1157:
1154:
1145:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1053:Vigna Randanini
1039:
1007:
990:
985:
945:
943:Himyarite tombs
905:
848:(in Syria) and
808:
803:
732:
727:
699:Yehoshua Hankin
687:
685:British Mandate
664:
656:Crusader period
652:
650:Crusader period
628:
589:Jewish diaspora
581:Mount of Olives
577:Marcus Aurelius
561:Beit She'arayim
529:
499:
487:
455:
436:Yemenite Jewish
424:
296:בֵּית שְׁעָרִים
179:
149:
147:
143:
140:
135:
132:
130:
128:
127:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
66:
54:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3166:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Haifa District
3140:
3138:Rock-cut tombs
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Negev Monument
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:Haifa District
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:Tzalmon Stream
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Hamat Tiberias
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2414:National parks
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2319:
2318:External links
2316:
2315:
2314:
2291:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2247:
2228:
2221:
2193:
2180:
2164:Gibson, Shimon
2160:Negev, Avraham
2156:
2132:
2126:
2111:
2094:
2072:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2031:
2018:
1989:
1981:
1963:
1942:
1929:
1920:
1904:
1890:
1879:
1845:
1827:
1811:
1781:
1765:
1744:
1730:
1710:
1701:
1687:
1675:
1659:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1561:
1543:
1530:www.mfa.gov.il
1514:
1505:
1483:
1424:
1412:
1392:
1375:
1360:
1341:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1263:
1256:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1029:on Knowledge.
1006:
1003:
999:Abbasid period
989:
986:
984:
983:Abbasid period
981:
944:
941:
904:
901:
818:A total of 21
807:
804:
802:
799:
776:Benjamin Mazar
768:Alexander Zaïd
731:
728:
726:
723:
686:
683:
672:Pierre Jacotin
663:
662:Ottoman period
660:
651:
648:
627:
624:
610:, but also in
591:, from nearby
543:in 70 CE, the
528:
525:
521:Jezreel Valley
517:Queen Berenice
498:
495:
486:
483:
454:
451:
423:
420:
389:Constantius II
381:Benjamin Mazar
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
104:Haifa District
101:
97:
96:
90:
81:
80:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
42:
41:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Kiryat Tiv'on
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Talmud places
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Nahal Me'arot
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:HaSharon Park
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Ma'ayan Harod
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Gan HaShlosha
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Beit She'arim
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2250:
2248:9781581126303
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:Sharon, Moshe
2194:
2183:
2181:0-8264-1316-1
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:"Beth Sharim"
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2127:3-920405-41-2
2123:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:. Jerusalem:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2008:on 2012-02-20
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1984:
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1773:Beth She'arim
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1048:Sheikh Bureik
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1015:Arabic script
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801:Main findings
798:
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780:Nahman Avigad
777:
773:
769:
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754:"Cave of the
752:
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668:Sheikh Bureik
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535:The synagogue
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471:Sheikh Bureik
468:
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463:Kiryat Tiv'on
460:
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440:Ancient Greek
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426:According to
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316:Lower Galilee
313:
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184:Official name
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126:
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69:
62:
57:
52:
51:national park
48:
47:IUCN category
43:
38:
30:
19:
3029:
2792:Besor Stream
2761:Semekh caves
2683:Rubin Stream
2663:Hof HaSharon
2640:Tel Shikmona
2630:Mount Carmel
2567:Rosh HaNikra
2547:Hurvat Minia
2295:
2272:
2252:. Retrieved
2233:
2200:
2185:. Retrieved
2171:
2139:
2116:
2107:
2084:
2076:Conder, C.R.
2063:
2052:Bibliography
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1992:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1954:
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1937:
1932:
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1915:
1911:
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1856:
1848:
1838:
1830:
1814:
1793:
1790:Zaharoni, M.
1784:
1768:
1760:
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1713:
1704:
1695:
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1633:
1621:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1564:
1554:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1529:
1508:
1468:
1456:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1415:
1410:32b (Hebrew)
1407:
1399:
1395:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1272:
1266:
1247:
1241:
1031:
1018:
1008:
991:
976:
972:
968:
954:
935:
932:Gamaliel III
928:
914:
897:
882:
837:Atra Kadisha
835:
827:
817:
792:
761:
689:The October
688:
680:Cheik Abrit.
679:
665:
653:
629:
605:
595:to far-away
551:, then into
538:
511:
500:
488:
479:Samuel Klein
456:
444:
430:, following
428:Moshe Sharon
425:
393:
376:
369:C. R. Conder
366:
357:
356:lamps found
339:
319:
287:
286:
3153:Necropoleis
3025:Beit Guvrin
3008:Tel Megiddo
2988:El Wad Cave
2766:Tel Lachish
2756:Beit Guvrin
2673:Migdal Afek
2587:Tel Megiddo
2562:Mount Tabor
2557:Mount Arbel
2542:Hurshat Tal
2537:Hula Valley
2517:Hamat Gader
2487:Beit She'an
2100: [
1441:: 115–146.
1228:Sarcophagus
1013:written in
995:glassmaking
725:Archaeology
719:Sde Ya'akov
640:glassmaking
367:Lieutenant
354:terra-cotta
148: /
124:Coordinates
3108:Jewish art
3067:Categories
2978:Skhul Cave
2856:See also:
2771:Tel Tzafit
2698:Tzur Natan
2582:Tel Kedesh
2572:Sde Amudim
2439:Bayt 'Itab
2187:25 January
2060:Avigad, N.
2012:2010-02-28
1823:B. Maisler
1234:References
1204:Sarcophagi
832:sarcophagi
824:necropolis
400:sarcophagi
396:mausoleums
350:sarcophagi
318:. Part of
300:necropolis
208:Designated
3103:Catacombs
3052:its Walls
3040:Jerusalem
3019:Caves of
3003:Tel Hazor
2910:Jerusalem
2797:Ein Avdat
2780:Beersheba
2721:Sidna Ali
2693:Tel Gezer
2577:Tel Hazor
2502:Capernaum
2449:Ein Hemed
2304:cite book
2281:cite book
2152:492594574
1940:, p. 351.
1806:745203905
1451:. In the
1408:Sanhedrin
965:Sanhedrin
820:catacombs
620:Palmyrene
593:Phoenicia
585:Jerusalem
573:Sepphoris
557:Shefar'am
545:Sanhedrin
509:, in his
412:Palmyrene
346:catacombs
342:limestone
324:Sanhedrin
136:35°7′37″E
133:32°42′8″N
3048:Old City
2837:Tel Arad
2802:Ein Gedi
2751:Ashkelon
2744:Ashkelon
2688:Tel Afek
2620:Caesarea
2597:Tzippori
2507:Chorazin
2254:16 April
2138:(1957).
2106:(1946).
2082:(1881).
2062:(1958).
1959:Ômêritôn
1951:qyl ḥmyr
1867:12:3 );
1858:Kila'yim
1792:(1978).
1611:Archived
1536:16 April
1465:בית שריי
1447:23458348
1355:Ynetnews
1037:See also
1023:acrostic
969:qyl ḥmyr
934:and the
889:epigrams
491:Iron Age
485:Iron Age
306:town of
200:Criteria
195:Cultural
100:Location
3021:Maresha
2951:Mampsis
2827:Nitzana
2812:Mamshit
2355:YouTube
2043:p. XLII
1874:Ketubot
1864:Ketubot
1840:Haaretz
1673:, p. 60
1479:Βησάραν
1473:§ 24, (
1457:Kila'im
1435:'Atiqot
1059:Gallery
854:Antioch
846:Palmyra
842:uncials
756:Lulavim
703:Zionist
636:Abbasid
632:Umayyad
616:Aramaic
569:Mishnah
519:in the
408:Aramaic
371:of the
358:in situ
328:Judah I
273:Menorah
217:session
203:ii, iii
2963:Masada
2956:Shivta
2946:Haluza
2918:Israel
2906:Israel
2832:Shivta
2817:Masada
2807:Eshkol
2726:Yarkon
2477:Bar'am
2472:Achziv
2444:Castel
2418:Israel
2245:
2219:
2178:
2150:
2124:
1987:p. 37.
1979:
1804:
1728:(IAA).
1657:, 1930
1559:31a–b)
1461:Hebrew
1445:
1389:XXXVII
1279:
1254:
977:loculi
957:Himyar
936:hakham
885:relief
878:Himyar
874:Byblos
870:Beirut
858:Mesene
830:) and
828:loculi
711:Harbaj
697:, via
618:, and
612:Hebrew
597:Himyar
549:Jabneh
414:, and
404:Hebrew
398:, and
332:UNESCO
304:Jewish
292:Hebrew
235:Region
215:(39th
108:Israel
2983:Tabun
2973:Jamal
2941:Avdat
2787:Avdat
2716:Arsuf
2104:]
1877:103b)
1861:9:3;
1475:Greek
1443:JSTOR
1317:- ff.
1011:elegy
961:Yemen
959:(now
893:Homer
866:Sidon
674:from
644:below
608:Greek
601:Yemen
503:Herod
447:בֵּית
416:Greek
312:Haifa
118:Haifa
3023:and
2908:and
2860:and
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2287:link
2256:2016
2243:ISBN
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2176:ISBN
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1538:2016
1470:Vita
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1252:ISBN
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553:Usha
512:Vita
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