Belarusian language

2550: 2873:" policy, which resulted by the 1980s in the Russian language effectively and officially assuming the role of the principal means of communication, with Belarusian relegated to a secondary role. The post-war growth in the number of publications in the Belarusian language in BSSR drastically lagged behind those in Russian. The use of Belarusian as the main language of education was gradually limited to rural schools and humanitarian faculties. The BSSR counterpart of the USSR law "On strengthening of ties between school and real life and on the further development of popular education in the USSR" (1958), adopted in 1959, along with introduction of a mandatory 8-year school education, made it possible for the parents of pupils to opt for non-mandatory studying of the "second language of instruction," which would be Belarusian in a Russian language school and vice versa. However, for example in the 1955/56 school year, there were 95% of schools with Russian as the primary language of instruction, and 5% with Belarusian as the primary language of instruction. The Belarusian was mostly used as a language of instruction in Belarusian rural schools or 38: 2936:

by the creation that same year of a National Language Program to support this endeavor. After Belarus became independent in 1991, support for the cause of the Belarusian language gained prestige and popular interest, with the post-Soviet Belarusian government the continued creation of policies to actively promote the use of the Belarusian language, especially in education. The creation of the 1994 Constitution declared Belarusian to be the sole official language, though Russian was given the status as "language of inter-ethnic communication". However, the implementation of the 1992–94 "Law on Languages" took place in such a way that it provoked public protests and was dubbed "Landslide Belarusization" and "undemocratic" by those opposing it in 1992–94.

2928: 2018: 1585: 972: 3070: 3172: 1598: 3152:(along with Russian language). The usage of Belarusian in major Belarusian cities is rare. Approximately 95% of Belarusian state operates in the Russian language and the Belarusian language is mostly absent in Belarusian education, state media and government affairs where the main information is provided in Russian. For example, in 2011 Russian-language broadcasts on the Belarusian "state package" TV channels accounted for 35,302 hours of air time and highly overshadowed 626 hours of air time in Belarusian-language (only 1.7% of all air time). None of the 3629: 1897: 3008: 4423: 292: 4427: 2834:, there had been some voices raised against the reform, chiefly by the non-Communist/non-socialist wing of the Belarusian national scene. Yan Stankyevich was named to the Belarusian Scientific Society, Belarusian National Committee and Society of the Friends of Belarusian Linguistics at Wilno University. Certain political and scientific groups and figures went on using the pre-reform orthography and grammar, however, thus multiplying and differing versions. 3128: 435: 5453: 304: 224: 1371: 1763: 236: 2381:, in his letter to Tarashkyevich, urged him to "hurry with his much-needed work". Tarashkyevich had been working on the preparation of the grammar during 1912–1917, with the help and supervision of Shakhmatov and Karskiy. Tarashkyevich had completed the work by the autumn of 1917, even moving from the tumultuous Petrograd of 1917 to the relative calm of Finland in order to be able to complete it uninterrupted. 1834: 1775: 3168:, the majority of the books sold in Belarus were imported from Russia in 2019 and in comparison to Russian books the Belarusian language books are not common and mostly are related with educational purposes. The annual circulation of Belarusian language literature significantly decreased from 1990 to 2020: magazines (from 312 mil to 39.6 mil), books and brochures (from 9.3 mil to 3.1 mil). 1858:. The era had seen the effective completion of the Polonization of the lowest level of the nobility, the further reduction of the area of use of contemporary Belarusian, and the effective folklorization of Belarusian culture. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 19th century "there began a revival of national pride within the country ... and a growth in interest from outside". 4549: 1535:, according to what the "underlying" phoneme is (determined by identifying the related words where the vowel is being stressed or, if no such words exist, by written tradition, mostly but not always conforming to etymology). This means that Belarusian noun and verb paradigms, in their written form, have numerous instances of alternations between written 3521: 3108:, new signs of the spread of Belarusian have appeared, trickling down into Belarusian society — with advertising campaigns supporting the cause (outdoor billboards promoting and acquainting people with the Belarusian language, branding campaigns for the leading telecommunication providers like Velcom, etc.), the simplified version of the 2585:(soft sign) before the combinations "consonant+iotated vowel" ("softened consonants"), which had been previously denounced as highly redundant (e.g., in the proceedings of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926)), was cancelled. However, the complete resolution of the highly important issue of the orthography of unstressed 621:, the Belarusian language is declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 40,000 inhabitants According to a study done by the Belarusian government in 2009, 72% of Belarusians speak Russian at home, while Belarusian is actively used by only 11.9% of Belarusians (others speak a mixture of Russian and Belarusian, known as 3130: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3135: 3849:

At the last scholastic census of 1911, the children of the people declared their language to be Polish, and when their Russian masters refused to fill the census-forms in this manner, and wrote 'Language: White Ruthenian' instead of 'Polish language', the children's parents protested and demanded the

2408:

considered Pachopka's grammar unscientific and ignorant of the principles of the language. But Pachopka's grammar was reportedly taught in an unidentified number of schools, from 1918 for an unspecified period. Another grammar was supposedly jointly prepared by A. Lutskyevich and Ya. Stankyevich, and

1821:

The development of Belarusian in the 19th century was strongly influenced by the political conflict in the territories of the former GDL, between the Russian Imperial authorities, trying to consolidate their rule over the "joined provinces", and the Polish and Polonized nobility, trying to bring back

1813:

in the 1840s had mentioned that even his generation's grandfathers preferred speaking (Old) Belarusian. According to A. N. Pypin, the Belarusian language was spoken in some areas among the minor nobility during the 19th century. In its vernacular form, it was the language of the smaller town dwellers

2935:

The process of government support for "Belarusization" began even before the breakup of the Soviet Union, with the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR passing a law on languages in 1990 that aimed for the gradual increase in prestige and general use of the Belarusian language over the next 10 years, followed

2896:

After the beginning of Perestroika and the relaxing of political control in the late 1980s, a new campaign in support of the Belarusian language was mounted in BSSR, expressed in the "Letter of 58" and other publications, producing a certain level of popular support and resulting in the BSSR Supreme

2684:

There had been some post-facto speculations, too, that the 1930 project of the reform (as prepared by people who were no longer seen as politically "clean"), had been given for the "purification" to the "nats-dems" competition in the Academy of Sciences, which would explain the "block" nature of the

2577:

During its work in 1927–29, the Commission had actually prepared the project for spelling reform. The resulting project had included both completely new rules and existing rules in unchanged and changed forms, some of the changes being the work of the Commission itself, and others resulting from the

2526:

In 1925, Lyosik added two new chapters, addressing the orthography of compound words and partly modifying the orthography of assimilated words. From this point on, Belarusian grammar had been popularized and taught in the educational system in that form. The ambiguous and insufficient development of

2384:

By the summer of 1918, it became obvious that there were insurmountable problems with the printing of Tarashkyevich's grammar in Petrograd: a lack of paper, type and qualified personnel. Meanwhile, his grammar had apparently been planned to be adopted in the workers' and peasants' schools of Belarus

2323:

marked a turning point in the scientific perception of Belarusian. The ban on publishing books and papers in Belarusian was officially removed (25 December 1904). The unprecedented surge of national feeling in the 20th century, especially among the workers and peasants, particularly after the events

2560:

The Belarusian Academic Conference on Reform of the Orthography and Alphabet was convened in 1926. After discussions on the project, the Conference made resolutions on some of the problems. However, the Lyosik brothers' project had not addressed all the problematic issues, so the Conference was not

2956:

and subsequently became Belarus's language of administration, business and education. In 1999, only 17% of pupils attended Belarusian-language elementary schools in Belarus. Moreover, a complete minority (~10.5%) of single-circulation newspapers were printed in Belarusian and the amounts decreases

421: 5363:

The following are examples of independent Belarusian-language print and television news media for students interested in learning Belarusian language by reading current news articles and watching television news programs in Belarusian in order to practice reading and listening comprehension. (The

3022:

Despite a formally equal status of Russian and Belarusian, Russian is primarily used by the Belarusian government, and cases of discrimination against the Belarusian language are not rare, even though the discrimination is not institutionalized. Authorities occasionally make minor concessions to

2951:

from 58.6% in 1994 to just 4.8% in 1998) and by 2001 most of the major Belarusian cities had no schools where its pupils were instructed in Belarusian, however Minsk still had 20 Belarusian-language schools. In 1996, Russian language was given equal status to Belarusian following changes in the

2620:

Tarashkyevich's grammar was re-published five times in Western Belarus. However, the 5th edition (1929) (reprinted verbatim in Belarus in 1991 and often referred to) was the version diverging from the previously published one, which Tarashkyevich had prepared disregarding the Belarusian Academic

3060:

In its 2016 human rights in Belarus report, the US State Department also stated that there was "discrimination against ... those who sought to use the Belarusian language." "Because the government viewed many proponents of the Belarusian language as political opponents, authorities continued to

2344:

During the 19th and early 20th century, there was no normative Belarusian grammar. Authors wrote as they saw fit, usually representing the particularities of different Belarusian dialects. The scientific groundwork for the introduction of a truly scientific and modern grammar of the Belarusian

1845:

One of the important manifestations of this conflict was the struggle for ideological control over the educational system. The Polish and Russian languages were being introduced and re-introduced, while the general state of the people's education remained poor until the very end of the Russian

2053:

The end of the 19th century, however, still showed that the urban language of Belarusian towns remained either Polish or Russian. The same census showed that towns with a population greater than 50,000 had fewer than a tenth Belarusian speakers. This state of affairs greatly contributed to a

3525: 2911:

A discussion on problems in Belarusian orthography and on the further development of the language was held from 1935 to 1941. From 1949 to 1957 this continued, although it was deemed there was a need to amend some unwarranted changes to the 1933 reform. The Orthography Commission, headed by

2596:

Both the resolutions of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926) and the project of the Orthographic Commission (1930) caused much disagreement in the Belarusian academic environment. Several elements of the project were to be put under appeal in the "higher (political) bodies of power".

3147:

demonstrated that the Belarusian language is perceived as a native language of Belarus by ~60% of its population, however only ~25% use it in their everyday life. The Belarusian language has marginalized status in terms of usage in Belarus, despite being officially recognized as its

2057:

However, the census was a major breakthrough for the first steps of the Belarusian national self-awareness and identity, since it clearly showed to the Imperial authorities and the still-strong Polish minority that the population and the language were neither Polish nor Russian.

3132: 852:

since the 1960s, referencing chancery language of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, intended to part with the "diminishing tradition of having the name related to the Muscovite tradition of calling the Belarusian lands" and to pertain to the "great tradition of Belarusian

2819:", which may well happen to be a term coined by Yan Stankyevich) had, according to Stankyevich, moved the normative Belarusian morphology and syntax closer to their Russian counterparts, often removing from use the indigenous features of the Belarusian language. 2549: 1861:

Due both to the state of the people's education and to the strong positions of Polish and Polonized nobility, it was only after the 1880s–1890s that the educated Belarusian element, still shunned because of "peasant origin", began to appear in state offices.

2916:, set up the project in about 1951, but it was approved only in 1957, and the normative rules were published in 1959. These rules had been accepted as normative for the Belarusian language since then, receiving minor practical changes in the 1985 edition. 2572:

To simplify Tarashkyevich's grammar where it was ambiguous or difficult in use, to amend it where it was insufficiently developed (e.g., orthography of assimilated words), and to create new rules if absent (orthography of proper names and geographical

1876:

From the mid-1830s ethnographic works began to appear, and tentative attempts to study the language were instigated (e.g. Shpilevskiy's grammar). The Belarusian literary tradition began to re-form, based on the folk language, initiated by the works of

5364:

following two examples are independent Belarusian-language news organizations that happen to be based in Poland; currently as of 2021 news organizations based in Belarus are tightly controlled by the State and have limited journalistic independence.)

1543:, whereas no such alternations exist in the corresponding written paradigms in Russian. This can significantly complicate the foreign speakers' task of learning these paradigms; on the other hand, though, it makes spelling easier for native speakers. 2300: 2564:

As the outcome of the conference, the Orthographic Commission was created to prepare the project of the actual reform. This was instigated on 1 October 1927, headed by S. Nyekrashevich, with the following principal guidelines of its work adopted:

3096: 2877:

faculties and was popularly regarded as an "uncultured, rural language of rural people". Consequently, Belarusian cities became Russian-speaking in the 1960s due to the lack of education in Belarusian language in schools and universities.

5919: 3347: 3081:

In the 2010s, the situation of Belarusian has started to change slightly due to the efforts of language-advocacy institutions, of individual representatives of such educational, cultural, scientific and linguistic organizations as the

2649:

However, a new power group in Belarusian science quickly formed during these power shifts, under the virtual leadership of the Head of the Philosophy Institute of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences, academician S. Ya. Vol’fson

2853:(1941–1944), the Belarusian collaborationists influenced newspapers and schools to use the Belarusian language. This variant did not use any of the post-1933 changes in vocabulary, orthography and grammar. Much publishing in 2642:)). Effectively, entire generations of Socialist Belarusian national activists in the first quarter of the 20th century were wiped out of political, scientific and social existence. Only the most famous cult figures (e.g. 2993:"People who speak Belarusian cannot do anything, because nothing great can be expressed in Belarusian. The Belarusian language is a poor language. There are only two great languages in the world: Russian and English." 5377:, with translations of all articles in triplicate—in Belarusian, Russian, and English—particularly useful for native English speakers studying Belarusian and for comparing and contrasting Belarusian and Russian 3112:

on the metro map being introduced into the messages of the transport network, dedicated advertising festivals like AD!NAK upholding marketing communication in Belarusian, and informal language-courses (such as

2612:

The prestige of the Belarusian language in Western Belarus during this period hinged significantly on the image of the BSSR being the "true Belarusian home". This image, however, was strongly disrupted by the

920:) – used mainly in times preceding the common recognition of the existence of the Belarusian language, and nation in general. Supposedly, the term can still be encountered up to the end of the 1930s, e.g., in 3131: 1849:

In summary, the first two decades of the 19th century had seen the unprecedented prosperity of Polish culture and language in the former GDL lands, and had prepared the era of such famous Polish writers as

2472: 4538:

A. Maldzis. Introduction // Belarus – Éire. Belarus – Ireland. Беларусь – Iрландыя. Беларусь – Ирландия: Матэрыялы навуковага семінара "Беларуска-ірландскія гістарычна-культурныя сувязі". Minsk, 2000. P.

3962:(Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language." As members of the East Slavic group of languages, they are descended from a common ancestor. 3186:, many Belarusian writers and artists were repressed in Belarus. In August 2021, Belarusian PEN Centre, Union of Belarusian Writers and the Belarusian Association of Journalists were liquidated and the 2983:

A spelling reform of the official Belarusian language, making the spelling of some words more similar to Taraškievič's system, was decided on July 23, 2008, and went into effect on September 1, 2010.

2800:

Changing the method of representing the sound "L" in Latinisms to another variant of the Belarusian sound Л (of 4 variants existing), rendered with succeeding non-iotated vowels instead of iotated.

3057:

Belarusian speakers are facing numerous obstacles when trying to arrange Belarusian language education for their children. As of 2016 there are no Belarusian-language universities in the country.

3117:, Mova ci kava, Movavedy) having sprung up in Minsk and around Belarus and spurring further interest of people, especially of young people, in developing good Belarusian communication skills in 1915:

was shifting to the peasantry, overwhelmingly Belarusian. So a large amount of propaganda appeared, targeted at the peasantry and written in Belarusian; notably, the anti-Russian, anti-Tsarist,

2308: 2783:") were, in fact, simply implementations of earlier proposals made by people who had subsequently suffered political suppression (e.g., Yazep Lyosik, Lastowski, Nyekrashevich, 1930 project). 3182:

Belarusian speakers in Belarus are viewed as those who are against the Lukashenko's government and politically-motivated charges were applied to them. In 2020, following the beginning of the

2638:

In 1929–30, the Communist authorities of Soviet Belarus made a series of drastic crackdowns against the supposed "national-democratic counter-revolution" (informally "nats-dems" (Belarusian:

881:, one of the main tribes in the foundations of the forming of the Belarusian nation. Created and used in the 19th century by Belarusian Polish-speaking writers Jaroszewicz, Narbut, Rogalski, 2689:

in his notable critique of the reform failed to mention the 1930 project, dating the reform project to 1932. The reform resulted in the grammar officially used, with further amendments, in

613:, the Belarusian language is declared as a "familiar language" by about 316,000 inhabitants, among them about 248,000 Belarusians, comprising about 30.7% of Belarusians living in Russia. In 625:). Approximately 29.4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52.5% can only read and speak it. Nevertheless, there are no Belarusian-language universities in Belarus. 3922:Белорусы: 3 т. Т. 1. / Уступны артыкул М. Г. Булахава, прадмова да першага тома і каментарыі В. М. Курцовай, А. У. Унучака, І. У. Чаквіна. ; (Карскій. Бѣлоруссы. Т. I – Вильна, 1903) 2609:, under Polish rule, the Belarusian language was at a disadvantage. Schooling in the Belarusian language was obstructed, and the printing in Belarusian experienced political oppression. 5699: 2352:

By the early 1910s, the continuing lack of a codified Belarusian grammar was becoming intolerably obstructive in the opinion of uniformitarian prescriptivists. Then Russian academician

3460: 1658:

of the Belarusian language, the North-Eastern and the South-Western. In addition, there is a transitional Middle Belarusian dialect group and the separate West Polesian dialect group.

2947:, the positions of Belarusian language in Belarusian education system worsened as the number of first graders who were taught in Belarusian significantly decreased (e.g. in capital 2674:

The Reform of Belarusian Grammar (1933) had been brought out quite unexpectedly, supposedly , with the project published in the central newspaper of the Belarusian Communist Party (

4358:

The BSSR Council of Ministers approved the project of the Commission on Orthography "On making more precise and on partially changing the acting rules of Belarusian orthography" (

3160:

where the language of instruction was Belarusian. The Belarusian language is still partly used in some cultural, traditional and folklore activities. According to Belarusian poet

2822:

Stankyevich also observed that some components of the reform had moved the Belarusian grammar closer to the grammars of other Slavonic languages, which would hardly be its goal.

3293:). Taraškievica also features a more phonetic spelling system, particularly using a separate letter for the sound, which is argued to be an allophone of rather than a phoneme. 2495:, Belarusian was decreed to be one of the four (Belarusian, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish) official languages (decreed by Central Executive Committee of BSSR in February 1921). 2362:

with a proposal that a Belarusian linguist be trained under his supervision in order to be able to create documentation of the grammar. Initially, the famous Belarusian poet

3091: 3372:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

599:

in 1999, the Belarusian language was declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens (36.7% of the population). About 6,984,000 (85.6%) of

4494: 2968:. State support for Belarusian language and culture in general has dwindled since then, and Russian is dominant in everyday life in today's Belarus. In a 2006 article, 37: 2476: 2304: 3124:

President Lukashenko, in his 2014 State of the Nation address, emphasized that losing the ability to speak Belarusian will be losing a part of the country's history.

3101:, and in response to the endeavours of pro-Belarusian public figures from the media and communication field, musicians, philosophers, entrepreneurs and benefactors. 4748: 3359:

Usie ludzi naradžajucca svabodnymi i rownymi w svajoj hodnasci i pravach. Jany nadzieleny rozumam i sumlenniem i pavinny stavicca adzin da adnaho w duchu bractva.

633:

The Belarusian language has been known under a number of names, both contemporary and historical. Some of the most dissimilar are from the Old Belarusian period.

5352: 2681:

on 1933-06-28 and the decree of the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers) of BSSR issued on 1933-08-28, to gain the status of law on 1933-09-16.

1805:

By the end of the 18th century, (Old) Belarusian was still common among the minor nobility in the eastern part, in the territory of present-day Belarus, of the

2405: 2390: 2527:

several components of Tarashkyevich's grammar was perceived to be the cause of some problems in practical usage, and this led to discontent with the grammar.

3011:

According to the 2009 Belarusian census data, Belarusian (marked in green) was named as the home language by respondees in most of the rural areas of Belarus

2371: 4732:"State of the Nation Address to the Belarusian people and the National Assembly | Official Internet Portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus" 3410: 2530:

In 1924–25, Lyosik and his brother Anton Lyosik prepared and published their project of orthographic reform, proposing a number of radical changes. A fully

2869:

After the Second World War, several major factors influenced the development of the Belarusian language. The most important was the implementation of the "

2401: 3342:Усе людзі нараджаюцца свабоднымі і роўнымі ў сваёй годнасці і правах. Яны надзелены розумам і сумленнем і павінны ставіцца адзін да аднаго ў духу брацтва. 2511:

In the BSSR, Tarashkyevich's grammar had been officially accepted for use in state schooling after its re-publication in unchanged form, first in 1922 by

2041:

There have been many peoples, which first lost their language… and then they perished entirely. So do not abandon our Belarusian language, lest we perish!

617:, the Belarusian language is declared as a "native language" by about 55,000 Belarusians, which comprise about 19.7% of Belarusians living in Ukraine. In 5794: 3956:. (Routledge). Pp. 60–121. Pg. 60: " distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..." 3164:, who grew up in Belarus, the Belarusian language is mocked for its "village sound" and is considered "useless" in Belarus. According to Belarusian poet 4145: 3156:

are providing a Belarusian-language education and Belarusian language lessons in schools are declining. In 2016, only 13% of pupils in Belarus attended

2772:

in his critique of the reform talked about 25 changes, with one of them being strictly orthographical and 24 relating to both orthography and grammar.

1286:

consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, and excluding rare consonants further decreases the count. The number 48 includes

576:

As one of the East Slavic languages, Belarusian shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of the group. To some extent, Russian,

3061:

harass and intimidate academic and cultural groups that sought to promote Belarusian and routinely rejected proposals to widen use of the language,".

1972: 1901: 5324: 2980:

considers that one of typological similarities is the official bilinguism both in Belarus and Ireland, and the low real status of the mother-tongue.

2886: 2433:

and including the Belarusian language in an exclusive list of four languages made mandatory in the respective native schooling systems (Belarusian,

6979: 5146:Ян Станкевіч (2002). "Беларуская Акадэмічная Конфэрэнцыя 14.–21.XI.1926 і яе працы дзеля рэформы беларускае абэцэды й правапісу (агульны агляд) ". 2882: 1964:). It was in these times that F. Bahushevich made his famous appeal to Belarusians: "Do not forsake our language, lest you pass away" (Belarusian: 1312:

language. The modern Belarusian form was defined in 1918, and consists of thirty-two letters. Before that, Belarusian had also been written in the

1046: 4731: 3191: 4658: 3083: 3027: 4388: 3053:

The right to receive full oral and written information in the Belarusian language on the products and services proposed by commercial companies.

3037:

The Frantsishak Skaryna Society has reported about the following categories of violations against the rights of Belarusian speakers in Belarus:

2366:

was to be entrusted with this work. However, Bahdanovich's poor health (tuberculosis) precluded his living in the climate of St. Petersburg, so

5411: 5016: 4908: 4802: 4242:Ян Станкевіч. Б. Тарашкевіч (2002). "Беларуская граматыка для школ. Выданьне пятае пераробленае і пашыранае. Вільня. 1929 г., бал. 132 + IV ". 4228: 2512: 2453: 2393:

petitioned the administration to allow the book to be printed. Finally, the first edition of the "Belarusian grammar for schools" was printed (

1056: 3436: 3019:, members of the Belarusian speaking minority in Belarus have complained about the discrimination against the Belarusian language in Belarus. 7109: 3468: 2316: 2263: 1905: 1865:

In 1846, ethnographer Pavel Shpilevskiy prepared a Belarusian grammar (using the Cyrillic alphabet) on the basis of the folk dialects of the

4709: 2793:

Reducing the use of the "consonant+non-iotated vowel" in assimilated Latinisms in favour of "consonant+iotated vowel," leaving only Д, Т, Р

2274: 2004:

and which is spoken by inhabitants of the North-Western and certain adjacent provinces, or those lands that were in the past settled by the

5826: 5347: 2484: 1911:

At the beginning of the 1860s, both the Russian and Polish parties in Belarusian lands had begun to realise that the decisive role in the

5679: 4917:Белорусы: 3 т. Т. 1. / Уступны артыкул М. Г. Булахава, прадмова да першага тома і каментарыі В. М. Курцовай, А. У. Унучака, І. У. Чаквіна 3669: 2356:, chair of the Russian language and literature department of St. Petersburg University, approached the board of the Belarusian newspaper 442: 4621: 2491:, Belarusian was used as the only official language (decreed by Belarusian People's Secretariat on 28 April 1918). Subsequently, in the 942:) – used in the beginning of the 19th century by the Russian researcher Baranovski and attributed to contemporary vernacular Belarusian. 6133: 5998: 1814:

and of the peasantry and it had been the language of oral folklore. Teaching in Belarusian was conducted mainly in schools run by the

427:

Legend: Dark blue – territory where Belarusian is the primary language; Light blue – territory where Belarusian is a minority language

2449:

and in one of the "native languages". Also at this time, Belarusian preparatory schools, printing houses, press organs were opened (

825:. The term "White Ruthenian" with reference to language has appeared in English-language texts since at least 1921. The oldest one, 6349: 5889: 5623: 5559: 1523:, the merger of unstressed /a/ and /o/, which exists in both Russian and Belarusian. Belarusian always spells this merged sound as 1479:

in its modern form was adopted in 1959, with minor amendments in 1985 and 2008. It was developed from the initial form set down by

1143: 4117: 2508:

A decree of 15 July 1924 confirmed that the Belarusian, Russian, Yiddish and Polish languages had equal status in Soviet Belarus.

1443: 6053: 5814: 5650: 5277: 4775: 322: 272: 1415: 6974: 5924: 5799: 5762: 5640: 1290:

consonant sounds, including variations and rare sounds, which may be phonetically distinct in the modern Belarusian language.

5232: 5218: 5204: 5189: 4953: 4321: 3862: 3334: 2944: 2850: 2669: 1243: 3572: 5831: 3707: 2569:

To consider the resolutions of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926) non-mandatory, although highly competent material.

1422: 1392: 4654: 465: 5328: 4571: 6834: 6086: 5846: 5618: 5404: 4462: 6852: 5704: 5684: 5155: 5136: 5099: 5080: 5052: 5033: 4991: 4972: 4936: 4924: 4631: 4276: 4251: 4039: 3941: 3929: 3817: 3183: 1462: 1429: 1065: 1051: 2815:

The "removing of the artificial barriers between the Russian and Belarusian languages" (virtually the often-quoted "

1940:" and Belarusian national movements (late 1870s–early 1880s) renewed interest in the Belarusian language (See also: 1794:, surviving in the ethnic Belarusian territories in the 19th century. The end of the 18th century (the times of the 1400: 821:(and its equivalents in other languages) – literally, a word-by-word translation of the parts of the composite word 5342: 3490:"Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення" 1156: 2775:

Many of the changes in the orthography proper ("stronger principle of AH-ing," "no redundant soft sign," "uniform

7084: 6207: 6150: 4853: 3153: 2488: 1873:

refused to print his submission, on the basis that it had not been prepared in a sufficiently scientific manner.

546: 455: 4296: 2927: 2881:

That was the source of concern for the nationally minded and caused, for example, the series of publications by

2755:

The reform had been accompanied by a fervent press campaign directed against the "nats-dems not yet giving up."

1411: 7104: 6126: 6079: 5635: 5572: 2468:

in Russia, the Belarusian language became an important factor in political activities in the Belarusian lands (

1815: 1396: 1099: 4626:. House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations – 2008. 2008. p. 1163. 2385:

that were to be set up, so Tarashkyevich was permitted to print his book abroad. In June 1918, he arrived in

2377:

In the Belarusian community, great interest was vested in this enterprise. The already famous Belarusian poet

1975:

authored by Nasovič was published in 1870. In the editorial introduction to the dictionary, it is noted that:

7074: 7069: 5904: 5397: 3187: 2786:

The morphological principle in the orthography had been strengthened, which also had been proposed in 1920s.

2614: 2480: 2296: 1953: 1878: 1041: 343: 4895:"Труды Девятого археологического съезда в Вильне, 1893". / под ред. графини Уваровой и С. С. Слуцкого, т. II 7094: 7089: 7079: 7064: 6969: 5769: 5657: 5552: 5165:Ігар Бараноўскі (2004). "Помнік сьвятару-беларусу (120-ыя ўгодкі з дня нараджэньня а. Баляслава Пачопкі)". 3736: 2292:

The rising influence of Socialist ideas advanced the emancipation of the Belarusian language even further (

2050:, about 5.89 million people declared themselves speakers of Belarusian (then known as White Russian). 1517:

The most significant instance of this is found in the representation of vowel reduction, and in particular

361: 3794: 2543: 2400:

There existed at least two other contemporary attempts at codifying the Belarusian grammar. In 1915, Rev.

1495:

region. Historically, there have been several other alternative standardized forms of Belarusian grammar.

7099: 6964: 6592: 6159: 6043: 5943: 3087: 2903:"; 26 January 1990) requiring the strengthening of the role of Belarusian in state and civic structures. 2893:

made some tentative moves to strengthen the role of Belarusian language in the second half of the 1950s.

2261:

Administrative-territorial division of Belarus and bordering lands in 2nd half 19 cent. (right half-page)

1870: 317: 2033: 2008:, has long attracted the attention of our philologists because of those precious remains of the ancient 6999: 6437: 6048: 5804: 5789: 5694: 4871: 3105: 2961: 1584: 1344: 1317: 1207: 1150: 1137: 1084: 955: 886: 204: 5314: 4685:"Parents of Belarusian-language pupils in Baranavichy petition Prosecutor General over discrimination" 2931:

Map showing the distribution of Russian and Belarusian speakers in Belarus, based on 2019 census data.

2734:

The pre-1933 grammar was maintaining artificial barriers between the Russian and Belarusian languages.

6756: 6119: 5841: 5711: 4749:"The Belarusian language in the period of socio-political crisis: signs of linguistic discrimination" 4399: 3522:"Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City" 3109: 2854: 1510:

that closely represents the surface phonology, whereas Russian orthography represents the underlying

1348: 1313: 1236: 196: 3628: 2837:

However, the reformed grammar and orthography had been used, too, for example during the process of

6796: 5884: 5628: 5613: 4112:[Editorial Introduction to the Dictionary of the Belarusian Local Tongue by Nasovič I.I.]. 3382: 3195: 3069: 2816: 2724: 2017: 1855: 1806: 1381: 402: 3767: 2324:

of 1905, gave momentum to the intensive development of Belarusian literature and press (See also:

2272:

Ethnic composition of Belarus and bordering lands (prep. by Mikola Bich on the basis of 1897 data)

2260: 2021:

Geographic distribution of Belarusian language in the Russian Empire according to the 1897 census.

1827: 6857: 6774: 6702: 6493: 6450: 6166: 5955: 5821: 5779: 5752: 5603: 5545: 2953: 2367: 2271: 1480: 1436: 1385: 1278:

inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes: 6 vowels and 39 to 48

971: 775: 99: 5001:А. И. Журавский (1978). "Деловая письменность в системе старобелорусского литературного языка". 6694: 6627: 6622: 6587: 6546: 6317: 5879: 5783: 3144: 2789:

The "removal of the influences of the Polonisation" had been represented, effectively, by the:

2737:

The reform was to cancel the influences of the Polonisation corrupting the Belarusian language.

2445:). School attendance was not made mandatory, though. Passports at this time were bilingual, in 1961: 1945: 1744: 596: 581: 4034: 3677: 6887: 6841: 6766: 6744: 6659: 6648: 6456: 6428: 6407: 6218: 6173: 6038: 6023: 6013: 5970: 5774: 5747: 5608: 5526: 5505: 5296: 4269:Русіфікацыя беларускае мовы ў БССР і супраціў русіфікацыйнаму працэсу . / Прадмова В. Вячоркі 3641: 2202: 2064: 2047: 1916: 1779: 1712: 1263: 1031: 993: 503: 408: 114: 4828: 1597: 6903: 6397: 6367: 6326: 6246: 6018: 5965: 5929: 5836: 5757: 5667: 5420: 5380: 4576: 3171: 3016: 2999: 2940: 2531: 2183: 1930: 1823: 1795: 1507: 1257: 1229: 507: 5301: 4598: 8: 7004: 6913: 6712: 6679: 6580: 6570: 6539: 6339: 6189: 6178: 5980: 5914: 5809: 5730: 5480: 5332: 5306: 3031: 2578:

resolutions of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926), re-approved by the Commission.

2465: 2434: 2418: 2164: 2107: 1577: 1503: 1498:

Belarusian grammar is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and overall quite similar to

1333: 1309: 1299: 1212: 1128: 1036: 787: 539: 498: 191: 141: 49: 3411:"Distribution of the population by native language and language normally spoken at home" 3175:

Trilingual Belarusian-English-Russian signs during the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests in

1956:, Bessonov, Pypin, Sheyn, Nasovič). The Belarusian literary tradition was also renewed ( 1921: 1550:

in Russian and Belarusian orthography is the spelling of the word for "products; food":

6575: 6512: 6487: 6334: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6255: 6072: 6008: 5990: 5867: 5742: 5689: 5645: 5580: 5500: 5010: 4902: 4803:"ТБМ через неделю могут ликвидировать, а вместе с ним газеты «Новы час» и «Наша слова»" 4222: 4109: 3165: 2363: 2353: 2312: 2126: 2009: 1799: 1791: 1751: 1559: 1555: 1476: 1360: 1267: 1202: 1089: 1013: 979: 808: 585: 577: 200: 161: 146: 6989: 2409:

differed from Tarashkyevich's grammar somewhat in the resolution of some key aspects.

1677:, with the area of the Middle Belarusian dialect group placed on and along this line. 1661:

The North-Eastern and the South-Western dialects are separated by a hypothetical line

394: 7024: 7014: 6875: 6791: 6729: 6632: 6614: 6597: 6554: 6528: 6474: 6469: 6392: 6357: 6276: 6199: 6033: 5909: 5716: 5475: 5228: 5214: 5200: 5185: 5151: 5132: 5095: 5076: 5048: 5029: 4987: 4968: 4949: 4932: 4920: 4627: 4458: 4272: 4247: 3937: 3925: 3813: 3314: 3157: 2838: 2553:

The 1926 Belarusian Academic Conference on Reform of the Orthography and Alphabet in

2221: 2145: 2088: 1767: 1651: 1008: 6376: 4965:Язэп Лёсік. Творы: Апавяданні. Казкі. Артыкулы. (Уклад., прадм. і камент. А. Жынкіна 2534:

was introduced. One of the most distinctive changes brought in was the principle of

2404:

had prepared a Belarusian grammar using the Latin script. Belarusian linguist S. M.

1696:), and the South-Western dialect is chiefly characterized by the "hard sounding R" ( 588:(13th to 18th centuries), which had, in turn, descended from what is referred to as 461: 257: 7009: 6945: 6749: 6463: 6414: 6402: 6387: 6266: 6261: 6142: 6095: 6028: 5896: 5439: 5256: 5043:Анічэнка У. В., Жураўскі А. І. (1988). "Беларуская лексіка ў выданнях Ф. Скарыны". 4048: 2858: 2690: 2430: 1912: 1890: 1838: 1639: Eastern border of western group of Russian dialects (1967, Zaharova, Orlova) 1570: 1566: 1181: 998: 935: 800: 766: 699: 648: 550: 515: 109: 3545: 3543: 2964:

held on 14 May 1995 the Belarusian language lost its exclusive status as the only

7029: 6827: 6786: 6779: 6533: 6523: 6498: 6481: 6271: 6239: 6194: 6184: 6003: 5485: 4030: 3834: 3772: 3576: 3569: 3489: 2769: 2686: 2446: 2438: 2278: 2267: 1997: 1896: 1851: 1511: 1499: 1329: 1325: 1305: 1094: 921: 870: 849: 589: 156: 91: 5213:. New Haven: Yale Concilium on International and Area Studies. p. 105–117. 3700: 3218: 3007: 2710: 7044: 7019: 6812: 6734: 6724: 6667: 6445: 6382: 6285: 6100: 5598: 5458: 4662: 4052: 3886:

Acc. to: Улащик Н. Введение в белорусско-литовское летописание. – Moscow, 1980.

3540: 3351: 3149: 2973: 2965: 2890: 2492: 2422: 1933:, and anti-Polish, anti-Revolutionary, pro-Orthodox booklets and poems (1862). 1003: 741: 297: 180: 5286: 5260: 5247:

Bird, Sonya; Litvin, Natallia (2021). "Belarusian". Illustrations of the IPA.

5209:

McMillin A. (1980). "Belorussian." In Schenker A. & Stankiewicz E. (eds.)

5092:Выбранае: Крытыка, публіцыстыка, пераклады / Укладанне, уступ, камент. А. Ліса 4110:"Прадмова (да выдання: Носович И. И. "Словарь белорусского наречия", 1870 г.)" 3437:"Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy – iDNES.cz" 2919:

A project to correct parts of the 1959 rules was conducted from 2006 to 2007.

253: 7058: 6994: 6984: 6684: 6560: 6305: 6231: 5510: 5490: 5386:— Independent television (also online) news source broadcasting in Belarusian 3896: 3616: 3596: 3161: 3118: 2972:

compared the position of the Belarusian language in Belarus with that of the

2870: 2346: 2320: 1949: 1680:

The North-Eastern dialect is chiefly characterized by the "soft sounding R" (

609:, put the figure at approximately 3.5 million active speakers in Belarus. In 249: 4776:"After decades of Russian dominance, Belarus begins to reclaim its language" 4215:Пасяджэньні Беларускае Акадэмічнае Конфэрэнцыі па рэформе правапісу і азбукі 3223:

There exists an alternative literary norm of the Belarusian language, named

3201: 3041:

The right to receive public and private services in the Belarusian language;

692:) – derived from the name of the country "Belarus". It may also be spelled 6602: 4780: 3507: 3050:

The right to an equitable presence of the Belarusian language in the media;

2977: 2969: 2831: 2643: 2606: 2378: 2329: 2001: 1941: 1340: 1321: 151: 104: 4712:. US Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2017 4512: 3551: 2358: 2325: 378: 6931: 6918: 5960: 5853: 4454:

Struggle over identity: the official and the alternative "Belarusianness"

4452: 3588: 3114: 2913: 2333: 1989: 1886: 1810: 1720: 1167: 1022: 963: 882: 765:) – derived from the Russian-language name of the country "Byelorussia" ( 600: 267: 70: 6672: 5237: 2660:(1931), represented the new spirit of political life in Soviet Belarus. 2542:), wherein unstressed "o", pronounced in both Russian and Belarusian as 2519:, then in 1923 by the Belarusian State Publishing House under the title 2421:

issued an order on schooling in German Army-occupied territories in the

1645: Border between Belarusian and Russian or Ukrainian (1980, Bevzenk) 261: 6868: 6847: 6739: 5593: 5389: 5181: 5120:Беларуская граматыка для школ. Выданьне пятае пераробленае і пашыранае 4945:Современная Беларусь: языки и национальная идентичность. Ústí nad Labem 4943: 3621: 3600: 3511:. "Belarusians. II. The language of Belarusian people". В. 1. — , 1908. 3390:, a blend of Russian and Belarusian languages spoken by many in Belarus 2874: 2715: 1787: 1750:

Within East Slavic, the Belarusian language is most closely related to

1283: 1279: 1109: 1079: 605: 245: 4389:"Belarusian Language Policy in the Context of Linguistic Human Rights" 3104:

Despite the language losing its exclusive position in the wake of the

6893: 6719: 6707: 5495: 5073:Старабеларускія граматыкі: да праблемы агульнафілалагічнай цэласнасці 4684: 4513:"Непрерывное развитие языков: их влияние друг на друга и конкуренция" 4146:"Belarusians' struggle to save their language despite discrimination" 3387: 3320:(so-called "Academic" variant of Belarusian as codified in 1959) or 2768:), but the bulk of the changes had been introduced into the grammar. 2745: 1937: 1738: 1724: 1271: 1186: 925: 622: 523: 387: 371: 353: 335: 5290: 5195:

Mayo P. (1993). "Belorussian." In Comrie B. & Corbett G. (eds.)

5182:Кalita I. V. Современная Беларусь: языки и национальная идентичность 4361:«Аб удакладненні і частковых зменах існуючага беларускага правапісу» 3863:"Ян Станкевіч. Беларуска-расійскі (Вялікалітоўска-расійскі) слоўнік" 3832: 3645: 3269:) while regular Belarusian follows Russian-inspired pronunciations ( 2054:

perception that Belarusian was a "rural" and "uneducated" language.

1370: 434: 420: 6938: 6862: 6820: 6111: 5537: 4893:Карский Е. Ф. (1897). "Что такое древнее западнорусское наречие?". 4527:Положение дел с языком в Белоруссии сходно с положением в Ирландии. 3592: 2803:

Introducing the new preferences of use of the letters Ф over Т for

2741: 2426: 2005: 1762: 1728: 1716: 1715:

is separated from the rest of the country by the conventional line

1670: 1662: 1487:, 1918), and it is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of 1119: 1104: 1074: 910: 878: 473: 187: 4364:) on 11 May 1957. The project served as a basis for the normative 2751:

The reform was to simplify the grammar of the Belarusian language.

1980:

The Belarusian local tongue, which dominates a vast area from the

1786:

The modern Belarusian language was redeveloped on the base of the

928:

in reference to the mixed Polish-Belarusian dialects spoken there.

6925: 6881: 5568: 3302: 3245:). Generally Taraškievica favors Polish-inspired pronunciations ( 2748:

and vulgarisms supposedly introduced by the "national-democrats".

2694: 2676: 2442: 2394: 2386: 2026: 1993: 1655: 1492: 1484: 1275: 614: 535: 511: 486: 469: 309: 229: 60: 3023:

demands for a widening of the usage of the Belarusian language.

5374: 5281: 4948:. Univerzita J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem. pp. 112–190. 4498: 3657: 2701:

grammar of the Belarusian language, to distinguish it from the

2535: 1833: 1732: 1687: 1519: 1336:

script was used, sporadically, until the 11th or 12th century.

1217: 1114: 796: 618: 610: 584:. Belarusian descends from a language generally referred to as 531: 527: 519: 241: 5042: 3030:

were reported as being the object of attacks by Belarus-based

2885:

in 1957–61 and the text named "Letter to a Russian Friend" by

2301:

Circle of Belarusian People's Education and Belarusian Culture

1774: 1546:

An example illustrating the contrast between the treatment of

1502:. Belarusian orthography, however, differs significantly from 5588: 4189:

Soviet Yiddish. Language Planning and Linguistic Development.

3176: 3074: 2986: 2948: 2554: 1985: 1981: 1866: 1674: 1666: 1488: 826: 793: 740:), a form used officially from 1992 to 1995 including in the 723: 672: 4572:"In Lukashenko's Belarus, Belarusian culture is not welcome" 2727:(ministry). The latter term bears a derogatory connotation. 2685:

differences between the 1930 and 1933 versions. Peculiarly,

5246: 4550:

be-tarask:Правілы беларускай артаграфіі і пунктуацыі (2008)

4424:"Internationalizing teacher education: The case of Belarus" 4241: 3604: 3044:

The right to access legislation in the Belarusian language;

1588:

Map of languages and dialects of Central and Eastern Europe

804: 729: 714: 708: 681: 678: 663: 657: 5337: 3047:

The right to receive education in the Belarusian language;

603:

declared it their "mother tongue". Other sources, such as

472:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

5368: 4322:"Are Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians "one people"?" 5358: 5211:

The Slavic literary languages, formation and development

4495:

Belarusian language in Belarus: state status or scenery?

3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3026:

Organisations promoting Belarusian language such as the

1747:

among the Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian languages.

829:

term "Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto" is recorded in 1381.

4035:"XIXth Century Attitudes to Byelorussian before Karski" 2617:(1929–30) and by the subsequent grammar reform (1933). 5353:

Are The Belarusian And Russian Languages Very Similar?

5240:

Fundamental Byelorussian — Беларуская мова. Books 1, 2

5024:Галенчанка Г. Я. (1988). "Кнігадрукаванне ў Польшчы". 3768:"Inside the Fight To Preserve the Belarusian Language" 3698: 3235:). Its promoters and users prevalently refer to it as 5199:. London & New York: Routledge. p. 887–946. 3073:

Bilingual Belarusian–Russian sign in Belarusian town

2730:

The officially announced causes for the reform were:

780: 732: 726: 702: 684: 675: 651: 441:

Belarusian is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO

5448: 5319: 5089: 4982:Ян Станкевіч (2002). "Гісторыя беларускага языка ". 4962: 4854:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Belarusian" 4710:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016" 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 3552:""Як нас заве сьвет — "Беларашэн" ці Belarus(i)an?"" 2663: 720: 711: 705: 669: 660: 654: 4366:

Rules of the Belarusian Orthography and Punctuation

3713:

from the original on Dec 19, 2023 – via CORE.

3670:"Ludność. Stan I Struktura Demograficzno-Społeczna" 3591:, and about 257,000 belonged to other ethnicities ( 3494:

Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine

3465:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

2658:

Science in Service of Nats-Dems' Counter-Revolution

1798:) is the usual conventional borderline between the 1282:, depending on how they are counted. When the nine 717: 666: 5373:— Independent print (online) news source based in 5225:A historical phonology of the Belorussian language 4623:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 1973:first dictionary of the modern Belarusian language 1739:Classification and relationship to other languages 5287:Belarusian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words 5249:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 4131: 3960:Classification and Index of the World's Languages 3897:"Belarusian language, alphabet and pronunciation" 3015:Under the regime of Belarus's current president, 2861:in Belarus, the normative 1934 grammar was used. 2857:was done. In general, in the publications of the 1841:, 1517, first ever book printed in Eastern Europe 636: 7056: 5045:Францыск Скарына і яго час. Энцыклапед. даведнік 5026:Францыск Скарына і яго час. Энцыклапед. даведнік 5023: 4369: 4359: 3405: 3403: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3208: 3202: 2898: 2763: 2651: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1681: 1633: Area of Belarusian language (1903, Karski) 1576:In Belarusian: прадукты (pronounced "pradukty", 1343:(transliterating) written Belarusian texts; see 915: 903: 877:) – derived from the name of the Slavonic tribe 864: 843: 27: 5164: 5000: 4704: 4702: 4659:Frantsishak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society 4548:A detailed account can be found in the article 3952:Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," 3084:Frantsishak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society 3028:Frantsishak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society 2760:On Changing and Simplifying Belarusian Spelling 1506:in some respects, due to the fact that it is a 5127:Ян Станкевіч (2002). "Правапіс і граматыка ". 5061: 4290: 4288: 3975:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pg. 518 3919: 3701:"The problem of using the Belarusian language" 3467:. Council of Europe. p. 3. Archived from 2871:rapprochement and unification of Soviet people 2765:«Аб зменах і спрашчэнні беларускага правапісу» 1308:, which was first used as an alphabet for the 518:. Additionally, it is spoken in some parts of 414:53-AAA-eba to 53-AAA-ebg) language of minority 6127: 5553: 5405: 5075:(2-е выд. ed.). Мн.: Беларуская навука. 5070: 4914: 4892: 4743: 4741: 4687:. Viasna Human Rights Center. 19 January 2015 3833:National Polish Committee of America (1921). 3400: 3192:Francišak Skaryna Belarusian Language Society 1906:Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum 1802:and Modern Belarusian stages of development. 1237: 565:. Following independence, it became known as 5169:. Vol. 4, no. 43. Брэст: ПП В.Ю.А. 5148:Ян Станкевіч. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 1 5145: 5129:Ян Станкевіч. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 1 5126: 4984:Ян Станкевіч. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 1 4981: 4941: 4699: 4371:«Правілы беларускай арфаграфіі і пунктуацыі» 4266: 4244:Ян Станкевіч. Збор твораў у двух тамах. Т. 1 3810:Motherland : Russia in the 20th century 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3461:"To which languages does the Charter apply?" 2656:). The book published under his editorship, 2615:"purges" of "national-democrats" in the BSSR 1304:The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the 5297:English–Belarusian dictionaries, in Lacinka 5064:Энцыклапедыя гісторыі Беларусі. У 6 т. Т. 1 4963:(1994). "Граматыка і родная мова : ". 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4294: 4285: 3699:А.В. Зубик; А.О. Роговая (1 January 2013). 3434: 2473:Central Council of Belarusian Organisations 1399:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6134: 6120: 5560: 5546: 5412: 5398: 5117: 5108: 5062:Жураўскі А. І. (1993). "Беларуская мова". 5015:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4907:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4738: 4591: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4227:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3971:Roland Sussex, Paul V. Cubberley. (2006). 3761: 3759: 3757: 3324:(Belarusian in Taraskievica orthography). 3296: 2987:Discrimination against Belarusian speakers 2897:Soviet ratifying the "Law on Languages" (" 2622: 1244: 1230: 833: 433: 419: 36: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4457:. Budapest: CEU press. pp. 151–155. 3734: 3717: 3568:Data from 1999 Belarusian general census 2906: 2521:Belarusian language. Grammar. Ed. I. 1923 1902:Dictionary of the Belarusian Local Tongue 1463:Learn how and when to remove this message 5419: 5348:Composition of the population of Belarus 4773: 4655:"A review of language policy in Belarus" 4510: 4478: 4446: 4444: 4029: 3839:. Vol. 2. Geneva: Atar. p. 788 3170: 3126: 3068: 3006: 2926: 2889:(1979). The BSSR Communist party leader 2864: 2817:Russification of the Belarusian language 2548: 2016: 1966:Не пакідайце ж мовы нашай, каб не ўмёрлі 1895: 1832: 1773: 1761: 1596: 1583: 443:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 4872:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 4569: 4554: 3958:C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. 3807: 3765: 3754: 3587:Of these, about 3,370,000 (41.3%) were 3549: 2697:. Sometimes this grammar is called the 2345:language was laid down by the linguist 1782:of 1588, all three written in Ruthenian 466:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 323:National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 273:Collective Security Treaty Organization 7057: 6975:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony 5641:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 5264:, with supplementary sound recordings. 5003:Восточнославянское и общее языкознание 4774:Barushka, Katerina (28 January 2015). 4609: 4603:International Household Survey Network 4295:Pereltsvaig, Asya (8 September 2014). 4208: 4206: 866:крывіцкая/крывічанская/крыўская (мова) 6115: 5541: 5393: 5359:Examples of Belarusian-language media 4450: 4441: 4382: 4380: 4020:Per (Dovnar 1926), (Smalyanchuk 2001) 3812:. London: Routledge. pp. 57–58. 3735:Kamusella, Tomasz (11 October 2021). 3562: 3366:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3335:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2851:Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany 2670:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 1274:is distinct in a number of ways. The 497: 84:1.3 million L2 speakers (2009 census) 48: 7110:Languages written in Cyrillic script 6141: 5567: 5343:English–Belarusian online dictionary 4396:Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences 4213:"Да рэформы беларускага правапісу". 4191:Oxford: Clarendon, 1999, p. 37. 3737:"Belarusian: An extremist language?" 1919:"Manifesto" and the first newspaper 1397:adding citations to reliable sources 1364: 580:, and Belarusian retain a degree of 4203: 3766:Coakley, Amanda (28 October 2022). 3610: 2943:as the President of Belarus in the 2844: 2633: 1828:Polonization in times of Partitions 1569:: продукты (pronounced "pradukty", 1558:: продукти (pronounced "produkty", 924:. It is widely used to this day in 549:in 1991, the language was known in 13: 5175: 4599:"Belarus – Population Census 2009" 4377: 3550:Вячорка, Вінцук (30 August 2022). 1262:Although closely related to other 491:беларуская мова, biełaruskaja mova 14: 7121: 5854:Union State of Russia and Belarus 5320:Fundamentals of Modern Belarusian 5271: 4386: 3301:Belarusian is represented by the 2825: 2664:1933 reform of Belarusian grammar 2503: 1904:by Ivan Nasovič preserved at the 5451: 4919:. Мн.: БелЭн. pp. 495–504. 3850:correction of the census-forms . 3797:. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. 3627: 3524:. Belstat.gov.by. Archived from 2723:, a Belarusian abbreviation for 2621:Conference (1926) resolutions. ( 1369: 1157:Belarusian Greek Catholic Church 970: 799:'), used officially (in the 698: 647: 302: 290: 234: 222: 82:5.094 million (2019 census) 5167:Царква. Грэка-каталіцкая газета 4864: 4846: 4821: 4795: 4767: 4724: 4677: 4647: 4542: 4532: 4504: 4416: 4352: 4339: 4314: 4260: 4235: 4194: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4120:from the original on 2021-05-04 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3965: 3946: 3913: 3889: 3880: 3855: 3826: 3801: 3787: 3692: 3662: 3650: 3635: 3190:applied for liquidation of the 2600: 1936:The advent of the all-Russian " 807:(1922–1991) and, later, in the 6835:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin 5636:Belarusian Democratic Republic 5619:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5094:. (Спадчына). Мн.: Маст. літ. 4967:. (Спадчына). Мн.: Маст. літ. 4661:. 3 April 2012. Archived from 4570:Tsurkan, Kate (20 July 2023). 3581: 3514: 3500: 3482: 3453: 3428: 3327: 3188:Ministry of Justice of Belarus 3064: 2561:able to address all of those. 2309:Socialist Party "White Russia" 2287: 1527:, whereas Russian uses either 637:Official English-language name 1: 5815:Presidential Security Service 5651:Annexation of Western Belarus 5338:English-Belarusian dictionary 5325:Belarusian–English Dictionary 5090:Браніслаў Тарашкевіч (1991). 4885: 4040:Journal of Belarusian Studies 3706:. Polessky State University. 3184:2020–2021 Belarusian protests 2740:The reform was to remove the 2481:First All-Belarusian Congress 2374:, was selected for the task. 2297:Belarusian Socialist Assembly 1900:The cover of the copy of the 1879:Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich 1339:There are several systems of 893: 748: 6970:Slavic second palatalization 5800:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4809:(in Russian). 21 August 2021 2976:in the Republic of Ireland. 2922: 2498: 2489:Belarusian People's Republic 2459: 2412: 2339: 2319:). The fundamental works of 2012:that survived in that tongue 946: 499:[bʲɛɫaˈruskajaˈmɔva] 50:[bʲɛɫaˈruskajaˈmɔva] 7: 6965:Slavic first palatalization 5763:Central Election Commission 5329:Webster's Online Dictionary 4511:Медведев, Р. (March 2006). 4398:. p. 5. Archived from 3435:Jan Jiřička (3 July 2013). 3376: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3209: 3203: 3092:Union of Belarusian Writers 3088:Belarus Academy of Sciences 1871:Russian Academy of Sciences 1713:West Polesian dialect group 1592: 1293: 781: 10: 7126: 5192:, 2010, 300 s. s. 112–190. 4426:. Mar 2012. Archived from 4053:10.30965/20526512-00102005 3808:Marples, David R. (2014). 3313:, or more specifically by 3216: 3106:1995 Belarusian referendum 2758:The decree had been named 2667: 2370:, a fresh graduate of the 1757: 1743:There is a high degree of 1358: 1354: 1345:Romanization of Belarusian 1318:Belarusian Arabic alphabet 1297: 1255: 1151:Catholic Church in Belarus 1138:Belarusian Orthodox Church 592:(10th to 13th centuries). 205:Belarusian Arabic alphabet 7038: 6955: 6902: 6811: 6765: 6757:Slavic dialects of Greece 6693: 6658: 6647: 6613: 6511: 6436: 6427: 6366: 6348: 6325: 6316: 6217: 6149: 6066: 5989: 5951: 5942: 5875: 5866: 5738: 5729: 5675: 5666: 5579: 5519: 5468: 5446: 5427: 5261:10.1017/S0025100319000288 5227:. Heidelberg: C. Winter. 5122:. Мн.: «Народная асвета». 4370: 4360: 4347:Modern history of Belarus 4271:. Мн.: Навука і тэхніка. 3674:Główny Urząd Statystyczny 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3110:Belarusian Latin alphabet 2899: 2764: 2652: 2639: 2539: 2517:Practical grammar. Part I 2256: 1965: 1796:Divisions of Commonwealth 1704: 1702:) and "moderate akanye" ( 1698: 1692: 1682: 1349:Belarusian Latin alphabet 1316:(Łacinka / Лацінка), the 1314:Belarusian Latin alphabet 939: 916: 904: 865: 848:) – proposed and used by 844: 770: 490: 452: 432: 425:Belarusian-speaking world 418: 401: 385: 369: 351: 333: 328: 316: 280: 217:Official language in 215: 210: 197:Belarusian Latin alphabet 177: 134: 88: 76: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 26: 21: 5795:State Security Committee 5743:Administrative divisions 5614:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5113:. Мн.: Навука і Тэхніка. 3394: 3383:Russification of Belarus 3196:Supreme Court of Belarus 3034:in the 1990s and 2000s. 2962:controversial referendum 2859:Soviet partisan movement 2628: 2581:Notably, the use of the 2523:, also by "Ya. Lyosik". 2477:Great Belarusian Council 2429:), banning schooling in 2305:Belarusian Socialist Lot 2077:Belarusian (Beloruskij) 1807:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 628: 5920:International sanctions 5604:Principality of Polotsk 5238:Pashkievich V. (1974). 5118:Тарашкевіч, Б. (1991). 4200:(words of V. Lastouski) 4169:Ch. XXI Sec.4 p.480-481 3920:Карский, Е. Ф. (2006). 3297:Computer representation 3213:(Classical orthography) 3154:universities in Belarus 3139:A speaker of Belarusian 3032:Russian neo-Nazi groups 2954:Constitution of Belarus 2855:Belarusian Latin script 2368:Branislaw Tarashkyevich 2080:Russian (Velikoruskij) 1790:spoken remnants of the 1481:Branislaw Tarashkyevich 1066:Closely related peoples 834:Alternative suggestions 506:. It is one of the two 7085:Languages of Lithuania 5999:Awards and decorations 5197:The Slavonic languages 5150:. Мн.: Энцыклапедыкс. 5131:. Мн.: Энцыклапедыкс. 5071:Яскевіч А. А. (2001). 5005:. М. pp. 185–191. 4986:. Мн.: Энцыклапедыкс. 4915:Карский Е. Ф. (2006). 4301:Languages Of The World 4246:. Мн.: Энцыклапедыкс. 3973:The Slavic languages . 3954:The Slavonic Languages 3656:2001 Ukrainian census 3374: 3362: 3344: 3179: 3145:2019 Belarusian census 3140: 3078: 3012: 2995: 2939:After the election of 2932: 2907:1959 reform of grammar 2713:. It is also known as 2705:grammar, known as the 2557: 2515:under his own name as 2046:According to the 1897 2022: 1908: 1842: 1783: 1771: 1745:mutual intelligibility 1647: 1589: 1168:Languages and dialects 932:Simple Black Ruthenian 874: 845:вялікалітоўская (мова) 803:) in the times of the 582:mutual intelligibility 569:, or alternatively as 561:, or alternatively as 454:This article contains 7105:East Slavic languages 6888:Taimyr Pidgin Russian 5609:Principality of Turov 5527:Russian Sign Language 5291:Swadesh list appendix 4942:Калита И. В. (2010). 4451:Bekus, Nelly (2010). 4374:), published in 1959. 4297:"Belarusian Language" 4267:Станкевіч С. (1994). 3642:Russian Census (2002) 3370: 3356: 3340: 3174: 3138: 3072: 3010: 2991: 2930: 2865:Post Second World War 2725:People's Commissariat 2668:Further information: 2552: 2546:, is written as "а". 2417:On 22 December 1915, 2065:Russian Empire Census 2048:Russian Empire Census 2020: 1917:anti-Eastern Orthodox 1899: 1869:region. However, the 1836: 1777: 1770:of 1468, in Ruthenian 1765: 1654:, there are two main 1600: 1587: 1412:"Belarusian language" 1264:East Slavic languages 540:Belarusian minorities 7075:Languages of Estonia 7070:Languages of Belarus 6054:World Heritage Sites 5421:Languages of Belarus 5111:Браніслаў Тарашкевіч 4897:. М. pp. 62–70. 4577:The Kyiv Independent 4002:Ch. XXII Sec.1 p.507 3836:Polish Encyclopaedia 3575:May 5, 2009, at the 3017:Alexander Lukashenko 3000:Alexander Lukashenko 2941:Alexander Lukashenko 2593:) was not achieved. 2532:phonetic orthography 2391:Belarusian Committee 1931:Konstanty Kalinowski 1508:phonetic orthography 1393:improve this section 1258:Belarusian phonology 940:простой чернорусский 542:in those countries. 504:East Slavic language 16:East Slavic language 7095:Languages of Russia 7090:Languages of Poland 7080:Languages of Latvia 7065:Belarusian language 6914:Pan-Slavic language 6713:Burgenland Croatian 6593:Marcho-Magdeburgian 6190:Old Church Slavonic 5658:Republic of Belarus 5333:The Rosetta Edition 5315:Belarusian language 5289:(from Wiktionary's 5109:Арсень Ліс (1966). 4755:. 26 September 2022 3617:Belarusian language 3243:Classic orthography 2807:, and В over Б for 2466:February Revolution 2419:Paul von Hindenburg 2389:, via Finland. The 2372:Vilnya Liceum No. 2 2068: 2034:Francišak Bahuševič 1856:Władysław Syrokomla 1837:Ruthenian Bible by 1625: West Polesian 1619: South-Western 1607: North-Eastern 1504:Russian orthography 1310:Old Church Slavonic 1300:Belarusian alphabet 1208:People from Belarus 547:gained independence 282:Recognised minority 192:Belarusian alphabet 142:Proto-Indo-European 7100:Ruthenian language 7000:Illič-Svityč's law 6980:Monophthongization 6488:Camaldolese Slovak 6301:Canadian Ukrainian 6167:Up to Proto-Slavic 6160:Proto-Balto-Slavic 5905:Telecommunications 5700:Biosphere Reserves 5646:Western Belorussia 5469:Minority languages 5428:Official languages 5223:Wexler P. (1977). 5184:. Ústí nad Labem, 4665:on 1 December 2017 4501:(22 February 2016) 4187:Gennady Estraikh: 3741:New Eastern Europe 3315:IETF language tags 3180: 3166:Julija Cimafiejeva 3158:elementary schools 3141: 3079: 3013: 2933: 2558: 2402:Balyaslaw Pachopka 2364:Maksim Bahdanovich 2313:Alaiza Pashkievich 2277:2019-09-30 at the 2266:2019-09-30 at the 2062: 2023: 1913:upcoming conflicts 1909: 1843: 1792:Ruthenian language 1784: 1780:Lithuanian statute 1772: 1648: 1590: 1483:(first printed in 1477:Belarusian grammar 1361:Belarusian grammar 809:Russian Federation 508:official languages 201:Belarusian Braille 147:Proto-Balto-Slavic 7052: 7051: 7045:extinct languages 6876:Solombala English 6807: 6806: 6730:Prekmurje Slovene 6643: 6642: 6423: 6422: 6277:Doukhobor Russian 6200:Glagolitic script 6109: 6108: 6062: 6061: 5938: 5937: 5862: 5861: 5832:Political parties 5770:Foreign relations 5725: 5724: 5535: 5534: 5233:978-3-533-02575-7 5219:978-0-936586-00-7 5205:978-0-415-04755-5 5190:978-80-7414-324-3 4955:978-80-7414-324-3 4114:belarus.github.io 4081:. Ch. XV. Sect.3. 3625:(25th ed., 2022) 3364:Article 1 of the 3350:of the text into 3332:Article 1 of the 3238:Klasyčny pravapis 3210:Klasyčny pravapis 3136: 2839:Siarhei Prytytski 2811:, in Hellenisms. 2719:, after the word 2284: 2283: 2222:Privislinsky Krai 2083:Polish (Polskij) 2074:Total Population 2063:Excerpt from the 1954:Dovnar-Zapol'skiy 1929:) (1862–1863) by 1809:(hereafter GDL). 1652:standardized lect 1541:⟨o⟩ 1537:⟨a⟩ 1533:⟨o⟩ 1529:⟨a⟩ 1525:⟨a⟩ 1473: 1472: 1465: 1447: 1254: 1253: 791: 779: 597:Belarusian census 480: 479: 462:rendering support 458:phonetic symbols. 318:Regulated by 260:and the town of 164:(Old Belarusian) 7117: 6946:Slavonic-Serbian 6797:Cieszyn Silesian 6668:Carpathian Rusyn 6656: 6655: 6434: 6433: 6323: 6322: 6208:Modern languages 6143:Slavic languages 6136: 6129: 6122: 6113: 6112: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6044:National symbols 6004:Belarusian names 5949: 5948: 5900: 5873: 5872: 5736: 5735: 5673: 5672: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5313: 5278:Slavic languages 5263: 5170: 5161: 5142: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5086: 5067: 5058: 5039: 5020: 5014: 5006: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4930: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4829:"Type: language" 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4618: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4567: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4326:Voice of Belarus 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4218: 4210: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4150:Voice of Belarus 4142: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4011:Ch. XV Sect. 10. 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3950: 3944: 3935: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3763: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676:. Archived from 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3614: 3608: 3585: 3579: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3528:on 3 August 2017 3518: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3407: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3212: 3206: 3137: 3100: 3003: 2902: 2901: 2845:Second World War 2767: 2766: 2691:Byelorussian SSR 2655: 2654: 2641: 2545: 2541: 2069: 2061: 2031:Belarusian Flute 2025:In 1891, in the 1967: 1922:Mużyckaja prauda 1891:Jan Barszczewski 1839:Francysk Skaryna 1707: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1685: 1684: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1405: 1373: 1365: 1351:is rarely used. 1246: 1239: 1232: 1090:Lithuanian Poles 1085:Belarusian Poles 974: 951: 950: 941: 919: 918: 907: 906: 887:Vacłaŭ Łastoŭski 868: 867: 847: 846: 840:Grand Lithuanian 801:Russian language 786: 784: 774: 772: 744:and by diaspora. 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 501: 496: 492: 446: 437: 423: 397: 381: 374: 365: 364: 356: 347: 346: 338: 308: 306: 305: 296: 294: 293: 284:language in 240: 238: 237: 228: 226: 225: 183: 94: 52: 40: 31: 30: 19: 18: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7034: 6957: 6951: 6905: 6898: 6828:Bohemian Romani 6813:Mixed languages 6803: 6780:Pannonian Rusyn 6761: 6703:Banat Bulgarian 6689: 6651: 6639: 6609: 6507: 6499:Pannonian Rusyn 6419: 6362: 6344: 6312: 6272:Alaskan Russian 6247:Old Novgorodian 6240:Old East Slavic 6213: 6195:Cyrillic script 6185:Church Slavonic 6145: 6140: 6110: 6105: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6058: 6049:Public holidays 5985: 5934: 5898: 5858: 5805:Internal Troops 5790:Law enforcement 5721: 5695:Protected areas 5662: 5575: 5566: 5536: 5531: 5515: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5423: 5418: 5384:YouTube channel 5361: 5312:(in Belarusian) 5311: 5307:Statutes of GDL 5274: 5268: 5178: 5176:Further reading 5173: 5158: 5139: 5102: 5083: 5055: 5036: 5008: 5007: 4994: 4975: 4956: 4927: 4900: 4899: 4888: 4883: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4838: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4666: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4620: 4619: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4568: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4521: 4519: 4509: 4505: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4449: 4442: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4240: 4236: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4132: 4123: 4121: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090:Ch. XV Sect. 4. 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4047:(II): 103–109. 4031:McMillin, A. B. 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3932: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3869:(in Belarusian) 3861: 3860: 3856: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3764: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3733: 3718: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3680:on May 25, 2005 3668: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3615: 3611: 3586: 3582: 3577:Wayback Machine 3567: 3563: 3548: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3441:Zpravy.idnes.cz 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3397: 3379: 3330: 3299: 3221: 3215: 3127: 3094: 3067: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2925: 2909: 2887:Alyaksyey Kawka 2867: 2847: 2828: 2795:unexceptionally 2770:Yan Stankyevich 2687:Yan Stankyevich 2672: 2666: 2646:) were spared. 2636: 2631: 2623:Тарашкевіч 1991 2603: 2506: 2501: 2464:After the 1917 2462: 2415: 2342: 2290: 2285: 2279:Wayback Machine 2268:Wayback Machine 1927:Peasants' Truth 1852:Adam Mickiewicz 1826:rule (see also 1760: 1741: 1705:умеранае аканне 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1595: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1512:morphophonology 1500:Russian grammar 1469: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1406: 1404: 1390: 1374: 1363: 1357: 1330:Belarusian Jews 1326:Hebrew alphabet 1306:Cyrillic script 1302: 1296: 1260: 1250: 1100:Belarusian Jews 949: 922:Western Belarus 917:тутэйшая (мова) 896: 836: 819:White Ruthenian 751: 701: 697: 650: 646: 639: 631: 590:Old East Slavic 545:Before Belarus 494: 460:Without proper 448: 447: 440: 428: 426: 413: 411: 407:53-AAA-eb < 393: 377: 370: 360: 359: 352: 342: 341: 334: 312: 303: 301: 300: 291: 289: 285: 283: 235: 233: 232: 223: 221: 218: 211:Official status 203: 199: 195: 184: 179: 173: 157:Old East Slavic 137: 130: 95: 92:Language family 90: 83: 79: 78:Native speakers 29:беларуская мова 17: 12: 11: 5: 7123: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7025:Van Wijk's law 7022: 7020:Ruki sound law 7017: 7015:Pedersen's law 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6910: 6908: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6884: 6879: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6858:Romano-Serbian 6855: 6850: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6775:Eastern Slovak 6771: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6664: 6662: 6653: 6649:Microlanguages 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6520:East Lechitic 6517: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6494:Eastern Slovak 6491: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6475:White Croatian 6472: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6451:Biblical Czech 6442: 6440: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6383:Serbo-Croatian 6380: 6372: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6259: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6182: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5925:Stock exchange 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5842:Prime Minister 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5787: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5705:National parks 5702: 5692: 5687: 5685:Extreme points 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5624:Russian Empire 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5459:Belarus portal 5447: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5378: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5322: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5302:Metrica of GDL 5299: 5294: 5284: 5273: 5272:External links 5270: 5266: 5265: 5255:(3): 450–467. 5244: 5235: 5221: 5207: 5193: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5162: 5156: 5143: 5137: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5100: 5087: 5081: 5068: 5059: 5053: 5047:. Мн.: БелЭн. 5040: 5034: 5028:. Мн.: БелЭн. 5021: 4998: 4992: 4979: 4973: 4960: 4954: 4939: 4925: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876:United Nations 4863: 4845: 4820: 4794: 4766: 4753:Penbelarus.org 4737: 4723: 4698: 4676: 4646: 4632: 4608: 4590: 4553: 4541: 4531: 4503: 4492:(in Ukrainian) 4477: 4464:978-9639776685 4463: 4440: 4415: 4387:Bekus, Nelly. 4376: 4351: 4349:by Mironowicz. 4338: 4313: 4284: 4277: 4259: 4252: 4234: 4202: 4193: 4180: 4171: 4162: 4130: 4116:(in Russian). 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4072:Ch. XV Sect. 7 4065: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3984:Ch. XVII Sec.1 3977: 3964: 3945: 3930: 3924:. Мн.: БелЭн. 3912: 3888: 3879: 3854: 3825: 3818: 3800: 3786: 3753: 3716: 3691: 3661: 3649: 3634: 3609: 3580: 3561: 3539: 3513: 3499: 3496:. 7 June 2024. 3481: 3452: 3427: 3415:Belstat.gov.by 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3352:Latin alphabet 3338:in Belarusian: 3329: 3326: 3298: 3295: 3217:Main article: 3214: 3200: 3150:state language 3066: 3063: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2974:Irish language 2966:state language 2945:1994 elections 2924: 2921: 2908: 2905: 2900:Закон аб мовах 2891:Kirill Mazurov 2883:Barys Sachanka 2866: 2863: 2846: 2843: 2827: 2824: 2813: 2812: 2801: 2798: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2738: 2735: 2665: 2662: 2653:С. Я. Вольфсон 2635: 2634:Soviet Belarus 2632: 2630: 2627: 2602: 2599: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2505: 2504:Soviet Belarus 2502: 2500: 2497: 2493:Belarusian SSR 2461: 2458: 2423:Russian Empire 2414: 2411: 2341: 2338: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2060: 1962:F. Bahushevich 1824:pre-Partitions 1816:Basilian order 1768:Casimir's Code 1759: 1756: 1740: 1737: 1686:) and "strong 1641: 1635: 1629: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1594: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1563: 1471: 1470: 1377: 1375: 1368: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1256:Main article: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1052:United Kingdom 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 983: 982: 976: 975: 967: 966: 960: 959: 948: 945: 944: 943: 929: 905:простая (мова) 895: 892: 891: 890: 885:. Promoted by 875:język krewicki 854: 850:Jan Stankievič 835: 832: 831: 830: 812: 757:(also spelled 750: 747: 746: 745: 742:United Nations 638: 635: 630: 627: 478: 477: 464:, you may see 450: 449: 439: 438: 430: 429: 424: 416: 415: 405: 399: 398: 391: 383: 382: 375: 367: 366: 357: 349: 348: 339: 331: 330: 329:Language codes 326: 325: 320: 314: 313: 298:Czech Republic 288: 286: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 258:Gmina Hajnówka 219: 216: 213: 212: 208: 207: 185: 181:Writing system 178: 175: 174: 172: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166: 165: 140: 138: 135: 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 126: 125: 124: 123: 122: 98: 96: 89: 86: 85: 80: 77: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 58: 57:Native to 54: 53: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7122: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7010:Meillet's law 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6826:20th century 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745:Slavomolisano 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6685:West Polesian 6683: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6628:Lower Sorbian 6626: 6624: 6623:Upper Sorbian 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588:West Lechitic 6586: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6547:Middle Polish 6544: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6408:Slavomolisano 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6377:Alpine Slavic 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6306:Simple speech 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6232:Simple speech 6230: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5629:Russification 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520:Sign language 5518: 5512: 5511:Baltic Romani 5509: 5507: 5506:West Polesian 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5491:Simple speech 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5449: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5157:985-6599-46-6 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5138:985-6599-46-6 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5101:5-340-00498-8 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5082:985-08-0451-3 5078: 5074: 5069: 5066:. Мн.: БелЭн. 5065: 5060: 5056: 5054:5-85700-003-3 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5035:5-85700-003-3 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4993:985-6599-46-6 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4974:5-340-01250-6 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4937:985-11-0359-4 4934: 4928: 4926:985-11-0360-8 4922: 4918: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4686: 4680: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4635: 4633:9780160813993 4629: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4551: 4545: 4535: 4528: 4518: 4517:Наука и жизнь 4514: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4445: 4430:on 2019-09-29 4429: 4425: 4419: 4405:on 2019-12-21 4401: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4381: 4367: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4278:5-343-01645-6 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4253:985-6599-46-6 4249: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4217:. Мн.: 1927. 4216: 4209: 4207: 4197: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3942:985-11-0359-4 3939: 3933: 3931:985-11-0360-8 3927: 3923: 3916: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3838: 3837: 3829: 3821: 3819:9781317873860 3815: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3556:Радыё Свабода 3553: 3546: 3544: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3471:on 2012-08-18 3470: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3337: 3336: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3162:Valzhyna Mort 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3119:everyday life 3116: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2994: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2929: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2647: 2645: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2538:(Belarusian: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2407: 2406:Nyekrashevich 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2347:Yefim Karskiy 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2321:Yefim Karskiy 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Western Dvina 1992:and from the 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:Yefim Karskiy 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1693:моцнае аканне 1689: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1599: 1586: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475:Standardized 1467: 1464: 1456: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: – 1413: 1409: 1408:Find sources: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1378:This section 1376: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1270:, Belarusian 1269: 1266:, especially 1265: 1259: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1144:Autocephalous 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095:Latvian Poles 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 985: 984: 981: 978: 977: 973: 969: 968: 965: 962: 961: 957: 953: 952: 937: 933: 930: 927: 923: 913: 912: 901: 898: 897: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 862: 858: 855: 851: 841: 838: 837: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:White Russian 813: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795: 789: 783: 777: 768: 764: 760: 756: 753: 752: 743: 737: 695: 689: 644: 641: 640: 634: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 607: 602: 598: 595:In the first 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 563:White Russian 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 488: 484: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 457: 451: 444: 436: 431: 422: 417: 410: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 390: 389: 384: 380: 376: 373: 368: 363: 358: 355: 350: 345: 340: 337: 332: 327: 324: 321: 319: 315: 311: 299: 287: 279: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:Gmina Narewka 247: 243: 231: 220: 214: 209: 206: 202: 198: 193: 189: 186: 182: 176: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 143: 139: 133: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100:Indo-European 97: 93: 87: 81: 75: 72: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 51: 47: 45:Pronunciation 43: 39: 34: 25: 20: 7040: 7030:Winter's law 6990:Havlík's law 6944: 6937: 6930: 6886: 6874: 6867: 6842:Mednyj Aleut 6840: 6833: 6825: 6695:South Slavic 6652:and dialects 6559: 6545: 6538: 6486: 6462: 6457:Czechoslovak 6455: 6438:Czech-Slovak 6375: 6350:Transitional 6318:South Slavic 6254: 6245: 6238: 6226: 6206: 6174:Proto-Slavic 6172: 6165: 6158: 6087:Bibliography 5975: 5956:Demographics 5890:Central bank 5780:Human rights 5753:Constitution 5434: 5381: 5369: 5362: 5267: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5224: 5210: 5196: 5166: 5147: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5091: 5072: 5063: 5044: 5025: 5002: 4983: 4964: 4944: 4916: 4913:In edition: 4894: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4837:. Retrieved 4835:. 2016-10-12 4832: 4823: 4811:. Retrieved 4806: 4797: 4785:. Retrieved 4781:The Guardian 4779: 4769: 4757:. Retrieved 4752: 4726: 4714:. Retrieved 4689:. Retrieved 4679: 4667:. Retrieved 4663:the original 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4622: 4602: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4575: 4544: 4534: 4526: 4520:. Retrieved 4516: 4506: 4468:. Retrieved 4453: 4432:. Retrieved 4428:the original 4418: 4407:. Retrieved 4400:the original 4395: 4365: 4354: 4346: 4341: 4329:. Retrieved 4325: 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4300: 4268: 4262: 4243: 4237: 4214: 4196: 4188: 4183: 4178:Turonek 1989 4174: 4165: 4153:. Retrieved 4149: 4122:. Retrieved 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4056:. Retrieved 4044: 4038: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3972: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3921: 3915: 3904:. Retrieved 3901:Omniglot.com 3900: 3891: 3882: 3871:. Retrieved 3866: 3857: 3848: 3841:. Retrieved 3835: 3828: 3809: 3803: 3795:"Belarusian" 3789: 3777:. Retrieved 3771: 3744:. Retrieved 3740: 3694: 3682:. Retrieved 3678:the original 3673: 3664: 3658:In Ukrainian 3652: 3637: 3620: 3612: 3583: 3564: 3555: 3530:. Retrieved 3526:the original 3516: 3508:Yefim Karsky 3506: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3473:. Retrieved 3469:the original 3464: 3455: 3444:. Retrieved 3440: 3430: 3418:. Retrieved 3414: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3348:romanization 3345: 3341: 3333: 3331: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3242: 3232:Tarashkevica 3226:Taraškievica 3222: 3219:Taraškievica 3204:Taraškievica 3181: 3142: 3123: 3103: 3080: 3059: 3056: 3036: 3025: 3021: 3014: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2978:Adam Maldzis 2970:Roy Medvedev 2959: 2938: 2934: 2918: 2910: 2895: 2880: 2868: 2848: 2836: 2832:West Belarus 2829: 2826:West Belarus 2821: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2729: 2720: 2714: 2711:Taraškievica 2706: 2702: 2698: 2683: 2675: 2673: 2657: 2648: 2644:Yanka Kupala 2637: 2625:, Foreword) 2619: 2611: 2607:West Belarus 2604: 2601:West Belarus 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2513:Yazep Lyosik 2510: 2507: 2469: 2463: 2454:Homan (1916) 2450: 2416: 2399: 2383: 2379:Yanka Kupala 2376: 2357: 2351: 2343: 2330:Yanka Kupala 2293: 2291: 2257: 2243:125,640,021 2056: 2052: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2036:wrote that: 2030: 2024: 2006:Kryvic tribe 1979: 1977: 1970: 1957: 1942:Homan (1884) 1935: 1926: 1920: 1910: 1882: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1844: 1820: 1804: 1785: 1749: 1742: 1710: 1699:цвёрда-эравы 1679: 1660: 1650:Besides the 1649: 1613: Middle 1547: 1545: 1518: 1516: 1497: 1474: 1459: 1450: 1440: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1407: 1391:Please help 1379: 1338: 1322:Lipka Tatars 1303: 1287: 1261: 1176: 988: 931: 909: 899: 860: 856: 839: 822: 818: 814: 763:Bielorussian 762: 758: 755:Byelorussian 754: 693: 642: 632: 604: 594: 575: 570: 566: 562: 558: 555:Byelorussian 554: 544: 514:, alongside 482: 481: 453: 412:(varieties: 403:Linguasphere 386: 152:Proto-Slavic 119: 105:Balto-Slavic 7005:Ivšić's law 6932:Army Slavic 6919:Interslavic 6904:Constructed 6767:West Slavic 6660:East Slavic 6429:West Slavic 6398:Montenegrin 6219:East Slavic 5961:Belarusians 5880:Agriculture 5599:Kievan Rus' 5382:Belsat News 4858:unicode.org 4716:27 November 4691:29 November 4669:29 November 4639:29 November 3843:19 February 3684:February 6, 3589:Belarusians 3420:4 September 3368:in English: 3328:Sample text 3318:be-1959acad 3115:Mova Nanova 3095: [ 3065:2010s–2020s 2957:each year. 2914:Yakub Kolas 2849:During the 2709:grammar or 2693:and modern 2334:Yakub Kolas 2317:Nasha Dolya 2288:1900s–1910s 2249:55,667,469 2240:All Empire 1990:Upper Volga 1946:Bahushevich 1887:Jan Czeczot 1811:Jan Czeczot 1721:Ivatsevichy 1683:мякка-эравы 1213:Belarusians 964:Belarusians 883:Jan Czeczot 853:statehood". 782:Belorussiya 759:Belorussian 601:Belarusians 559:Belorussian 468:instead of 268:Union State 254:Gmina Czyże 136:Early forms 115:East Slavic 71:Belarusians 7059:Categories 6995:Hirt's law 6985:Dybo's law 6956:Historical 6869:Russenorsk 6848:Ponaschemu 6740:Shtokavian 6680:Podlachian 6581:Slovincian 6571:Pomeranian 6540:Old Polish 6340:Macedonian 6227:Belarusian 6024:Literature 6014:Folk dance 5971:Healthcare 5899:(currency) 5827:Parliament 5775:Government 5748:Censorship 5594:Androphagi 5481:Lithuanian 5435:Belarusian 5370:Charter 97 5242:. Toronto. 4886:References 4839:2017-01-10 4813:27 January 4787:27 January 4759:28 January 4583:21 January 4522:2017-11-23 4470:27 January 4434:2017-12-19 4409:2019-02-09 4306:28 January 4155:21 January 4124:2021-05-04 3906:2017-01-10 3873:2023-05-06 3779:21 January 3746:27 January 3646:in Russian 3622:Ethnologue 3601:Ukrainians 3570:in English 3532:2 December 3475:2014-04-03 3446:2017-01-10 2875:humanities 2746:neologisms 2716:narkamauka 2703:pre-reform 2487:). 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