3105:
2722:
1121:
3108:
2160:. From the writings of Theodosius we see that many pagan habits were still in vogue among the people. He finds fault with them for allowing these to continue, and also for their drunkenness; nor do the monks escape his censures. Zhidiata writes in a more vernacular style than many of his contemporaries; he eschews the declamatory tone of the Byzantine authors. And here may be mentioned the many lives of the saints and the Fathers to be found in early East Slavic literature, starting with the two Lives of Sts
142:
3135:
3111:
1129:
1990:
25:
2313:. Christian motifs present along with depersonalised pagan gods in the form of artistic images. Another aspect, which sets the book apart from contemporary Western epics, are its numerous and vivid descriptions of nature, and the role which nature plays in human lives. Of the whole bulk of the Old East Slavic literature, the Lay is the only work familiar to every educated Russian or Ukrainian. Its brooding flow of images, murky
2388:
2698:
1307:
3147:
2116:
2938:
2602:
2707:, p. 74: "In the pre-Petrine period, the language of literary texts was Church Slavonic in its East Slavic recension, which together with the language of subliterary documents is commonly referred to as Old Russian. This term, however, may be viewed as anachronistic, for at that time East Slavic had not yet diverged into Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarussian".
3069:
2226:
3123:
3030:
1426:
2611:, section 1: "Chronologically, Common Russian is considered by some to have existed from the 7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century (Aleksei Sobolevsky, Vatroslav Jagić, Fedot Filin, et al) and by others only to the 10th or 11th century (Oleksander Potebnia, Ahatanhel Krymsky, and, in part, Leonid Bulakhovsky)".
1834:Не пристало ли нам, о братья, начать старыми словами печальные повести о полку Игореве, Игоря Святославича? Начаться же песни этой по правде того времени, а не по замыслам Бояна. Ибо Боян вещий, если он хотел посвятить кому-то песнь, то растекался мыслью по дереву, серым волком по земле, сизым орлом под облаками.
1814:Не лѣпо ли ны бяшетъ братїє, начяти старыми словесы трудныхъ повѣстїй о пълку Игоревѣ, Игоря Святъславлича? Начати же ся тъй пѣсни по былинамъ сего времени, а не по замышленїю Бояню. Боянъ бо вѣщїй, аще кому хотяше пѣснь творити, то растѣкашется мыслію по древу, сѣрымъ вълкомъ по земли, шизымъ орломъ подъ облакы.
1874:Не належала б нам, о браты, пачаць старымі словамі баявыя аповесці аб паходзе Ігаравым, Ігара Святаславіча? Пачацца жа гэтай песні па праўдзе таго часу, а не па задумах Баяна. Бо Баян прарочы, калі ён хацеў прысвяціць камусьці песню, то расцякаўся думкаю па дрэве, шэрым ваўком па зямлі, шызым арлом пад аблокамі.
1894:Не прилепло бы нам, о братія, зачати старыми словами боёве повістью о поход Іґорїв, про Іґоря Святославиче? А разначати путї по-правдивому того часу, а не по помыслями Бояна. Бо Боян віщый, коли ун хотїв придїлити комусь ростїкати ся мыслю по дереву, як сїрым вовком велькым по землї, сивым орлом под облаками.
2822:
1854:Не личило б нам, о браття, почати старими словами сумні повісті про похід Ігоровий, Ігоря Святославича? Початись же цій пісні по правді того часу, а не по задумам Бояна. Бо Боян віщий, якщо він хотів присвятити комусь піснь, то розтікався думкою по дереву, сірим вовком по землї, сизим орлом під хмарами.
1901:
Ne prîleplo by nam, o bratija, začatî starymî slovamî bojeve povistovi o poxod Igorïv, pro Igorja
Svjatoslavîče? I raznačatî putï po-pravdîvomu toho času, a ne po pomyslamî Bojana. Bo Bojan viščyj, koli un xotïv prîdïlîtî komus' rostïkatî sja myslju po derevu, jak sïrym vovkom vel'kym po zemlï, sîvym
1821:
Ne lěpo li ny bjašetǔ bratije, načjati starymi slovesy trudnyxǔ pověstij o pǔlku Igorevě, Igorja Svjatǔslaviča? Načati že sja tǔj pěsni po bylinamǔ sego vremeni, a ne po zamyšleniju
Bojanju. Bojanǔ bo věščij, ašče komu xotjaše pěsnǐ tvoriti, to rastěkašetsja mysliju po drevu, sěrymǔ vǔlkomǔ po zemli,
1255:
of that time differed from the central East Slavic dialects as well as from all other Slavic languages much more than in later centuries. According to
Zaliznyak, the Russian language developed as a convergence of that dialect and the central ones, whereas Ukrainian and Belarusian were continuation of
2050:
The Old East Slavic language developed a certain literature of its own, though much of it (in hand with those of the Slavic languages that were, after all, written down) was influenced as regards style and vocabulary by religious texts written in Church
Slavonic. Surviving literary monuments include
1234:
With time, it evolved into several more diversified forms; following the fragmentation of Kievan Rus' after 1100, dialectal differentiation accelerated. The regional languages were distinguishable starting in the 12th or 13th century. Thus different variations evolved of the
Russian language in the
1881:
Ne nalježala b nam, o braty, pačac' starymi slovami bajavyja apovjesci ab pahodzje
Iharavym, Ihara Svjataslaviča? Pačacca ža hetaj pjesni na praŭdze taho času, a ne pa zadumax Bajana. Bo Bajan praročy, kali jon xacjeŭ prysvjacic' kamus'ci pjesnju, to rascjakaŭsja dumkaju pa drevje, šerym vaŭkom pa
1841:
Ne pristalo li nam, o brat'ja, načat' starymi slovami pečal'nye povesti o polku
Igoreve, Igorja Svjatoslaviča? Načat'sja že pesni etoj po pravde togo vremeni, a ne po zamyslam Bojana. Ibo Bojan veščij, esli on xotel posvjagig' komu-to pesn', to rastekalsja mysl'ju po derevu, serym volkom po zemle,
1912:
Would it not be meet, o brothers, for us to begin with the old words the martial telling of the host of Igor, of Igor
Sviatoslavlich? And to begin this tale in the way of the true tales of this time, and not in the way of Bojan's inventions. For the wise Bojan, if he wished to devote to someone
1861:
Ne lyčylo b nam, o brattja, počaty starymy slovamy sumni povisti pro poxid
Ihorovyj, Ihorja Svjatoslavyča? Počatys' že cij pisni po pravdi toho času, a ne po zadumam Bojana. Bo Bojan viščyj, jakščo vin xotiv prysvjatyty komus' pisn', to roztikavsja dumkoju po derevu, sirym vovkom po zemlï, syzym
1250:
suggest that, until the 14th or 15th century, major language differences were not between the regions occupied by modern
Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, but rather between the north-west (around modern Velikiy Novgorod and Pskov) and the center (around modern Kyiv, Suzdal, Rostov, Moscow as well as
4144:] (in Russian). I︠A︡rt︠s︡eva, V. N. (Viktorii︠a︡ Nikolaevna), 1906–1999., Aruti︠u︡nova, N. D. (Nina Davidovna), Izdatelʹstvo "Sovetskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡." Nauchno-redakt︠s︡ionnyĭ sovet., Institut i︠a︡zykoznanii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). Moscow: Sov. ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡. p. 143.
2954:
3078:, section 1: "Ukrainian is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus (10th–13th century). It is written in a form of the Cyrillic alphabet and is closely related to Russian and Belarusian, from which it was indistinguishable until the 12th or 13th century".
2774:
1209:, it is probable that there were many dialects of Old East Slavonic. Therefore, today we may speak definitively only of the languages of surviving manuscripts, which, according to some interpretations, show regional divergence from the beginning of the historical records. By
2951:(also called Common Eastern Slavic). The name of the hypothetical uniform language of the Eastern Slavs, which presumably arose after the disintegration of Common Slavic and which itself later disintegrated to form three new languages: Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian".
1035:; however, the term may be viewed as anachronistic, because the initial stages of the language which it denotes predate the dialectal divisions marking the nascent distinction between modern East Slavic languages, therefore a number of authors have proposed using
2638:
3374:
3102:, section 111: "…ростовско-суздальско-рязанская языковая зона от киевско-черниговской ничем существенным в древности не отличалась. Различия возникли позднее, они датируются сравнительно недавним, по лингвистическим меркам, временем, начиная с XIV–XV вв ".
2994:
3081:
3290:
2831:, pp. 19–20, "For the period after the 14th century, however, the term 'Russian language' is equivalent to the term 'Great-Russian' and distinguishes the Russian language in the modern sense from the languages of the Ukraine and Belorussia".
3039:, p. 184: "the Late Common Slavic of c1000 CE had four regional variants or macro dialects: NorthWest, SouthWest, SouthEast, NorthEast. . . . by c1150 . . . was still a single language, with the weakest of local variations".
2710:
2926:
2375:
1259:
Also, Russian linguist Sergey Nikolaev, analysing historical development of Slavic dialects' accent system, concluded that a number of other tribes in Kievan Rus' came from different Slavic branches and spoke distant Slavic dialects.
1342:
as the liturgical and literary language. Documentation of the Old East Slavic language of this period is scanty, making it difficult at best fully to determine the relationship between the literary language and its spoken dialects.
1279:), deny the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. According to them, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages.
3350:
3144:, section 94: "…великорусская территория оказалась состоящей из двух частей, примерно одинаковых по значимости: северо-западная (новгородско-псковская) и центрально-восточная (Ростов, Суздаль, Владимир, Москва, Рязань) ".
2783:, p. 1405: "…but these documents are mostly Church Slavic with varying degrees of influence from the vernacular, and the local features that they exhibit are better characterized as Common East Slavic in most instances".
3120:, section 82: "…черты новгородского диалекта, отличавшие его от других диалектов Древней Руси, ярче всего выражены не в позднее время, когда, казалось бы, они могли уже постепенно развиться, а в самый древний период ".
2978:
2175:, also attributed to Nestor, begins the long series of the Russian annalists. There is a regular catena of these chronicles, extending with only two breaks to the seventeenth century. Besides the work attributed to
1239:, South Russia and meanwhile the Ukrainian language was also formed. Each of these languages preserves much of the Old East Slavic grammar and vocabulary. The Russian language in particular borrows more words from
2674:
1346:
There are references in Byzantine sources to pre-Christian Slavs in European Russia using some form of writing. Despite some suggestive archaeological finds and a corroboration by the tenth-century monk
2647:, section 1: "…a more appropriate term for the language is Old East Slavic. Unfortunately, in addition to being cumbersome, this terminology is not universally applied even within modern scholarship".
3229:
The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century), A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by an Annotated Edition of Relevant Documents
3362:
3299:, p. 27: "There are no extant Old Russian manuscripts written entirely in Glagolitic. There are however Russian Cyrillic manuscripts in which isolated words and lines in Glagolitic occur".
1120:
3326:
3156:, section 94: "…нынешняя Украина и Белоруссия — наследники центрально-восточно-южной зоны восточного славянства, более сходной в языковом отношении с западным и южным славянством ".
2317:, and ever changing rhythm have not been successfully rendered into English yet. Indeed, the meanings of many words found in it have not been satisfactorily explained by scholars.
1352:
2686:
2719:, section 1: "Thus Old Russian serves as a common parent to all three of the major East Slavic languages, and as such a more appropriate term for the language is Old East Slavic".
3383:, p. 51: "These are the narratives of bygone years regarding the origin of the land of Rus', the first princes of Kiev, and from what source the land of Rus' had its beginning".
3090:, section 2: "Like Belarusian, the Ukrainian language contains a large number of words borrowed from Polish, but it has fewer borrowings from Church Slavonic than does Russian".
3359:, section 1: "Повість минулих літ Нестора, чорноризця Феодосієвого монастиря Печерського, звідки пішла Руська земля, і хто в ній почав спершу княжити, як Руська земля постала".
1938:, to run in thought upon/over wood), which has become proverbial in modern Russian with the meaning "to speak ornately, at length, excessively," is a misreading of an original
1205:
Since extant written records of the language are sparse, it is difficult to assess the level of its unity. In consideration of the number of tribes and clans that constituted
2935:, section 1: "…some scholars employ the term Rusian for Old Russian. This is perhaps the most convenient of all the terms, but lamentably it is also the least commonly used".
3707:
1550:
These are the narratives of bygone years regarding the origin of the land of Rus', the first princes of Kiev, and from what source the land of Rus' had its beginning.
3003:, p. 178: "*gȏrdъ m. o (c) 'fortification, town' … E Ru. górod 'town, city', Gsg. góroda; Bel. hórad 'town, city', Gsg. hórada; Ukr. hórod 'town, city', Gsg. hóroda".
2279:
for the benefit of his sons. This composition is generally found inserted in the Chronicle of Nestor; it gives a fine picture of the daily life of a Slavonic prince.
2902:
3273:
The Supplement to The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian, Soviet and Eurasian History: Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic – Bugaev, Boris Nikolaevich
2467:
1108:
pointed out that modern terms for the medieval language of the East Slavs varied depending on the political context. He suggested using the neutral term
2683:, section 1: "The title Old Russian serves to denote the language of the earliest documents of the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages".
5333:
1386:
began to enter the vernacular at this time, and that simultaneously the literary language in its turn began to be modified towards Eastern Slavic.
3132:, section 92: "…северо-западная группа восточных славян представляет собой ветвь, которую следует считать отдельной уже на уровне праславянства ".
2112:, the hero of so much of East Slavic popular poetry. It is rivalled by another panegyric on Vladimir, written a decade later by Yakov the Monk.
1151:
4303:
3898:
3512:
1175:
1163:
3594:
1148:'full vocalisation'), which came to differentiate the newly evolving East Slavic from other Slavic dialects. For instance, Common Slavic
3813:
3531:
4487:
3410:
3371:, p. 4: "Вось аповесці мінулых гадоў: адкуль пайшла руская зямля, хто ў Кіеве першым пачаў княжыць, і адкуль руская зямля паўстала".
2283:
is a typical medieval collection of stories from the life of monks, featuring devils, angels, ghosts, and miraculous resurrections.
1395:
The spelling of the original excerpt has been partly modernized. The translations are best attempts at being literal, not literary.
4703:
3335:, section 1: "Вот повести минувших лет, откуда пошла русскaя земля, кто в Киеве стал первым княжить, и как возникла русская земля".
1519:
Heta apavjadanni minulyx hadoŭ ab paxodžannje zjamli Ruskaj, ab peršyx knjazjax Kieŭskix i ab tym, adkul' paŭstala Ruskaja zjamlja.
2379:(1893–1903), though incomplete, remained a standard reference until the appearance of a 24-volume academic dictionary in 1975–99.
1477:
Eto povestvovanija minuvšix let o proisxoždenii zemli Russkoj, o pervyx knjaz'jax Kievskix i o tom, otkuda pošla Russkaja zemlja.
5328:
1198:
126:
3940:
1456:
Se pověsti vremęnǐnyx lět, otkudu estǐ pošla ruskaja zemę, kto vǔ kievě nača pervěe knęžit, i otkudu ruskaja zemlę stala estǐ.
89:
4397:
4247:
4226:
3874:
3791:
3575:
3281:
3237:
3060:
2852:
2452:
1512:Гэта апавяданні мінулых гадоў аб паходжанне зямлі Рускай, аб першых князях Кіеўскіх і аб тым, адкуль паўстала Русская зямля.
1470:Это повествования минувших лет о происхождении земли Русской, о первых князьях Киевских и о том, откуда пошла Русская земля.
1449:Се повѣсти времѧньны лѣ ‧ ѿкꙋдꙋ єсть пошла рꙋскаꙗ земѧ ‧ кто въ києвѣ нача первѣє кнѧжи ‧ и ѿкꙋдꙋ рꙋскаꙗ землѧ стала єсть |~
687:
By the 13th century, ь and ъ either became silent or merged with е and о, and ѧ and ѫ had merged with ꙗ and у respectively.
61:
1540:
Jse povestî mînulyx rokuv ob proîsxoženï zemlï Rus'kuj, ob pervyx knazax Kievs'kyx î ob tuj, odky postava rus'ka zemla je.
2739:, with the result that in descriptions of the pre-fourteenth-century Kievan realm the conceptually distorted formulation
2695:, p. 1405: "The language of the oldest texts from the period of Kievan Rus’ is often referred to loosely as Old Russian".
1533:Йсе повести минулых рокув об происхоженї землї Руськуй, об первых князях Кієвськых и об туй, одкы постава Руська земля є.
956:
900:
893:
851:
302:
4168:
2330:, and the resemblance of the latter to this piece furnishes an additional proof of its genuineness. This account of the
1970:
is present in both the manuscript copy of 1790 and the first edition of 1800, and in all subsequent scholarly editions.
1498:
Ce opovidi mynulyx lit pro poxodžennja zemli Rus'koï, pro peršyx knjaziv Kyïvs'kyx i pro te, zvidky stala Rus'ka zemlja.
5188:
3565:
68:
4438:
1011:, with the exception of ť and ď which merged into č and ž respectively. After the 11th century, all consonants become
5206:
4287:
4268:
4149:
4018:
3970:
3719:
3611:
3551:
2037:
1491:Це оповіді минулих літ про походження землі Руської, про перших князів Київських і про те, звідки стала Руська земля.
108:
3006:
2019:
4005:
3018:
2011:
938:
931:
42:
1913:
song, would fly like a squirrel in the trees, like a grey wolf over land, like a bluish eagle beneath the clouds.
4561:
4504:
4414:
2457:
2434:
2261:
1295:
292:
75:
4480:
4376:
4355:
4121:
3929:
3906:
3772:
2751:
have appeared more frequently in English-language scholarly publications, although the corresponding adjective
2408:
2286:
2067:
2015:
1781:
979:
46:
4454:, a great 12-volumed collection of ancient texts of the 11th–17th centuries with parallel Russian translations
4433:
3692:
3438:
2911:, p. 184: "I call the common (North) East Slavic language (up to the first half of the 14th century) Rusian".
2427:
1012:
3822:
266:
57:
5423:
5323:
3541:
985:
673:
665:
650:
640:
625:
617:
609:
545:
537:
506:
498:
483:
473:
451:
443:
428:
420:
412:
5433:
5318:
4946:
4513:
4010:
4065:] (in Ukrainian). Translated by Vakulenko, Serhiy; Danilenko, Andriy. Kharkiv: Acta (published 2000)
3501:(in Belarusian). Translated by Karotki, Uladzimir; Nekrashevich-Karotkaya, Zhanna; Kayala, U. I. Grodno.
5353:
4791:
2498:
1979:
1382:, almost entirely free of Church Slavonic influence. It is also known that borrowings and calques from
996:
991:
963:
906:
844:
773:
750:
5428:
5110:
4473:
2540:
2462:
913:
122:
3919:
5418:
5150:
4332:
2000:
1283:
1282:
Following the end of the "Tatar yoke", the territory of former Kievan Rus' was divided between the
780:
147:
5211:
5128:
5056:
4847:
4804:
4520:
2519:
2092:
2004:
1252:
805:
789:
230:
192:
35:
3748:
3466:
2206:, which are attempts to imitate in Old East Slavic the florid Byzantine style. In his sermon on
1953:
5048:
4981:
4976:
4941:
4900:
4671:
1621:
1189:
1047:
is also used to describe the written language in Russia until the 18th century, when it became
197:
4094:
4000:
5241:
5195:
5120:
5098:
5013:
5002:
4810:
4782:
4761:
4572:
4527:
3525:
2301:
nor a poem but is written in rhythmic prose. An interesting aspect of the text is its mix of
2176:
2165:
1287:
1193:
1137:
1105:
1028:
973:
812:
743:
736:
82:
3729:
Lotha, Gloria; Kuiper, Kathleen; Mahajan, Deepti; Shukla, Gaurav, eds. (13 September 2022).
1184:. Other Slavic dialects differed by resolving the closed-syllable clusters *eRC and *aRC as
5257:
4751:
4721:
4680:
4600:
3659:
2241:
1379:
821:
3965:. Historical Phonology of the Slavic Languages. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter.
8:
5358:
5267:
5066:
5033:
4934:
4924:
4893:
4693:
4580:
4543:
4532:
2489:
2234:
2137:
2101:
1505:
1348:
1339:
1264:
878:
829:
465:
435:
339:
2376:
Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language on the Basis of Written Records
1263:
Another Russian linguist, G. A. Khaburgaev, as well as a number of Ukrainian linguists (
4929:
4866:
4841:
4688:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4609:
4451:
4297:
4203:
3892:
3506:
2731:, p. 73: "For the longest time, English-language writings did not distinguish the name
2531:
2366:
2331:
2290:
2248:
at the end of the eleventh and beginning of the twelfth century. A later traveller was
2133:
1484:
1371:
1291:
713:
347:
335:
175:
5343:
3730:
2353:, which is preserved in the chronicle of Novgorod; the date is between 1018 and 1072.
1031:. However, it is not universally applied. The language is also traditionally known as
282:
5378:
5368:
5229:
5145:
5083:
4986:
4968:
4951:
4908:
4882:
4828:
4823:
4746:
4711:
4630:
4553:
4393:
4372:
4351:
4283:
4264:
4243:
4222:
4155:
4145:
4117:
4024:
4014:
3966:
3925:
3880:
3870:
3803:
3787:
3768:
3715:
3607:
3581:
3571:
3547:
3432:
3277:
3233:
3056:
2891:
2848:
2421:
2370:
2350:
2276:
2230:
2073:
1673:
1406:
1185:
948:
922:
862:
798:
760:
718:
4730:
2987:, p. 74: "It seems more appropriate, therefore, to use the general and neutral term
330:
from the 7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century, until it diverged into the
298:
5363:
5299:
5103:
4817:
4768:
4756:
4741:
4620:
4615:
4496:
4040:
3984:
2881:
2510:
2306:
2249:
2120:
2109:
2097:
2079:
1463:
1418:
1247:
708:
703:
331:
202:
171:
5383:
5181:
5140:
5133:
4887:
4877:
4852:
4835:
4625:
4548:
4538:
4387:
4366:
4343:
4321:
4258:
4237:
4216:
4111:
4080:. SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics). 2022
4032:
3996:
3976:
3958:
3271:
3254:
3227:
3050:
2842:
2416:
2265:
2087:
2053:
1272:
1240:
1090:
730:
723:
584:
387:
184:
5398:
5373:
5166:
5088:
5078:
5021:
4799:
4736:
4639:
4462:, library of Old East Slavic chronicles with Ukrainian and Russian translations
3446:
2886:
2869:
2392:
2335:
2203:
2164:, written in the late eleventh century and attributed to Jacob the Monk and to
2161:
1526:
1383:
1319:
1216:, it had the weakest local variations among the four regional macrodialects of
1206:
343:
223:
158:
141:
4053:
1560:
is in progress or arguably complete: several words end with a consonant, e.g.
5412:
5348:
5338:
5038:
4914:
4659:
4585:
3884:
3817:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 228–237.
3808:
3593:
Dybo, V. A.; Zamyatina, G. I.; Nikolaev, S. L. (1990). Bulatova, R.V. (ed.).
3585:
3535:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 227–228.
3520:
3256:
Polish and Belorussian Dialects in Contact: A Study in Linguistic Convergence
2895:
2149:
1425:
1389:
The following excerpts illustrate two of the most famous literary monuments.
1334:
trace their origins, occurred approximately a century before the adoption of
1217:
884:
835:
766:
589:
392:
259:
4159:
3988:
3980:
3839:
2191:
and many others. Every town of any importance could boast of its annalists,
4956:
4036:
3643:
3561:
2447:
2322:
2309:. Igor's wife Yaroslavna famously invokes natural forces from the walls of
2302:
2222:
under that of winter, and evil thoughts are spoken of as boisterous winds.
2211:
1335:
1276:
1268:
1008:
4044:
3864:
1958:"mouse") from "run like a squirrel/mouse on a tree"; however, the reading
250:
5285:
5272:
4132:
3666:
3621:
3485:
2298:
2090:
with pronounced East Slavic interference) must be considered the written
2058:
1920:
596:
572:
522:
399:
375:
5026:
4425:
4260:
Testament to Ruthenian: A Linguistic Analysis of the Smotryc'kyj Variant
4207:
4191:
3684:
1362:
alphabet was briefly introduced, as witnessed by church inscriptions in
1124:
Map and tree of Balto-Slavic languages, according to Kassian and A. Dybo
5222:
5201:
5093:
1359:
1056:
632:
577:
527:
460:
380:
327:
2345:
The early laws of Rus’ present many features of interest, such as the
1770:) as a development of the old perfect. Note the style of punctuation.
1128:
5247:
5073:
5061:
4429:
2245:
2207:
1141:
657:
601:
490:
404:
275:
243:
4077:
3624:СЛОВО О ПЛЪКУ ИГОРЕВЂ. Слово о полку Ігоревім. Слово о полку Игореве
3524:
3270:
Rhyne, George N.; Lazzerini, Edward J.; Adams, Bruce Friend (2003).
1989:
24:
5292:
5216:
5174:
4465:
4368:
A Linguistic History of Russia to the End of the Eighteenth Century
2314:
2215:
2188:
2180:
2153:
2125:
1375:
1367:
1363:
310:
4428:
by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
4116:. Translated by Forsyth, Mary A. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
5279:
5235:
3159:
2387:
2362:
2339:
2219:
1331:
1323:
1101:
to refer to the hypothetical uniform language of the East Slavs.
306:
4097:[A Brief Introduction to the Old East Slavic Language].
4028:
3712:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
3487:
Staražytnaja litaratura uschodnich slavian XI – XIII stahoddziaŭ
3171:
1306:
1290:, and two separate literary traditions emerged in these states,
3665:[Old Russian]. In Moldovan, A. M.; et al. (eds.).
2963:, p. 74: "Depending on the local political situation the terms
2401:
2310:
2294:
2264:, which has been translated into English and published for the
2196:
2086:
The earliest dated specimen of Old East Slavic (or, rather, of
2062:
1677:
1378:
have provided crucial information about the pure tenth-century
1327:
1236:
3467:"Grand Principality of Moscow | medieval principality, Russia"
2115:
1318:
The political unification of the region into the state called
2914:
2650:
2257:
2192:
1965:
1945:
1735:
1687:
1631:
1579:
1567:
4218:
Context and the Lexicon in the Development of Russian Aspect
3802:
3767:(seventh ed.). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. p. 184.
3540:
Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953).
2578:
2240:
There are also the works of early travellers, as the igumen
3495:
Old Literature of the East Slavs in the 11th–13th Centuries
3490:Старажытная літаратура ўсходніх славян ХІ – ХІІІ стагоддзяў
2253:
2184:
2105:
1231:, which had just begun to differentiate into its branches.
557:
Note that there were also iotated variants: ꙗ, ѥ, ю, ѩ, ѭ.
4389:
New Contributions to the History of the Ukrainian Language
4192:"The Ruthenian Language of Meletij Smotryc'kyj: Phonology"
3714:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 1397–1413.
2844:
New Contributions to the History of the Ukrainian Language
2225:
1140:
and retained many of its features. It developed so-called
1051:, though the early stages of the language is often called
309:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4457:
2975:
have been applied to essentially the same body of texts".
1557:
4443:
4350:(15). Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
3728:
3087:
3075:
3052:
Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning
2503:
2395:, thought to be the oldest East Slavic book in existence
1753:
1699:
1667:
1615:
4095:"Uma breve introdução ao idioma eslavo oriental antigo"
3921:
The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology
3710:. In Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (eds.).
3678:] (in Russian). Moscow: Academia. pp. 418–437.
3567:
Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon
2810:
2759:
has been avoided in favor of either the incorrect term
2545:
1723:
1655:
1591:
1556:
In this usage example of the language, the fall of the
1256:
development of the central dialects of the East Slavs.
3851:] (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
3786:(2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto press.
3539:
3420:(in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-06-24
3380:
2786:
2743:
was used. In recent years, however, the correct terms
326:) was a language (or a group of dialects) used by the
3838:[9.1. The Language]. In Smoliy, V. A. (ed.).
3592:
3165:
2590:
2524:
2412:– the most outstanding literary work in this language
1959:
1939:
1819:
1812:
1765:
1729:
1711:
1681:
1643:
1625:
1603:
1573:
1561:
1454:
1447:
1055:
instead; the period after the common language of the
3195:
2798:
2626:
2342:
in 1380, has come down in three important versions.
1086:, although these are the least commonly used forms.
4239:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
3269:
3207:
3183:
2468:
List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic
2202:In the 12th century, we have the sermons of bishop
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4337:. London: The Athlone Press, University of London.
4130:
3015:, p. 307: "*melkò n. o (b) 'milk' … E Ru. molokó".
2870:"The late origins of the glottonym "русский язык""
2662:
2656:
2614:
4348:Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series
3386:
3314:
3027:, p. 236: "*kòrva f. ā (a) 'cow' … E Ru. koróva".
2361:The earliest attempts to compile a comprehensive
2326:is a sort of prose poem much in the style of the
1338:in 988 and the establishment of the South Slavic
338:languages. Ruthenian eventually evolved into the
5410:
4319:
4063:A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language
3999:(1963). "History of the Ukrainian Language". In
3963:A Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language
2271:A curious monument of old Slavonic times is the
1879:
1872:
1747:
1693:
1661:
1609:
1517:
1510:
3957:
3546:. Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America.
2071:, and the earliest surviving manuscript of the
1859:
1852:
1741:
1717:
1649:
1585:
1496:
1489:
1355:", the exact nature of this system is unknown.
16:Slavic language used in the 10th–15th centuries
4263:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
4134:Lingvisticheskiĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedicheskiĭ slovarʹ
3866:Portraits of Medieval Eastern Europe, 900–1400
3784:A history of Ukraine: the land and its peoples
3543:The Russian Primary chronicle: Laurentian Text
2566:
2293:, the prince of Novgorod-Seversk, against the
2108:. In this work there is a panegyric on Prince
1773:
1196:), or by no change at all (see the article on
1007:Old East slavic retains all the consonants of
168:7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century
4481:
4110:Vinokur, G. O. (1971). Forsyth, James (ed.).
3924:. New Haven / London: Yale University Press.
3225:
3049:Byram, Michael; Hu, Adelheid (26 June 2013).
1973:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1839:
1832:
1793:, from the Pskov manuscript, fifteenth cent.
1759:
1705:
1637:
1597:
1475:
1468:
1251:Belarus) of the East Slavic territories. The
1027:is used in reference to the modern family of
3682:
3276:. Academic International Press. p. 89.
2932:
2847:. University of Alberta Press. pp. xi.
2716:
2680:
2644:
1070:Some scholars have also called the language
4341:
4131:Yartseva, V. N.; Arutyunova, N. D. (1990).
3869:. Christian Raffensperger. Abingdon, Oxon.
3689:Early Indo-European Online Language Lessons
3338:
3302:
2763:or the correct but visually confusing term
2420:– an eleventh-century legal code issued by
2018:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1923:, with typical use of metaphor and simile.
1899:
1892:
1538:
1531:
4488:
4474:
4302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4174:[About Russian Language History].
3897:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3683:Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan (2013).
3658:Khaburgaev, Georgiy Alexandrovich (2005).
3657:
3511:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3177:
1156:'settlement, town' was reflected as OESl.
140:
4320:Entwistle, W. J.; Morison, W. A. (1960).
4236:Fortson, Benjamin W. (7 September 2011).
4166:
4137:Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь
4099:Slovo – Revista de Estudos em Eslavística
3862:
3685:"Old Russian Online, Series Introduction"
3252:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3099:
2885:
2281:The Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery
2214:is represented under the form of spring,
2038:Learn how and when to remove this message
1115:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4330:
4280:The structure and development of Russian
4277:
4051:
3995:
3938:
3917:
3705:
3676:Languages of the World. Slavic Languages
3519:
3201:
2991:and indicate its dialectical varieties".
2984:
2960:
2944:
2816:
2780:
2704:
2692:
2608:
2584:
2386:
2373:in the nineteenth century. Sreznevsky's
2224:
2140:, who wrote on the Latin faith and some
2114:
1305:
1132:Development of the East Slavic languages
1127:
4444:Online library of the Old Russian texts
4282:(First paperback ed.). Cambridge.
4235:
4167:Zaliznyak, Andrey Anatolyevich (2012).
4109:
3833:
3781:
3627:[The Tale of Igor's Campaign].
3570:. Leiden-Boston: Koninklijke Brill NV.
3560:
3483:
3464:
3368:
3296:
3226:Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (22 June 2011).
3213:
3189:
3048:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2920:
2828:
2792:
2728:
2596:
368:Early Old East Slavic Oral vowels
303:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5411:
5329:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
4364:
4214:
4092:
4055:Istorychna fonologiia ukrains'koi movy
3445:
2804:
2668:
2365:of Old East Slavic were undertaken by
1926:It has been suggested that the phrase
1275:, Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov,
1246:However, findings by Russian linguist
1199:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
565:Late Old East Slavic Oral vowels
4469:
4385:
4312:
4113:The Russian Language: A Brief History
3800:
3644:"Letopis' po Lavrent'evskomu spisku"
3642:
3620:
3392:
3320:
2867:
2840:
2453:Outline of Slavic history and culture
1366:, it was soon entirely superseded by
1136:The language was a descendant of the
569:
372:
121:Cyrillic letters in this article are
4495:
4331:Matthews, William Kleesmann (1967).
4256:
4189:
4058:Історична фонологія української мови
3762:
3465:Chauhan, Yamini, ed. (25 May 2012).
3036:
2908:
2632:
2620:
2463:History of the East Slavic languages
2016:adding citations to reliable sources
1983:
1398:
1301:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4078:"639 Identifier Documentation: orv"
4076:
3834:Nimchuk, V. V. (2001). "9.1. Mova"
3756:The Library of Ukrainian Literature
3606:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.
3166:Dybo, Zamyatina & Nikolaev 1990
2572:
2233:sent each other letters written on
696:Old East Slavic consonant phonemes
13:
4408:
4323:Russian and the Slavonic Languages
4221:. University of California Press.
4142:Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
3849:A History of the Ukrainian Culture
3646:Лѣтопись по Лаврентьевскому списку
3604:Fundamentals of Slavic Accentology
3381:Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953
1119:
14:
5445:
4419:
3259:. Indiana University. p. 90.
1882:zjamli, šyzym arlom pad ablokami.
995:
990:
978:
962:
955:
937:
930:
912:
905:
899:
892:
850:
843:
820:
811:
804:
788:
779:
772:
749:
742:
735:
4344:"An introduction to Old Russian"
4342:Schmalstieg, William R. (1995).
4006:Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia
3945:Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
3596:Osnovy slavyanskoy aktsentologii
3484:Karotki, Uladzimir, ed. (2004).
3253:Woolhiser, Curt Fredric (1995).
2391:First page of the tenth-century
2382:
1988:
1424:
23:
4415:List of Slavic studies journals
4392:. University of Alberta Press.
4215:Bermel, Neil (1 January 1997).
4178:(in Russian). Mumi-Troll School
4052:Shevelov, George Yurii (1979).
3939:Shevelov, George Yurii (1984).
3918:Schenker, Alexander M. (1995).
3905:
3821:
3747:
3668:Yazyki mira. Slavyanskie Yazyki
3409:
3402:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3308:
3263:
3246:
3219:
3042:
2861:
2834:
2458:List of Slavic studies journals
2435:A Journey Beyond the Three Seas
2132:Other 11th-century writers are
1380:vernacular in North-West Russia
34:needs additional citations for
5189:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
4093:Simone, Lucas Ricardo (2018).
3827:The National Library of Russia
3599:Основы славянской акцентологии
2657:Yartseva & Arutyunova 1990
2480:
2179:, there are the chronicles of
1150:
1059:is sometimes distinguished as
1043:) as a more appropriate term.
1018:
1:
4434:University of Texas at Austin
4386:Moser, Michael (2016-12-06).
4169:"Ob istorii russkogo yazyka"
3782:Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010).
3754:[Primary Chronicle].
3708:"The documentation of Slavic"
3693:University of Texas at Austin
3416:[Primary Chronicle].
2868:Moser, Michael (2022-11-01).
2841:Moser, Michael (2016-12-06).
2559:
2428:Praying of Daniel the Immured
1935:rastekat'sja mysl'ju po drevu
1787:
1411:
1351:that ancient Slavs wrote in "
1221:
1210:
690:
5324:Slavic second palatalization
3844:Історія української культури
3841:Istoriia ukrains'koi kultury
3801:Minns, Ellis Hovell (1911).
3671:Языки мира. Славянские языки
3649:[Laurentian Codex].
2275:("Instruction"), written by
1966:
1946:
1900:
1820:
1736:
1688:
1632:
1580:
1568:
1539:
1455:
1089:Ukrainian-American linguist
353:
7:
5319:Slavic first palatalization
4430:Linguistics Research Center
4371:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4011:University of Toronto Press
3765:Old Church Slavonic Grammar
2546:
2525:
2504:
2441:
2409:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
2289:narrates the expedition of
2068:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1934:
1929:растекаться мыслью по древу
1880:
1860:
1840:
1782:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1775:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
1766:
1754:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1518:
1497:
1476:
1174:
1162:
10:
5450:
4412:
4334:Russian Historical Grammar
4326:. London: Faber and Faber.
3863:Ostrowski, Donald (2018).
3055:. Routledge. p. 601.
2887:10.1007/s11185-022-09257-6
1980:Old East Slavic literature
1977:
1974:Old East Slavic literature
1960:
1940:
1893:
1822:šizymǔ orlomǔ podǔ oblaky.
1813:
1779:
1730:
1682:
1626:
1574:
1562:
1532:
1448:
1404:
127:scientific transliteration
120:
5392:
5309:
5256:
5165:
5119:
5111:Slavic dialects of Greece
5047:
5012:
5001:
4967:
4865:
4790:
4781:
4720:
4702:
4679:
4670:
4571:
4503:
4242:. John Wiley & Sons.
4196:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
4171:Об истории русского языка
3622:"Slovo o polku Ihorevim"
3437:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3411:"Povest' Vremennykh Let"
2535:
2514:
2493:
2158:Discourse to the Brethren
2156:, who has left a curious
1952:
1928:
1873:
1853:
1842:sizym orlom pod oblakami.
1833:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1511:
1490:
1469:
1310:A page from Svyatoslav's
1202:for a detailed account).
972:
947:
877:
828:
759:
729:
700:
631:
595:
576:
571:
459:
398:
379:
374:
358:
289:
273:
257:
241:
236:
220:
181:
164:
154:
139:
134:
4439:Ostromir's Gospel Online
4278:Matthews, W. K. (2013).
4257:Pugh, Stefan M. (1996).
4190:Pugh, Stefan M. (1985).
4170:
4136:
4057:
3843:
3835:
3823:"Laurentian Codex. 1377"
3763:Lunt, Horace G. (2001).
3750:
3706:Langston, Keith (2018).
3670:
3661:
3645:
3623:
3598:
3489:
3412:
2933:Krause & Slocum 2013
2717:Krause & Slocum 2013
2681:Krause & Slocum 2013
2645:Krause & Slocum 2013
2473:
2356:
2262:record of his adventures
2128:, dating to 1056 or 1057
1692:"is/has come" (modern B
1284:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3814:Encyclopædia Britannica
3749:"Povist' minulikh lit"
3735:Encyclopædia Britannica
3532:Encyclopædia Britannica
3471:Encyclopædia Britannica
3451:Encyclopædia Britannica
2505:starazhytnaruskaya mova
2328:Tale of Igor's Campaign
2260:in 1470. He has left a
2093:Sermon on Law and Grace
1786:Слово о пълку Игоревѣ.
1253:Old Novgorodian dialect
231:Early Cyrillic alphabet
4365:Vlasto, A. P. (1986).
4003:; et al. (eds.).
3997:Shevelov, George Yurii
3660:"Drenverusskiy Yazyk"
3232:. BRILL. p. 241.
2396:
2334:, which was gained by
2287:Lay of Igor's Campaign
2237:
2229:Literate 14th-century
2129:
1315:
1133:
1125:
1116:General considerations
291:This article contains
5242:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
3911:Russian State Library
3526:"Slavonic, Old"
3413:Повесть временных лет
2494:старажытнаруская мова
2390:
2228:
2177:Nestor the Chronicler
2166:Nestor the Chronicler
2118:
1919:Illustrates the sung
1780:Further information:
1405:Further information:
1353:strokes and incisions
1309:
1288:Grand Duchy of Moscow
1243:than does Ukrainian.
1235:regions of Novgorod,
1138:Proto-Slavic language
1131:
1123:
1106:Alexander M. Schenker
1099:Common Eastern Slavic
1029:East Slavic languages
1015:before front vowels.
3731:"Ukrainian Language"
2012:improve this section
1322:, from which modern
1172:, and Common Slavic
322:(traditionally also
43:improve this article
5424:Belarusian language
5268:Pan-Slavic language
5067:Burgenland Croatian
4947:Marcho-Magdeburgian
4544:Old Church Slavonic
4001:Volodymyr Kubijovyč
3751:Повість минулих літ
2874:Russian Linguistics
2526:drevnerusskiy yazyk
2171:With the so-called
2138:Kiev Pechersk Lavra
1902:orlom pod oblakamî.
1740:"began" (modern Uk
1636:"bygone" (modern R
1349:Chernorizets Hrabar
1340:Old Church Slavonic
1265:Stepan Smal-Stotsky
1112:for that language.
697:
566:
518:
369:
148:Radziwiłł Chronicle
5434:Ukrainian language
5354:Illič-Svityč's law
5334:Monophthongization
4842:Camaldolese Slovak
4655:Canadian Ukrainian
4521:Up to Proto-Slavic
4514:Proto-Balto-Slavic
4426:Old Russian Online
4313:General references
3907:"Laurentian Codex"
3662:Древнерусский язык
3418:BBM Online Library
2515:древнерусский язык
2397:
2367:Alexander Vostokov
2332:Battle of Kulikovo
2291:Igor Svyatoslavich
2244:, who visited the
2238:
2130:
1862:orlom pid xmaramy.
1672:). Correct use of
1372:birch-bark writing
1316:
1168:'milk' > OESl.
1134:
1126:
1041:Common East Slavic
695:
564:
517:Nasal vowels
516:
367:
5406:
5405:
5399:extinct languages
5230:Solombala English
5161:
5160:
5084:Prekmurje Slovene
4997:
4996:
4777:
4776:
4631:Doukhobor Russian
4554:Glagolitic script
4452:The Pushkin House
4399:978-1-894865-44-9
4249:978-1-4443-5968-8
4228:978-0-520-09812-1
4101:(in Portuguese).
3876:978-1-315-20417-8
3793:978-1-4426-4085-6
3577:978-90-04-15504-6
3283:978-0-87569-142-8
3239:978-90-04-21571-9
3088:Lotha et al. 2022
3076:Lotha et al. 2022
3062:978-1-136-23554-2
2854:978-1-894865-44-9
2635:, pp. 53–60.
2544:
2536:давньоруська мова
2523:
2502:
2422:Yaroslav the Wise
2371:Izmail Sreznevsky
2351:Yaroslav the Wise
2277:Vladimir Monomakh
2173:Primary Chronicle
2074:Primary Chronicle
2048:
2047:
2040:
1917:
1916:
1624:features include
1554:
1553:
1407:Primary Chronicle
1400:Primary Chronicle
1370:. The samples of
1302:Literary language
1186:liquid metathesis
1104:American Slavist
1005:
1004:
685:
684:
681:
680:
555:
554:
551:
550:
514:
513:
317:
316:
299:rendering support
295:phonetic symbols.
119:
118:
111:
93:
58:"Old East Slavic"
5441:
5429:Russian language
5300:Slavonic-Serbian
5151:Cieszyn Silesian
5022:Carpathian Rusyn
5010:
5009:
4788:
4787:
4677:
4676:
4562:Modern languages
4497:Slavic languages
4490:
4483:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4448:
4403:
4382:
4361:
4338:
4327:
4307:
4301:
4293:
4274:
4253:
4232:
4211:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4163:
4127:
4106:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4048:
3992:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3941:"Common Russian"
3935:
3914:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3797:
3778:
3759:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3725:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3679:
3654:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3617:
3589:
3557:
3536:
3528:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2982:
2976:
2958:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2553:
2549:
2547:davnioruska mova
2539:
2537:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2484:
2297:. It is neither
2252:, a merchant of
2250:Afanasiy Nikitin
2136:, a monk of the
2121:Ostromir Gospels
2110:Vladimir of Kiev
2080:Laurentian Codex
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2023:
1992:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1904:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1809:Old East Slavic
1804:Transliteration
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1500:
1493:
1492:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1444:Old East Slavic
1439:Transliteration
1431:
1430:
1428:
1419:Laurentian Codex
1416:
1413:
1296:medieval Russian
1294:in the west and
1248:Andrey Zaliznyak
1230:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1212:
1180:'cow' > OESl
1160:, Common Slavic
1154:
999:
994:
987:
982:
966:
959:
941:
934:
925:
916:
909:
903:
896:
887:
865:
854:
847:
838:
824:
815:
808:
801:
792:
783:
776:
769:
753:
746:
739:
698:
694:
675:
667:
652:
642:
627:
619:
611:
567:
563:
560:
559:
547:
539:
519:
515:
508:
500:
485:
475:
453:
445:
430:
422:
414:
370:
366:
363:
362:
285:
269:
253:
246:
226:
187:
144:
132:
131:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5419:Old East Slavic
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5388:
5311:
5305:
5259:
5252:
5182:Bohemian Romani
5167:Mixed languages
5157:
5134:Pannonian Rusyn
5115:
5057:Banat Bulgarian
5043:
5005:
4993:
4963:
4861:
4853:Pannonian Rusyn
4773:
4716:
4698:
4666:
4626:Alaskan Russian
4601:Old Novgorodian
4594:Old East Slavic
4567:
4549:Cyrillic script
4539:Church Slavonic
4499:
4494:
4446:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:Further reading
4406:
4400:
4379:
4358:
4315:
4310:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4271:
4250:
4229:
4181:
4179:
4172:
4152:
4138:
4124:
4083:
4081:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4021:
4009:. Vol. I.
3973:
3959:George Shevelov
3949:
3947:
3932:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3794:
3775:
3758:(in Ukrainian).
3752:
3739:
3737:
3722:
3697:
3695:
3672:
3663:
3647:
3634:
3632:
3625:
3614:
3600:
3578:
3554:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3475:
3473:
3455:
3453:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3268:
3264:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3178:Khaburgaev 2005
3176:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2983:
2979:
2973:Old Belarussian
2959:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2749:Kievan Rus'
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:, pp. 2–3.
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2444:
2417:Russkaya Pravda
2385:
2359:
2347:Russkaya Pravda
2307:Slavic religion
2266:Hakluyt Society
2088:Church Slavonic
2054:Russkaya Pravda
2051:the legal code
2044:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2009:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1572:"to rule" <
1414:
1409:
1403:
1384:Byzantine Greek
1304:
1273:George Shevelov
1241:Church Slavonic
1228:
1224:
1213:
1118:
1091:George Shevelov
1053:Old East Slavic
1037:Old East Slavic
1025:Old East Slavic
1021:
921:
883:
861:
834:
797:
765:
712:
693:
361:
356:
320:Old East Slavic
297:Without proper
281:
265:
262:
249:
242:
227:
222:
216:
208:Old East Slavic
188:
185:Language family
183:
170:developed into
169:
150:
146:Sheet from the
135:Old East Slavic
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5379:Van Wijk's law
5376:
5374:Ruki sound law
5371:
5369:Pedersen's law
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5212:Romano-Serbian
5209:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5129:Eastern Slovak
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5018:
5016:
5007:
5003:Microlanguages
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4874:East Lechitic
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4848:Eastern Slovak
4845:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4829:White Croatian
4826:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4805:Biblical Czech
4796:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4737:Serbo-Croatian
4734:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4536:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4421:
4420:External links
4418:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4383:
4377:
4362:
4356:
4339:
4328:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4288:
4275:
4269:
4254:
4248:
4233:
4227:
4212:
4202:(1/2): 53–60.
4187:
4164:
4150:
4128:
4122:
4107:
4090:
4074:
4049:
4019:
3993:
3971:
3955:
3936:
3930:
3915:
3903:
3875:
3860:
3831:
3819:
3809:Chisholm, Hugh
3798:
3792:
3779:
3773:
3760:
3745:
3726:
3720:
3703:
3680:
3655:
3640:
3631:(in Ukrainian)
3618:
3612:
3590:
3576:
3558:
3552:
3537:
3523:, ed. (1911).
3521:Chisholm, Hugh
3517:
3481:
3462:
3443:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3289:
3282:
3262:
3245:
3238:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3154:Zaliznyak 2012
3146:
3142:Zaliznyak 2012
3134:
3130:Zaliznyak 2012
3122:
3118:Zaliznyak 2012
3110:
3104:
3100:Zaliznyak 2012
3092:
3080:
3068:
3061:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2977:
2953:
2949:Common Russian
2947:, section 1: "
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2880:(3): 365–370.
2860:
2853:
2833:
2821:
2819:, p. 112.
2809:
2797:
2795:, p. 429.
2785:
2773:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2599:, p. 106.
2589:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2529:
2508:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2413:
2405:
2393:Novgorod Codex
2384:
2381:
2358:
2355:
2336:Dmitry Donskoy
2256:, who visited
2204:Cyril of Turov
2199:among others.
2162:Boris and Gleb
2057:, a corpus of
2046:
2045:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1978:Main article:
1975:
1972:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1777:
1772:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1402:
1397:
1303:
1300:
1117:
1114:
1095:Common Russian
1093:used the term
1061:Middle Russian
1049:Modern Russian
1020:
1017:
1003:
1002:
1000:
988:
983:
976:
970:
969:
967:
960:
953:
951:
945:
944:
942:
935:
928:
926:
918:
917:
910:
897:
890:
888:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
858:
857:
855:
848:
841:
839:
832:
826:
825:
818:
816:
809:
802:
794:
793:
786:
784:
777:
770:
763:
757:
756:
754:
747:
740:
733:
727:
726:
721:
716:
706:
701:
692:
689:
683:
682:
679:
678:
676:
668:
660:
654:
653:
645:
643:
635:
629:
628:
620:
612:
604:
599:
593:
592:
587:
581:
580:
575:
570:
553:
552:
549:
548:
540:
531:
530:
525:
512:
511:
509:
501:
493:
487:
486:
478:
476:
468:
463:
457:
456:
454:
446:
438:
432:
431:
423:
415:
407:
402:
396:
395:
390:
384:
383:
378:
373:
360:
357:
355:
352:
315:
314:
301:, you may see
287:
286:
279:
271:
270:
263:
258:
255:
254:
247:
239:
238:
237:Language codes
234:
233:
228:
224:Writing system
221:
218:
217:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
191:
189:
182:
179:
178:
166:
162:
161:
159:Eastern Europe
156:
152:
151:
145:
137:
136:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5446:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:Meillet's law
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5180:20th century
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:Slavomolisano
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5039:West Polesian
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4982:Lower Sorbian
4980:
4978:
4977:Upper Sorbian
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:West Lechitic
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4901:Middle Polish
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4762:Slavomolisano
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:Alpine Slavic
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4660:Simple speech
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4586:Simple speech
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4289:9781107619395
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4270:9780916458751
4266:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4151:5-85270-031-2
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4079:
4075:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4020:0-8020-3105-6
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3972:3-533-02786-4
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:"Slavs"
3799:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3721:9783110542431
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3653:(in Russian).
3652:
3648:
3641:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3613:5-02-011011-6
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3562:Derksen, Rick
3559:
3555:
3553:9780915651320
3549:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3452:
3448:
3447:"Old Russian"
3444:
3440:
3434:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3202:Shevelov 1979
3198:
3191:
3186:
3180:, p. 418-437.
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2985:Schenker 1995
2981:
2974:
2970:
2969:Old Ukrainian
2966:
2962:
2961:Schenker 1995
2957:
2950:
2946:
2945:Shevelov 1984
2941:
2934:
2929:
2923:, p. 106-108.
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2817:Matthews 2013
2813:
2807:, p. 17.
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2781:Langston 2018
2777:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Kievan Russia
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2705:Schenker 1995
2701:
2694:
2693:Langston 2018
2689:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2609:Shevelov 1984
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2585:Shevelov 1984
2581:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2383:Notable texts
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:Luka Zhidiata
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2039:
2031:
2028:December 2020
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1997:This section
1995:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1922:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1756:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1623:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:excavated in
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:Although the
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1298:in the east.
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1219:
1218:Common Slavic
1208:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1065:Great Russian
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
984:
981:
977:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
958:
954:
952:
950:
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
929:
927:
924:
920:
919:
915:
911:
908:
902:
898:
895:
891:
889:
886:
882:
880:
876:
873:
871:
869:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
846:
842:
840:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
795:
791:
787:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
762:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
732:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
710:
707:
705:
702:
699:
688:
677:
672:
669:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
649:
646:
644:
639:
636:
634:
630:
624:
621:
616:
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
579:
574:
568:
562:
561:
558:
544:
541:
536:
533:
532:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
510:
505:
502:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
482:
479:
477:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
458:
455:
450:
447:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
427:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
397:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
377:
371:
365:
364:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
294:
288:
284:
280:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
261:
260:Linguist List
256:
252:
248:
245:
240:
235:
232:
229:
225:
219:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:Indo-European
190:
186:
180:
177:
173:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
143:
138:
133:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2020
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5394:
5384:Winter's law
5344:Havlík's law
5298:
5291:
5284:
5240:
5228:
5221:
5196:Mednyj Aleut
5194:
5187:
5179:
5049:South Slavic
5006:and dialects
4913:
4899:
4892:
4840:
4816:
4811:Czechoslovak
4809:
4792:Czech-Slovak
4729:
4704:Transitional
4672:South Slavic
4608:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4560:
4528:Proto-Slavic
4526:
4519:
4512:
4458:
4447:(in Russian)
4388:
4367:
4347:
4333:
4322:
4279:
4259:
4238:
4217:
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4180:. Retrieved
4175:
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4067:. Retrieved
4062:
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3948:. Retrieved
3944:
3920:
3910:
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3848:
3840:
3826:
3812:
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3738:. Retrieved
3734:
3711:
3696:. Retrieved
3688:
3675:
3667:
3650:
3633:. Retrieved
3628:
3603:
3595:
3566:
3542:
3530:
3494:
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:
3422:. Retrieved
3417:
3403:Bibliography
3388:
3376:
3369:Karotki 2004
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
3304:
3297:Vinokur 1971
3292:
3272:
3265:
3255:
3248:
3228:
3221:
3214:Chauhan 2012
3209:
3197:
3190:Nimchuk 2001
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3051:
3044:
3032:
3025:Derksen 2008
3020:
3013:Derksen 2008
3008:
3001:Derksen 2008
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2928:
2921:Magocsi 2010
2916:
2904:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2843:
2836:
2829:Vinokur 1971
2824:
2812:
2800:
2793:Fortson 2011
2788:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:Magocsi 2010
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2597:Magocsi 2010
2592:
2587:, section 1.
2580:
2568:
2482:
2448:Old Russians
2433:
2426:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2374:
2360:
2346:
2344:
2327:
2323:Zadonshchina
2321:
2319:
2305:and ancient
2303:Christianity
2285:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2239:
2231:Novgorodians
2212:Christianity
2201:
2172:
2170:
2157:
2152:, bishop of
2146:Instructions
2145:
2141:
2131:
2119:
2102:metropolitan
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2052:
2049:
2034:
2025:
2010:Please help
1998:
1925:
1918:
1785:
1774:
1622:South Slavic
1555:
1423:
1410:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1357:
1345:
1336:Christianity
1317:
1312:Miscellanies
1311:
1281:
1277:Olena Kurylo
1269:Ivan Ohienko
1262:
1258:
1245:
1233:
1204:
1197:
1190:South Slavic
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1082:, or simply
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1009:Proto-Slavic
1006:
686:
670:
662:
647:
637:
622:
614:
606:
556:
542:
534:
503:
495:
480:
470:
448:
440:
425:
417:
409:
323:
319:
318:
290:
274:
207:
198:Balto-Slavic
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5359:Ivšić's law
5286:Army Slavic
5273:Interslavic
5258:Constructed
5121:West Slavic
5014:East Slavic
4783:West Slavic
4752:Montenegrin
4573:East Slavic
4105:(1): 14–39.
4084:25 December
2989:East Slavic
2965:Old Russian
2805:Bermel 1997
2059:hagiography
1869:Belarusian
1791: 1200
1627:времѧньнъıх
1584:(modern Uk
1417:, from the
1415: 1110
1320:Kievan Rus'
1229: 1000
1214: 1150
1207:Kievan Rus'
1194:West Slavic
1146:polnoglasie
1110:East Slavic
1072:Old Rus'ian
1045:Old Russian
1033:Old Russian
1019:Terminology
1013:palatalized
974:Approximant
350:languages.
324:Old Russian
305:instead of
5413:Categories
5349:Hirt's law
5339:Dybo's law
5310:Historical
5223:Russenorsk
5202:Ponaschemu
5094:Shtokavian
5034:Podlachian
4935:Slovincian
4925:Pomeranian
4894:Old Polish
4694:Macedonian
4581:Belarusian
4413:See also:
4378:019815660X
4357:0941694372
4182:2022-12-25
4123:0521079446
4069:2022-12-25
3989:Q105081119
3950:2022-12-25
3931:0300058462
3855:2022-12-25
3774:3110162849
3740:2022-12-31
3698:2022-12-25
3635:2022-12-22
3476:2022-12-31
3424:2020-08-22
2669:Britannica
2560:References
2490:Belarusian
2235:birch bark
2134:Theodosius
1849:Ukrainian
1689:estǐ pošla
1683:єсть пошла
1633:vremęnǐnyx
1506:Belarusian
1360:Glagolitic
1227: – c.
1225: 800
1057:East Slavs
691:Consonants
340:Belarusian
328:East Slavs
69:newspapers
5397:indicate
5312:phonology
5260:languages
5248:Trasianka
5074:Kajkavian
5062:Chakavian
4987:Schleifer
4930:Kashubian
4712:Torlakian
4689:Bulgarian
4645:Ukrainian
4610:Ruthenian
4298:cite book
4045:Q12072836
3981:22276820M
3893:cite book
3885:994543451
3836:9.1. Мова
3586:1574-3586
3507:cite book
3393:Izbornyk1
3321:Izbornyk2
3037:Lunt 2001
2909:Lunt 2001
2896:1572-8714
2621:Pugh 1996
2541:romanized
2532:Ukrainian
2520:romanized
2499:romanized
2338:over the
2315:metaphors
2273:Pouchenie
2246:Holy Land
2208:Holy Week
2142:Pouchenia
2083:of 1377.
1999:does not
1950:(akin to
1801:Original
1485:Ukrainian
1436:Original
1292:Ruthenian
1142:pleophony
1076:Old Rusan
1023:The term
885:voiceless
879:Fricative
836:voiceless
830:Affricate
767:voiceless
585:Unrounded
388:Unrounded
354:Phonology
348:Ukrainian
336:Ruthenian
276:Glottolog
244:ISO 639-3
176:Ruthenian
123:romanized
5293:Iazychie
5217:Runglish
5175:Balachka
5146:Silesian
5104:Bunjevac
4952:Polabian
4909:Silesian
4888:dialects
4883:Masurian
4867:Lechitic
4824:Moravian
4747:Croatian
4650:dialects
4621:dialects
4459:Izbornyk
4208:41036132
4176:Elementy
4160:23704551
4041:Wikidata
4037:7872840M
4029:63023686
3985:Wikidata
3961:(1979).
3651:Izbornyk
3629:Izbornyk
3564:(2008).
3433:cite web
2753:Rus'
2745:Rus'
2733:Rus'
2633:Pugh1985
2573:SIL 2022
2442:See also
2216:Paganism
2189:Volhynia
2181:Novgorod
2154:Novgorod
2126:Novgorod
2098:Hilarion
1909:English
1829:Russian
1645:minuvšix
1639:минувших
1617:knjažyc'
1605:knjažit'
1593:knjažyty
1581:kǔnęžiti
1575:кънѧжити
1547:English
1421:, 1377:
1376:Novgorod
1368:Cyrillic
1364:Novgorod
1286:and the
714:Alveolar
311:Help:IPA
283:oldr1238
5395:Italics
5280:Lydnevi
5236:Surzhyk
4969:Sorbian
4818:Knaanic
4769:Slovene
4757:Serbian
4742:Bosnian
4722:Western
4681:Eastern
4616:Russian
4505:History
4432:at the
3811:(ed.).
3456:14 July
2765:Rus'ian
2761:Russian
2543::
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2511:Russian
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2363:lexicon
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2220:Judaism
2020:removed
2005:sources
1967:myslǐju
1674:perfect
1669:minulyx
1663:мінулых
1657:mynulyx
1651:минулих
1611:княжыць
1599:княжить
1587:княжити
1464:Russian
1332:Ukraine
1324:Belarus
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949:Lateral
761:Plosive
719:Palatal
590:Rounded
393:Rounded
332:Russian
307:Unicode
172:Russian
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2077:– the
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1961:мыслью
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