373:
122:
22:
515:
579:
given me
Opportunity to some very particular ideas, besides so many great Choruses." The highly differentiated choruses with great contrast in tone between the music for the choruses of Jews, Babylonians and Persians is one of the most distinctive features of the piece. The Babylonians are characterised in Handel's music not as evil pagans but as happy pleasure-seekers with dance derived foot-tapping tunes. The Jews by contrast are given music of weighty and solemn dignity and the music for the chorus of Persians is marked by nobility and
2515:
434:
2536:
2526:
388:). Belshazzar responds that getting drunk on the feast of Sesach is the custom, in fact a duty, and noticing the Jews around him, orders the sacred vessels from the temple of Jerusalem that were brought as tribute to Babylon to be brought to him so he can continue to drink from them. His mother is horrified by such sacrilege and the Jews beg the King not to perform such a profanation (Chorus of Jews:
1278:
328:). Cyrus had the idea to drain the river which runs through the city and march into it along the riverbed. A good opportunity to do this will be during the feast of the Babylonian god Sesach, on which, Gobrias confirms, it is a religious duty to the Babylonians to get roaring drunk in the god's honour (
578:
After he had received the text from his collaborator
Charles Jennens, Handel wrote to him "Your most excellent Oratorio has given me great delight in setting it to Musick and still engages me warmly. It is indeed a Noble piece, very grand and uncommon, it has furnished me with Expressions, and has
267:
Precis: Despite the warnings of his mother Queen
Nitocris, King Belshazzar of Babylon commits sacrileges against the God of the Jews, who are in captivity there. The city is besieged, Belshazzar is slain, and the Jews are freed to return to their homeland by Cyrus the Great of Persia.
469:(original directions). Belshazzar, dismayed, orders his wise men and soothsayers brought to him. They enter to an orchestral interlude but are unable to offer any elucidation of the strange writing. The Babylonians are terrified (Chorus of Babylonians:
481:). Daniel says the words on the wall are "Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin", which he interprets to mean "You have been tried in the balance and found wanting". Queen Nitocris is greatly distressed and begs her son to abandon his profligate ways (Air:
300:). The Jewish prophet Daniel, whom she has learnt to trust, comes to her. She is concerned about the fate of the empire under the rule of her wayward son. Daniel advises her that submission to the will of God will be rewarded (Air:
473:). Queen Nitocris advises her son to call the prophet Daniel to interpret the writing, which he does, and offers rewards to the prophet when he arrives for interpreting the text. Daniel rejects any monetary inducement however (Air:
458:
as he is going to drink, a hand appears writing upon the wall over against him: he sees it, turns pale with fear, drops the bowl of wine, falls back in his seat, trembling from head to foot, and his knees knocking against each
497:). He orders Gobrias, who is familiar with the city, to lead the way, and commands that no Babylonian except the tyrannical King shall be harmed. His men praise his wisdom and mercy (Chorus of Medes and Persians:
583:
development. The work is notable also for its characterisation through music of the leading roles, especially the dignified and sad figure of the Queen Mother
Nitocris, despairing over her son's behaviour.
429:
A banquet-room, adorned with the images of the
Babylonian gods. Belshazzar, his wives, concubines, and lords, drinking out of the Jewish temple-vessels, and singing the praises of their gods
417:). Cyrus assures his army that now is the perfect time to attack as their enemies will all be off their guard due to being intoxicated or in a drunken stupor after the feast of Sesach (Air:
356:). Daniel has found a prophecy in the texts that indicates that Cyrus is the anointed of the Lord and will imminently overthrow Babylon and release the Jews from their captivity (Air:
2539:
312:
The
Babylonians watch from the city walls and deride Cyrus and his army for making what they believe are impracticable preparations for storming the city (Chorus of Babylonians:
316:). Gobrias, a Babylonian noble who has defected to Cyrus, fears they are right. Gobrias longs for revenge for the death of his son which was caused by Belshazzar (Air:
1914:
93:. It fell into neglect after Handel's death, with revivals in the United Kingdom in 1847, 1848 and 1873. With the revival of interest in Baroque music and
392:). Nitrocis implores her beloved son not to thus incur God's wrath, but Belshazzar scornfully rejects what he considers his mother's superstition (Duet:
1071:
380:
Belshazzar, with his mother, Babylonians and Jews present, is celebrating the feast of Sesach by uproariously drinking copious amounts of wine (Air:
1191:
522:
Queen
Nitocris is alternating between hope that her son will see the error of his ways and despair that the empire under his rule is doomed (Air:
296:) Nitocris has become convinced that the God of the Jews, who are being held in captivity in Babylon, is the true God, and to Him she prays (Air:
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The Queen Mother
Nitocris, mother of Belshazzar, muses on the changes than can affect even the most powerful of human beings (Accompanied
324:). Cyrus says that, as he stood on the banks of the Euphrates, he was seized by what seemed a divine inspiration (Accompanied recitative:
2590:
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546:) A martial "symphony" (orchestral interlude) ensues as the two armies meet. Belshazzar is slain and Gobrias gives thanks to God (Air:
530:). They receive news that Babylon has been invaded by Cyrus and his army, which alarms the Queen but elates the Jews (Chorus of Jews:
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558:). The prophet Daniel enters and tells Cyrus that he has fulfilled the Lord's predictions. The Jews praise God (Chorus of Jews:
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The
Persians are elated that Cyrus' scheme has succeeded and the Euphrates has been diverted (Chorus of Medes and Persians:
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The
Babylonians are having a wonderful time on their holiday getting drunk in honour of their gods (Chorus of Babylonians:
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Pointing to the hand upon the wall, which, while they gaze at it with astonishment, finishes the writing, and vanishes
372:
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receives performances in concert form today and is also sometimes fully staged as an opera. Among other performances,
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550:). The victorious Cyrus orders that the Queen Mother Nitocris and the prophet Daniel should come to no harm (Air:
332:). Cyrus dedicates himself to the, as yet unknown to him, powerful deity whom he feels is directing his steps (
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calls "the peak of Handel's creative life". It premiered the following Lenten season on 27 March 1745 at the
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336:). His army comment that great deeds are only possible with divine assistance (Chorus of Medes and Persians:
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396:) The Jews comment that the Lord is slow to anger but his wrath will eventually be awoken (Chorus of Jews:
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554:). Nitocris appears and thanks him for his clemency, as Cyrus promises to be a second son to her (Duet:
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Belshazzar, inspired by the "juice" of his god Sesach, prepares to fight Cyrus and the Persians (Air:
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352:). He feels sure that he and his fellow Jews will soon attain their freedom (Accompanied recitative:
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562:). Cyrus pledges to rebuild Jerusalem and allow the Jews to return there (Accompanied recitative:
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The camp of Cyrus before Babylon. A view of the city, with the River Euphrates running through it
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125:Ălisabeth Duparc, called "La Francesina", who created the role of Nitocris the Queen Mother in
45:
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Daniel's house. Daniel, with the Prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah open before him. Other Jews
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477:) and offers his interpretation of the writing on the wall for free (Accompanied recitative:
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461:(directions from original libretto). The Babylonians are dismayed (Chorus of Babylonians:
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526:). Daniel advises her that there is little chance of Belshazzar's reformation (Air:
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957:. Leipzig: 1864. Reprint by Kalmus Miniature Scores. Melville, NY: Belwin Mills.
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Cyrus is thankful that he and his army have succeeded in entering Babylon (Air:
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452:). Belshazzar taunts the God of Israel with impotence (Accompanied recitative:
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421:). The army is eager to follow him into battle (Chorus of Medes and Persians:
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Cyrus the Great permits the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem,medieval illumination
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56:, and Handel abridged it considerably. Jennens' libretto was based on the
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Belshazzar, his lords, and other Babylonians, with their swords drawn
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Scene: Babylon, 538 BC. The city is being besieged by an army of
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and the subsequent freeing of the Jewish nation, as found in the
489:
Cyrus, Gobrias and Chorus of Persians and Medes, within the City
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1340:
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1039:"A cauldron of confusion: Handel's Belshazzar staged in ZĂŒrich"
669:
398:
By slow degrees the wrath of God to its meridian height ascends
384:). His mother Nitocris rebukes him for his riotous excess (Air:
200:
2535:
1543:
1403:
1291:
580:
277:
161:
348:
Daniel is consulting sacred Jewish texts for guidance (Air:
243:
37:
1013:"Success and faliure [sic] in oratorio stagings"
1915:
Agrippina condotta a morire or Dunque sarĂ pur vero
789:Dabringhaus und Grimm Gold CD Cat:MDG 332 1079-2
2552:
975:. London: Oxford University Press, 1959. pp. 435
465:) Belshazzar draws their attention to the hand -
932:Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel
362:Sing, O ye Heav'ns, for the Lord hath done it!
1185:
79:in the late Summer of 1744 concurrently with
949:
947:
830:Les Arts Florissants Editions CD Cat: AF001
564:Yes, I will rebuild thy city, God of Israel!
354:Rejoice, my countrymen! The time draws near
326:Methought, as on the bank of deep Euphrates
1199:
1192:
1178:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
524:Alternate hopes and fears distract my mind
454:Where is the God of Judah's boasted pow'r?
358:Thus saith the Lord to Cyrus, his anointed
320:). Cyrus assures him he will prevail (Air:
1146:International Music Score Library Project
944:
548:To pow'r immortal my first thanks are due
95:historically informed musical performance
1105:
1103:
513:
463:Help, help the king! He faints, he dies!
446:Ye tutelar gods of our empire, look down
437:Belshazzar and the writing on the wall,
432:
409:Without the city, the river almost empty
371:
294:Vain, fluctuating state of human empire!
120:
20:
1056:
972:Handel's Dramatic Oratorios and Masques
16:1744 oratorio by George Frideric Handel
2553:
1718:L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato
1036:
471:Oh, misery! Oh terror, hopeless grief!
360:). The Jews praise God for His mercy (
1654:Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno
1173:
1100:
528:Can the black Aethiop change his skin
224:Nobleman, joined the revolt of Cyrus
134:Roles, voice types, and premiere cast
2525:
450:Let the deep bowl thy praise confess
334:Great God, who, yet but darkly known
2571:Oratorios by George Frideric Handel
2392:Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)
1658:Il trionfo del Tempo e della VeritĂ
1069:
960:
592:
573:
298:Thou, God most high, and Thou alone
13:
1883:Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne
1072:"Programme Notes for "Belshazzar""
836:
568:I will magnify Thee, O God my king
415:See, from his post Euphrates flies
318:Oppress'd with never-ceasing grief
302:Lament not thus, O Queen, in vain!
14:
2602:
2591:Works based on the Book of Daniel
2566:Cultural depictions of Belshazzar
2048:Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline
1132:
712:The Choir of the English Concert
448:). King Belshazzar praises wine (
390:Recall, O king, thy rash command!
2534:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2069:Wedding anthem for Princess Anne
1276:
556:Great victor, at your feet I bow
552:Destructive war, thy limits know
495:O God of truth, O faithful guide
423:To arms, to arms, no more delay!
330:Behold the monstrous human beast
2581:Works set in the 6th century BC
953:G.F. Handel, "Belshazzar", ed.
532:Bel boweth down, Nebo stoopeth!
483:Regard, O son, my flowing tears
394:O dearer than my life, forbear!
382:Let festal joy triumphant reign
2490:Handel & Hendrix in London
1030:
1005:
978:
902:Akademie fĂŒr Alte Musik Berlin
479:Yet, to obey His dread command
419:Amaz'd to find the foe so near
386:The leafy honours of the field
1:
2163:Music for the Royal Fireworks
1662:The Triumph of Time and Truth
937:
846:discography, video recordings
602:discography, audio recordings
587:
560:Tell it out among the heathen
475:No, to thyself thy trifles be
314:Behold, by Persia's hero made
146:Premiere Cast, 27 March 1745
2576:Oratorios based on the Bible
2094:Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate
1978:Tra le fiamme (Il consiglio)
1233:Handel's lost Hamburg operas
280:and Persians, led by Cyrus.
7:
925:
338:All empires upon God depend
262:
10:
2607:
996:and Singing Class Circular
322:Dry those unavailing tears
2508:
2457:
2431:
2408:Handel Reference Database
2400:
2386:The Harmonious Blacksmith
2356:
2325:
2171:
2150:
2124:
2085:
2076:Foundling Hospital Anthem
2025:
1994:
1964:O lucenti, o sereni occhi
1906:
1897:Ode For St. Cecilia's Day
1867:
1645:
1613:
1574:
1225:
1207:
350:O sacred oracles of truth
2423:Hallische HĂ€ndel-Ausgabe
2413:HĂ€ndel-Werke-Verzeichnis
2401:Catalogs and collections
666:Stockholm Chamber Choir
504:
403:
271:
116:
107:Aix-en-Provence Festival
1922:Allor ch'io dissi addio
1876:Aci, Galatea e Polifemo
1781:Joseph and his Brethren
746:Hannoversche Hofkapelle
176:, mother of Belshazzar
2348:Concerti grossi, Op. 6
2343:Concerti grossi, Op. 3
2338:Organ concertos, Op. 7
2333:Organ concertos, Op. 4
2108:Queen Caroline Te Deum
1851:The Choice of Hercules
1201:George Frideric Handel
786:Cologne Chamber Choir
784:Collegium Cartusianum,
751:Maulbronner Kammerchor
662:Concentus Musicus Wien
519:
441:
377:
129:
91:King's Theatre, London
46:George Frideric Handel
28:
26:George Frideric Handel
1936:Clori, Tirsi e Fileno
891:Kristina Hammarström,
755:K&K CD Cat:KuK67
678:Anthony Rolfe-Johnson
544:I thank thee, Sesach!
517:
436:
375:
284:The Palace in Babylon
255:Susannah Maria Cibber
124:
85:, during a time that
24:
2470:Letters and writings
1943:Dalla guerra amorosa
1604:Va tacito e nascosto
1597:Svegliatevi nel core
1217:List of compositions
1164:Friedrich Chrysander
955:Friedrich Chrysander
919:DVD Cat: HMD9809028
825:Les Arts Florissants
730:Patrick von Goethem,
698:David Wilson-Johnson
672:CD Cat:2292-42567-2
657:Nikolaus Harnoncourt
376:Ishtar Gate, Babylon
2465:British citizenship
2418:HĂ€ndel-Gesellschaft
2142:Oboe Concerto No. 2
2137:Oboe Concerto No. 1
2132:Oboe Concerto No. 3
1802:Occasional Oratorio
1583:Lascia ch'io pianga
1111:"Handel:Belshazzar"
1037:Batschelet, Sarah.
848:
773:Patrick Van Goethem
770:Christopher Robson,
716:Deutsche Grammophon
708:The English Concert
653:Peter van der Bilt
604:
136:
109:in 2008 and by the
2586:Babylon in fiction
1995:Latin church music
1985:Un'alma innamorata
1950:Del bell'idolo mio
1929:Aure soavi e lieti
1070:Wigmore, Richard.
841:
597:
520:
442:
378:
211:Anastasia Robinson
132:
130:
105:was staged at the
29:
2548:
2547:
2480:Handel at Cannons
2151:Orchestral suites
2101:Dettingen Te Deum
2034:As Pants the Hart
1890:Alexander's Feast
1537:Alessandro Severo
1474:Parnasso in festa
994:The Musical Times
991:" (1 June 1873).
923:
922:
834:
833:
778:Franz-Josef Selig
718:CD Cat: DDD ATR3
499:O glorious prince
260:
259:
97:since the 1960s,
2598:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2458:Related articles
2115:Chandos Jubilate
2041:Zadok the Priest
1868:Odes and masques
1809:Judas Maccabaeus
1614:Incidental music
1467:Arianna in Creta
1418:Lotario (Handel)
1313:Acis and Galatea
1306:Amadigi di Gaula
1280:
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1187:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1144:: Scores at the
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1115:Presto Classical
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1088:on 8 August 2017
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1081:. Archived from
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985:Macfarren, G. A.
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958:
951:
884:Rosemary Joshua,
849:
847:
840:
820:William Christie
761:Markus Brutscher
688:Catherine Robbin
605:
603:
596:
593:Audio recordings
574:Musical features
185:Elisabeth Duparc
137:
135:
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75:Handel composed
64:at the hands of
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2062:Chandos Anthems
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1759:Scratch Messiah
1711:Israel in Egypt
1676:Brockes Passion
1669:La resurrezione
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1166:, Leipzig 1864)
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66:Cyrus the Great
62:fall of Babylon
60:account of the
54:Charles Jennens
17:
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11:
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2561:1744 oratorios
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2125:Oboe concertos
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1957:Apollo e Dafne
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1575:Opera excerpts
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1397:Riccardo Primo
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1285:Il pastor fido
1281:
1269:
1262:
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1229:
1227:
1223:
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1220:
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1214:
1212:List of operas
1208:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1196:
1189:
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1174:
1168:
1167:
1153:
1148:
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1133:External links
1131:
1128:
1127:
1099:
1055:
1029:
1004:
1002:(364): p. 115.
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733:Michael Chance
723:Mark Le Brocq,
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703:Trevor Pinnock
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70:Book of Daniel
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2055:Sing Unto God
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2018:
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2002:Dixit Dominus
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2495:Georg HĂ€ndel
2485:Handel House
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2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2017:Salve Regina
2012:Nisi Dominus
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
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1941:
1934:
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1590:Ombra mai fu
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1139:
1120:15 September
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
1090:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1078:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
1022:15 September
1020:. Retrieved
1016:
1007:
999:
992:
988:
987:, "Handel's
980:
971:
967:Dean, Winton
962:
912:Christof Nel
893:Neal Davies
843:
726:Miriam Allan
693:James Bowman
683:Arleen Auger
649:Paul Esswood
599:
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199:, Prince of
126:
111:Zurich Opera
102:
98:
80:
76:
74:
32:
31:
30:
18:
2196:Fitzwilliam
2158:Water Music
1752:Der Messias
1048:11 December
897:René Jacobs
887:Bejun Mehta
854:Belshazzar,
634:Robert Tear
610:Belshazzar,
143:Voice type
87:Winton Dean
2555:Categories
1795:Belshazzar
1383:Alessandro
1334:Floridante
1160:Belshazzar
1140:Belshazzar
1092:27 October
1017:Gramophone
989:Belshazzar
938:References
867:orchestra,
865:Conductor,
844:Belshazzar
623:orchestra,
621:Conductor,
600:Belshazzar
588:Recordings
510:The palace
368:The Palace
290:recitative
167:John Beard
155:, King of
153:Belshazzar
127:Belshazzar
103:Belshazzar
99:Belshazzar
77:Belshazzar
40:61) is an
33:Belshazzar
2439:Göttingen
2432:Festivals
2365:Germanico
2086:Canticles
1731:Structure
1646:Oratorios
1530:Faramondo
1488:Ariodante
1425:Partenope
1369:Rodelinda
1362:Tamerlano
1320:Radamisto
1266:Agrippina
856:Nirocris,
612:Nitocris,
439:Rembrandt
250:contralto
113:in 2019.
2519:Category
1907:Cantatas
1844:Theodora
1788:Hercules
1746:Part III
1565:Deidamia
1523:Berenice
1516:Giustino
1502:Atalanta
1376:Scipione
1238:Florindo
1142:, HWV 61
1079:Barbican
926:See also
862:Gobiras
618:Gobrias
263:Synopsis
246:prophet
222:Assyrian
174:Nitocris
82:Hercules
58:Biblical
50:libretto
42:oratorio
2530:Commons
2183:sonatas
2181:XV solo
2026:Anthems
1858:Jephtha
1837:Solomon
1830:Susanna
1741:Part II
1725:Messiah
1697:Athalia
1690:Deborah
1636:Alceste
1509:Arminio
1460:Orlando
1446:Sosarme
1411:Tolomeo
1273:Rinaldo
1259:Rodrigo
869:chorus,
860:Daniel,
625:chorus
616:Daniel,
218:Gobrias
180:soprano
157:Babylon
52:was by
2449:London
2379:Gideon
2007:Gloria
1816:Joshua
1774:Semele
1767:Samson
1736:Part I
1683:Esther
1558:Imeneo
1495:Alcina
1481:Oreste
1453:Catone
1390:Admeto
1348:Flavio
1341:Ottone
1252:Almira
1244:Daphne
1226:Operas
874:Label
858:Cyrus,
670:Teldec
628:Label
614:Cyrus,
456:) but
244:Jewish
240:Daniel
201:Persia
48:. The
2540:Audio
2444:Halle
2372:Nabal
2357:Other
2173:Flute
1629:Comus
1544:Serse
1404:Siroe
1299:Silla
1292:Teseo
1162:(ed.
1156:Score
1086:(PDF)
1075:(PDF)
581:fugal
505:Act 3
459:other
404:Act 2
278:Medes
272:Act I
220:, an
197:Cyrus
162:tenor
140:Role
117:Roles
2475:Will
2326:Opus
2262:367b
2257:367a
2242:364b
2237:364a
2232:363b
2227:363a
2207:359b
2202:359a
2179:and
2177:solo
1704:Saul
1439:Ezio
1432:Poro
1122:2016
1094:2016
1050:2019
1024:2016
852:Cast
608:Cast
242:, a
228:bass
2317:379
2312:378
2307:376
2302:375
2297:374
2292:373
2287:372
2282:371
2277:370
2272:369
2267:368
2252:366
2247:365
2222:362
2217:361
2212:360
2190:358
1158:of
570:).
501:).
485:).
425:).
400:).
340:).
304:).
191:")
44:by
38:HWV
2557::
2175:,
1241:,
1113:.
1102:^
1077:.
1058:^
1041:.
1015:.
1000:16
998:,
969:.
946:^
534:)
364:)
187:("
72:.
2198:"
2194:"
1606:"
1602:"
1599:"
1595:"
1592:"
1588:"
1585:"
1581:"
1247:)
1235:(
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