545:. The social conventions of the time restricted the extent of the ensuing romance, and Bertha's father could not afford the financial contribution that would have facilitated marriage. Social conventions were also against the blossoming of the romance in another way. Female teachers were expected to remain single and celibate. Those unable to persist with the celibacy were expected to retire from the teaching in order concentrate on marriage and motherhood. The dilemma was unresolved when the young man's period of convalescence came to an end, and he was posted some distance away. Shortly after that the matter was cruelly put to rest when he committed suicide.
273:("Women's Welfare Association"), committed to improving conditions for women in the city and surrounding region. Helped by donations from wealthy local citizens the association was able to set up a maternity centre for women in need, along with an institute for the blind. Sewing and handcraft courses were also organised in order to provide women with improved opportunities for earning a living, and the association backed up its initiatives by establishing an appropriately stocked library.
20:
54:, which presumably made sense at a time when writing paper was in short supply. But it was a form of shorthand that had not been widely used or understood, even in Germany, since the 1920s. It was her great x 2 nephew, Hans-Peter Kipfmüller, who mastered the script and transcribed the book into a more usable format, before arranging for its publication.
350:
and resumed her teaching career, now armed with the first doctoral qualification awarded to any
Bavarian woman. Unlike similarly male colleagues, her salary level as a junior school teacher remained initially at the same level as before. Little by little it was increased, but it was only in 1926,
49:
to receive a doctorate. In 1929, after retiring from her work as a school teacher, she earned a second doctorate. In 1942 she wrote her autobiography, using notebook diaries. It had been her intention that it should be published during her lifetime. That did not happen; but 65 years after her
306:
introduced a concessionary arrangement whereby, exceptionally, female school teachers, might attend university lectures as "guest listeners", despite the handicap of their gender, even if they had not been able to fulfil the legal precondition of an "Abitur" pass. Kipfmüller was admitted to join
569:
has been supporting Hans-Peter Kipfmüller with his researches and publications on the life and achievements of his great x 2 aunt. Also gathered there are some of the many lecture notes, newspaper articles that Bertha Kipfmüller accumulated, together with several letters. A smaller part of her
594:
The precision with which Bertha Kipfmüller was able to give these dates is the result of her having been able to consult the personal diary which she kept between 1884 and 1948. By the time she made the final entry, four days before she died, it extended to 60 volumes, which indicates that it
106:. In order to prepare for the exam she was obliged to depend on private tutoring since the relevant government "preparatory school" only provided places to candidates who were boys. Kipfmüller completed the teaching course and in 1879, still in Munich, passed the appropriate teaching exams.
297:
where, despite entrenched conservatism across much of the education system, the decentralised nature of political power meant that there was an element of flexibility, especially in one or two of the cities, that was absent from the more rigid German education framework. Meanwhile, 1894 she
1186:
Angaben zum
Bestandsbildner: Name: Bertha Kipfmüller. *28.02.1861 in Pappenheim, †03.03.1948 ebenda.Namensvarianten: Bertha Friederika Kipfmüller . Beruf: Lehrerin, Schriftstellerin.Frauenrechtlerin (Gründerin bzw. Mitgründerin verschiedener Frauenvereine)
293:. Unfortunately, in Germany none of the girls' secondary schools prepared their pupils for the "Abitur", so Bertha Kipfmüller had never been entered for the exam. She therefore prepared to prepare for and take the exams as a foreign student in
548:
Deeply traumatised by the tragic ending of what at least one commentator sees as the great love of her life, Kipfmüller resolved to stay single, and commit her apparently undiminished reserves of energy to her work, her study and her campaigning.
342:. She received her doctorate of philosophy in 1899. Her dissertation, subsequently published in book form with a dedication to the memory of her father, concerned the light-hearted stage works of the eighteenth-century theatrical polymath
461:
One personal aspect of Kipfmüller's commitment to lifelong learning was her fascination with languages, of which by the time she died she had learned twelve. In 1938, aged 77, she spent several months living at the
93:
Christian Albert Kipfmüller (1822–1898) and his wife, born
Christina Sabina Rist (1827–1916). She successfully completed junior school locally, and then between 1874 and 1877 was privately tutored by a
835:
434:. She completed this part of her studies in 1929, emerging at the age of 68 with her second doctorate. It was entitled "Die Frau im Rechte der Freien Reichsstadt Nürnberg" (
720:
Ab dem Jahr 1858 hat der Gürtlermeister
Christian Albert Kipfmüller zusammen mit seiner Frau Christina Sabina eine Gürtler- und Goldschmiedewerkstatt in dem Haus errichtet
50:
death it was, triggering a renewed interest in her life and achievements. One reason that it had not been published sooner was that she wrote much of it using
404:
281:
Her rejection of the widespread view that women were not suited to further education, combined with her own private study which at the time was focused on
571:
619:
34:(28 February 1861 – 3 March 1948) was described by an admiring journalist as a "small person with a powerful voice and an iron will". Her work as a
42:
during a period remembered for intensifying nationalist-populism in Europe, a linguistic genius and a passionate believer in life-long learning.
557:
The 60 volumes of the personal diaries that Kipfmüller wrote up between 1884 and 1948 are held as the "Dr.-Dr.-Bertha-Kipfmüller-Archiv" at the
1155:
537:, Bertha Kipfmüller met a young army officer who was still recovering from physical and psychological wounds inflicted by participation in the
38:
school teacher made her a women's rights activist and a pioneering figure in respect of women's education. She was, in addition, a committed
575:
372:
364:
923:
Anfänge der
Frauenbildung in Nürnberg: Mit Handarbeitskursen der Frauenarbeitsschulen und des Vereins "Frauenwohl" zu mehr Selbstständigkeit
1278:
1268:
1223:
951:
202:
162:
98:
teacher called Josef
Fleischmann, who prepared her for the entrance exam for admission to the Upper Bavaria Teacher Training Seminary (
1273:
1263:
1189:. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (the publisher of this summary of the archive but NOT, it seems the holder of the boxes), München
383:, Bertha Kipfmüller was one of many Germans who felt both called and able to participate more directly in national politics.
1052:
795:
1233:
542:
438:). An unusual feature of this doctorate was the status that it conferred on its recipient as a "Doctor utriusque iuris" (
427:
1238:
237:, which had been founded at the end of the previous year. Under the pseudonym "Berthold Friederici", and encouraged by
405:"Verein für das Deutschtum im Ausland" (VDA - as the "Association for German cultural relations abroad" was known before
1135:
930:
876:
396:
384:
186:
693:
1243:
558:
298:
embarked on a self-study programme of the "Abitur" syllabus in 1894, using the material that was distributed to the
715:
1253:
1248:
143:
1228:
491:
475:
981:
388:
173:
coming together of a number of regional organisations with similar objectives. She also engaged with the
1016:
749:
494:
she became convinced that the whole of
Germany was likely to be occupied for the foreseeable future by
351:
after she has retired from her career as a school teacher, that she received the status of a (retired)
285:, languages and linguistics, drove Kipfmüller to the conviction that she needed to obtain a degree in
201:-based "Middle Franconia Women Teachers' Association" worked effectively in concert with the national
150:, the schools in the city employed only men as teachers. The injustice of the situation angered her.
1258:
845:. Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (GEW) im DGB, Landesverband Bayern, München. pp. 13–14
138:(into which it has subsequently been subsumed). She would have liked to have taught at a school in
1109:
1074:
817:
177:
movement more broadly, alongside some of the leading rights activists on the national stage such as
335:
896:
869:
Nimmer sich beugen: Lebenserinnerungen einer
Frauenrechtlerin und Wegbereiterin des Frauenstudiums
657:
323:
371:. A more progressive process, starting in 1898, was the creation through amalgamations of the
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471:
343:
194:
51:
785:
1042:
311:
303:
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Das erste "Fräulein Doktor" in Bayern: Bertha Kipfmüller startete ihre
Karriere in Eysölden
510:
352:
230:
35:
355:, a designation which under other circumstances she would probably have received in 1879.
8:
538:
392:
379:, of which Kipfmüller can also be seen as a co-founder. Following the slaughter of the
299:
114:
Between 1879 and 1896 Kipfmüller worked as a teacher at junior schools at, successively,
363:
Meanwhile, she continued to find time for activism and campaigning. She co-founded the
1097:
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805:
262:
250:
238:
147:
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1048:
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174:
750:"Arbeitsgemeinschaft verfolgter Sozialdemokraten: Gedenkfahrt 2018 nach Pappenheim"
566:
499:
479:
123:
1128:
Die rote
Pappenheimerin: Dr. Dr. Bertha Kipfmüller - Frauenrechtlerin und Gelehrte
624:
Lebenserinnerungen von Dr. Dr. Bertha Kipfmüller als Buch erschienen (book review)
221:
and to socialism in 1890 through studying the (at that time hugely influential in
1017:"Das Ifflandische lustspiel. Ein beitrag zur geschichte der dramatischen technik"
487:
467:
411:
407:
380:
246:
178:
131:
843:
DDS: Zeitschriftder GewerkschaftErziehung und Wissenschaft, Landesverband Bayern
213:
In her posthumously published memoires Kipfmüller would recall that she came to
517:
of her home town. She also helped to establish the municipal "Kulturreferat" (
315:
39:
1182:"Nachlass von Bertha Kipfmüller (Universitätsbibliothek Eichstätt-Ingolstadt)"
534:
119:
115:
1207:
463:
431:
428:
University of Erlangen (then still separate from the University of Nuremberg)
414:
she was forced to reign from this position when the VDA was converted into a
253:. The book was deeply critical of militarism and the glorification of war.
222:
218:
170:
87:
502:. Soon she was also offering Russian language lessons to the townsfolk of
289:. In order to access a university education it was necessary to pass the
226:
182:
426:
After her retirement she returned to university, enrolling in 1926 at the
836:"Bertha Kipfmüller (1861-1948), die »Frauenrechtlerin des Frankenlandes«"
474:, but on this occasion its attraction to Kipfmüller was its proximity to
307:
university lectures on the basis, starting with the 1896/97 winter term.
294:
19:
153:
In 1886 she founded the "Middle Franconia Women Teachers' Association" (
958:. Gerhard Willhalm i.A. GEROTAX Taxi Betriebs und Handels GmbH, München
522:
503:
455:
415:
327:
282:
270:
95:
71:
157:), which was the first professional association for women anywhere in
562:
347:
314:
to embark on a broad range of university-level studies that embraced
286:
266:
198:
139:
135:
90:
79:
75:
241:, in 1896 she published her little anti-war book, "Sedansgedanken" (
989:
495:
483:
399:. Later she joined the Association of Socialist German Teachers (
319:
214:
83:
993:
458:
in 1935. Her appetite for knowledge was evidently undiminished.
331:
158:
127:
46:
442:): it counted as a doctorate in both civil law and church law.
696:. Verlag Nürnberger Presse Druckhaus Nürnberg GmbH & Co. KG
290:
103:
946:
944:
942:
658:""Nimmer sich beugen"-Dr.Dr.Bertha Kipfmüller zum Gedenken"
451:
939:
975:
973:
1162:. Donaukurier GmbH (Hilpoltsteiner Kurier), Ingolstadt
1153:
626:. Donaukurier GmbH (Hilpoltsteiner Kurier), Ingolstadt
617:
454:
studying religious philosophy. She returned home to
302:. A change of plan became possible in 1895 when the
1149:
1147:
1125:
1008:
595:
probabably contained a considerable amount of detail.
970:
897:"Dr. Dr. Bertha KipfmüllerDr. Dr. Bertha Kipfmüller"
436:
loosely, "The legal position of women in Nuremberg "
86:. She was one of eleven recorded children of the
1144:
1090:Die Frau im Rechte der Freien Reichsstadt Nürnberg
655:
541:. He was living in a little foresters' lodge at
403:). She also chaired the Nuremberg branch of the
1087:
986:Programm Sommer 2020 .... Geschechtlich Biografie
979:
866:
1205:
920:
914:
401:"Verband Sozialistischer Lehrer und Lehrerinnen"
373:Bavarian Association of Men and Women Teachers (
833:
783:
1047:. Julius Klinkhardt. pp. 17, 19, 30, 41.
1036:
1034:
890:
888:
620:"Erste bayerische Philosophin mit Doktortitel"
197:. She made it her mission to ensure that the
1174:
1014:
894:
747:
708:
691:
358:
310:Kipfmüller used the opportunities arising at
62:
45:In 1899 Kipfmüller became the first woman in
1121:
1119:
1081:
1019:. Hofbuchdruckerei, Darmstadt. pp. 9–84
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
445:
375:"Bayerischer Lehrer- und Lehrerinnenverband"
365:Richard Wagner Association of German Women (
1040:
1031:
885:
722:. Peter Prusakow i.A. Pappenheimer Skribent
694:"Kampf gegen Vorurteile und Bildungsdünkel"
660:. Stephan Lauterbach i.A. "Pappenheim info"
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
486:more broadly. During 1939/40 she learned
862:
860:
829:
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743:
741:
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679:
677:
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613:
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1116:
768:
754:Der springende Punkt .... Ausgabe 09/2018
367:"Richard-Wagner-Verband deutscher Frauen"
165:"Allgemeiner Deutscher Lehrerinnenverein"
790:. ars vivendi Verlag. pp. 149–150.
638:
187:"The Woman Teacher in School and Home" (
161:. In 1890 she was a co-founder of the
109:
100:"Kreislehrerinnenseminar für Oberbayern"
18:
1154:Irmgard Prommersberger (1 March 2013).
857:
824:
734:
672:
608:
265:to found, formally on 16 November, the
1206:
1126:Hans-Peter Kipfmüller (October 2020).
901:Kunst- und Kulturverein Pappenheim E.V
618:Irmgard Prommersberger (28 May 2013).
163:"German Women Teachers' Association" (
16:German teacher and independent scholar
1156:"Mit Puppen spielen wollte sie nicht"
552:
276:
155:"Mittelfränkischer Lehrerinnenverein"
478:, where she was able to improve her
203:"German Women Teachers' Association"
1279:20th-century German women educators
1269:19th-century German women educators
421:
346:. After that she returned to the
13:
982:"Bertha Kipfmüller die Biograpfie"
895:Ursula Kreißl (19 February 2011).
656:Hans Jürgen Porsch (4 June 2013).
470:. Harnack House was home to the
395:. In 1919 Kipfmüller joined the
387:delivered votes for women, effect
256:
217:as early as 1886 through studying
14:
1290:
921:Renate Trautwein (11 June 2012).
716:"Ein Blick in die Hausgeschichte"
570:"literary estate" is held at the
338:very loosely, "Applied economics"
189:"Die Lehrerin in Schule und Haus"
185:and the publisher of the journal
867:Bertha Kipfmüller (April 2013).
748:Reiner Wagner (September 2018).
233:"Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft "
229:. In April 1893 she joined the
142:itself, but at that time, under
1224:German women's rights activists
1044:Eingeschränkte Augstiegschancen
784:Johannes Wilkes (12 May 2014).
588:
261:During 1895 she teamed up with
834:Nadja Bennewitz (March 2019).
692:Reinhard Kalb (4 March 2011).
249:which had cleared the way for
1:
1274:20th-century German educators
1264:19th-century German educators
1130:. Mattes Verlag, Heidelberg.
871:. Mattes Verlag, Heidelberg.
602:
397:Social Democratic Party (SPD)
291:"Abitur" (school final exams)
134:, a little town just outside
243:loosely, "Thoughts on Sedan"
68:Bertha Friederika Kipfmüller
7:
1234:Women educational theorists
956:Münchner Straßenverzeichnis
528:
513:loosely, "honoured citizen"
393:new republican constitution
10:
1295:
1239:German Christian pacifists
1088:Bertha_Kipfmüller (1929).
952:"Bertha-Kipfmüller-Straße"
450:In 1934 she spent time in
359:On the fringes of politics
63:Provenance and early years
1041:Max Liedtke (June 2019).
756:. SPD Nürnberg. p. 7
533:While she was working at
446:Languages and linguistics
300:(boys') secondary schools
1244:German Sanskrit scholars
581:
565:, where in recent years
509:In 1946 she was made an
245:), referencing the 1871
231:"German Peace Society" (
208:
70:was born and grew up in
980:Hans-Peter Kipfmüller.
925:. AV Akademikerverlag.
567:Professor Sabine Liebig
519:arts and culture bureau
472:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
57:
1254:People from Pappenheim
1249:Linguists from Germany
344:August Wilhelm Iffland
195:Marie Loeper-Housselle
74:, a small town in the
52:Gabelsberger shorthand
28:
1229:German schoolteachers
498:and started learning
492:war drew to its close
440:"Doctor of both laws"
324:Comparative philology
304:Heidelberg University
144:Mayor von Reichenbach
110:Teacher and organiser
78:hill-country between
22:
1092:. Schwäb. Verlagsdr.
576:Eichstätt-Ingolstadt
559:Historical Institute
348:Franconian heartland
336:"Nationalökonomie" (
1015:Bertha Kipfmüller.
988:. Lauinger Verlag,
539:Franco-Prussian War
146:and his successor,
572:University Library
553:Kipfmüller archive
416:National Socialist
283:Kantian philosophy
277:Life-long learning
263:Helene von Forster
251:German unification
239:Bertha von Suttner
130:) and, from 1886,
29:
1054:978-3-7815-2305-0
797:978-3-86913-475-8
787:Bertha Kipfmüller
511:"Ehrenbürgerin" (
476:Berlin University
271:Verein Frauenwohl
32:Bertha Kipfmüller
1286:
1259:German feminists
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381:First World War
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247:Battle of Sedan
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179:Auguste Schmidt
148:Mayor von Schuh
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