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Afterwards, he wrote that 10,000 peasants had gathered in Bezdna by April 12. An enquiry carried out by a civilian commission estimated the number to be around 4,000. The situation seemed critical and
Apraksin decided to confront the peasants with his soldiers. On the morning of the 12th of April, Apraksin entered the village of Bezdna with his military troops. Apraksin and the troops went to the group of peasants surrounding Petrov's house. Apraksin ordered the arrest of Petrov. The peasants refused this order. According to Apraksin, the peasants were bold and defiant. Apraksin ordered his men to shoot several volleys. Between 100 -300 peasants were either killed or wounded.
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favored the landowners over themselves. The peasants charged the officials with misrepresenting the content of the act and sought out various people in their own ranks to read the document to them. The most prominent of these peasant readers was Anton Petrov, a literate peasant from the village of Bezdna. Anton interpreted the document to mean that peasants were free from obligation to any authority but the tsar's. He "mistook a figure meaning 10 per cent for the seal of St. Anne, and ... decided that this was the sign granting liberty." The local officials attempted and failed to persuade the peasants that Petrov's rendering of the text was not true.
164:: Бизнә). The leader of the unrest was a literate peasant Anton Petrov. He began convincing his neighbours that the local officials were misinterpreting new reforms brought about by the 1861 Russian Emancipation Reform. The insurgents believed that the tsar had granted them total freedom and declared that they would refuse to continue to pay payments to their landlords and suspend all works on their lots. Thousands of peasants joined the unrest. The unrest was put down by Major General Count Apraksin and a group of military troops who opened fire on the peasants. Between one hundred and three hundred peasants were either wounded or killed.
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capable reserve troops were in the district. Apraksin attempted to convince the peasants to assemble stating that he would "clear up any misunderstandings that had arisen," but they did not agree to this. In an official report written by
Apraksin after the revolt, he stated the peasants were bold and defiant. Apraksin then went to a nearby village while he waited for military reinforcement.
188:"There are rumors that I want to announce the emancipation of the peasants. I will not say to you that I am completely against this. We live in such an age that this has to happen in time. I think that you agree with me. Therefore, it is much better that this business be carried out from above, rather than from below.”
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The Bezdna Unrest is considered one of the greatest peasant uprisings in the wake of the 1861 reforms. "The events in Bezdna produced a tremendous impression on
Russian society, which was enhanced by A. P. Shchapov's speech at the funeral mass for the peasant victims. Hand-written manuscripts of the
301:
In his address after the massacre, Shchapov identified Petrov as the head of a religious sect called the
Khlysty. This group, originally called Khristy (Christs), “believed in multiple reincarnations of Christs and saw their leaders as such” The Orthodox Christians, who were suspicious of this sect,
263:
Students at Kazan
University arranged a requiem service for the slain peasants. The service was held a few days after the massacre. Afanasy Shchapov, a historian at Kazan University, gave the eulogy. Shchapov portrayed Anton Petrov as a prophet who was to liberate the peasant. His speech was thought
289:
Historians and contemporaries of the uprising have explained the revolt as a result of peasant or popular monarchism. This monarchism was the belief that the tsar was the benevolent father of the peasantry and would favor them if he knew of their sufferings. The elites were blamed as the one who
213:
During the days leading up to the revolt, the peasants in Bezdna had been asserting their freedom and refusing to work. Count
Apraksin noted that he had been receiving messages from the landowners in the region complaining about the situation. He petitioned for two companies of soldiers from "the
229:
News of Anton Petrov and his interpretation of the manifesto had spread. By April 12, a group of peasants from other villages and provinces had converged on Bezdna. There is debate regarding the number of peasants who had converged at Bezdna. Apraksin had first estimated the amount to the 5,000.
217:
On April 10, Apraksin was given an overview of the situation by the marshal of the mobility. The marshal informed
Apraksin that peasants from other areas were coming to Bezdna to hear Petrov and that the peasants were guarding his house to prevent his arrest. A large uprising was possible and no
267:
Alexander II ordered
Shchapov to be arrested and taken to St. Petersburg. In the capital, Shchapov and his eulogy were investigated. He was eventually pardoned by the tsar as it was difficult for the government to sentence Shchapov due to lack of hard evidence. Shchapov was eventually exiled to
204:
The
Emancipation act reached Kazan province in late March to early April 1861. Peasants expected the tsar to grant them full freedom (volia) from any obligations to landowners. When the manifesto was read out loud by various estate officials, the peasants realized the terms of the emancipation
246:
Petrov was tried by a field court martial in Bezdna on the 16th of April. On April 17, Petrov was found guilty of inciting the uprising and was sentenced to death by shooting. He was executed on the 19th of April. Order was predominantly restored in the area.
48:
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criticizes the
Russian government for their complete disregard for human life and the fact that the government did not publicly acknowledge the unrest until a month after it had occurred.
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By the 11th Apraksin had 231 soldiers to restore order in the region. The governor of Kazan Province had sent an additional two companies of soldiers but they did not arrive on time.
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to be too inflammatory and almost revolutionary in nature by the imperial government. Shchapov's address was written down and spread throughout the populace.
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called them khlysty (flagellants). In his eulogy, Shchapov referred to the slain peasants as “democratic Christs,” using the language of the sect.
1378:
1255:
1219:
Hosking, Geoffrey A; Service, Robert (1999). "Popular Monarchism: the myth of the ruler from Ivan the Terrible to Stalin".
740:"Peasant Listening, Listening to Peasants: Miscommunication and Ventriloquism in Nekrasov's "Komu na Rusi zhit′ khorosho""
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commander of Fourth Reserve Battalion of the Taruntino Infantry Regiment." Apraksin reached the area on April 9.
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994:
Roots of revolution : a history of the populist and socialist movements in nineteenth century Russia
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Roots of revolution : a history of the populist and socialist movements in nineteenth century Russia
385:
Roots of revolution : a history of the populist and socialist movements in nineteenth century Russia
173:
141:
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466:. Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
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Russia on the eve of modernity : popular religion and traditional culture under the last tsars
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speech circulated widely, while Herzen's Kolokol discussed both the revolt and Shchapov's speech."
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This concept had existed in Russia for centuries and was connected to Orthodoxy and culture.
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abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire. He reportedly echoed:
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1139:"Glasnost' in Practice: Public Speaking in the Era of Alexander II"
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314:
According to his writings in the London Russian language magazine,
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blacked the tsar's true will and were the enemies of the peasants.
1349:
Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
535:"Whirling with the Other: Russian Populism and Religious Sects"
233:
Anton Petrov was arrested and taken to the fortress in Spassk.
177:
1342:
1335:"Biznä krästiännäre quzğalışı/Бизнә крәстияннәре кузгалышы".
1325:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. pp. 139–140.
419:"The Russian Peasants' Reaction to the Emancipation of 1861"
145:
140:) was an uprising organised by former serfs after the
1250:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 119, 123–124.
584:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 596.
1284:"The Liberation of the Serfs As a Cultural Symbol"
997:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 215–216.
1355:
279:
208:
1218:
953:. University of Chicago Press. p. 215.
388:. University of Chicago Press. p. 214.
275:Kazan University as it appeared in the 1840s
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16:Post-serfdom unrest in the Russian Empire
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144:. The event took place in the Spassky
1379:Rebellions against the Russian Empire
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582:The Reign of Alexander: a Watershed?
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118:100-300 peasants wounded and killed
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738:OGDEN, J. ALEXANDER (2013-09-01).
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1187:. Unwin Hyman. pp. 92–103.
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142:1861 Russian Emancipation Reform
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1282:Paperno, Irina (October 1991).
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1070:. Unwin Hyman. pp. 57–58.
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639:. Unwin Hyman. pp. 37–38.
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152:, specifically in a village of
1184:Rebels in the name of the tsar
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1029:Rebels in the name of the tsar
910:Rebels in the name of the tsar
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347:Rebels in the name of the tsar
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417:Pushkarev, Sergei G. (1968).
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280:Explanations for the uprising
254:An image of Alfanasy Shchapov
209:Days leading up to the revolt
1225:. Arnold. pp. 156–167.
236:
7:
1105:. Unwin Hyman. p. 48.
1032:. Unwin Hyman. p. 47.
913:. Unwin Hyman. p. 45.
867:. Unwin Hyman. p. 44.
823:. Unwin Hyman. p. 43.
783:. Unwin Hyman. p. 33.
709:. Unwin Hyman. p. 32.
674:. Unwin Hyman. p. 37.
604:. Unwin Hyman. p. 35.
489:. Unwin Hyman. p. 59.
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174:Emancipation Reform of 1861
10:
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1389:1861 in the Russian Empire
1321:Herzen, Alexander (2012).
580:Zakharova, Larisa (2008).
533:Etkind, Alexander (2003).
1137:Lovell, S. (2012-12-17).
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947:Franco, Venturi (1983).
382:Venturi, Franco (1983).
225:Day of revolt (April 12)
1384:19th-century rebellions
1244:Leonid, Heretz (2008).
551:10.1111/1467-9434.00292
193:The manifesto in Bezdna
1181:Field, Daniel (1989).
1099:Field, Daniel (1989).
1064:Field, Daniel (1989).
1026:Field, Daniel (1989).
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861:Field, Daniel (1989).
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108:4,000–5,000 protesters
93:Commanders and leaders
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1222:Reinterpreting Russia
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126:Bezdna peasant revolt
113:Casualties and losses
87:Russian Imperial Army
1364:History of Tatarstan
1151:10.1093/pastj/gts020
168:Russia after serfdom
138:Бездненские волнения
128:, also known as the
1338:Tatar Encyclopaedia
464:Tatar Encyclopaedia
69:Uprising suppressed
1143:Past & Present
756:10.1111/russ.10708
744:The Russian Review
539:The Russian Review
423:The Russian Review
285:Peasant monarchism
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1374:Conflicts in 1861
1257:978-0-511-38778-4
268:Siberia in 1862.
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160:: Бездна, Biznä
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78:Belligerents
47: [
1358:Categories
1231:1200558428
328:References
34:April 1861
1266:473587869
1203:489991190
1159:0031-2746
1121:489991190
1086:489991190
1048:489991190
929:489991190
883:489991190
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799:489991190
764:0036-0341
725:489991190
690:489991190
655:489991190
620:489991190
559:0036-0341
505:489991190
443:0036-0341
366:489991190
237:Aftermath
172:With the
317:The Bell
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