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their production is very easy as common technology can be used to produce biological warfare agents, like that used in production of vaccines, foods, spray devices, beverages and antibiotics. A major factor in biological warfare that attracts terrorists is that they can easily escape before the government agencies or secret agencies have even started their investigation. This is because the potential organism has an incubation period of 3 to 7 days, after which the results begin to appear, thereby giving terrorists a lead.
11947:
3188:. The Haganah initially used typhoid bacteria to contaminate water wells in newly cleared Arab villages to prevent the population including militiamen from returning. Later, the biological warfare campaign expanded to include Jewish settlements that were in imminent danger of being captured by Arab troops and inhabited Arab towns not slated for capture. There was also plans to expand the biological warfare campaign into other Arab states including Egypt, Lebanon and Syria, but they were not carried out.
3902:
projections refine previous estimates of the distribution of early-onset cases after a release and support a recommended 60-day course of prophylactic antibiotic treatment for individuals exposed to low doses of anthrax. By making these data available to local public health officials in real time, most models of anthrax epidemics indicate that more than 80% of an exposed population can receive antibiotic treatment before becoming symptomatic, and thus avoid the moderately high mortality of the disease.
3293:) is now so cheap and widely available that scientists fear that amateurs will start experimenting with them. In this technique, a DNA sequence is cut off and replaced with a new sequence, e.g. one that codes for a particular protein, with the intent of modifying an organism's traits. Concerns have emerged regarding do-it-yourself biology research organizations due to their associated risk that a rogue amateur DIY researcher could attempt to develop dangerous bioweapons using genome editing technology.
731:, which they had been working with in the lab (though nobody else was infected in those cases) β while there is no evidence that their work was directed towards biological warfare, it demonstrates the potential for accidental infection even of careful researchers fully aware of the dangers. While containment of biological warfare is less of a concern for certain criminal or terrorist organizations, it remains a significant concern for the military and civilian populations of virtually all nations.
3814:
727:. This feature can be undesirable, as the agent(s) may be transmitted by this mechanism to unintended populations, including neutral or even friendly forces. Worse still, such a weapon could "escape" the laboratory where it was developed, even if there was no intent to use it β for example by infecting a researcher who then transmits it to the outside world before realizing that they were infected. Several cases are known of researchers becoming infected and dying of
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476:
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61:
4402:
169:
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3005:
3237:. The BWC is considered to have established a strong global norm against biological weapons, which is reflected in the treaty's preamble, stating that the use of biological weapons would be "repugnant to the conscience of mankind". The BWC's effectiveness has been limited due to insufficient institutional support and the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance.
3233:(BWC) supplements the Geneva Protocol by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, the BWC was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. As of March 2021,
3297:
2015, to combat the threat of bioterrorism, a
National Blueprint for Biodefense was issued by the Blue-Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense. Also, 233 potential exposures of select biological agents outside of the primary barriers of the biocontainment in the US were described by the annual report of the Federal Select Agent Program.
3413:. Stability of the weaponized agent (the ability of the agent to retain its infectivity and virulence after a prolonged period of storage) may also be desirable, particularly for military applications, and the ease of creating one is often considered. Control of the spread of the agent may be another desired characteristic.
5835:
years before Ecuyer's trickery, notably during
Pizarro's conquest of South America in the 16th century. As a whole, the analysis of the various 'pre-microbiological" attempts at biological warfare illustrate the difficulty of differentiating attempted biological attack from naturally occurring epidemics.
5864:
In retrospect, it is difficult to evaluate the tactical success of
Captain Ecuyer's biological attack because smallpox may have been transmitted after other contacts with colonists, as had previously happened in New England and the South. Although scabs from smallpox patients are thought to be of low
5834:
However, in the light of contemporary knowledge, it remains doubtful whether his hopes were fulfilled, given the fact that the transmission of smallpox through this kind of vector is much less efficient than respiratory transmission, and that Native
Americans had been in contact with smallpox >200
3332:, infecting any person or animal they might bite. Another type of EW is a direct insect attack against crops; the insect may not be infected with any pathogen but instead represents a threat to agriculture. The final method uses uninfected insects, such as bees or wasps, to directly attack the enemy.
2973:
in
Scotland, was contaminated with anthrax during a series of extensive tests for the next 56 years. Although the UK never offensively used the biological weapons it developed, its program was the first to successfully weaponize a variety of deadly pathogens and bring them into industrial production.
3296:
In 2002, when CNN went through Al-Qaeda's (AQ's) experiments with crude poisons, they found out that AQ had begun planning ricin and cyanide attacks with the help of a loose association of terrorist cells. The associates had infiltrated many countries like Turkey, Italy, Spain, France and others. In
703:
A nation or group that can pose a credible threat of mass casualty has the ability to alter the terms under which other nations or groups interact with it. When indexed to weapon mass and cost of development and storage, biological weapons possess destructive potential and loss of life far in excess
3985:
The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.
3285:
Biological weapons are difficult to detect, economical and easy to use, making them appealing to terrorists. The cost of a biological weapon is estimated to be about 0.05 percent the cost of a conventional weapon in order to produce similar numbers of mass casualties per kilometer square. Moreover,
3371:
has emerged as a promising technique for gene editing. It was hailed by The
Washington Post as "the most important innovation in the synthetic biology space in nearly 30 years." While other methods take months or years to edit gene sequences, CRISPR speeds that time up to weeks. Due to its ease of
3901:
finding, often recognized by public health officials if they receive timely reports). The incubation period for humans is estimated to be about 11.8 days to 12.1 days. This suggested period is the first model that is independently consistent with data from the largest known human outbreak. These
3896:
For example, in the case of anthrax, it is likely that by 24β36 hours after an attack, some small percentage of individuals (those with the compromised immune system or who had received a large dose of the organism due to proximity to the release point) will become ill with classical symptoms and
3315:
Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy. The concept has existed for centuries and research and development have continued into the modern era. EW has been used in battle by Japan and several other nations have developed and been accused of
3300:
Though a verification system can reduce bioterrorism, an employee, or a lone terrorist having adequate knowledge of a bio-technology company's facilities, can cause potential danger by utilizing, without proper oversight and supervision, that company's resources. Moreover, it has been found that
3050:
on prisoners, and produced biological weapons for combat use. Although the
Japanese effort lacked the technological sophistication of the American or British programs, it far outstripped them in its widespread application and indiscriminate brutality. Biological weapons were used against Chinese
3973:
is to integrate the sustained efforts of the national and homeland security, medical, public health, intelligence, diplomatic, and law enforcement communities. Health care providers and public health officers are among the first lines of defense. In some countries private, local, and provincial
3416:
The primary difficulty is not the production of the biological agent, as many biological agents used in weapons can be manufactured relatively quickly, cheaply and easily. Rather, it is the weaponization, storage, and delivery in an effective vehicle to a vulnerable target that pose significant
2803:
Biological agents were extensively used in many parts of Africa from the sixteenth century AD, most of the time in the form of poisoned arrows, or powder spread on the war front as well as poisoning of horses and water supply of the enemy forces. In Borgu, there were specific mixtures to kill,
4050:
2832:. The commander of Fort Pitt, Simeon Ecuyer, ordered his men to take smallpox-infested blankets from the infirmary and give it to a Lenape delegation during the siege. A reported outbreak that began the spring before left as many as one hundred Native Americans dead in
3892:
Thus, a robust surveillance system involving human clinicians and veterinarians may identify a bioweapons attack early in the course of an epidemic, permitting the prophylaxis of disease in the vast majority of people (and/or animals) exposed but not yet ill.
6702:
3989:
The growing threat of biowarfare agents and bioterrorism has led to the development of specific field tools that perform on-the-spot analysis and identification of encountered suspect materials. One such technology, being developed by researchers from the
2868:
to
American lines; Washington, remaining unconvinced, wrote that he "could hardly give credit to" the claim. Washington had already inoculated his soldiers, diminishing the effect of the epidemic. Some historians have claimed that a detachment of the
6055:
3678:. When the United States renounced its offensive biological warfare program in 1969 and 1970, the vast majority of its biological arsenal was composed of these plant diseases. Enterotoxins and Mycotoxins were not affected by Nixon's order.
3864:
personnel to get vaccinated for certain diseases that may potentially be used as a bioweapon such as anthrax, smallpox, and various other vaccines depending on the Area of
Operations of the individual military units and commands.
7684:
3669:
were weaponized in aerial spray tanks and cluster bombs for delivery to enemy watersheds in agricultural regions to initiate epiphytotic (epidemics among plants). On the other hand, some sources report that these agents were
7892:
3430:, perfect for dispersal aerosols. Second, this organism is not considered transmissible from person to person, and thus rarely if ever causes secondary infections. A pulmonary anthrax infection starts with ordinary
5346:
Borisevich, I. V.; Markin, V. A.; Firsova, I. V.; Evseey, A. A.; Khamitov, R. A.; Maksimov, V. A. (2006). "Hemorrhagic (Marburg, Ebola, Lassa, and
Bolivian) fevers: Epidemiology, clinical pictures, and treatment".
3366:
Most of the biosecurity concerns in synthetic biology are focused on the role of DNA synthesis and the risk of producing genetic material of lethal viruses (e.g. 1918 Spanish flu, polio) in the lab. Recently, the
3884:
in 1979βsheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility in the southeastern portion of the city and still off-limits to visitors today, (see
707:
As a tactical weapon for military use, a significant problem with biological warfare is that it would take days to be effective, and therefore might not immediately stop an opposing force. Some biological agents
3935:
No illness presented in people who were/are not exposed to "common ventilation systems (have separate closed ventilation systems) when illness is seen in persons in close proximity who have a common ventilation
7498:
8009:
Ouagrham-Gormley S. Dissuading Biological Weapons Proliferation. Contemporary Security Policy . December 2013;34(3):473β500. Available from: Humanities International Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed 28 January
3141:, allowing only scientific research for defensive measures. This decision increased the momentum of the negotiations for a ban on biological warfare, which took place from 1969 to 1972 in the United Nation's
3844:
In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction in
3657:) for destroying enemy agriculture. Biological weapons also target fisheries as well as water-based vegetation. It was believed that the destruction of enemy agriculture on a strategic scale could thwart
3857:(2005). The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases as well as the threat of alleged use of biological weapons against BTWC States Parties.
3685:
or bioregulators. The Army Biological Laboratory tested each agent and the Army's Technical Escort Unit was responsible for the transport of all chemical, biological, radiological (nuclear) materials.
6442:
6019:
3218:, which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of biological and chemical weapons in international armed conflicts. Upon ratification of the Geneva Protocol, several countries made
3055:
with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. Many of these operations were ineffective due to inefficient delivery systems, although up to 400,000 people may have died. During the
704:
of nuclear, chemical or conventional weapons. Accordingly, biological agents are potentially useful as strategic deterrents, in addition to their utility as offensive weapons on the battlefield.
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4325:
8777:
7934:"Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction"
9830:
9042:
The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001
6291:
The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001
7046:
2881:
there in 1789. Dr Seth Carus states: "Ultimately, we have a strong circumstantial case supporting the theory that someone deliberately introduced smallpox in the Aboriginal population."
2808:, make the enemy bold, and to act as an antidote against the poison of the enemy as well. The creation of biologicals was reserved for a specific and professional class of medicine-men.
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7608:
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6438:
3134:
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in Israel are developing a different device called the BioPen, essentially a "Lab-in-a-Pen", which can detect known biological agents in under 20 minutes using an adaptation of the
3059:
in 1942, around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their own biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces.
4278:
2977:
When the United States entered the war, Allied resources were pooled at the request of the British. The U.S. then established a large research program and industrial complex at
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infectivity as a result of binding of the virus in fibrin metric, and transmission by fomites has been considered inefficient compared with respiratory droplet transmission.
4479:
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3775:
to kill the chicken. These agents were prepared to spray them down from tanks attached to airplanes over hundreds of miles. The secret program was code-named "Ecology".
3689:
Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered plant growth regulators (i.e.,
8973:
2756:
Rudimentary forms of biological warfare have been practiced since antiquity. The earliest documented incident of the intention to use biological weapons is recorded in
7482:
4301:
9147:
5330:
7013:
6902:
4006:
8500:
8325:
4179:
9815:
462:
7824:
6367:
4681:
653:, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire population. They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by
8911:
11399:
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10695:
9604:
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505:
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within 3β7 days, with a fatality rate that is 90% or higher in untreated patients. Finally, friendly personnel and civilians can be protected with suitable
3340:
Theoretically, novel approaches in biotechnology, such as synthetic biology could be used in the future to design novel types of biological warfare agents.
10664:
8387:
7159:
4251:
4231:
3974:(state) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapon attacks. During the
3234:
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6934:
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as outbreaks happened on their own every dozen or so years and the delegates were met again later and seemingly had not contracted smallpox. During the
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Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with biological warfare and chemical warfare because they may work in a similar manner as
10104:
9820:
9020:
8608:
6162:"Scientists and the history of biological weapons. A brief historical overview of the development of biological weapons in the twentieth century"
6132:
5098:
4369:
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406:
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3244:
was established, a multilateral export control regime of 43 countries aiming to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons.
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6468:
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4911:
411:
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was suggested as well-tested means for enhancing the monitoring of infections and parasitic agents, for the practical implementation of the
684:. Unlike bioweapons, these midspectrum agents do not reproduce in their host and are typically characterized by shorter incubation periods.
8746:
458:
366:
361:
5184:
2836:
from 1763 to 1764. It is not clear whether the smallpox was a result of the Fort Pitt incident or the virus was already present among the
10743:
8892:
Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World β Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it
6498:
Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World β Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it
386:
371:
331:
321:
316:
7201:
7185:
Kelle A (2009). "Security issues related to synthetic biology. Chapter 7.". In Schmidt M, Kelle A, Ganguli-Mitra A, de Vriend H (eds.).
5945:
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4901:
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4010:
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3142:
416:
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3255:, which obligates all UN Member States to develop and enforce appropriate legal and regulatory measures against the proliferation of
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226:
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6390:
11849:
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9800:
9620:
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Millet, P., Kuiken, T., & Grushkin, D. (18 March 2014). Seven Myths and Realities about Do-It-Yourself Biology. Retrieved from
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4512:
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326:
241:
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about 95% of accidents that have occurred due to low security have been done by employees or those who had a security clearance.
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401:
346:
311:
266:
221:
216:
125:
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Most classical and modern biological weapons' pathogens can be obtained from a plant or an animal which is naturally infected.
3149:, which was opened for signature on 10 April 1972 and entered into force on 26 March 1975 after its ratification by 22 states.
396:
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351:
336:
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246:
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97:
8146:
Toth DJ, Gundlapalli AV, Schell WA, Bulmahn K, Walton TE, Woods CW, Coghill C, Gallegos F, Samore MH, Adler FR (August 2013).
3942:
Rare illness that affects a large, disparate population (respiratory disease might suggest the pathogen or agent was inhaled).
2921:
of 1925 prohibited the first use of chemical and biological weapons against enemy nationals in international armed conflicts.
10928:
10043:
9810:
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2821:
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archers dipped their arrows and Roman soldiers their swords into excrements and cadavers β victims were commonly infected by
391:
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47:
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7290:
6637:
5878:
10866:
10160:
9905:
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6837:
5634:
Akinwumi, Olayemi (1995). "Biologically-based Warfare in the Pre-colonial Borgu Society of Nigeria and Republic of Benin".
4450:
4316:
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use and accessibility, it has raised a number of ethical concerns, especially surrounding its use in the biohacking space.
491:
479:
281:
276:
8928:
Counterproliferation Paper No. 53, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, USA.
6894:
5328:
104:
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10861:
10760:
7634:
Hassani M, Patel MC, Pirofski LA (April 2004). "Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by potential bioweapons".
7005:
6522:
Meselson, M.; Guillemin, J.; Hugh-Jones, M.; Langmuir, A.; Popova, I.; Shelokov, A.; Yampolskaya, O. (18 November 1994).
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78:
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4013:(BiosparQ). This system would be implemented into the national response plan for bioweapon attacks in the Netherlands.
3071:
2680:
2458:
1068:
595:(BWC) bans the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. In contrast,
8299:
8250:
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6259:
3062:
During the final months of World War II, Japan planned to use plague as a biological weapon against U.S. civilians in
10841:
10381:
9898:
9891:
9795:
9002:
8351:
6878:
6782:"Twenty-first century perspectives on the Biological Weapon Convention: Continued relevance or toothless paper tiger"
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2134:
355:
144:
111:
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Maskiell M, Mayor A (January 2001). "Killer Khilats Part 2: Imperial collecting of poison dress legends in India".
8915:
4495:
4446:
3854:
2212:
9601:
8935:(July 2009). "Is all fair in biological warfare? The controversy over genetically engineered biological weapons".
11453:
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10923:
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1982:
822:
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5957:
Distinguished Research Fellow, Center for the Study of WMD, National Defense University, Ft. McNair, Washington.
4993:"Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review"
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10452:
10356:
9755:
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5129:, Part 1 (eds. Jean-Marie Henckaerts & Louise Doswald-Beck: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 1607β10.
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93:
82:
9045:. Vol. 150 of NATO science series: Mathematics, physics, and chemistry (illustrated ed.). Springer.
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8568:
11201:
11107:
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10122:
10099:
9712:
9320:
Maskiell M, Mayor A (January 2001). "Killer Khilats Part 1: Legends of Poisoned" Robes of Honour" in India".
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3599:
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3201:
3146:
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2185:
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592:
432:
10127:
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7950:
3948:
Unusual trends of death and/or illness in animal populations, previous to or accompanying illness in humans.
3316:
using an entomological warfare program. EW may employ insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a
11854:
11251:
11151:
9643:
7931:
7079:
6624:
5585:
4103:
3914:
Single cause of a certain disease caused by an uncommon agent, with lack of an epidemiological explanation.
3737:
to sicken cavalry horses in U.S. and France, sheep in Romania, and livestock in Argentina intended for the
3572:
2675:
1374:
1134:
9561:(6th ed.). Fort Detrick, Maryland: U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases. Archived from
8409:
7374:"Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template"
6703:"The Shortcomings of Indeterminacy in Arms Control Regimes: The Case of the Biological Weapons Convention"
5775:
Ranlet, P (2000). "The British, the Indians, and smallpox: what actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?".
4991:
Berger, Tamar; Eisenkraft, Arik; Bar-Haim, Erez; Kassirer, Michael; Aran, Adi Avniel; Fogel, Itay (2016).
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3693:) during the Second World War, which were then used by the UK in the counterinsurgency operations of the
2768:) were driven into enemy lands, causing an epidemic. The Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with the fungus
2685:
1872:
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673:
442:
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5687:
The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (Pivotal Moments in American History)
5567:
Andrew G. Robertson, and Laura J. Robertson. "From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history,"
3994:(LLNL), employs a "sandwich immunoassay", in which fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies aimed at specific
3745:. Also, Germany itself became a victim of similar attacks β horses bound for Germany were infected with
2800:
into Europe, Near East and North Africa, resulting in the deaths of approximately 25 million Europeans.
11394:
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11221:
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9013:
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5180:
The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
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2149:
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28:
8997:. US Defense Dept., National Defense University, Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
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regarding its applicability and use in retaliation. Due to these reservations, it was in practice a "
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Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World
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Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World
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and their means of delivery, in particular, to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction to
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Fenn EA (2000). "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst".
9130:
7278:. International Conference "Smallpox Biosecurity. Preventing the Unthinkable. Geneva, Switzerland.
5892:
5454:
5448:
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4024:, a similar widely employed immunological technique, that in this case incorporates fiber optics.
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soldiers and civilians in several military campaigns. In 1940, the Japanese Army Air Force bombed
11965:
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11389:
10685:
10239:
10193:
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Carus WS (August 2015). "The history of biological weapons use: what we know and what we don't".
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1420:
1083:
717:
71:
8738:
6348:
3939:
Different and unexplained diseases coexisting in the same patient without any other explanation.
118:
11980:
11814:
11761:
11655:
11478:
11323:
10681:
10396:
10340:
9873:
7313:
6285:
Chevrier MI, Chomiczewski K, Garrigue H, GranasztΓ³i G, Dando MR, Pearson GS, eds. (July 2004).
5179:
4636:
4396:
3760:
3484:
3472:
3024:
2986:
2978:
2530:
2505:
2227:
2139:
2012:
1887:
1483:
1460:
906:
805:
677:
39:
8682:
8523:
8436:
7996:
7932:
European Union cooperative Initiatives to improve Biosafety and Biosecurity (12 August 2010).
7857:
7851:
7289:
Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV, Zeng H, SolΓ³rzano A, Swayne DE, et al. (October 2005).
6286:
6105:
5941:
3324:. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties. One type of EW involves infecting insects with a
11384:
11196:
10658:
10619:
10361:
10058:
10053:
10023:
9722:
9661:
9614:
8806:
8800:
7036:"A NATIONAL BLUEPRINT FOR BIODEFENSE: LEADERSHIP AND MAJOR REFORM NEEDED TO OPTIMIZE EFFORTS"
4881:
4826:
4017:
3658:
3539:
3500:
3494:
3329:
3310:
3047:
2817:
2119:
2052:
2005:
1654:
1617:
1580:
1498:
1450:
1334:
1144:
952:
861:
672:
produced by some living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the BWC and the
658:
566:
437:
8148:"Quantitative models of the dose-response and time course of inhalational anthrax in humans"
5847:
3920:
High morbidity and mortality rates in regards to patients with the same or similar symptoms.
11749:
11546:
11448:
11313:
11275:
11025:
10829:
10723:
10259:
9717:
8655:
8321:
7572:
7385:
7305:
7144:
7133:
An Introduction to Biological Weapons, Their Prohibition, and the Relationship to Biosafety
6793:
6535:
5410:"The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare"
4606:
4200:
4137:
3718:
3702:
3397:
Ideal characteristics of a biological agent to be used as a weapon against humans are high
3075:
2853:
2510:
2412:
2269:
2264:
2082:
2047:
1782:
1597:
1455:
1391:
1245:
1215:
812:
619:
615:
198:
10117:
8629:
3957:
Simultaneous collections of similar illness in non-contiguous areas, domestic, or foreign.
2974:
Other nations, notably France and Japan, had begun their own biological weapons programs.
2796:. Specialists disagree about whether this operation was responsible for the spread of the
8:
11890:
11670:
11541:
11463:
11061:
11007:
10955:
10918:
10908:
10614:
10471:
10218:
10208:
10146:
9962:
9396:
8872:
5191:) (eds. Frauke Lachenmann & RΓΌdiger Wolfrum: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 1317.
4740:
4523:
4461:
4320:
4167:
4118:
4095:
4090:
3876:
In the largest biological weapons accident knownβthe anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now
3768:
3460:
3448:
Agents considered for weaponization, or known to be weaponized, include bacteria such as
3368:
3260:
3001:
toxins, although the war was over before these weapons could be of much operational use.
2361:
2346:
2222:
2109:
2087:
2062:
2022:
1932:
1742:
1642:
1592:
1359:
1349:
1314:
1106:
1096:
866:
790:
724:
693:
8684:
Intelligence and Statecraft: The Use and Limits of Intelligence in International Society
8247:"Physorg.com, "Encoded Metallic Nanowires Reveal Bioweapons", 12:50 EST, 10 August 2006"
7576:
7389:
7309:
6797:
6539:
3184:, Israel conducted a biological warfare operation codenamed "Cast Thy Bread" during the
12013:
11593:
11588:
11566:
11551:
11443:
11231:
11211:
11161:
11114:
10965:
10802:
10406:
10213:
10183:
9727:
9624:
9535:
9508:
9443:
Plague, The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's Most Dangerous Disease
9428:
9366:
9337:
9275:
9207:
9090:
8960:
8890:
8548:
Office of U.S. Chief of Counsel for the American Military Tribunals at Nurember, 1946.
8223:
8198:
8174:
8147:
8128:
8077:
8052:
8033:
7853:
Chemical and biological warfare : a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen
7455:
7430:
7411:
7339:
6871:
Chapter 9: The Failure of Arms Control, In Bioterror and Biowarfare: A Beginner's Guide
6819:
6730:
6606:
6341:
6182:
6161:
6047:
6039:
5927:
5504:
5479:
5450:
Chemical and biological warfare : a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen
5311:
5303:
5027:
4992:
4891:
4831:
4631:
4291:
4221:
4113:
4108:
3979:
3706:
3422:
2934:
2825:
2695:
2550:
2470:
2391:
2336:
2311:
2232:
2178:
2144:
2075:
1992:
1902:
1807:
1752:
1637:
1602:
1555:
1430:
1401:
1292:
1267:
1101:
915:
834:
646:
9702:
9653:
6523:
3074:. The plan was set to launch on 22 September 1945, but it was not executed because of
2985:. The biological and chemical weapons developed during that period were tested at the
599:
for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes is not prohibited by the BWC.
11826:
11727:
11522:
11330:
11295:
11256:
11206:
11097:
11081:
10824:
10787:
10765:
10750:
10733:
10651:
10320:
10038:
9912:
9878:
9580:
9574:
9540:
9447:
9441:
9420:
9410:
9383:
9370:
9306:
9300:
9244:
9215:
9176:
9170:
9109:
9067:
9046:
8998:
8979:
8952:
8896:
8810:
8688:
8529:
8471:
8442:
8228:
8179:
8120:
8082:
8037:
7984:
7861:
7710:
7702:
7651:
7590:
7529:
7490:
7460:
7403:
7331:
7234:
7165:
6874:
6823:
6811:
6722:
6610:
6598:
6559:
6551:
6502:
6319:
6294:
6213:
6187:
6111:
6084:
6051:
5984:
5931:
5853:
5825:
5784:
5755:
5715:
5690:
5611:
5550:
5509:
5458:
5429:
5388:
5356:
5295:
5266:"Pathogens as Weapons: The International Security Implications of Biological Warfare"
5244:
5219:
5146:
5057:
5032:
5014:
4866:
4765:
4735:
4651:
4563:
4533:
4123:
3787:
3694:
3527:
3478:
3390:
3219:
2950:
2849:
2731:
2640:
2587:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2445:
2428:
2423:
2396:
2341:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2017:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1897:
1867:
1757:
1727:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1607:
1560:
1530:
1369:
1162:
1139:
1073:
650:
631:
557:(often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living
549:
with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of
9432:
9341:
8132:
7343:
5315:
3945:
Illness is unusual for a certain population or age-group in which it takes presence.
2700:
11975:
11910:
11739:
11717:
11561:
11529:
11517:
11493:
11119:
11066:
11056:
11015:
10945:
10940:
10669:
10577:
10371:
10305:
10254:
10198:
10048:
9840:
9530:
9520:
9402:
9358:
9329:
9267:
9199:
9172:
The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea
8964:
8944:
8218:
8210:
8169:
8159:
8112:
8072:
8064:
8025:
7692:
7643:
7580:
7450:
7442:
7415:
7393:
7323:
7224:
7216:
6801:
6734:
6714:
6590:
6543:
6496:
6177:
6169:
6031:
5976:
5919:
5815:
5540:
5499:
5491:
5421:
5285:
5277:
5022:
5004:
4921:
4886:
4750:
4745:
4725:
4646:
4480:
South Africa and weapons of mass destruction Β§ Biological and chemical weapons
4419:
3779:
3759:
In the 1980s Soviet Ministry of Agriculture had successfully developed variants of
3713:, with the aim of destroying farmland and defoliating forests used as cover by the
3321:
3317:
2845:
2789:
2757:
2705:
2670:
2602:
2495:
2433:
2326:
2254:
2247:
2104:
2037:
1987:
1977:
1852:
1772:
1732:
1717:
1679:
1664:
1535:
1520:
1473:
1381:
1339:
1282:
1277:
1235:
1058:
1035:
942:
871:
800:
783:
713:
611:
554:
183:
20:
8831:"Matthew Meselson β Harvard β Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"
8022:
The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History. Politics & The Life Sciences
6986:
6806:
6781:
6594:
3347:
Would confer resistance to therapeutically useful antibiotics or antiviral agents;
11804:
11645:
11216:
11076:
10992:
10980:
10960:
10856:
10646:
10626:
10549:
10386:
10366:
10249:
10094:
9858:
9853:
9750:
9647:
9608:
9474:
9061:
9040:
8636:
8556:
8549:
8164:
7347:
7276:
The potential use of genetic engineering to enhance orthopoxviruses as bioweapons
7139:
6993:
6647:
6078:
5923:
5605:
5592:
5334:
5188:
5102:
5051:
4926:
4861:
4760:
4730:
4712:
4621:
4456:
4245:
4190:
4132:
4054:
3591:. In the United States, their possession, use, and transfer are regulated by the
3576:
3518:
3512:
3410:
3268:
3256:
3241:
3215:
3197:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2918:
2874:
2857:
2515:
2500:
2418:
2374:
2316:
1972:
1967:
1857:
1847:
1762:
1737:
1674:
1515:
1445:
1435:
1287:
1272:
1195:
1167:
967:
947:
795:
642:
638:
607:
581:
188:
11946:
7765:
6847:
6003:
The Fourth Horseman: One Man's Secret Campaign to Fight the Great War in America
3587:. These toxins and the organisms that produce them are sometimes referred to as
2864:, had deliberately sent civilians out of the city in the hopes of spreading the
641:
advantage over the enemy, either by threats or by actual deployments. Like some
576:
prohibition. Offensive biological warfare in international armed conflicts is a
11782:
11722:
11707:
11660:
11556:
11502:
11362:
11020:
10997:
10970:
10888:
10878:
10780:
10775:
10641:
10592:
10325:
10279:
10274:
10244:
10223:
10033:
10018:
10013:
9982:
9952:
9491:
Analysis of the Threat of Genetically Modified Organisms for Biological Warfare
8932:
8103:
Wilkening DA (2008). "Modeling the incubation period of inhalational anthrax".
8068:
7647:
6957:"Overview of Potential Agents of Biological Terrorism | SIU School of Medicine"
6929:
5580:
Rakibul Hasan, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security."
5425:
5281:
4966:
4906:
4896:
4812:
4720:
4616:
4597:
3982:, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians.
3738:
3522:. Many viral agents have been studied and/or weaponized, including some of the
3489:
3289:
A technique called Clustered, Regularly Interspaced, Short Palindromic Repeat (
3264:
3181:
3087:
2938:
2793:
2761:
2690:
2438:
1862:
1822:
1800:
1787:
1777:
1747:
1659:
1612:
1415:
1406:
1297:
1250:
1230:
1220:
1190:
1157:
1045:
1002:
957:
829:
762:
627:
376:
193:
9362:
9333:
8347:
7431:"Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease"
6718:
5009:
3043:
12002:
11925:
11809:
11766:
11712:
11700:
11685:
11675:
11598:
11512:
11488:
11483:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11263:
10851:
10792:
10755:
10707:
10437:
10335:
10188:
9972:
9967:
9947:
9942:
8116:
7706:
7697:
7670:
7533:
7494:
7291:"Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus"
6815:
6726:
6602:
6555:
6434:
6173:
5299:
5018:
4961:
4946:
4775:
4574:
4529:
4485:
4374:
4356:
4195:
3877:
3654:
3551:
3547:
3438:
3328:
and then dispersing the insects over target areas. The insects then act as a
3130:
2910:
2870:
2537:
2525:
2381:
2301:
2217:
2200:
2057:
1912:
1892:
1570:
1565:
1545:
1525:
1440:
1411:
1386:
1262:
1240:
1225:
1200:
1040:
962:
925:
920:
817:
10507:
8948:
7398:
7373:
7327:
6679:
6547:
6422:
Bracing for Armageddon?: The Science and Politics of Bioterrorism in America
5820:
5803:
5545:
5528:
3426:
is considered an effective agent for several reasons. First, it forms hardy
2897:
brought a new level of sophistication to the techniques for possible use of
668:
Biological warfare and chemical warfare overlap to an extent, as the use of
657:
or by non-national groups. In the latter case, or if a nation-state uses it
11951:
11885:
11617:
11603:
11458:
11268:
11236:
11226:
11129:
10975:
10873:
10819:
10728:
10587:
10330:
9688:
9544:
9525:
9424:
9219:
8995:
A Short History of Biological Warfare: From Pre-History to the 21st Century
8956:
8307:
8246:
8232:
8214:
8183:
8124:
8086:
7882:"Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present"
7714:
7655:
7594:
7464:
7407:
7335:
7238:
7220:
6758:
6191:
5988:
5829:
5788:
5554:
5513:
5495:
5433:
5409:
5360:
5036:
4951:
4836:
4770:
4691:
4587:
4409:
officials immunity from prosecution in return for access to their research.
4142:
4080:
4062:
4044:
3881:
3746:
3742:
3710:
3650:
3588:
3560:
3555:
3535:
3523:
3350:
Would enhance the virulence of a pathogen or render a nonpathogen virulent;
3280:
3223:
3177:
3153:
2930:
2894:
2833:
2785:
2724:
2650:
2630:
2625:
2520:
2465:
2099:
2094:
1917:
1832:
1575:
1309:
1210:
1007:
911:
662:
654:
24:
8475:
7964:
Policy (OIDP), Office of Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS (26 April 2021).
6563:
3752:
During World War II, the U.S. and Canada secretly investigated the use of
637:
Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or
11930:
11473:
11468:
11305:
11290:
11166:
11141:
10770:
10690:
10597:
10582:
10432:
10264:
9932:
9863:
7796:"Critics accuse Sri Lanka of using scorched earth tactics against Tamils"
5980:
4971:
4941:
4876:
4856:
4671:
4626:
4611:
4592:
4569:
4282:
4272:
4185:
4147:
4002:
3898:
3772:
3698:
3662:
3435:
3398:
3290:
3161:
3119:
3091:
3016:
3008:
2994:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2914:
2890:
2797:
2635:
2386:
2351:
2190:
1877:
1842:
1550:
1493:
1396:
1180:
901:
896:
573:
11612:
7229:
5290:
4180:
United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction Β§ Biological weapons
3813:
2993:. Soon there were facilities for the mass production of anthrax spores,
11880:
11695:
11665:
11650:
11438:
11426:
11186:
11048:
10674:
10427:
10169:
9927:
9279:
9211:
7483:"Everything you need to know about why CRISPR is such a hot technology"
6043:
5307:
5265:
4841:
4579:
4500:
4286:
4157:
3970:
3799:
3764:
3753:
3666:
3626:, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B).
3442:
3067:
2592:
2562:
2284:
1648:
721:
596:
526:
6284:
3978:
the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team,
3929:
Stable endemic disease, but with an unexplained increase in relevance.
11622:
11411:
11340:
11285:
11280:
11146:
10987:
10893:
10636:
10315:
10078:
10063:
9987:
9489:
9236:
8603:
8029:
7446:
4931:
4311:
4295:
4235:
3714:
3690:
3584:
3580:
3431:
3402:
3214:
International restrictions on biological warfare began with the 1925
3115:
3095:
3063:
3039:
2954:
2898:
2856:
that he had heard a rumor from a sailor that his opponent during the
2773:
2765:
2582:
2406:
2356:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2156:
1947:
1942:
1907:
1344:
1030:
997:
886:
623:
602:
Biological warfare is distinct from warfare involving other types of
577:
9831:
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
9271:
9203:
7585:
7560:
6035:
3164:. The Soviet Union attracted international suspicion after the 1979
60:
11915:
11900:
11431:
11416:
11318:
11156:
10604:
10310:
10028:
9977:
9922:
9406:
9083:
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe 900β1900
6521:
6343:
Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus
5737:
A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774
4806:
4755:
4414:
4406:
4066:
3995:
3975:
3861:
3734:
3717:. Sri Lanka deployed military defoliants in its prosecution of the
3682:
3646:
3506:
3454:
3385:
3325:
3106:
viruses, but the programme was unilaterally cancelled in 1956. The
3103:
3027:
3012:
2998:
2966:
2906:
2878:
2805:
2597:
2572:
2205:
1837:
1812:
1425:
980:
854:
709:
697:
558:
534:
530:
9397:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018).
7187:
Synthetic biology. The technoscience and its societal consequences
6579:"'Cast thy bread': Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War"
6439:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
5910:
Christopher W (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove β Who, When, Why".
4401:
4027:
11895:
11744:
11581:
11571:
11379:
11191:
10903:
10898:
10447:
9848:
8495:
7429:
Wimmer E, Mueller S, Tumpey TM, Taubenberger JK (December 2009).
7255:. National Security Advisory Board on Biotechnology (NSABB). 2010
4329:
4215:
4049:
3730:
3697:. Inspired by the use in Malaysia, the US military effort in the
3406:
3123:
3111:
3035:
2902:
2777:
2607:
2567:
2331:
2165:
2161:
1503:
1488:
1364:
1025:
1020:
990:
929:
891:
692:
A biological attack could conceivably result in large numbers of
542:
9639:
9129:(2nd ed.). USAF Counterproliferation Center. Archived from
8708:
7071:
4990:
168:
11905:
11831:
10269:
9992:
9917:
9555:
USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook
9014:"Live and Computational Experimentation in Bio-terror Response"
7428:
7200:
Garfinkel MS, Endy D, Epstein GL, Friedman RM (December 2007).
5668:
American Indian Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic
4338:
4279:
Stepnogorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology
3846:
3645:
The United States developed an anti-crop capability during the
3602:
categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio-agents as either
3052:
3023:
The most notorious program of the period was run by the secret
2837:
2781:
2114:
1510:
1327:
1063:
588:
546:
9106:
Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975β1980
8709:"Jamie Bisher, "Baron von Rosen's 1916 Anthrax Mission," 2014"
7253:"Addressing Biosecurity Concerns Related to Synthetic Biology"
6749:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention"
3362:
Would enable the weaponization of a biological agent or toxin.
3046:. This biological warfare research unit conducted often fatal
3004:
11576:
11335:
10289:
10284:
10138:
10073:
10068:
9957:
9883:
9780:
9650:)βU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
8770:"Sheldon Harris, 74, Historian of Japan's Biological Warfare"
7850:
Croddy, Eric; Perez-Armendariz, Clarissa; Hart, John (2002).
7730:"The U.S. Biological Warfare and Biological Defense Programs"
5447:
Croddy, Eric; Perez-Armendariz, Clarissa; Hart, John (2002).
5345:
4021:
3783:
3568:
3531:
3427:
3160:, under the leadership of the allegedly civilian institution
2769:
1585:
1121:
1116:
728:
669:
562:
538:
9038:
8145:
7199:
11920:
9776:
Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism
6233:
Gold H (1996). Unit 731 testimony (Report). pp. 64β66.
6210:
Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II
5897:
Eyewitness -- American Originals from the National Archives
3634:
2990:
881:
876:
9487:
9258:
Knollenberg B (1954). "General Amherst and Germ Warfare".
8197:
Treadwell TA, Koo D, Kuker K, Khan AS (MarchβApril 2003).
7849:
5446:
4526:, site (1939β45) of research into anthrax and other agents
4302:
Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology
3951:
Many affected reaching out for treatment at the same time.
9229:
Chemical and biological warfare; America's hidden arsenal
8742:
8464:
Zeitschrift fΓΌr die Gesamte Hygiene und Ihre Grenzgebiete
7675:
5893:"Gen. George Washington - A Threat of Bioterrorism, 1775"
3960:
An abundance of cases of unexplained diseases and deaths.
3954:
Similar genetic makeup of agents in affected individuals.
3917:
Unusual, rare, genetically engineered strain of an agent.
3868:
754:
550:
9816:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
9683:
7288:
6107:
Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health
5629:
5627:
5218:. Harvard University Press. pp. 284β293, 301β303.
3359:
Would enable the evasion of diagnostic/detection tools;
2969:
toxins had been effectively weaponized. In particular,
9615:
WHO: Health Aspects of Biological and Chemical Weapons
9488:
Warner J, Ramsbotham J, Tunia E, Vadez JJ (May 2011).
9039:
Chevrier MI, Chomiczewski K, Garrigue H, eds. (2004).
8739:"MIT Security Studies Program (SSP): Jeanne Guillemin"
7685:
Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland
7609:"Anthrax Facts | UPMC Center for Health Security"
6293:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 171.
5127:
Customary Internal Humanitarian Law, Vol. II: Practice
3344:
Would demonstrate how to render a vaccine ineffective;
10739:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
9602:
Biological weapons and international humanitarian law
8196:
7662:
6670:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol"
6364:"Where To Find The World's Most 'Wicked Bugs': Fleas"
5096:
Rule 73. The use of biological weapons is prohibited.
4435:
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department
3756:, a highly lethal disease of cattle, as a bioweapon.
3152:
Despite being a party and depositary to the BWC, the
10665:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
9019:. misrc.umn.edu Purdue Homeland Security Institute.
8491:"An American waged germ warfare against U.S. in WWI"
8098:
8096:
7916:
7633:
7161:
Six-legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War
6577:
Morris, Benny; Kedar, Benjamin Z. (1 January 2022).
5624:
4802:
9289:
7006:"Al Qaeda's Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction"
5946:
History wars#Controversy over smallpox in Australia
85:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19:"Biological attack" redirects here. For the use of
9791:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
9290:Leitenberg, Milton; Zilinskas, Raymond A. (2012).
9152:. Washington, DC: Borden Institute. Archived from
8297:
7910:
6899:Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
6340:
3905:
3353:Would increase the transmissibility of a pathogen;
3108:United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
9771:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
8912:"Biotechnology: Genetically Engineered Pathogens"
8093:
6017:
5752:Blood and Land: The Story of Native North America
5213:
565:, which are not universally considered "alive").
12000:
11793:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
9292:The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History
9168:
8461:
7889:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
5804:"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism"
5603:
5529:"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism"
4292:Institute of Ultra Pure Biochemical Preparations
4011:Bioaerosol Single Particle Recognition eQuipment
16:Use of strategically designed biological weapons
10105:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
9821:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
9572:
9509:"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa"
9494:. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University
9302:Plague Wars: a true story of biological warfare
9298:
8888:
7668:
7371:
6987:http://www.synbioproject.org/publications/6676/
6494:
6388:
6207:
6203:
6201:
5852:. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3.
5480:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa"
4370:Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services
4028:List of programs, projects and sites by country
3558:. Fungal agents that have been studied include
3409:and availability of an effective and efficient
3086:In Britain, the 1950s saw the weaponization of
2760:texts of 1500β1200 BCE, in which victims of an
11691:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
9623:. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
9122:
8550:http://www.mazal.org/NO-series/NO-0124-000.htm
7819:
7817:
7669:Bellamy, R.J.; Freedman, A.R. (1 April 2001).
6459:"History of the Biological Weapons Convention"
6237:
6020:"Legal Aspects of the Geneva Protocol of 1925"
5407:
5216:Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945
3661:aggression in a general war. Diseases such as
3145:in Geneva. These negotiations resulted in the
3139:offensive biological weapons program of the US
10696:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
10537:
10523:
10154:
9826:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
9811:India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
9669:
9348:
9319:
8680:
8434:
8410:"Dr. Ira Baldwin: Biological Weapons Pioneer"
8298:Genuth I, Fresco-Cohen L (13 November 2006).
8139:
7963:
6843:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6754:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6675:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6643:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6464:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6110:. Oxford University Press. pp. 340β341.
5938:History of biological warfare#New South Wales
5152:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4912:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
2732:
499:
8975:Biological Warfare: Another French Connexion
8462:Leyendecker B, Klapp F (December 1989). "".
8053:"Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism"
7202:"Synthetic genomics: options for governance"
6198:
5876:
5739:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 195.
5597:
5401:
4539:
3926:Unusual geographic or seasonal distribution.
2941:established a biological warfare program at
2751:
572:Biological warfare is subject to a forceful
10744:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
9446:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.
9257:
9059:
8971:
8802:Biological Weapons and America's Secret War
8687:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194.
8630:"Interviews With Biowarriors: Sergei Popov"
7843:
7814:
6576:
6313:
5909:
5801:
5526:
3998:are attached to silver and gold nanowires.
3964:
3567:Toxins that can be used as weapons include
2917:(1914β1918), with indifferent results. The
2901:in war. Biological sabotage in the form of
645:, biological weapons may also be useful as
10847:Climate change and civilizational collapse
10530:
10516:
10161:
10147:
9766:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9676:
9662:
9576:Microbe: Are we Ready for the Next Plague?
9399:Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology
9095:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8805:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
7372:Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E (August 2002).
7164:. Oxford University Press. pp. 9β26.
7103:"Biological Weapons and Virtual Terrorism"
6779:
6243:
6083:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 36.
6018:Baxter RR, Buergenthal T (28 March 2017).
5582:Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
5440:
5200:Article I, Biological Weapons Convention.
4902:Human experimentation in the United States
4260:
3932:Rare transmission (aerosols, food, water).
3804:
3729:During World War I, German saboteurs used
3593:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3434:-like symptoms and progresses to a lethal
3235:183 states have become party to the treaty
3143:Conference of the Committee on Disarmament
2739:
2725:
716:) have the capability of person-to-person
506:
492:
167:
9781:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
9534:
9524:
8441:. Harvard University Press. p. 173.
8222:
8173:
8163:
8102:
8076:
8019:
7917:Verdcourt B, Trump EC, Church ME (1969).
7696:
7584:
7454:
7397:
7317:
7228:
7148:, April 2002. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
6838:"Preamble, Biological Weapons Convention"
6805:
6780:Cross, Glenn; Klotz, Lynn (3 July 2020).
6524:"The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979"
6490:
6488:
6486:
6181:
6159:
6024:The American Journal of International Law
5819:
5544:
5503:
5289:
5026:
5008:
4353:Sverdlovsk bioweapons production facility
4075:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
4059:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
3860:Many countries require their active-duty
3641:United States herbicidal warfare research
3356:Would alter the host range of a pathogen;
622:, which are deployed primarily for their
145:Learn how and when to remove this message
11850:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
11788:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
9294:. Harvard University Press. p. 921.
8909:
7157:
7125:
6338:
5734:
5714:. Harvard University Press. p. 97.
5684:
5633:
5263:
5111:International Committee of the Red Cross
4957:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
4513:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
4400:
4048:
4039:United States biological weapons program
3635:Anti-crop/anti-vegetation/anti-fisheries
3384:
3205:
3171:
3003:
1698:List of military strategies and concepts
9506:
9473:
8521:
7558:
7480:
6361:
6103:
6097:
5689:. Oxford University Press. p. 73.
5477:
5387:. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Duckworth.
5076:
5049:
3851:sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance
3793:
3168:killed approximately 65 to 100 people.
2811:
34:"Germ Warfare" redirects here. For the
12001:
10443:List of extremely hazardous substances
9145:
9126:The Gathering Biological Warfare Storm
9080:
9011:
8798:
8713:Baron von Rosen's 1916 Anthrax Mission
8488:
7919:Common poisonous plants of East Africa
7611:. Upmc-biosecurity.org. Archived from
7273:
7100:
6483:
6130:
6076:
5774:
5768:
5241:Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare
5207:
4553:Includes scientists and administrators
4304:(VECTOR), a weaponized smallpox center
3992:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
3910:From most specific to least specific:
3869:Public health and disease surveillance
10511:
10142:
10044:Biological warfare in popular culture
9657:
9551:
9439:
9377:
9235:
9226:
9149:Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare
9103:
8992:
8931:
8837:from the original on 5 September 2008
8767:
8749:from the original on 28 November 2009
8354:from the original on 17 November 2015
8328:from the original on 31 December 2015
8279:from the original on 13 November 2013
8199:"Epidemiologic clues to bioterrorism"
7898:from the original on 9 September 2016
7540:from the original on 19 February 2017
7476:
7474:
7184:
7082:from the original on 24 November 2017
7016:from the original on 14 November 2017
6967:from the original on 19 November 2017
6937:from the original on 20 February 2020
6868:
6707:American Journal of International Law
6700:
6471:from the original on 16 February 2021
6453:
6451:
6419:
6401:from the original on 21 December 2014
6013:
6011:
5966:
5849:Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare
5709:
5665:
5654:Native Americans of the Pontiac's War
5607:Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800
5382:
5159:from the original on 15 February 2021
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5077:Bentley, Michelle (18 October 2023).
4794:Biological warfare in popular culture
4787:
4335:Berdsk bioweapons production facility
3749:by French operatives in Switzerland.
10867:Tipping points in the climate system
10478:
9460:
9260:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
9189:
9123:Davis JA, Schneider B (April 2002).
8662:from the original on 19 October 2006
8050:
7776:from the original on 11 January 2009
7766:"Vietnam's war against Agent Orange"
7519:
7501:from the original on 1 February 2016
7113:from the original on 4 November 2017
6895:"The Origins of the Australia Group"
6232:
6058:from the original on 27 October 2017
5749:
5238:
5214:Wheelis M, RΓ³zsa L, Dando M (2006).
4451:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
4326:Zagorsk smallpox production facility
4317:Kirov bioweapons production facility
3923:Unusual presentation of the disease.
3897:signs (including a virtually unique
3808:
3741:. One of these German saboteurs was
3191:
3158:offensive biological weapons program
3042:and commanded by Lieutenant General
3019:and other biological experimentation
569:is a subtype of biological warfare.
83:adding citations to reliable sources
54:
10862:Extinction risk from climate change
10761:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
10490:
9284:British war against Indians in 1763
9026:from the original on 9 October 2022
7831:. Federation of American Scientists
6741:
6260:"The World's Most Dangerous Weapon"
6134:A History of Fort Detrick, Maryland
5808:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
5533:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
5177:Alexander Schwarz, "War Crimes" in
3629:
3156:continued and expanded its massive
13:
11822:List of fictional doomsday devices
8852:
8719:from the original on 13 April 2014
8416:from the original on 10 April 2009
8412:. American History. 12 June 2006.
8024:. Vol. 32. pp. 102β105.
7471:
6638:"Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol"
6448:
6370:from the original on 26 April 2018
6248:. HarperCollins. pp. 220β221.
6008:
5881:. Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens.
5728:
5604:John K. Thornton (November 2002).
5132:
4104:U.S. entomological warfare program
3072:Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night
2792:were thrown over the walls of the
2780:as result. In 1346, the bodies of
48:Germ Warfare (Dexter's Laboratory)
14:
12030:
10842:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
10382:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
9796:Global Health Security Initiative
9595:
9060:Croddy E, Wirtz JJ, eds. (2005).
8910:Almosara, Joel O. (1 June 2010).
8611:from the original on 7 April 2009
8579:from the original on 3 March 2010
8374:"Interview: Dr Kanatjan Alibekov"
7727:
7052:from the original on 1 March 2017
6905:from the original on 2 March 2021
6786:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5666:White, Phillip M. (2 June 2011).
4937:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
4872:Discredited AIDS origins theories
4308:Institute of Applied Biochemistry
4275:(18 labs and production centers)
4267:Soviet biological weapons program
4173:
3724:
3380:
3210:The Biological Weapons Convention
2981:, in 1942 under the direction of
2949:. The research was championed by
11958:
11957:
11945:
11103:Decline in amphibian populations
10489:
10477:
10466:
10465:
9708:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
9507:Wheelis, Mark (September 2002).
8823:
8792:
8780:from the original on 11 May 2011
8761:
8731:
8701:
8674:
8648:
8623:
8591:
8561:
8542:
8515:
8503:from the original on 11 May 2011
8482:
8455:
8428:
8402:
8390:from the original on 8 June 2010
8366:
8340:
8314:
8291:
8265:
8253:from the original on 5 June 2011
8239:
8190:
8044:
8013:
8003:
7825:"Biowarfare Against Agriculture"
5942:First Fleet#First Fleet smallpox
4805:
4496:Roodeplaat Research Laboratories
4447:Iraqi biological weapons program
4032:
3855:International Health Regulations
3812:
2909:was undertaken on behalf of the
772:
649:. These agents may be lethal or
475:
474:
59:
11454:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
10951:Land surface effects on climate
10924:Human impact on the environment
10555:Future of an expanding universe
9786:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
9169:Endicott S, Hagerman E (1998).
8656:"US welcomes 'Dr Germ' capture"
8528:. APH Publishing. p. 194.
7966:"Vaccines for Military Members"
7957:
7951:"Vaccines for Military Members"
7943:
7925:
7921:. London: Collins. p. 254.
7874:
7788:
7758:
7721:
7627:
7601:
7552:
7513:
7422:
7365:
7304:(5745). New York, N.Y.: 77β80.
7282:
7267:
7245:
7193:
7178:
7151:
7094:
7064:
7028:
6998:
6979:
6949:
6917:
6887:
6862:
6830:
6773:
6694:
6662:
6630:
6617:
6570:
6515:
6428:
6424:. USA: Oxford University Press.
6413:
6389:Russell Working (5 June 2001).
6382:
6355:
6332:
6307:
6278:
6252:
6226:
6153:
6124:
6070:
5995:
5960:
5951:
5903:
5885:
5870:
5840:
5802:Barras V, Greub G (June 2014).
5795:
5743:
5703:
5678:
5659:
5646:
5636:Transafrican Journal of History
5574:
5561:
5527:Barras V, Greub G (June 2014).
5520:
5471:
5376:
5367:
5339:
5322:
5257:
5232:
5147:"Biological Weapons Convention"
4473:
4365:Institute of Virus Preparations
3906:Common epidemiological warnings
3274:
3249:United Nations Security Council
2945:, headed by the microbiologist
2924:
2877:, Australia, deliberately used
2772:, though with unknown results.
696:and cause severe disruption to
618:. None of these are considered
70:needs additional citations for
10453:Occupational safety and health
10357:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
10168:
9756:Caribbean Public Health Agency
9579:. AMACOM Books, New York, NY.
9573:Zelicoff A, Bellomo M (2005).
9382:(revised ed.). Overlook.
9299:Mangold T, Goldberg J (1999).
8889:Alibek K, Handelman S (2000).
8569:"Obituary: Vladimir Pasechnik"
7072:"Federal Select Agent Program"
6873:. Oneworld. pp. 146β165.
6495:Alibek K, Handelman S (2000).
6208:Williams P, Wallace D (1989).
6168:. 7 Spec No (Spec No): S45-9.
6137:(4th ed.). Archived from
5194:
5171:
5120:
5089:
5079:"The Biological Weapons Taboo"
5070:
5043:
4997:Disaster and Military Medicine
4984:
2884:
2794:besieged Crimean city of Kaffa
586:international humanitarian law
567:Entomological (insect) warfare
561:or replicating entities (i.e.
1:
11400:Interpretations of Revelation
11202:Cosmological phase transition
11108:Decline in insect populations
10560:Ultimate fate of the universe
10100:Biological Weapons Convention
9713:1989 California medfly attack
8681:Jackson PJ, Siegel J (2005).
7481:Basulto D (4 November 2015).
6807:10.1080/00963402.2020.1778365
6701:Beard, Jack M. (April 2007).
6625:Biological Weapons Convention
6595:10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448
5912:Journal of Australian Studies
5243:. Phoenix. pp. 265β266.
4978:
4425:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
4359:, a weaponized anthrax center
4086:One-Million-Liter Test Sphere
3600:US biological warfare program
3304:
3231:Biological Weapons Convention
3202:Biological Weapons Convention
3147:Biological Weapons Convention
741:History of biological warfare
700:and societal infrastructure.
597:defensive biological research
593:Biological Weapons Convention
11855:Future of Humanity Institute
11252:Potentially hazardous object
11152:Interplanetary contamination
9552:Woods JB, ed. (April 2005).
9513:Emerging Infectious Diseases
9401:. National Academies Press.
9175:. Indiana University Press.
8878:Resources in other libraries
8768:Lewis P (4 September 2002).
8575:. London. 29 November 2001.
8489:Maksel R (14 January 2007).
8165:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003555
7856:. Copernicus Books. p.
7274:Buller M (21 October 2003).
5924:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750
5484:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5478:Wheelis M (September 2002).
5453:. Copernicus Books. p.
5053:The Biological Weapons Taboo
4344:Bioweapons research facility
4298:, a weaponized plague center
3573:staphylococcal enterotoxin B
3375:
661:, it may also be considered
7:
11735:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
10884:Global terrestrial stilling
9806:Laboratory Response Network
9192:Journal of American History
9063:Weapons of Mass Destruction
7101:Wagner D (2 October 2017).
6362:Stewart A (25 April 2011).
6316:Weapons of Mass Destruction
6314:Croddy E, Wirtz JJ (2005).
6080:Biological Agents, Volume 2
5056:. Oxford University Press.
4917:List of CBRN warfare forces
4798:
4506:
4430:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
4153:Horn Island Testing Station
3540:Japanese encephalitis virus
3335:
3081:
2196:Militaryβindustrial complex
1670:Operational manoeuvre group
687:
674:Chemical Weapons Convention
604:weapons of mass destruction
161:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
12035:
11247:Asteroid impact prediction
11222:Heat death of the universe
10632:Mutual assured destruction
9761:Center for Health Security
9461:Pala C (12 January 2003).
8300:"BioPen Senses BioThreats"
8069:10.1177/003335490812300308
7648:10.1016/j.clim.2003.09.010
7520:Kahn J (9 November 2015).
5754:. Penguin UK. p. 73.
5672:Greenwood Publishing Group
5426:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012
5282:10.1162/016228803773100084
5264:Koblentz, Gregory (2003).
5115:Cambridge University Press
5050:Bentley, Michelle (2024).
4791:
4510:
4491:Delta G Scientific Company
4477:
4444:
4394:
4264:
4177:
4036:
3797:
3721:against Tamil insurgents.
3649:that used plant diseases (
3638:
3308:
3278:
3195:
2842:American Revolutionary War
2820:, in June 1763 a group of
738:
734:
591:. In particular, the 1972
33:
18:
11939:
11873:
11865:Nuclear Threat Initiative
11842:
11798:List of apocalyptic films
11775:
11641:2011 end times prediction
11633:
11373:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
11368:Abomination of desolation
11304:
11242:Asteroid impact avoidance
11179:
11090:
11072:List of extinction events
11047:
11040:
11006:
10914:Environmental degradation
10810:
10801:
10716:
10701:Technological singularity
10570:
10545:
10539:Global catastrophic risks
10461:
10415:
10402:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
10349:
10298:
10232:
10176:
10113:
10087:
10006:
9869:Burkholderia pseudomallei
9839:
9741:
9695:
9483:. New York: Random House.
9363:10.1080/00155870120082218
9334:10.1080/00155870120037920
8937:Journal of Medical Ethics
8873:Resources in your library
6992:14 September 2017 at the
6719:10.1017/S0002930000030098
6366:. National Public Radio.
6318:. ABC-CLIO. p. 171.
6160:Guillemin J (July 2006).
5571:(1995) 160#8 pp: 369-373.
5010:10.1186/s40696-016-0017-4
4822:Animal-borne bomb attacks
4540:List of associated people
4517:
4405:U.S. authorities granted
4163:Granite Peak Installation
3790:was used to kill cattle.
3595:'s Select Agent Program.
3467:Burkholderia pseudomallei
3057:Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign
2866:ongoing smallpox epidemic
2752:Antiquity and Middle Ages
2260:Loss-of-strength gradient
1112:Combat information center
680:are often referred to as
11860:Future of Life Institute
11762:Resurrection of the dead
11755:Post-tribulation rapture
11137:Colony collapse disorder
10392:Consumption of Tide Pods
10377:Niigata Minamata disease
10204:Environmental toxicology
9480:The Demon in the Freezer
9108:. Helion & Company.
8117:10.1177/0272989X08315245
7209:Industrial Biotechnology
6420:Clark WR (15 May 2008).
6174:10.1038/sj.embor.7400689
5591:17 December 2014 at the
4847:Biological contamination
4657:Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda
4390:
4355:(Military Compound 19),
3965:Bioweapon identification
3176:According to historians
3100:equine encephalomyelitis
3015:, which performed human
2578:Military science fiction
2063:Technology and equipment
1479:List of military tactics
10686:Artificial intelligence
10240:Acceptable daily intake
10194:Occupational toxicology
9998:Viral hemorrhagic fever
8949:10.1136/jme.2008.028944
8438:Biologists Under Hitler
8348:"Pathogenic mycoplasma"
8105:Medical Decision Making
7561:"CRISPR, the disruptor"
7559:Ledford H (June 2015).
7399:10.1126/science.1072266
7328:10.1126/science.1119392
6869:Dando, Malcolm (2006).
6623:United Nations (1972).
6548:10.1126/science.7973702
6391:"The trial of Unit 731"
6001:Koenig, Robert (2006),
5899:. US National Archives.
5821:10.1111/1469-0691.12706
5750:King, J. C. H. (2016).
5712:Rationalizing Epidemics
5546:10.1111/1469-0691.12706
5408:Trevisanato SI (2007).
4852:Biological pest control
4662:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
4440:
4261:Soviet Union and Russia
4053:Researchers working in
3887:Sverdlovsk Anthrax leak
3805:Medical countermeasures
3782:in 1952, the poisonous
3528:Rift Valley fever virus
3166:Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
2646:Wartime sexual violence
2402:Full-spectrum dominance
2213:Supply-chain management
11815:List of disaster films
11656:Apocalyptic literature
10756:Malthusian catastrophe
10682:Synthetic intelligence
10397:Visakhapatnam gas leak
10341:Whole bowel irrigation
10024:Psychochemical weapons
9874:Chlamydophila psittaci
9607:11 August 2010 at the
9526:10.3201/eid0809.010536
9146:Dembek Z, ed. (2007).
8972:Aucouturier E (2020).
8607:. BBC. 14 March 2002.
8435:Ute Deichmann (1996).
7698:10.1093/qjmed/94.4.227
7221:10.1089/ind.2007.3.333
6961:SIU School of Medicine
6583:Middle Eastern Studies
6246:A Plague upon Humanity
5496:10.3201/eid0809.010536
5270:International Security
5107:Customary IHL Database
4700:Writers and activists:
4637:William C. Patrick III
4410:
4397:Special Research Units
4070:
3761:foot-and-mouth disease
3614:, Botulinum toxin) or
3612:Francisella tularensis
3485:Francisella tularensis
3473:Chlamydophila psittaci
3405:, non-availability of
3394:
3211:
3135:unilaterally terminate
3129:In 1969, US President
3025:Imperial Japanese Army
3020:
2987:Dugway Proving Grounds
2979:Fort Detrick, Maryland
2871:Corps of Royal Marines
2558:Awards and decorations
2531:Peace through strength
2506:Low-intensity conflict
2140:Conscientious objector
2013:Area of responsibility
678:psychochemical weapons
40:Germ Warfare (M*A*S*H)
27:. For other uses, see
11197:Coronal mass ejection
10659:Electromagnetic pulse
10620:Kinetic energy weapon
10362:2007 pet food recalls
10118:Wiktionary definition
10059:Entomological warfare
9938:Legionnaires' disease
9723:Wood Green ricin plot
9305:. Macmillan, London.
9241:Biowarfare in America
8203:Public Health Reports
8057:Public Health Reports
7522:"The Crispr Quandary"
7043:ecohealthalliance.org
6244:Barenblatt D (2004).
5333:30 April 2011 at the
5187:12 April 2017 at the
5101:12 April 2017 at the
4882:Entomological warfare
4827:Antibiotic resistance
4566:, known as Ken Alibek
4404:
4207:Open-air field tests:
4052:
4018:Ben Gurion University
3707:variety of herbicides
3616:Incapacitating Agents
3554:, Variola virus, and
3501:Rickettsia rickettsii
3495:Rickettsia prowazekii
3388:
3311:Entomological warfare
3209:
3186:1948 ArabβIsraeli War
3172:1948 ArabβIsraeli War
3007:
2818:French and Indian War
1145:Torpedo data computer
1135:Ship gun fire-control
11599:War of Gog and Magog
11276:Near-Earth supernova
11026:Human overpopulation
10830:Mass mortality event
10724:Anthropogenic hazard
10260:Fixed-dose procedure
9888:Equine encephalitis
9718:2001 anthrax attacks
9621:"Biological Warfare"
8658:. BBC. 13 May 2003.
8635:18 June 2017 at the
8304:The Future of Things
8215:10.1093/phr/118.2.92
8020:Guillemin J (2013).
7435:Nature Biotechnology
7158:Lockwood JA (2008).
7145:The Sunshine Project
7076:www.selectagents.gov
5981:10.1089/hs.2014.0092
5777:Pennsylvania History
5735:McConnel MN (1997).
5685:Calloway CG (2007).
4682:Baron Otto von Rosen
4607:Riley D. Housewright
4201:Operation Vegetarian
4138:Project Clear Vision
3794:Defensive operations
2854:Continental Congress
2812:18th to 19th century
2676:Military occupations
2511:Military engineering
2413:Unrestricted Warfare
2270:Force multiplication
1163:Military manoeuvrers
725:respiratory droplets
620:conventional weapons
616:radiological warfare
94:"Biological warfare"
79:improve this article
11671:Blood moon prophecy
11464:Number of the Beast
11062:Holocene extinction
11008:Earth Overshoot Day
10956:Ocean acidification
10919:Habitat destruction
10909:Ecological collapse
10615:Kinetic bombardment
10550:Future of the Earth
10219:In vitro toxicology
10209:Forensic toxicology
9963:Salmonella enterica
9646:5 June 2016 at the
9243:. Illuminet Press.
9133:on 24 November 2018
8978:. MatΓ©riologiques.
8573:The Daily Telegraph
8522:Chauhan SS (2004).
8273:"BiosparQ features"
7746:on 19 February 2018
7636:Clinical Immunology
7577:2015Natur.522...20L
7487:The Washington Post
7390:2002Sci...297.1016C
7310:2005Sci...310...77T
7189:. Berlin: Springer.
7138:12 May 2013 at the
7012:. 25 January 2010.
6850:on 9 September 2019
6798:2020BuAtS..76d.185C
6540:1994Sci...266.1202M
6534:(5188): 1202β1208.
6339:Baumslag N (2005).
6264:Washington Examiner
4741:Nicholas D. Kristof
4524:Grosse Isle, Quebec
4462:Salman Pak facility
4321:Kirov, Kirov Oblast
4254:off Nassau, 1954β5.
4168:Vigo Ordnance Plant
4119:Operation Drop Kick
4096:Operation Whitecoat
4091:Operation Sea-Spray
3769:African swine fever
3461:Burkholderia mallei
3078:on 15 August 1945.
2362:Penal military unit
2347:Rules of engagement
2023:Command and control
1643:Operations research
1107:Director (military)
1097:Fire-control system
867:Command and control
748:Part of a series on
694:civilian casualties
647:area denial weapons
44:Dexter's Laboratory
23:by terrorists, see
12009:Biological warfare
11986:Doomsday scenarios
11552:Beast of the Earth
11444:Book of Revelation
11232:Virtual black hole
11212:False vacuum decay
11162:Pollinator decline
11125:Biological warfare
11115:Biotechnology risk
10966:Resource depletion
10423:Biological warfare
10407:List of poisonings
10214:Medical toxicology
10184:Aquatic toxicology
10064:Infectious disease
9801:Health Threat Unit
9733:2013 ricin letters
9728:2003 ricin letters
9685:Biological warfare
9467:The New York Times
9081:Crosby AW (1986).
9012:Chaturvedi, Alok.
8918:on 3 December 2017
8864:Biological warfare
8774:The New York Times
8555:1 May 2011 at the
8525:Biological Weapons
7995:has generic name (
7737:Arizona University
7526:The New York Times
6761:on 2 February 2021
6650:on 9 February 2021
6141:on 21 January 2012
6131:Covert NM (2000).
6104:Garrett L (2003).
6077:Prasad SK (2009).
5877:Mary V. Thompson.
5349:Voprosy Virusologi
4892:Herbicidal warfare
4832:Asymmetric warfare
4788:In popular culture
4632:Vladimir Pasechnik
4411:
4252:Operation Negation
4232:Operation Hesperus
4222:Operation Cauldron
4114:Operation Big Buzz
4109:Operation Big Itch
4071:
4055:Class III cabinets
3980:Task Force Scorpio
3824:. You can help by
3608:Bacillus anthracis
3556:yellow fever virus
3450:Bacillus anthracis
3423:Bacillus anthracis
3395:
3389:The international
3226:" agreement only.
3212:
3021:
2935:Ministry of Supply
2929:With the onset of
2913:government during
2471:Counter-insurgency
2392:Command of the sea
2337:Jewish laws on war
2312:Geneva Conventions
1848:Divide and conquer
1638:Military operation
1603:Tactical objective
1102:Fire-control radar
1079:Electronic-warfare
682:midspectrum agents
555:Biological weapons
519:Biological warfare
11996:
11995:
11827:Zombie apocalypse
11728:Postmillennialism
11523:Great Tribulation
11296:Stellar collision
11257:Near-Earth object
11207:Geomagnetic storm
11175:
11174:
11098:Biodiversity loss
11082:Genetic pollution
11036:
11035:
10825:Biodiversity loss
10788:Societal collapse
10766:Nuclear holocaust
10751:Economic collapse
10734:Doomsday argument
10652:Antimatter weapon
10505:
10504:
10321:Chelation therapy
10136:
10135:
10123:Wikimedia Commons
10088:International law
10039:Biological hazard
9913:Foodborne illness
9909:
9901:
9894:
9879:Coxiella burnetii
9841:Biological agents
9586:978-0-8144-0865-0
9453:978-0-7432-3685-0
9416:978-0-309-46518-2
9389:978-1-58567-348-3
9312:978-0-333-71614-4
9250:978-1-881532-21-7
9182:978-0-253-33472-5
9156:on 27 August 2012
9115:978-1-911512-12-7
8993:Carus WS (2017).
8985:978-2-37361-239-4
8902:978-0-385-33496-9
8859:Library resources
8816:978-0-684-87158-5
8799:Miller J (2001).
8694:978-0-275-97295-0
8599:"Anthrax attacks"
8535:978-81-7648-732-0
8448:978-0-674-07405-7
8310:on 30 April 2007.
6508:978-0-385-33496-9
6325:978-1-85109-490-5
6300:978-1-4020-2096-4
6219:978-0-02-935301-1
5859:978-0-16-087238-9
5710:Jones DS (2004).
5617:978-1-135-36584-4
5584:(2014) 2#9 p 38.
5569:Military medicine
5394:978-1-58567-348-3
5250:978-0-304-36734-4
5225:978-0-674-01699-6
5063:978-0-19-889215-1
4867:Counterinsurgency
4736:Sheldon H. Harris
4708:Daniel Barenblatt
4667:Nassir al-Hindawi
4652:Rihab Rashid Taha
4564:Kanatjan Alibekov
4534:Suffield, Alberta
4212:Operation Harness
4124:Operation May Day
3842:
3841:
3788:African milk bush
3695:Malayan Emergency
3624:Coxiella burnetii
3479:Coxiella burnetii
3391:biological hazard
3369:CRISPR/Cas system
3192:International law
3076:Japan's surrender
3048:human experiments
2951:Winston Churchill
2852:mentioned to the
2850:George Washington
2749:
2748:
2641:Horses in warfare
2588:Anti-war movement
2491:Gunboat diplomacy
2481:Disaster response
2429:Philosophy of war
2424:Principles of war
2397:Deterrence theory
2342:Right of conquest
2265:Lanchester's laws
2033:Principles of war
1723:Counter-offensive
1703:Military campaign
1608:Target saturation
1531:Counterinsurgency
1140:Gun data computer
1074:Close air support
1036:Aircraft carriers
606:(WMD), including
531:infectious agents
527:biological toxins
516:
515:
155:
154:
147:
129:
21:biological agents
12026:
11961:
11960:
11952:World portal
11950:
11949:
11911:Financial crisis
11740:Nibiru cataclysm
11718:Premillennialism
11562:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
11530:Son of perdition
11518:Olivet Discourse
11494:Whore of Babylon
11120:Biological agent
11067:Human extinction
11057:Extinction event
11045:
11044:
11016:Overexploitation
10946:Land consumption
10941:Land degradation
10808:
10807:
10670:Micro black hole
10578:Chemical warfare
10532:
10525:
10518:
10509:
10508:
10493:
10492:
10481:
10480:
10469:
10468:
10372:Minamata disease
10306:Activated carbon
10255:Biomagnification
10199:Entomotoxicology
10163:
10156:
10149:
10140:
10139:
10049:Ethnic bioweapon
10007:Related concepts
9973:Salmonella typhi
9904:
9897:
9889:
9696:Modern incidents
9678:
9671:
9664:
9655:
9654:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9627:on 26 April 2017
9590:
9569:
9567:
9560:
9548:
9538:
9528:
9503:
9501:
9499:
9484:
9470:
9463:"Anthrax Island"
9457:
9440:Orent W (2004).
9436:
9393:
9378:Mayor A (2009).
9374:
9345:
9316:
9295:
9286:
9254:
9232:
9227:Hersh S (1968).
9223:
9198:(4): 1552β1580.
9186:
9165:
9163:
9161:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9119:
9104:Cross G (2017).
9100:
9094:
9086:
9077:
9056:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9025:
9018:
9008:
8989:
8968:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8914:. Archived from
8906:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8796:
8790:
8789:
8787:
8785:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8652:
8646:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8565:
8559:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8421:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8397:
8395:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8333:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8306:. Archived from
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8243:
8237:
8236:
8226:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8177:
8167:
8143:
8137:
8136:
8100:
8091:
8090:
8080:
8051:Ryan CP (2008).
8048:
8042:
8041:
8030:10.2990/32_1_102
8017:
8011:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7994:
7990:
7988:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7961:
7955:
7954:
7953:. 26 April 2021.
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7929:
7923:
7922:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7897:
7886:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7821:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7772:. 14 June 2004.
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7745:
7739:. Archived from
7734:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7700:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7588:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7478:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7447:10.1038/nbt.1593
7426:
7420:
7419:
7401:
7384:(5583): 1016β8.
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7352:
7346:. Archived from
7321:
7295:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7232:
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7191:
7190:
7182:
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7155:
7149:
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7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7098:
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7089:
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7068:
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7059:
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7040:
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7002:
6996:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6953:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6925:"1540 Committee"
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6846:. Archived from
6834:
6828:
6827:
6809:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6757:. Archived from
6745:
6739:
6738:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6678:. Archived from
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6646:. Archived from
6634:
6628:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6492:
6481:
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6455:
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6426:
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6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
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6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6287:"Johnston Atoll"
6282:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6224:
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6196:
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6101:
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6094:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6015:
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6005:, PublicAffairs.
5999:
5993:
5992:
5964:
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5901:
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5883:
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5867:
5844:
5838:
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5766:
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5741:
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5517:
5507:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5383:Mayor A (2003).
5380:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5343:
5337:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5293:
5261:
5255:
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5230:
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5192:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5143:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5083:War on the Rocks
5074:
5068:
5067:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5012:
4988:
4887:Ethnic bioweapon
4815:
4810:
4809:
4751:Matthew Meselson
4746:Joshua Lederberg
4726:Jeanne Guillemin
4717:Stephen Endicott
4687:Yujiro Wakamatsu
4647:Theodor Rosebury
4584:Eugen von Haagen
4420:Zhongma Fortress
3837:
3834:
3816:
3809:
3780:Mau Mau Uprising
3630:Anti-agriculture
3318:biological agent
3269:non-state actors
2893:and advances in
2846:Continental Army
2828:to British-held
2822:Native Americans
2788:who had died of
2784:warriors of the
2741:
2734:
2727:
2496:Humanitarian aid
2434:Security dilemma
2255:Power projection
2038:Economy of force
2018:Chain of command
1733:Defence in depth
1718:Commerce raiding
1536:Defeat in detail
872:Defense ministry
776:
767:
766:
757:
745:
744:
714:pneumonic plague
643:chemical weapons
612:chemical warfare
525:, is the use of
521:, also known as
508:
501:
494:
478:
477:
459:List of treaties
171:
157:
156:
150:
143:
139:
136:
130:
128:
87:
63:
55:
12034:
12033:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12024:
12023:
12019:Warfare by type
11999:
11998:
11997:
11992:
11971:Future problems
11944:
11935:
11869:
11838:
11805:Climate fiction
11771:
11646:2012 phenomenon
11629:
11535:Sheep and Goats
11422:2 Thessalonians
11300:
11217:Gamma-ray burst
11171:
11086:
11077:Genetic erosion
11032:
11002:
10993:Water pollution
10961:Ozone depletion
10857:Desertification
10797:
10712:
10647:Doomsday device
10627:Nuclear warfare
10566:
10541:
10536:
10506:
10501:
10457:
10411:
10387:Seveso disaster
10367:Bhopal disaster
10345:
10294:
10250:Bioaccumulation
10228:
10172:
10167:
10137:
10132:
10109:
10095:Geneva Protocol
10083:
10054:Decontamination
10002:
9859:Botulinum toxin
9854:Avian influenza
9835:
9751:Australia Group
9743:
9737:
9691:
9682:
9648:Wayback Machine
9630:
9628:
9619:
9609:Wayback Machine
9598:
9593:
9587:
9568:on 9 June 2007.
9565:
9558:
9497:
9495:
9454:
9417:
9390:
9313:
9272:10.2307/1897495
9251:
9204:10.2307/2567577
9183:
9159:
9157:
9136:
9134:
9116:
9088:
9087:
9074:
9053:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9005:
8986:
8921:
8919:
8903:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8855:
8853:Further reading
8850:
8840:
8838:
8829:
8828:
8824:
8817:
8797:
8793:
8783:
8781:
8766:
8762:
8752:
8750:
8737:
8736:
8732:
8722:
8720:
8707:
8706:
8702:
8695:
8679:
8675:
8665:
8663:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8637:Wayback Machine
8628:
8624:
8614:
8612:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8582:
8580:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8557:Wayback Machine
8547:
8543:
8536:
8520:
8516:
8506:
8504:
8487:
8483:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8433:
8429:
8419:
8417:
8408:
8407:
8403:
8393:
8391:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8357:
8355:
8346:
8345:
8341:
8331:
8329:
8322:"Shyh-Ching Lo"
8320:
8319:
8315:
8296:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8256:
8254:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8195:
8191:
8158:(8): e1003555.
8144:
8140:
8101:
8094:
8049:
8045:
8018:
8014:
8008:
8004:
7992:
7991:
7982:
7981:
7974:
7972:
7962:
7958:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7936:
7930:
7926:
7915:
7911:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7777:
7764:
7763:
7759:
7749:
7747:
7743:
7732:
7726:
7722:
7667:
7663:
7632:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7615:on 2 March 2013
7607:
7606:
7602:
7586:10.1038/522020a
7557:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7479:
7472:
7441:(12): 1163β72.
7427:
7423:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7353:on 26 June 2013
7350:
7319:10.1.1.418.9059
7293:
7287:
7283:
7272:
7268:
7258:
7256:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7204:
7198:
7194:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7156:
7152:
7140:Wayback Machine
7130:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7099:
7095:
7085:
7083:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6994:Wayback Machine
6984:
6980:
6970:
6968:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6940:
6938:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6881:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6699:
6695:
6685:
6683:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6622:
6618:
6575:
6571:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6493:
6484:
6474:
6472:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6443:Wikisource link
6433:
6429:
6418:
6414:
6404:
6402:
6395:The Japan Times
6387:
6383:
6373:
6371:
6360:
6356:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6267:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6206:
6199:
6158:
6154:
6144:
6142:
6129:
6125:
6118:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6036:10.2307/2198921
6016:
6009:
6000:
5996:
5969:Health Security
5965:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5908:
5904:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5875:
5871:
5860:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5800:
5796:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5748:
5744:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5683:
5679:
5664:
5660:
5651:
5647:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5602:
5598:
5593:Wayback Machine
5579:
5575:
5566:
5562:
5525:
5521:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5445:
5441:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5344:
5340:
5335:Wayback Machine
5327:
5323:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5239:Gray C (2007).
5237:
5233:
5226:
5212:
5208:
5199:
5195:
5189:Wayback Machine
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5145:
5144:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5103:Wayback Machine
5094:
5090:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5048:
5044:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4927:Military animal
4862:Chemical weapon
4811:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4781:Aaron Henderson
4761:Richard Preston
4731:Edward Hagerman
4713:Leonard A. Cole
4696:
4677:Auguste Trillat
4622:George W. Merck
4542:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4482:
4476:
4453:
4445:Main articles:
4443:
4399:
4393:
4380:Project Bonfire
4269:
4263:
4242:Operation Ozone
4191:Gruinard Island
4182:
4176:
4133:Project Bacchus
4041:
4035:
4030:
4016:Researchers at
3967:
3908:
3871:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3822:needs expansion
3807:
3802:
3796:
3727:
3643:
3637:
3632:
3577:botulinum toxin
3519:Yersinia pestis
3513:Vibrio cholerae
3411:delivery system
3383:
3378:
3338:
3313:
3307:
3283:
3277:
3265:nuclear weapons
3253:Resolution 1540
3242:Australia Group
3216:Geneva Protocol
3204:
3198:Geneva Protocol
3196:Main articles:
3194:
3174:
3084:
3011:, commander of
2983:George W. Merck
2971:Gruinard Island
2927:
2919:Geneva Protocol
2911:Imperial German
2887:
2875:New South Wales
2858:Siege of Boston
2838:Delaware people
2814:
2754:
2745:
2716:
2715:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2516:Multilateralism
2501:Law enforcement
2461:
2451:
2450:
2419:Just war theory
2377:
2367:
2366:
2317:Geneva Protocol
2287:
2277:
2276:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1883:Network-centric
1803:
1793:
1792:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1571:Rapid dominance
1476:
1466:
1465:
1421:Electromagnetic
1330:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1259:
1207:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1168:Combat training
1149:
1126:
1092:Combat systems:
1088:
1050:
1046:Auxiliary ships
1012:
972:
968:Military police
934:
857:
847:
846:
786:
760:
759:
758:
753:
743:
737:
690:
608:nuclear warfare
582:Geneva Protocol
580:under the 1925
512:
151:
140:
134:
131:
88:
86:
76:
64:
51:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12032:
12022:
12021:
12016:
12011:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11990:
11989:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11966:Apocalypticism
11955:
11940:
11937:
11936:
11934:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11877:
11875:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11846:
11844:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11824:
11819:
11818:
11817:
11810:Disaster films
11807:
11802:
11801:
11800:
11795:
11785:
11783:Alien invasion
11779:
11777:
11773:
11772:
11770:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11758:
11757:
11752:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11731:
11730:
11725:
11723:Amillennialism
11720:
11710:
11708:Millenarianism
11705:
11704:
11703:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11661:Apocalypticism
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11637:
11635:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11627:
11626:
11625:
11615:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11586:
11585:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11557:Dhu al-Qarnayn
11554:
11549:
11539:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11526:
11525:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11503:Great Apostasy
11500:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11441:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11403:
11402:
11392:
11382:
11377:
11376:
11375:
11370:
11360:
11350:
11348:Last Judgement
11345:
11344:
11343:
11338:
11328:
11327:
11326:
11321:
11310:
11308:
11306:Eschatological
11302:
11301:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11260:
11259:
11249:
11244:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11183:
11181:
11177:
11176:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11112:
11111:
11110:
11105:
11094:
11092:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11053:
11051:
11042:
11038:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11030:
11029:
11028:
11021:Overpopulation
11018:
11012:
11010:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10998:Water scarcity
10995:
10990:
10985:
10984:
10983:
10973:
10971:Sea level rise
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10934:on marine life
10931:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10889:Global warming
10886:
10881:
10879:Global dimming
10876:
10871:
10870:
10869:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10837:Cascade effect
10834:
10833:
10832:
10822:
10816:
10814:
10812:Climate change
10805:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10784:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10741:
10731:
10726:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10710:
10705:
10704:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10679:
10678:
10677:
10672:
10662:
10656:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10642:Doomsday Clock
10639:
10634:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10601:
10600:
10595:
10593:Cyberterrorism
10590:
10580:
10574:
10572:
10568:
10567:
10565:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10552:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10535:
10534:
10527:
10520:
10512:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10487:
10475:
10462:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10419:
10417:
10416:Related topics
10413:
10412:
10410:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10353:
10351:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10326:Gastric lavage
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10302:
10300:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10280:Toxicity class
10277:
10275:Toxic capacity
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10245:Acute toxicity
10242:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10226:
10224:Toxicogenomics
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10180:
10178:
10174:
10173:
10166:
10165:
10158:
10151:
10143:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10091:
10089:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10034:Biocontainment
10031:
10026:
10021:
10019:Anthrax hoaxes
10016:
10014:Agro-terrorism
10010:
10008:
10004:
10003:
10001:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9983:Staphylococcus
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9902:
9895:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9845:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9747:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9699:
9697:
9693:
9692:
9681:
9680:
9673:
9666:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9637:
9617:
9612:
9597:
9596:External links
9594:
9592:
9591:
9585:
9570:
9549:
9519:(9): 971β975.
9504:
9485:
9471:
9458:
9452:
9437:
9415:
9407:10.17226/24890
9394:
9388:
9375:
9346:
9317:
9311:
9296:
9287:
9266:(3): 489β494.
9255:
9249:
9233:
9224:
9187:
9181:
9166:
9143:
9120:
9114:
9101:
9078:
9073:978-1851094905
9072:
9057:
9052:978-1402020971
9051:
9036:
9009:
9003:
8990:
8984:
8969:
8929:
8907:
8901:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8857:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8848:
8822:
8815:
8791:
8760:
8730:
8700:
8693:
8673:
8647:
8622:
8590:
8560:
8541:
8534:
8514:
8481:
8470:(12): 756β60.
8454:
8447:
8427:
8401:
8365:
8339:
8313:
8290:
8264:
8238:
8189:
8152:PLOS Pathogens
8138:
8111:(4): 593β605.
8092:
8043:
8012:
8002:
7956:
7942:
7924:
7909:
7873:
7866:
7842:
7813:
7787:
7757:
7720:
7671:"Bioterrorism"
7661:
7626:
7600:
7571:(7554): 20β4.
7551:
7512:
7470:
7421:
7364:
7281:
7266:
7244:
7192:
7177:
7171:978-0195333053
7170:
7150:
7124:
7093:
7063:
7027:
7010:Foreign Policy
6997:
6978:
6948:
6930:United Nations
6916:
6886:
6879:
6861:
6829:
6792:(4): 185β191.
6772:
6740:
6693:
6682:on 21 May 2019
6661:
6629:
6616:
6589:(5): 752β776.
6569:
6514:
6507:
6482:
6447:
6427:
6412:
6381:
6354:
6331:
6324:
6306:
6299:
6277:
6251:
6236:
6225:
6218:
6212:. Free Press.
6197:
6152:
6123:
6117:978-0198526834
6116:
6096:
6089:
6069:
6030:(5): 853β879.
6007:
5994:
5959:
5950:
5902:
5884:
5869:
5858:
5839:
5814:(6): 497β502.
5794:
5783:(3): 427β441.
5767:
5760:
5742:
5727:
5721:978-0674013056
5720:
5702:
5696:978-0195331271
5695:
5677:
5658:
5645:
5623:
5616:
5596:
5573:
5560:
5539:(6): 497β502.
5519:
5470:
5463:
5439:
5414:Med Hypotheses
5400:
5393:
5375:
5366:
5338:
5321:
5256:
5249:
5231:
5224:
5206:
5193:
5170:
5131:
5119:
5088:
5069:
5062:
5042:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4967:Well poisoning
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4907:John W. Powell
4904:
4899:
4897:Hittite plague
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:Biology portal
4800:
4797:
4792:Main article:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:Arthur Galston
4718:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Elvin A. Kabat
4614:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4598:Arthur Galston
4595:
4590:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4546:Bioweaponeers:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4519:
4516:
4511:Main article:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4478:Main article:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4459:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4395:Main article:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4385:Project Factor
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4299:
4289:
4265:Main article:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4239:
4229:
4219:
4204:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4178:Main article:
4175:
4174:United Kingdom
4172:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4037:Main article:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4005:, the company
3976:first Gulf War
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3870:
3867:
3840:
3839:
3819:
3817:
3806:
3803:
3798:Main article:
3795:
3792:
3771:for pigs, and
3767:against cows,
3739:Entente forces
3726:
3725:Anti-livestock
3723:
3703:mass dispersal
3655:mycoherbicides
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3534:, many of the
3490:Rickettsiaceae
3488:, some of the
3382:
3381:Anti-personnel
3379:
3377:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3337:
3334:
3309:Main article:
3306:
3303:
3279:Main article:
3276:
3273:
3259:, biological,
3193:
3190:
3182:Benjamin Kedar
3173:
3170:
3083:
3080:
2939:United Kingdom
2926:
2923:
2886:
2883:
2813:
2810:
2762:unknown plague
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Military terms
2678:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:Tripwire force
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1961:Administrative
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:New generation
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1863:Fleet in being
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1801:Grand strategy
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:Scorched earth
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Deep operation
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:Unconventional
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1407:Disinformation
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Basic training
1155:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1084:Reconnaissance
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:Special forces
1000:
995:
994:
993:
983:
978:
971:
970:
965:
960:
958:Reconnaissance
955:
950:
945:
940:
933:
932:
923:
918:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
837:
827:
826:
825:
820:
810:
809:
808:
801:Post-classical
798:
793:
787:
782:
781:
778:
777:
769:
768:
750:
749:
739:Main article:
736:
733:
689:
686:
514:
513:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
469:
468:
467:
466:
463:treaty parties
453:
452:
448:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
427:
426:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
407:United Kingdom
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
178:
177:
173:
172:
164:
163:
153:
152:
67:
65:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12031:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12004:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11981:Risk analysis
11979:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11963:
11956:
11954:
11953:
11948:
11942:
11941:
11938:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11926:Social crisis
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11872:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11847:
11845:
11843:Organizations
11841:
11833:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11816:
11813:
11812:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11790:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11780:
11778:
11774:
11768:
11767:World to come
11765:
11763:
11760:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11747:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11714:
11713:Millennialism
11711:
11709:
11706:
11702:
11701:Messianic Age
11699:
11698:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11686:Gog and Magog
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11676:Earth Changes
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11632:
11624:
11621:
11620:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11591:
11590:
11587:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11524:
11521:
11520:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11513:New Jerusalem
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11489:War in Heaven
11487:
11485:
11484:Two witnesses
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11450:
11447:
11446:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11424:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11401:
11398:
11397:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11387:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11365:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11355:
11354:
11353:Second Coming
11351:
11349:
11346:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11333:
11332:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11309:
11307:
11303:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11258:
11255:
11254:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11239:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11178:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11089:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11046:
11043:
11039:
11027:
11024:
11023:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:
11005:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10982:
10979:
10978:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10868:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10852:Deforestation
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10831:
10828:
10827:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10800:
10794:
10793:World War III
10791:
10789:
10786:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10768:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10719:
10715:
10709:
10708:Transhumanism
10706:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10688:
10687:
10683:
10680:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10660:
10657:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10628:
10625:
10621:
10618:
10617:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10571:Technological
10569:
10561:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10544:
10540:
10533:
10528:
10526:
10521:
10519:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10498:
10497:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10476:
10474:
10473:
10464:
10463:
10460:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10438:Hazard symbol
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10420:
10418:
10414:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10348:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10336:Hemoperfusion
10334:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10297:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10189:Ecotoxicology
10187:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10164:
10159:
10157:
10152:
10150:
10145:
10144:
10141:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10112:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10005:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9968:Salmonellosis
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9943:Marburg virus
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9900:
9896:
9893:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9679:
9674:
9672:
9667:
9665:
9660:
9659:
9656:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9638:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9610:
9606:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9588:
9582:
9578:
9577:
9571:
9564:
9557:
9556:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9505:
9493:
9492:
9486:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9459:
9455:
9449:
9445:
9444:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9381:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9357:(2): 163β82.
9356:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9318:
9314:
9308:
9304:
9303:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9252:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9184:
9178:
9174:
9173:
9167:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9144:
9132:
9128:
9127:
9121:
9117:
9111:
9107:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9058:
9054:
9048:
9044:
9043:
9037:
9022:
9015:
9010:
9006:
9004:9780160941481
9000:
8996:
8991:
8987:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8943:(7): 429β32.
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8887:
8886:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8818:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8803:
8795:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8764:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8704:
8696:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8677:
8661:
8657:
8651:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8626:
8610:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8545:
8537:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8518:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8485:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8458:
8450:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8431:
8415:
8411:
8405:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8327:
8323:
8317:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8294:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8252:
8248:
8242:
8234:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8142:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8097:
8088:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8063:(3): 276β81.
8062:
8058:
8054:
8047:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8016:
8006:
7998:
7986:
7971:
7967:
7960:
7952:
7946:
7935:
7928:
7920:
7913:
7894:
7890:
7883:
7877:
7869:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7846:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7802:. 20 May 2010
7801:
7797:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7742:
7738:
7731:
7724:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7672:
7665:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7630:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7555:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7477:
7475:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7270:
7254:
7248:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7215:(4): 333β65.
7214:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7188:
7181:
7173:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7154:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7128:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7031:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6982:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6882:
6880:9781851684472
6876:
6872:
6865:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6681:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6626:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6435:Richard Nixon
6431:
6423:
6416:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6385:
6369:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6345:
6344:
6335:
6327:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6302:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6247:
6240:
6229:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6202:
6193:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6090:9788183563819
6086:
6082:
6081:
6073:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6012:
6004:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5975:(4): 219β55.
5974:
5970:
5963:
5954:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5761:9781846148088
5757:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5717:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5674:. p. 44.
5673:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5649:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5619:
5613:
5610:. Routledge.
5609:
5608:
5600:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5570:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5466:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5420:(6): 1371β4.
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5276:(3): 84β122.
5275:
5271:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Trichothecene
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Project AGILE
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:McNeill's law
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4803:
4795:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:David Willman
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4600:(unwittingly)
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Wouter Basson
4573:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4560:Shyh-Ching Lo
4559:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4535:
4531:
4530:DRDC Suffield
4528:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4514:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Project Coast
4484:
4483:
4481:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Vozrozhdeniya
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4033:United States
4025:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4009:has designed
4008:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3878:Yekaterinburg
3874:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3836:
3833:December 2011
3827:
3823:
3820:This section
3818:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3651:bioherbicides
3648:
3642:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:Brucella suis
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:Lethal Agents
3601:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:select agents
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3552:Marburg virus
3549:
3548:Coronaviruses
3545:
3544:Machupo virus
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:mediastinitis
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3420:For example,
3418:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3387:
3373:
3370:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:In 2004, the
3245:
3243:
3240:In 1985, the
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:Richard Nixon
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:stationed in
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
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2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
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2669:
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2649:
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2639:
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2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Warrior caste
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:Show of force
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Peacebuilding
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
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2469:
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2460:
2455:
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2432:
2430:
2427:
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2417:
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2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Air supremacy
2380:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Islamic rules
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Court-martial
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Arms industry
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Broken-backed
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
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1716:
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1711:
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1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:Expeditionary
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1619:
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1611:
1609:
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1601:
1599:
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1587:
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1582:
1579:
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1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Counterattack
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Psychological
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Combined arms
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Fortification
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Landing craft
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
927:
926:Standing army
924:
922:
919:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
851:
850:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
824:
821:
819:
818:pike and shot
816:
815:
814:
811:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
780:
779:
775:
771:
770:
764:
756:
752:
751:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
701:
699:
695:
685:
683:
679:
676:. Toxins and
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
659:clandestinely
656:
655:nation states
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
489:
487:
486:
481:
473:
472:
471:
470:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
450:
449:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
425:Proliferation
424:
423:
418:
415:
413:
412:United States
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
175:
174:
170:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
149:
146:
138:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96: β
95:
91:
90:Find sources:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:This article
66:
62:
57:
56:
53:
49:
46:episode, see
45:
41:
38:episode, see
37:
30:
26:
22:
11943:
11886:Cyberwarfare
11604:Third Temple
11459:Lake of fire
11269:Rogue planet
11237:Impact event
11227:Proton decay
11180:Astronomical
11130:Bioterrorism
11124:
10976:Supervolcano
10874:Flood basalt
10820:Anoxic event
10729:Collapsology
10717:Sociological
10588:Cyberwarfare
10494:
10482:
10470:
10422:
10331:Hemodialysis
9744:and response
9689:bioterrorism
9684:
9629:. Retrieved
9625:the original
9575:
9563:the original
9554:
9516:
9512:
9496:. Retrieved
9490:
9479:
9466:
9442:
9398:
9379:
9354:
9350:
9328:(1): 23β45.
9325:
9321:
9301:
9291:
9283:
9263:
9259:
9240:
9228:
9195:
9191:
9171:
9160:27 September
9158:. Retrieved
9154:the original
9148:
9135:. Retrieved
9131:the original
9125:
9105:
9082:
9066:. ABC-CLIO.
9062:
9041:
9028:. Retrieved
8994:
8974:
8940:
8936:
8920:. Retrieved
8916:the original
8891:
8863:
8839:. Retrieved
8825:
8801:
8794:
8782:. Retrieved
8773:
8763:
8751:. Retrieved
8733:
8721:. Retrieved
8712:
8703:
8683:
8676:
8664:. Retrieved
8650:
8640:
8625:
8613:. Retrieved
8602:
8593:
8581:. Retrieved
8572:
8563:
8544:
8524:
8517:
8505:. Retrieved
8494:
8484:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8437:
8430:
8418:. Retrieved
8404:
8392:. Retrieved
8377:
8368:
8356:. Retrieved
8342:
8330:. Retrieved
8316:
8308:the original
8303:
8293:
8281:. Retrieved
8267:
8255:. Retrieved
8241:
8206:
8202:
8192:
8155:
8151:
8141:
8108:
8104:
8060:
8056:
8046:
8021:
8015:
8005:
7973:. Retrieved
7969:
7959:
7945:
7927:
7918:
7912:
7900:. Retrieved
7888:
7876:
7852:
7845:
7833:. Retrieved
7828:
7804:. Retrieved
7800:The National
7799:
7790:
7778:. Retrieved
7769:
7760:
7748:. Retrieved
7741:the original
7736:
7723:
7691:): 227β234.
7680:
7674:
7664:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7617:. Retrieved
7613:the original
7603:
7568:
7564:
7554:
7542:. Retrieved
7525:
7515:
7503:. Retrieved
7486:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7381:
7377:
7367:
7357:23 September
7355:. Retrieved
7348:the original
7301:
7297:
7284:
7275:
7269:
7257:. Retrieved
7247:
7230:1721.1/39141
7212:
7208:
7195:
7186:
7180:
7160:
7153:
7143:
7127:
7115:. Retrieved
7106:
7096:
7084:. Retrieved
7075:
7066:
7054:. Retrieved
7042:
7030:
7018:. Retrieved
7009:
7000:
6981:
6969:. Retrieved
6960:
6951:
6939:. Retrieved
6928:
6919:
6907:. Retrieved
6898:
6889:
6870:
6864:
6852:. Retrieved
6848:the original
6841:
6832:
6789:
6785:
6775:
6763:. Retrieved
6759:the original
6752:
6743:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6684:. Retrieved
6680:the original
6673:
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6648:the original
6641:
6632:
6619:
6586:
6582:
6572:
6531:
6527:
6517:
6497:
6473:. Retrieved
6462:
6430:
6421:
6415:
6403:. Retrieved
6394:
6384:
6372:. Retrieved
6357:
6342:
6334:
6315:
6309:
6290:
6280:
6268:. Retrieved
6266:. 8 May 2017
6263:
6254:
6245:
6239:
6228:
6209:
6166:EMBO Reports
6165:
6155:
6143:. Retrieved
6139:the original
6133:
6126:
6106:
6099:
6079:
6072:
6060:. Retrieved
6027:
6023:
6002:
5997:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5953:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5896:
5887:
5872:
5863:
5848:
5842:
5833:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5751:
5745:
5736:
5730:
5711:
5705:
5686:
5680:
5667:
5661:
5653:
5648:
5639:
5635:
5606:
5599:
5581:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5490:(9): 971β5.
5487:
5483:
5473:
5449:
5442:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5384:
5378:
5369:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5324:
5291:1721.1/28498
5273:
5269:
5259:
5240:
5234:
5215:
5209:
5196:
5178:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5150:
5126:
5122:
5106:
5091:
5082:
5072:
5052:
5045:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4952:Project SHAD
4837:Baker Island
4771:Mark Wheelis
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:Yazid Sufaat
4642:Sergei Popov
4603:Kurt Gutzeit
4588:Anton Dilger
4552:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4474:South Africa
4218:, 1948β1950.
4206:
4143:Project SHAD
4081:Building 470
4063:Camp Detrick
4045:Fort Detrick
4015:
4000:
3988:
3984:
3969:The goal of
3968:
3909:
3895:
3891:
3882:Soviet Union
3875:
3872:
3859:
3843:
3830:
3826:adding to it
3821:
3777:
3758:
3751:
3747:Burkholderia
3743:Anton Dilger
3728:
3711:Agent Orange
3688:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3644:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3566:
3561:Coccidioides
3559:
3538:(especially
3536:Flaviviridae
3526:(especially
3524:Bunyaviridae
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3492:(especially
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3396:
3365:
3339:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3281:Bioterrorism
3275:Bioterrorism
3261:radiological
3246:
3239:
3228:
3224:no-first-use
3220:reservations
3213:
3178:Benny Morris
3175:
3154:Soviet Union
3151:
3128:
3126:and others.
3085:
3061:
3022:
3017:vivisections
2976:
2931:World War II
2928:
2925:World War II
2895:bacteriology
2889:By 1900 the
2888:
2862:William Howe
2834:Ohio Country
2815:
2802:
2786:Golden Horde
2755:
2651:Fifth column
2631:War resister
2626:Women in war
2521:Peacekeeping
2466:Arms control
2411:
2100:Mobilization
2095:Conscription
2053:Intelligence
2006:Organization
1647:
1576:Encirclement
1456:Radiological
1392:Conventional
1354:
1246:Subterranean
1153:Development:
1152:
1129:
1091:
1053:
1016:Naval units:
1015:
1008:Signal corps
975:
953:Intelligence
938:Specialties:
937:
862:Organization
813:Early modern
718:transmission
706:
702:
691:
681:
667:
663:bioterrorism
636:
601:
584:and several
571:
523:germ warfare
522:
518:
517:
367:South Africa
362:Saudi Arabia
356:Soviet Union
199:Radiological
141:
132:
122:
115:
108:
101:
89:
77:Please help
72:verification
69:
52:
43:
35:
25:bioterrorism
11962:Categories
11931:Survivalism
11618:Zoroastrian
11474:Seven seals
11469:Seven bowls
11395:Historicism
11291:Solar flare
11167:Overfishing
11142:Defaunation
10929:coral reefs
10691:AI takeover
10610:Nanoweapons
10598:Cybergeddon
10583:Cyberattack
10496:WikiProject
10433:Food safety
10265:Lethal dose
9933:Henipavirus
9864:Brucellosis
9137:27 February
9085:. New York.
9030:28 February
8833:. Harvard.
8642:NOVA Online
8358:16 November
8332:15 November
8209:(2): 92β8.
7993:|last=
7970:www.hhs.gov
7835:15 February
7642:(1): 1β15.
7619:5 September
7259:4 September
7086:15 November
7056:15 November
7020:15 November
6971:15 November
6405:26 December
6347:. pp.
6145:20 December
5355:(5): 8β16.
4972:Yellow rain
4942:Project 112
4877:Enterotoxin
4857:Biosecurity
4672:Erich Traub
4627:Frank Olson
4612:Shiro Ishii
4593:Paul Fildes
4570:Ira Baldwin
4285:, northern
4283:Stepnogorsk
4273:Biopreparat
4203:(1942β1944)
4186:Porton Down
4148:Project 112
4003:Netherlands
3899:chest X-ray
3778:During the
3773:psittacosis
3709:, famously
3701:included a
3699:Vietnam War
3663:wheat blast
3659:Sino-Soviet
3598:The former
3583:, and many
3443:antibiotics
3436:hemorrhagic
3399:infectivity
3291:CRISPR-Cas9
3162:Biopreparat
3133:decided to
3120:brucellosis
3110:weaponized
3092:brucellosis
3044:ShirΕ Ishii
3034:, based at
3030:during the
3009:Shiro Ishii
2995:brucellosis
2963:brucellosis
2947:Paul Fildes
2943:Porton Down
2915:World War I
2891:germ theory
2885:World War I
2816:During the
2798:Black Death
2636:War studies
2459:Non-warfare
2387:Appeasement
2352:Martial law
2191:War economy
2130:Transgender
2083:Recruitment
1843:Containment
1728:Culminating
1708:Anti-access
1631:Operational
1551:Envelopment
1494:Air assault
1375:Air cavalry
1335:Air defence
1315:Information
1216:Cold-region
1181:Battlespace
1130:Historical:
976:Land units:
902:Space force
897:Coast guard
830:Late modern
791:Prehistoric
722:aerosolized
634:potential.
387:Switzerland
372:South Korea
332:Philippines
322:North Korea
317:Netherlands
12003:Categories
11891:Depression
11881:Ransomware
11696:Messianism
11666:Armageddon
11651:Apocalypse
11439:Antichrist
11427:Man of sin
11324:Three Ages
11187:Big Crunch
11049:Extinction
11041:Biological
10803:Ecological
10675:Strangelet
10428:Carcinogen
10299:Treatments
10170:Toxicology
10128:Wikisource
9928:Hantavirus
9906:Venezuelan
9742:Prevention
8922:2 December
8723:24 October
8283:24 October
8257:24 October
7975:2 November
7867:0387950761
7544:24 January
7505:24 January
7117:3 November
6713:(2): 277.
6062:27 October
5879:"Smallpox"
5652:Crawford,
5642:: 123β130.
5464:0387950761
5202:Wikisource
4979:References
4842:Bioaerosol
4580:Kurt Blome
4501:Protechnik
4357:Sverdlovsk
4287:Kazakhstan
4158:Fort Terry
4077:(1943β69)
4047:, Maryland
3971:biodefense
3800:Biodefense
3765:rinderpest
3754:rinderpest
3691:herbicides
3676:weaponized
3674:but never
3672:stockpiled
3667:rice blast
3639:See also:
3585:mycotoxins
3532:Ebolavirus
3417:problems.
3320:, such as
3305:Entomology
3098:and later
3068:California
2899:bio-agents
2860:, General
2764:(possibly
2696:War crimes
2686:Operations
2593:Foot drill
2563:Battle cry
2476:deterrence
2135:Harassment
2110:Specialism
1933:Technology
1928:Succession
1873:Liberation
1808:Asymmetric
1743:Empty fort
1649:Blitzkrieg
1618:Withdrawal
1581:Investment
1360:Camouflage
1355:Biological
1293:Underwater
1268:Amphibious
1187:Aerospace
1054:Air units:
1031:Submarines
840:fourth-gen
835:industrial
823:napoleonic
651:non-lethal
632:incendiary
417:Yugoslavia
208:By country
184:Biological
105:newspapers
42:. For the
12014:Bioethics
11776:Fictional
11623:Saoshyant
11508:New Earth
11479:The Beast
11412:Preterism
11385:Christian
11341:Kali Yuga
11286:Micronova
11281:Hypernova
11147:Dysgenics
10988:Verneshot
10894:Hypercane
10637:Dead Hand
10350:Incidents
10316:Cathartic
10079:Terrorism
9988:Tularemia
9475:Preston R
9371:161373103
9091:cite book
8895:. Delta.
8639:, (2001)
8604:Newsnight
8379:Frontline
8038:155063789
7728:Franz D.
7707:1460-2393
7534:0362-4331
7495:0190-8286
7314:CiteSeerX
6824:221061960
6816:0096-3402
6727:0002-9300
6611:252389726
6603:0026-3206
6556:0036-8075
6501:. Delta.
6052:147499122
5936:See also
5932:143644513
5918:: 68β86.
5656:, 245β250
5300:0162-2889
5019:2054-314X
4932:Mycotoxin
4312:Omutninsk
4296:Leningrad
4236:Stornoway
4226:Stornoway
4196:Nancekuke
4098:(1954β73)
3996:pathogens
3880:) in the
3719:Eelam War
3715:Viet Cong
3683:biotoxins
3581:saxitoxin
3432:influenza
3403:virulence
3376:By target
3229:The 1972
3116:tularemia
3096:tularemia
3070:, during
3064:San Diego
3040:Manchuria
2955:tularemia
2953:and soon
2830:Fort Pitt
2806:hypnotize
2766:tularemia
2583:War novel
2486:Grey-zone
2446:War games
2407:Overmatch
2357:War crime
2307:Desertion
2297:Ceasefire
2292:Armistice
2179:Logistics
2157:Mercenary
2145:Volunteer
2076:Personnel
2048:Engineers
1993:Sociology
1948:World war
1943:Total war
1923:Strategic
1913:Religious
1898:Political
1893:Perpetual
1868:Irregular
1783:Offensive
1758:Defensive
1753:Deception
1713:Attrition
1561:Guerrilla
1556:Formation
1499:Airbridge
1431:Loitering
1345:Artillery
998:Artillery
948:Engineers
916:Irregular
887:Air force
624:explosive
578:war crime
574:normative
559:organisms
232:Australia
227:Argentina
135:June 2013
29:Bioattack
11916:Pandemic
11901:Epidemic
11896:Droughts
11750:Prewrath
11681:End time
11547:Al-Qa'im
11432:Katechon
11417:2 Esdras
11407:Idealism
11390:Futurism
11319:Maitreya
11314:Buddhist
11157:Pandemic
10605:Gray goo
10472:Category
10311:Antidote
10233:Concepts
10029:Bacteria
9978:Smallpox
9923:Glanders
9703:Unit 731
9644:Archived
9640:USAMRIID
9605:Archived
9545:12194776
9477:(2002).
9433:90767286
9425:30629396
9351:Folklore
9342:36729031
9322:Folklore
9239:(1999).
9220:18271127
9021:Archived
8957:19567692
8933:Appel JM
8835:Archived
8778:Archived
8747:Archived
8717:Archived
8660:Archived
8633:Archived
8615:16 March
8609:Archived
8577:Archived
8553:Archived
8501:Archived
8414:Archived
8388:Archived
8352:Archived
8326:Archived
8277:Archived
8251:Archived
8233:12690063
8184:24058320
8133:24512142
8125:18556642
8087:19006970
7985:cite web
7902:17 March
7893:Archived
7806:18 March
7780:17 April
7774:Archived
7770:BBC News
7715:11294966
7656:15093546
7595:26040877
7538:Archived
7499:Archived
7465:20010599
7408:12114528
7344:14773861
7336:16210530
7239:18081496
7136:Archived
7111:Archived
7107:HuffPost
7080:Archived
7047:Archived
7014:Archived
6990:Archived
6965:Archived
6935:Archived
6903:Archived
6469:Archived
6437:(1969),
6399:Archived
6368:Archived
6270:15 April
6192:16819450
6056:Archived
5989:26221997
5830:24894605
5789:17216901
5589:Archived
5555:24894605
5514:12194776
5434:17499936
5361:17087059
5331:Archived
5316:57570499
5185:Archived
5157:Archived
5099:Archived
5037:28265441
5003:: 7 MI.
4799:See also
4766:Ed Regis
4756:Toby Ord
4507:Rhodesia
4469:facility
4467:Al Manal
4457:Al Hakum
4415:Unit 731
4407:Unit 731
4348:Obolensk
4069:(1940s).
4067:Maryland
3936:system."
3862:military
3735:glanders
3647:Cold War
3507:Shigella
3455:Brucella
3407:vaccines
3336:Genetics
3326:pathogen
3257:chemical
3104:vaccinia
3082:Cold War
3028:Unit 731
3013:Unit 731
2999:botulism
2967:botulism
2907:glanders
2879:smallpox
2848:officer
2774:Scythian
2598:War song
2573:War film
2206:Materiel
2125:Children
2105:Training
2043:Medicine
2028:Doctrine
1983:Training
1918:Resource
1903:Princely
1853:Economic
1838:Conquest
1833:Colonial
1828:Cold war
1813:Blockade
1693:Strategy
1665:Maneuver
1426:Infantry
1382:Chemical
1236:Mountain
1196:Airborne
1059:Fighters
1026:Warships
981:Infantry
907:Reserves
855:Military
710:smallpox
698:economic
688:Overview
639:tactical
589:treaties
535:bacteria
533:such as
480:Category
451:Treaties
443:Missiles
433:Chemical
342:Rhodesia
327:Pakistan
242:Bulgaria
189:Chemical
11976:Hazards
11874:General
11745:Rapture
11594:Messiah
11582:Sufyani
11572:Israfil
11542:Islamic
11380:Messiah
11358:1 Enoch
11192:Big Rip
10904:Ecocide
10899:Ice age
10484:Commons
10448:Mutagen
9899:Western
9892:Eastern
9849:Anthrax
9536:2732530
9498:8 March
9280:1897495
9237:Keith J
9212:2567577
8965:1643086
8841:8 March
8784:8 March
8753:8 March
8666:8 March
8583:8 March
8507:7 March
8496:SF Gate
8476:2698560
8420:8 March
8394:8 March
8224:1497515
8175:3744436
8078:2289981
7829:fas.org
7750:14 June
7573:Bibcode
7456:2819212
7416:5810309
7386:Bibcode
7378:Science
7306:Bibcode
7298:Science
6941:2 March
6909:2 March
6854:2 March
6794:Bibcode
6765:2 March
6735:8354600
6686:2 March
6654:2 March
6564:7973702
6536:Bibcode
6528:Science
6475:2 March
6374:5 April
6183:1490304
6044:2198921
5505:2732530
5455:214,219
5308:4137478
5163:2 March
5113:(ICRC)/
5028:5330008
4330:Zagorsk
4248:, 1954.
4238:, 1953.
4228:, 1952.
4216:Antigua
4057:at the
4001:In the
3786:of the
3731:anthrax
3401:, high
3251:passed
3124:Q-fever
3112:anthrax
3036:Pingfan
2959:anthrax
2937:in the
2903:anthrax
2778:tetanus
2758:Hittite
2711:Writers
2706:Weapons
2671:Battles
2620:Related
2608:Wargame
2603:Uniform
2551:Culture
2332:Perfidy
2327:Justice
2248:Science
2233:Outpost
2186:History
2166:Warrior
2162:Soldier
2150:foreign
2088:counter
1988:Service
1938:Theater
1878:Limited
1858:Endemic
1773:Nuclear
1541:Foxhole
1516:Cavalry
1504:Airdrop
1489:Airlift
1474:Tactics
1446:Nuclear
1436:Missile
1365:Cavalry
1350:Barrage
1328:Weapons
1288:Surface
1069:Command
1064:Bombers
1021:Frogman
991:Cavalry
963:Medical
930:Militia
912:Regular
892:Marines
806:castles
796:Ancient
784:History
763:outline
735:History
628:kinetic
563:viruses
543:insects
539:viruses
438:Nuclear
402:Ukraine
347:Romania
312:Myanmar
267:Germany
222:Algeria
217:Albania
194:Nuclear
176:By type
119:scholar
36:M*A*S*H
11906:Famine
11832:Zombie
11634:Others
11589:Jewish
11567:Dajjal
11449:Events
11363:Daniel
11264:winter
11091:Others
10981:winter
10781:winter
10776:famine
10771:cobalt
10270:Poison
10177:Fields
9993:Typhus
9953:Plague
9631:28 May
9611:, ICRC
9583:
9543:
9533:
9450:
9431:
9423:
9413:
9386:
9369:
9340:
9309:
9278:
9247:
9218:
9210:
9179:
9112:
9070:
9049:
9001:
8982:
8963:
8955:
8899:
8861:about
8813:
8691:
8532:
8474:
8445:
8231:
8221:
8182:
8172:
8131:
8123:
8085:
8075:
8036:
7864:
7713:
7705:
7654:
7593:
7565:Nature
7532:
7493:
7463:
7453:
7414:
7406:
7342:
7334:
7316:
7237:
7168:
6877:
6822:
6814:
6733:
6725:
6609:
6601:
6562:
6554:
6505:
6322:
6297:
6216:
6190:
6180:
6114:
6087:
6050:
6042:
5987:
5944:, and
5930:
5856:
5828:
5787:
5758:
5718:
5693:
5614:
5586:online
5553:
5512:
5502:
5461:
5432:
5391:
5359:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5247:
5222:
5060:
5035:
5025:
5017:
4518:Canada
4339:Berdsk
4246:Nassau
3847:Geneva
3763:, and
3516:, and
3510:spp.,
3458:spp.,
3428:spores
3393:symbol
3330:vector
3322:plague
3263:, and
3088:plague
3053:Ningbo
2997:, and
2965:, and
2933:, the
2790:plague
2782:Mongol
2691:Sieges
2375:Theory
2115:Morale
1973:Policy
1968:Branch
1748:Mosaic
1738:Fabian
1680:Covert
1613:Trench
1598:Screen
1521:Charge
1511:Battle
1484:Aerial
1402:Denial
1370:Horses
1298:Seabed
1251:Tunnel
1231:Jungle
1221:Desert
1191:Aerial
670:toxins
614:, and
545:, and
397:Taiwan
382:Sweden
352:Russia
337:Poland
307:Mexico
287:Israel
262:France
247:Canada
237:Brazil
121:
114:
107:
100:
92:
11921:Riots
11613:Norse
11577:Mahdi
11336:Kalki
11331:Hindu
10661:(EMP)
10290:Venom
10285:Toxin
10074:Toxin
10069:Virus
9958:Ricin
9918:Fungi
9884:Ebola
9566:(PDF)
9559:(PDF)
9429:S2CID
9367:S2CID
9338:S2CID
9276:JSTOR
9208:JSTOR
9024:(PDF)
9017:(PDF)
8961:S2CID
8129:S2CID
8034:S2CID
8010:2015.
7937:(PDF)
7896:(PDF)
7885:(PDF)
7744:(PDF)
7733:(PDF)
7683:(4).
7412:S2CID
7351:(PDF)
7340:S2CID
7294:(PDF)
7205:(PDF)
7050:(PDF)
7039:(PDF)
6820:S2CID
6731:S2CID
6607:S2CID
6048:S2CID
6040:JSTOR
5928:S2CID
5312:S2CID
5304:JSTOR
4391:Japan
4022:ELISA
3784:latex
3705:of a
3653:, or
3569:ricin
3564:spp.
2826:siege
2824:laid
2770:ergot
2664:Lists
2120:Women
2058:Ranks
1978:Staff
1908:Proxy
1823:Class
1778:Naval
1763:Depth
1593:Swarm
1586:Siege
1566:Naval
1546:Drone
1441:Music
1416:Robot
1412:Drone
1397:Cyber
1340:Armor
1310:Cyber
1283:Green
1278:Brown
1241:Urban
1201:Space
1122:Radar
1117:Sonar
986:Armor
943:Staff
921:Ranks
729:Ebola
630:, or
547:fungi
392:Syria
377:Spain
302:Libya
297:Japan
292:Italy
272:India
257:Egypt
252:China
126:JSTOR
112:books
9948:Mold
9687:and
9633:2013
9581:ISBN
9541:PMID
9500:2015
9448:ISBN
9421:PMID
9411:ISBN
9384:ISBN
9307:ISBN
9245:ISBN
9216:PMID
9177:ISBN
9162:2010
9139:2018
9110:ISBN
9097:link
9068:ISBN
9047:ISBN
9032:2018
8999:ISBN
8980:ISBN
8953:PMID
8924:2017
8897:ISBN
8843:2010
8811:ISBN
8786:2010
8755:2010
8725:2014
8689:ISBN
8668:2010
8617:2010
8585:2010
8530:ISBN
8509:2010
8472:PMID
8443:ISBN
8422:2009
8396:2010
8360:2015
8334:2015
8285:2014
8259:2014
8229:PMID
8180:PMID
8121:PMID
8083:PMID
7997:help
7977:2023
7904:2020
7862:ISBN
7837:2020
7808:2019
7782:2010
7752:2018
7711:PMID
7703:ISSN
7652:PMID
7621:2013
7591:PMID
7546:2016
7530:ISSN
7507:2016
7491:ISSN
7461:PMID
7404:PMID
7359:2019
7332:PMID
7261:2010
7235:PMID
7166:ISBN
7119:2017
7088:2017
7058:2017
7022:2017
6973:2017
6943:2021
6911:2021
6875:ISBN
6856:2021
6812:ISSN
6767:2021
6723:ISSN
6688:2021
6656:2021
6599:ISSN
6560:PMID
6552:ISSN
6503:ISBN
6477:2021
6407:2014
6376:2018
6320:ISBN
6295:ISBN
6272:2020
6214:ISBN
6188:PMID
6147:2011
6112:ISBN
6085:ISBN
6064:2017
5985:PMID
5854:ISBN
5826:PMID
5785:PMID
5756:ISBN
5716:ISBN
5691:ISBN
5612:ISBN
5551:PMID
5510:PMID
5459:ISBN
5430:PMID
5389:ISBN
5357:PMID
5296:ISSN
5245:ISBN
5220:ISBN
5165:2021
5058:ISBN
5033:PMID
5015:ISSN
4449:and
4441:Iraq
4244:off
4234:off
4224:off
4214:off
3849:the
3733:and
3665:and
3498:and
3200:and
3180:and
3137:the
3102:and
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