29:
2992:
1485:
812:
3004:
950:
911:
355:
The Soviet/Russian Bion program provided U.S. investigators a platform for launching
Fundamental Space Biology and biomedical experiments into space. The Bion program, which began in 1966, included a series of missions that flew biological experiments using primates, rodents, insects, cells, and
241:
313:
in
Science and Applications Agreement (which included an agreement on space research cooperation). The Soviet Union first offered to fly U.S. experiments on a Kosmos biosatellite in 1974, only a few years after the termination (in 1969) of the
424:
into orbit for 30 days before re-entry and recovery. All the gerbils died due to a hardware failure, but condition of the rest of the experiments, including all geckos, was satisfactory. Half the mice died as was predicted.
368:
mission launched in
December 1996. The collaboration resulted in the flight of more than 100 U.S. experiments, one-half of all U.S. life sciences flight experiments accomplished with non-human subjects.
257:
2915:
435:
rocket to an altitude of 800 km. The orbiter will carry 75 mice and studies will focus on how they are affected at the molecular level by space radiation.
2435:
2425:
2111:
329:
spacecraft and launches began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included
384:
In 2005, the Bion program was resumed with three new satellites of the modified Bion-M type – the first flight was launched on 19 April 2013 from
2020:
1399:
1079:
967:
931:
786:
2340:
856:
364:
became involved in the program in 1975 and participated in 9 of the 11 Bion missions. NASA ended its participation in the program with the
996:[Research in the field of space biology in microgravity on the spacecraft "Bion-M" № 1] (in Russian). Roscosmos.ru. Archived from
3065:
3035:
2510:
2765:
1202:
R. W. Ballard, and J. P. Connolly; U.S./U.S.S.R. joint research in space biology and medicine on Kosmos biosatellites, FASEB J. 4: 5-9
2952:
2077:
1230:
1019:
2445:
2360:
3040:
2863:
2196:
2853:
3055:
2638:
2430:
2415:
2525:
2405:
2121:
1392:
2967:
2410:
2335:
1191:
994:"Проведение исследований в области космической биологии в условиях микрогравитации на космическом аппарате "Бион-М" №1"
1196:
2947:
2868:
2420:
2106:
2972:
2805:
2325:
2163:
1057:
2910:
2785:
2440:
2126:
2035:
993:
2795:
2740:
1385:
3045:
3008:
2843:
2703:
2515:
2395:
2072:
1223:
2385:
1612:
46:
2977:
2962:
2878:
2555:
2099:
1672:
1258:
896:
541:
511:
2480:
2810:
2189:
2485:
971:
3050:
2888:
2719:
2310:
1984:
851:
935:
3030:
2920:
2158:
1636:
1216:
349:
318:. The offer was realized in 1975 when the first joint U.S./Soviet research were carried out on the
1641:
2815:
2581:
2400:
2000:
1680:
1576:
397:
3060:
2375:
2264:
1734:
1504:
1499:
1451:
2996:
2935:
2760:
2455:
2320:
2182:
1509:
776:
88:
78:
56:
2942:
2930:
2825:
2775:
2770:
2669:
2612:
2601:
2505:
2355:
2239:
2229:
1474:
1408:
831:
315:
209:
8:
2925:
2750:
1764:
1740:
1466:
1461:
1439:
1027:
507:
497:
385:
352:. 90 kg (200 lb) of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.
205:
2535:
2755:
2134:
2067:
1871:
1717:
1646:
817:
309:
and the United States was initiated in 1971, with the signing of the United States and
2883:
2633:
2586:
2550:
2290:
2269:
2094:
2084:
1946:
1791:
1703:
1651:
1620:
1541:
1519:
871:
326:
213:
2116:
1979:
1584:
1563:
1558:
1536:
1377:
756:
502:
405:
261:
2790:
2623:
2249:
1687:
1588:
357:
111:
1159:[Oleg Orlov: scientists want to conduct long-term missions to the ROS].
1156:
2709:
2305:
2244:
2219:
2142:
1806:
1776:
1746:
1546:
1186:
421:
281:
1203:
3024:
2365:
2051:
1858:
1812:
954:
915:
2390:
2345:
2330:
2315:
2300:
2259:
2254:
2234:
2224:
2205:
1770:
1758:
1604:
1456:
310:
306:
277:
273:
66:
28:
997:
2686:
2576:
2295:
2285:
1818:
1357:
1352:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1208:
1161:
846:
766:
743:
700:
681:
662:
643:
624:
605:
428:
393:
373:
223:
2663:
2350:
2010:
1972:
1967:
1444:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1253:
1049:
719:
586:
567:
548:
521:
491:
389:
365:
342:
338:
334:
330:
319:
302:
298:
180:
168:
1080:"Gerbils, half of mice die during satellite flight - experiment chief"
16:
Soviet and
Russian spacecraft aimed at biological experiments in space
2800:
2657:
2618:
2596:
2015:
2005:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1926:
1897:
1881:
1423:
1412:
1484:
2858:
2848:
2780:
2571:
2545:
2520:
2030:
2025:
1920:
1876:
1827:
1133:["Bion-M" No. 2 is planned to be launched on September 1].
1107:["Bion-M" No. 2 is planned to be launched on September 1].
866:
841:
537:
346:
1130:
1104:
1020:"Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности РОСКОСМОС"
2714:
2540:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1863:
1833:
1797:
1336:
953:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
914:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
861:
532:
432:
2957:
2530:
2500:
2490:
2450:
2174:
1785:
1752:
1656:
876:
836:
826:
149:
2873:
2745:
2089:
1551:
1157:"Олег Орлов: ученые хотят проводить длительные миссии на РОС"
431:
is scheduled to launch no earlier than 1 September 2024 on a
413:
409:
240:
2820:
417:
401:
376:) (Kosmos 1514) to around 22 days (Bion 1 and Kosmos 110).
361:
292:
2916:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
1628:
1571:
1407:
807:
297:The Soviet biosatellite program began in 1966 with
2436:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2426:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
2112:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
3022:
245:An artist's concept of a Bion satellite in orbit
2361:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
2190:
1393:
1224:
2341:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1131:""Бион-М" №2 планируют запустить 1 сентября"
1105:""Бион-М" №2 планируют запустить 1 сентября"
1097:
857:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
305:. Cooperation in space ventures between the
2766:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
2197:
2183:
1400:
1386:
1238:
1231:
1217:
932:"Past Programs: Bion Biosatellite Program"
2953:European Astrobiology Network Association
2078:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
1050:"Russia retrieves mice, newts from space"
2446:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
392:. The first satellite of the new series
2864:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
293:Bion precursor flights and Bion flights
3023:
926:
924:
889:
325:The Bion spacecraft were based on the
2854:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2178:
1381:
1212:
1056:. Agence France Presse. 21 May 2013.
287:
3003:
2431:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
2416:Habitability of neutron star systems
372:The missions ranged from five days (
2406:Habitability of binary star systems
2122:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
921:
13:
3066:Animal testing in the Soviet Union
3036:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
2968:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2411:Habitability of natural satellites
2336:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
1555:(incorporated into Salyut program)
14:
3077:
2948:Center for Life Detection Science
2869:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
2421:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1180:
1060:from the original on 18 July 2022
438:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2973:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
2806:Life Investigation For Enceladus
2326:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2204:
2164:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
1483:
948:
909:
810:
239:
27:
2911:Astrobiology Society of Britain
2786:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
2441:Habitable zone for complex life
2127:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
1187:Zenit Satellites - Bion variant
1149:
3041:Satellites of the Soviet Union
2796:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
1123:
1072:
1042:
1012:
986:
960:
345:, plus Nauka modules flown on
1:
2844:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2396:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2073:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
883:
33:A Bion spacecraft, on display
2978:Spanish Astrobiology Center
2386:Circumstellar habitable zone
1613:Soviet crewed lunar programs
1165:(in Russian). 22 August 2022
689:15 September 1989, 06:30:00
670:29 September 1987, 12:50:00
613:25 September 1979, 15:30:00
396:featured an aquarium by the
356:plants on a biosatellite in
7:
3056:Astrobiology space missions
2963:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1673:International Space Station
1369:(Kosmos number in brackets)
897:"Display: Bion 2 1974-080A"
803:
729:24 December 1996, 13:50:00
708:29 December 1992, 13:30:00
632:14 December 1983, 07:00:00
575:25 November 1975, 17:00:00
496:22 February 1966, 20:09:36
301:, and resumed in 1973 with
10:
3082:
2811:Mars sample return mission
1137:(in Russian). 8 April 2024
1111:(in Russian). 8 April 2024
556:22 October 1974, 17:59:59
529:31 October 1973, 18:24:59
517:
2986:
2901:
2889:Terrestrial Planet Finder
2834:
2733:
2695:
2679:
2647:
2564:
2473:
2464:
2374:
2311:Earliest known life forms
2278:
2212:
2153:
2060:
2044:
1993:
1939:
1890:
1846:
1727:
1716:
1696:
1665:
1597:
1529:
1518:
1492:
1481:
1432:
1419:
1366:
1345:
1269:
1246:
1205:(Overview of Bion 1 to 9)
852:List of Kosmos satellites
739:
379:
350:reconnaissance satellites
316:U.S. biosatellite program
265:
238:
233:
229:
219:
201:
196:
192:
188:
176:
164:
156:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
107:
102:
98:
94:
84:
74:
62:
52:
42:
38:
26:
2921:Breakthrough Initiatives
2159:Space industry of Russia
753:19 April 2013, 10:00:00
594:3 August 1977, 14:00:00
2582:Mars Science Laboratory
2401:Galactic habitable zone
1681:Russian Orbital Segment
651:10 July 1985, 03:15:00
398:German Aerospace Center
2761:Enceladus Life Finder
2741:Breakthrough Enceladus
2265:Planetary oceanography
1240:Bion/Bion-M satellites
934:. NASA. Archived from
483:Bion precursor flight
2936:Breakthrough Starshot
2536:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
2456:Superhabitable planet
2321:Extraterrestrial life
1413:Russian space program
1247:Bion precursor flight
400:(DLR) and carried 45
3046:Satellites of Russia
2943:Carl Sagan Institute
2931:Breakthrough Message
2771:Enceladus Orbilander
2506:Biosatellite program
2356:Planetary protection
2240:Evolutionary biology
2230:Atmospheric sciences
1475:Vostochny Cosmodrome
1000:on 20 September 2012
832:Biosatellite program
781:Baikonur, Site 31/6
761:Baikonur, Site 31/6
2926:Breakthrough Listen
2100:Veterok and Ugolyok
1467:Svobodny Cosmodrome
1462:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
1440:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1259:Veterok and Ugolyok
1257:(carried two dogs,
974:on 27 February 2007
899:. NASA. 14 May 2020
445:
386:Baikonur Cosmodrome
23:
2756:Enceladus Explorer
2146:(1997 documentary)
2138:(1995 documentary)
2135:Out of the Present
2068:List of cosmonauts
2045:Images and artwork
1985:Deep Space Network
1632:(Mars/Venus flyby)
1197:TsSKB, Bion images
818:Spaceflight portal
443:
288:Bion space program
197:Related spacecraft
21:
3018:
3017:
2897:
2896:
2721:Rosalind Franklin
2634:Trace Gas Orbiter
2291:Allan Hills 84001
2270:Planetary science
2172:
2171:
2095:Belka and Strelka
2085:Soviet space dogs
1947:Sputnik programme
1935:
1934:
1868:
1823:
1802:
1781:
1712:
1711:
1677:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1581:
1568:
1556:
1520:Human spaceflight
1471:
1448:
1375:
1374:
1262:
1192:Astronautix, Bion
801:
800:
773:1 September 2024
444:Bion (satellite)
406:Mongolian gerbils
272:, is a series of
249:
248:
63:Country of origin
3073:
3051:Animals in space
3006:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2471:
2470:
2366:Yamato meteorite
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2117:Cosmonauts Alley
1980:Luch (satellite)
1866:
1838:
1821:
1800:
1779:
1725:
1724:
1675:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1579:
1566:
1554:
1527:
1526:
1487:
1469:
1442:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1256:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1026:. Archived from
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
970:. Archived from
964:
958:
952:
951:
947:
945:
943:
938:on 2 August 2007
928:
919:
913:
912:
908:
906:
904:
893:
820:
815:
814:
813:
446:
442:
358:near Earth orbit
276:(later Russian)
267:
260:
243:
184:24 December 1996
31:
24:
20:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3031:Bion satellites
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
2982:
2903:
2893:
2836:
2830:
2791:Icebreaker Life
2729:
2691:
2675:
2649:
2643:
2560:
2466:
2460:
2377:
2370:
2274:
2250:Geomicrobiology
2208:
2203:
2173:
2168:
2149:
2056:
2052:Mission patches
2040:
1989:
1931:
1886:
1842:
1836:
1720:
1708:
1692:
1661:
1593:
1522:
1514:
1493:Launch vehicles
1488:
1479:
1428:
1415:
1406:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1341:
1265:
1242:
1237:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1030:on 19 June 2013
1024:federalspace.ru
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
966:
965:
961:
949:
941:
939:
930:
929:
922:
910:
902:
900:
895:
894:
890:
886:
881:
816:
811:
809:
806:
740:Bion-M flights
466:
441:
422:micro-organisms
382:
295:
290:
256:
244:
212:
208:
183:
172:31 October 1973
171:
147:
112:Low Earth orbit
69:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Northern Light
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2835:Cancelled and
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2712:
2710:Europa Clipper
2707:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:Drake equation
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Exoplanetology
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Astrochemistry
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:Mission to Mir
2139:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Ivan Ivanovich
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1943:
1941:
1940:Communications
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1891:In development
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1807:Resurs-DK No.1
1804:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:Phobos program
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1747:Luna programme
1744:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1697:In development
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1616:(Moon landing)
1610:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1181:External links
1179:
1177:
1176:
1148:
1122:
1096:
1071:
1041:
1011:
985:
959:
920:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
823:
822:
821:
805:
802:
799:
798:
796:
794:
791:
789:
783:
782:
779:
774:
771:
769:
763:
762:
759:
754:
751:
746:
741:
737:
736:
733:
730:
727:
722:
716:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
697:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
545:
544:
535:
530:
527:
524:
519:
515:
514:
505:
500:
494:
489:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
462:
457:
452:
440:
439:Launch history
437:
381:
378:
294:
291:
289:
286:
282:space medicine
268:), also named
247:
246:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
103:Specifications
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
47:TsSKB Progress
44:
40:
39:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3078:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Biosatellites
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Europa Lander
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Extremophiles
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Baikal-Angara
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:(begun 1957)
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:Koronas-Foton
1811:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
999:
995:
989:
973:
969:
963:
956:
955:public domain
937:
933:
927:
925:
917:
916:public domain
898:
892:
888:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
819:
808:
797:
795:
792:
790:
788:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
772:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
758:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
710:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:Bion flights
516:
513:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
436:
434:
430:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
377:
375:
370:
367:
363:
359:
353:
351:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
285:
283:
279:
278:biosatellites
275:
271:
263:
259:
254:
242:
237:
234:Configuration
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
182:
179:
175:
170:
167:
165:Maiden launch
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
19:
3007:
2995:
2904:and programs
2902:Institutions
2720:
2702:
2680:Heliocentric
2668:
2656:
2624:
2611:
2603:Perseverance
2602:
2587:
2495:
2391:Earth analog
2378:habitability
2346:Ocean planet
2316:Earth analog
2301:Biosignature
2260:Paleontology
2255:Microbiology
2235:Biochemistry
2225:Astrophysics
2206:Astrobiology
2141:
2133:
1919:
1853:
1771:Vega program
1759:Zond program
1608:(Moon flyby)
1605:Zond (7K-L1)
1564:Soyuz-Apollo
1457:Kapustin Yar
1433:Launch sites
1368:
1270:Bion flights
1239:
1167:. Retrieved
1160:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1134:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1023:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:the original
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:the original
962:
940:. Retrieved
936:the original
901:. Retrieved
891:
748:
724:
705:Kosmos 2229
686:Kosmos 2044
667:Kosmos 1887
648:Kosmos 1667
629:Kosmos 1514
610:Kosmos 1129
486:
476:
471:
465:Launch Date
464:
459:
454:
450:Bion program
449:
427:
383:
371:
354:
324:
311:Soviet Union
307:Soviet Union
296:
269:
255:satellites (
252:
250:
202:Derived from
85:Applications
67:Soviet Union
43:Manufacturer
18:
2837:undeveloped
2687:BioSentinel
2577:Fobos-Grunt
2474:Earth orbit
2296:Biomolecule
2286:Abiogenesis
2279:Main topics
2213:Disciplines
1830:(2011–2019)
1819:Fobos-Grunt
1809:(2006-2016)
1794:(1990-1992)
1788:(1989-1998)
1782:(1988-1989)
1773:(1984-1987)
1767:(1983-1991)
1761:(1964–1970)
1755:(1961–1985)
1749:(1958–1976)
1743:(1972–1996)
1737:(1961–1982)
1577:Shuttle–Mir
1452:Dombarovsky
1358:Bion-M No.2
1353:Bion-M No.1
1162:RIA Novosti
1004:2 September
847:Interkosmos
787:Bion-M No.3
767:Bion-M No.2
744:Bion-M No.1
591:Kosmos 936
572:Kosmos 782
553:Kosmos 690
526:Kosmos 605
477:Launch Site
280:focused on
220:Derivatives
177:Last launch
152:in service)
118:Design life
3025:Categories
2884:Red Dragon
2664:OSIRIS-REx
2648:Comets and
2351:Panspermia
2157:See also:
2011:Mars-Grunt
1973:Sputnik 99
1968:Sputnik 41
1624:(moonbase)
1445:Kazakhstan
1254:Kosmos 110
903:16 January
884:References
777:Soyuz 2.1b
757:Soyuz 2.1a
749:unnumbered
725:unnumbered
492:Kosmos 110
487:unnumbered
460:Kosmos no.
433:Soyuz 2.1a
390:Kazakhstan
366:Bion No.11
331:Kosmos 110
320:Kosmos 782
303:Kosmos 605
299:Kosmos 110
181:Bion No.11
169:Kosmos 605
138:Production
89:Bioscience
2801:Laplace-P
2704:Dragonfly
2658:Hayabusa2
2650:asteroids
2619:Tianwen-1
2597:Mars 2020
2588:Curiosity
2521:Eu:CROPIS
2376:Planetary
2016:Mercury-P
2006:Laplace-P
1963:Sputnik 3
1958:Sputnik 2
1953:Sputnik 1
1927:Spektr-UV
1898:Luna-Glob
1882:Spektr-RG
1859:Elektro–L
1598:Cancelled
1470:(defunct)
1424:Roscosmos
1199:(Russian)
1169:23 August
1054:Arab News
978:21 August
942:21 August
735:Plesetsk
714:Plesetsk
695:Plesetsk
676:Plesetsk
657:Plesetsk
638:Plesetsk
619:Plesetsk
600:Plesetsk
581:Plesetsk
562:Plesetsk
542:Site 43/3
512:Site 31/6
322:mission.
270:Biocosmos
258:‹See Tfd›
121:5-22 days
2997:Category
2859:Kazachok
2849:Beagle 3
2781:ExoLance
2734:Proposed
2572:Beagle 2
2546:OREOcube
2526:EXOSTACK
2467:missions
2031:Venera-D
2026:Spektr-M
1994:Concepts
1921:Kazachok
1877:Resurs-P
1872:Meteor-M
1837:(failed)
1828:Spektr-R
1822:(failed)
1801:(failed)
1780:(failed)
1721:programs
1523:programs
1141:18 April
1115:18 April
1089:9 August
1058:Archived
1034:9 August
867:OREOcube
842:Foton-M2
804:See also
732:Soyuz-U
711:Soyuz-U
692:Soyuz-U
673:Soyuz-U
654:Soyuz-U
635:Soyuz-U
616:Soyuz-U
597:Soyuz-U
578:Soyuz-U
559:Soyuz-U
538:Plesetsk
508:Baikonur
455:Bion no.
347:Zenit-2M
157:Launched
75:Operator
53:Designer
3009:Commons
2826:Trident
2816:Oceanus
2715:ExoMars
2696:Planned
2670:Rosetta
2625:Zhurong
2613:Phoenix
2551:Tanpopo
2541:O/OREOS
2486:BIOCORE
2061:Related
1913:Luna 28
1908:Luna 27
1903:Luna 26
1867:(joint)
1864:ExoMars
1834:Luna 25
1798:Mars 96
1741:Prognoz
1718:Robotic
1676:(joint)
1585:Energia
1580:(joint)
1567:(joint)
1542:Voskhod
1337:Bion 11
1331:Bion 10
1084:rbth.ru
1064:18 July
872:Tanpopo
862:O/OREOS
720:Bion 11
701:Bion 10
533:Soyuz-U
503:Voskhod
429:Bion-M2
394:Bion-M1
262:Russian
210:Voskhod
146:Retired
2958:MERMOZ
2751:CAESAR
2639:Viking
2556:VEGGIE
2531:EXPOSE
2511:E-MIST
2501:BIOPAN
2491:Biolab
2451:Tholin
1854:Bion-M
1847:Active
1839:(2023)
1824:(2011)
1815:(2009)
1803:(1996)
1786:Granat
1765:Astron
1753:Venera
1666:Active
1657:Kliper
1642:Zvezda
1637:Spiral
1621:Zvezda
1547:Salyut
1537:Vostok
1505:Proton
1500:Angara
1409:Soviet
1346:Bion-M
1333:(2229)
1327:(2044)
1325:Bion 9
1321:(1887)
1319:Bion 8
1315:(1667)
1313:Bion 7
1309:(1514)
1307:Bion 6
1303:(1129)
1301:Bion 5
1295:Bion 4
1289:Bion 3
1283:Bion 2
1277:Bion 1
968:"Bion"
877:Zond 5
837:EXPOSE
827:BIOPAN
682:Bion 9
663:Bion 8
644:Bion 7
625:Bion 6
606:Bion 5
587:Bion 4
568:Bion 3
549:Bion 2
522:Bion 1
472:Rocket
414:snails
410:geckos
380:Bion-M
374:Bion 6
274:Soviet
224:Bion-M
206:Vostok
150:Bion-M
143:Status
108:Regime
70:Russia
2874:MELOS
2746:BRUIE
2723:rover
2627:rover
2605:rover
2590:rover
2465:Space
2090:Laika
2036:Sfera
2021:OPSEK
1792:Gamma
1688:Soyuz
1647:Zarya
1589:Buran
1552:Almaz
1510:Soyuz
1297:(936)
1291:(782)
1285:(690)
1279:(605)
793:2027
467:(UTC)
408:, 15
404:, 18
327:Zenit
214:Zenit
79:OKB-1
57:OKB-1
2821:THEO
2565:Mars
2496:Bion
1728:Past
1704:Orel
1652:MAKS
1530:Past
1443:(in
1411:and
1171:2022
1143:2024
1135:TASS
1117:2024
1109:TASS
1091:2017
1066:2022
1036:2017
1006:2012
980:2012
944:2012
905:2021
420:and
418:fish
402:mice
362:NASA
266:Бион
253:Bion
251:The
22:Bion
2516:ERA
2481:BIO
1629:TMK
1572:Mir
1559:TKS
498:GMT
343:782
339:690
335:605
284:.
3027::
1735:DS
1587:/
1557:/
1082:.
1052:.
1022:.
923:^
540:,
510:,
416:,
412:,
388:,
360:.
341:,
337:,
333:,
264::
160:11
2198:e
2191:t
2184:v
1447:)
1401:e
1394:t
1387:v
1261:)
1232:e
1225:t
1218:v
1173:.
1145:.
1119:.
1093:.
1068:.
1038:.
1008:.
982:.
957:.
946:.
918:.
907:.
148:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
