Bison - Knowledge

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based on which plants have the highest protein or energy concentrations at a given time and will reliably consume the same species of plants across years. Protein concentrations of the plants they eat tend to be highest in the spring and decline thereafter, reaching their lowest in the winter. In Yellowstone National Park, bison browsed willows and cottonwoods, not only in the winter when few other plants are available, but also in the summer. Bison are thought to migrate to optimize their diet, and will concentrate their feeding on recently burned areas due to the higher quality forage that regrows after the burn. Wisent tend to browse on shrubs and low-hanging trees more often than do the American bison, which prefer grass to shrubbery and trees.

1368: 2261:, who have long marketed bison meat. In the 1990s, Turner found limited success with restaurants for high-quality cuts of meat, which include bison steaks and tenderloin. Lower-quality cuts suitable for hamburger and hot dogs have been described as "almost nonexistent". This created a marketing problem for commercial farming because the majority of usable meat, about 400 pounds for each bison, is suitable for these products. In 2003, the United States Department of Agriculture purchased $ 10 million worth of frozen overstock to save the industry, which would later recover through better use of consumer marketing. Restaurants have played a role in popularizing bison meat, like 685:(cloven hooved) ungulates, and are similar in appearance to other bovines such as cattle and true buffalo. They are broad and muscular with shaggy coats of long hair. Adults grow up to 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) in height and 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) in length for American bison and up to 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) in height and 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) in length for European bison. American bison can weigh from around 400 to 1,270 kilograms (880 to 2,800 pounds) and European bison can weigh from 800 to 1,000 kg (1,800 to 2,200 lb). European bison tend to be taller than American bison. 1306: 664: 956:) is maintained in Poland. First-generation crosses do not occur naturally, requiring caesarean delivery. First-generation males are infertile. The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics that prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species. In the United States, many ranchers are now using DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds. The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low, ranging from 0.56 to 1.8%. 1437: 148: 1672:

decline and the numbers killed are disputed and debated. Railroads were advertising "hunting by rail", where trains encountered large herds alongside or crossing the tracks. Men aboard fired from the train's roof or windows, leaving countless animals to rot where they died. This overhunting was in part motivated by the U.S. government's desire to limit the range and power of indigenous plains Indians whose diets and cultures depended on the buffalo herds. The overhunting of the bison reduced their population to hundreds.

740: 9563: 1479: 174: 126: 1661: 10847: 1462: 2764: 1605:, who said they travelled 40 days (from east of Lake Huron) to trade with another nation who hunted the animals. Though "bison" might be considered more scientifically correct, "buffalo" is also considered correct as a result of standard usage in American English, and is listed in many dictionaries as an acceptable name for American buffalo or bison. "Buffalo" has a much longer history than "bison", which was first recorded in 1774. 1648:

flesh. Not the smallest part of it was wasted. His stomach, a red-hot stone dropped into it, became our soup kettle. His horns were our spoons, the bones our knives, our women's awls and needles. Out of his sinews we made our bowstrings and thread. His ribs were fashioned into sleds for our children, his hoofs became rattles. His mighty skull, with the pipe leaning against it, was our sacred altar. The name of the greatest of all

10836: 9557: 1700:, the largest U.S. bison population on public land. During 1983–1985 visitors experienced 33 bison-related injuries (range = 10–13/year), so the park implemented education campaigns. After years of success, five injuries associated with bison encounters occurred in 2015, because visitors did not maintain the required distance of 75 ft (23 m) from bison while hiking or taking pictures. 936: 1294: 4056: 753:

through the plane of their faces, making them more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favours butting. American bison are more easily tamed than their European cousins, and breed with domestic cattle more readily.

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live in river valleys and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semiopen grasslands, as well as sagebrush, semiarid lands, and scrublands. Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison. They also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not

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less than their European relatives. Their anatomies reflect this behavioural difference; the American bison's head hangs lower than the European's. The body of the American bison is typically hairier, though its tail has less hair than that of the European bison. The horns of the European bison point

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The buffalo gave us everything we needed. Without it we were nothing. Our tipis were made of his skin. His hide was our bed, our blanket, our winter coat. It was our drum, throbbing through the night, alive, holy. Out of his skin we made our water bags. His flesh strengthened us, became flesh of our

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in a specialized stomach prior to digestion. Bison were once thought to almost exclusively consume grasses and sedges, but are now known to consume a wide-variety of plants including woody plants and herbaceous eudicots. Over the course of the year, bison shift which plants they select in their diet

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with the steppe bison. Its relationship with other extinct bison species is unclear, though it appears to be only distantly related to the steppe and American bisons, with possibly some interbreeding between the two lineages during the Middle Pleistocene. The steppe bison survived into the early-mid

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Their most obvious weapons are the horns borne by both males and females, but their massive heads can be used as battering rams, effectively using the momentum produced by what is a typical weight of 900 to 1,200 kilograms (2,000 to 2,700 lb) moving at 50 km/h (30 mph). The hind legs

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Although superficially similar, physical and behavioural differences exist between the American and European bison. The American species has 15 ribs, while the European bison has 14. The American bison has four lumbar vertebrae, while the European has five. (The difference in this case is that what

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The rutting, or mating, season lasts from June through September, with peak activity in July and August. At this time, the older bulls rejoin the herd, and fights often take place between bulls. The herd exhibits much restlessness during breeding season. The animals are belligerent, unpredictable,

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Groves, C. P. & Grubb, P. 2011. Ungulate taxonomy. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.|Wang, K., Lenstra, J. A., Liu, L., Hu, Q., Ma, T., Qiu, Q., & Liu, J. (2018). Incomplete lineage sorting rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny of the wisent.

1506:. Wolves generally take down a bison while in a pack, but cases of a single wolf killing bison have been reported. Grizzly bears also consume bison, often by driving off the pack and consuming the wolves' kill. Grizzly bears and coyotes also prey on bison calves. Historically and prehistorically, 2407:

Gennady G. Boeskorov, Olga R. Potapova, Albert V. Protopopov, Valery V. Plotnikov, Larry D. Agenbroad, Konstantin S. Kirikov, Innokenty S. Pavlov, Marina V. Shchelchkova, Innocenty N. Belolyubskii, Mikhail D. Tomshin, Rafal Kowalczyk, Sergey P. Davydov, Stanislav D. Kolesov, Alexey N. Tikhonov,

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European colonials were almost exclusively accountable for the near-extinction of the American bison in the 1800s. At the beginning of the century, tens of millions of bison roamed North America. Colonists slaughtered an estimated 50 million bison during the 19th century, although the causes of

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Female bison ("cows") typically reproduce after three years of age and can continue beyond 19 years of age. Cows produce calves annually as long as their nutrition is sufficient, but not after years when weight gain is low. Reproduction is dependent on a cow's mass and age. Heavier cows produce

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During the population bottleneck caused by the great slaughter of American bison during the 19th century, the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541. During that period, a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from

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would be the first lumbar vertebra has ribs attached to it in American bison and is thus counted as the 15th thoracic vertebra, compared to 14 thoracic vertebrae in wisent.) Adult American bison are less slim in build and have shorter legs. American bison tend to graze more, and

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currently number only about 20,000, separated into fragmented herds—all of which require active conservation measures. The wood bison is on the endangered species list in Canada and is listed as threatened in the United States, though numerous attempts have been made by

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is a shallow depression in the soil, either wet or dry. Bison roll in these depressions, covering themselves with mud or dust. Possible explanations suggested for wallowing behavior include grooming behavior associated with moulting, male-male interaction (typically

696:. The bulls leave the herds of females at two or three years of age, and join a herd of males, which usually are smaller than female herds. Mature bulls rarely travel alone. Towards the end of the summer, for the reproductive season, the sexes necessarily commingle. 4630:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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Bison temperament is often unpredictable. They usually appear peaceful, unconcerned, or even lazy, but they may attack without warning or apparent reason. They can move at speeds up to 56 km/h (35 mph) and cover long distances at a lumbering gallop.

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Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Potapova, Olga R.; Protopopov, Albert V.; Plotnikov, Valery V.; Agenbroad, Larry D.; Kirikov, Konstantin S.; Pavlov, Innokenty S.; Shchelchkova, Marina V.; Belolyubskii, Innocenty N.; Tomshin, Mikhail D.; Kowalczyk, Rafal (June 2016).

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In Canada, commercial bison farming began in the mid-1980s, concerning an unknown number of animals then. The first census of the bison occurred in 1996, which recorded 45,235 bison on 745 farms, and grew to 195,728 bison on 1,898 farms for the 2006 census.

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can also be used to kill or maim with devastating effect. In the words of early naturalists, they were dangerous, savage animals that feared no other animal and in prime condition could best any foe except for a brown bear or a pack of wolves.

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Sinding, M.-H. S.; Ciucani, M. M.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Carmagnini, A.; Rasmussen, J. A.; Feng, S.; Chen, G.; Vieira, F. G.; Mattiangeli, V.; Ganjoo, R. K.; Larson, G.; Sicheritz-Pontén, T.; Petersen, B.; Frantz, L.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2021).

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Ward, T. J.; Bielawski, J. P.; Davis, S. K.; Templeton, J. W.; Derr, J. N. (1999). "Identification of Domestic Cattle Hybrids in Wild Cattle and Bison Species: A General Approach Using mtDNA Markers and the Parametric Bootstrap".

952:, so the practice was abandoned. Wisent-American bison hybrids were briefly experimented with in Germany (and found to be fully fertile) and a herd of such animals is maintained in Russia. A herd of cattle-wisent crossbreeds ( 948:"). Accidental crossings were also known to occur. Generally, male domestic bulls were crossed with bison cows, producing offspring of which only the females were fertile. The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of 2962:

Froese, Duane; Stiller, Mathias; Heintzman, Peter D.; Reyes, Alberto V.; Zazula, Grant D.; Soares, André E. R.; Meyer, Matthias; Hall, Elizabeth; Jensen, Britta J. L.; Arnold, Lee J.; MacPhee, Ross D. E. (28 March 2017).

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Wang, K., Lenstra, J. A., Liu, L., Hu, Q., Ma, T., Qiu, Q., & Liu, J. (2018). Incomplete lineage sorting rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny of the wisent. Communications biology, 1(1),

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began in 1910 and have continued (with excellent success) to the present day, with some caveats. Extensive farming has increased the bison's population to nearly 150,000, and it is officially no longer considered an

4629: 4800: 1635:, it was their principal food source. Native Americans highly valued their relationship with the bison and saw them as sacred, treating them respectfully to ensure their abundance and longevity. In his biography, 1692:

in Canada remain as genetically pure bison. These genetically pure animals account for only ~5% of the currently extant American bison population, reflecting the loss of most of the species' genetic diversity.

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Leonard, Joshua L.; Perkins, Lora B.; Lammers, Duane J.; Jenks, Jonathan A. (2017). "Are Bison Intermediate Feeders? Unveiling Summer Diet Selection at the Northern Fringe of Historical Distribution".

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In 2013, Montana legislative measures concerning the bison were proposed and passed, but opposed by Native American tribes as they impinged on sovereign tribal rights. Three such bills were vetoed by

2909:"A review on Bison schoetensacki and its closest relatives through the early-Middle Pleistocene transition: Insights from the Vallparadís Section (NE Iberian Peninsula) and other European localities" 1675:

The American bison's nadir came in 1889, with an estimated population of only 1,091 animals (both wild and captive). Repopulation attempts via enforced protection of government herds and extensive

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most commonly live in lightly wooded to fully wooded areas as well as areas with increased shrubs and bushes. European bison can sometimes be found living on grasslands and plains as well.

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in eastern Eurasia, and subsequently became widely distributed across Eurasia. During the late Middle Pleistocene, around 195,000-135,000 years ago, the steppe bison migrated across the

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products. The majority of bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and

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Zazula, Grant D.; Hall, Elizabeth; Hare, P. Gregory; Thomas, Christian; Mathewes, Rolf; La Farge, Catherine; Martel, André L.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Shapiro, Beth (November 2017).

4608: 3716: 3693: 2386: 2621: 3076:"The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, Bison priscus from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia" 2183: 1708:

Bison is an excellent source of complete protein and a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of multiple vitamins, including riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B

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bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S. and Canada, and the meat is then distributed worldwide.

2222:. Gomara, having never visited the Americas himself, likely misinterpreted early ethnographic accounts as the more familiar pastoralist relationship of the 4515: 2752: 1716:, and is also a rich source of minerals, including iron, phosphorus, and zinc. Additionally, bison is a good source (10% or more of the DV) of thiamine. 1577:. Inbreeding of a small population plays a role in a number of genetic defects and lowers immunity to disease; that poses greater risk to the population. 1414:

Throughout most of their historical range, landowners have sought restrictions on free-ranging bison. Herds on private land are required to be fenced in.

448: 330: 338: 3505: 2329: 4360: 346: 4870:"Bison's Back: Bravo for Buffalo. We're Saving the Western Icon by Eating It (Again)" by Bone, Eugenia - Sunset, Vol. 220, Issue 2, February 2008" 11006: 379: 681:

The American bison and the European bison (wisent) are the largest surviving terrestrial animals in North America and Europe. They are typical

2284:, the Blue Buffalo Company, Solid Gold, Canidae, and Taste of the Wild (made by Diamond Pet Foods, Inc., owned by Schell and Kampeter, Inc.). 11132: 11058: 870:), which first appeared towards the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 1.2 Ma, with early members of the subgenus including the widespread 804:(while the mitochondrial DNA of American bison is closely related to that of yaks). This discrepancy is either suggested to be the result of 959:

There are also remnant purebred American bison herds on public lands in North America. Two subspecies of bison exist in North America: the

703:, but formerly had a much larger range, including much of the eastern United States and parts of Mexico. Both species were hunted close to 2659: 1428:, the governor of Montana. The bison's circumstances remain an issue of contention between Native American tribes and private landowners. 10691: 4174: 4209: 11127: 3202: 4637:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 4484: 2907:

Sorbelli, Leonardo; Alba, David M.; Cherin, Marco; Moullé, Pierre-Élie; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan (1 June 2021).

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during the 19th and 20th centuries, but have since rebounded. The wisent in part owes its survival to the Chernobyl disaster, as the

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Mary Meagher, Margaret E. Meyer (September 1994). "On the Origin of Brucellosis in Bison of Yellowstone National Park: A Review".

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Johannes van der Plicht, 2016, The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison,

1684:. However, from a genetic standpoint, most of these animals are actually hybrids with domestic cattle and only two populations in 826:

in Asia. The earliest members of the bison lineage, known from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of the Indian Subcontinent (

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Hamel, Sandra (2012). "Maternal allocation in bison: co-occurrence of senescence, cost of reproduction, and individual quality".

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Painter, Luke E.; Ripple, William J. (2012). "Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park".

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Grange, Thierry; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Flori, Laurence; Gautier, Mathieu; Uzunidis, Antigone; Geigl, Eva-Maria (September 2018).

5033: 2629: 1421:, free-ranging bison on public land are legally shot, due to transmission of disease to cattle and damage to public property. 1329:

behavior), social behavior for group cohesion, play behavior, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects, reduction of

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Several pet food companies use bison as a red meat alternative in dog foods. The companies producing these formulas include

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Polziehn, R.; Strobeck, C.; Sheraton, J.; Beech, R. (1995). "Bovine mtDNA Discovered in North American Bison Populations".

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Bone, Eugenia. "Bison's back: bravo for buffalo. We're saving the Western icon by eating it (again).(The next frontier)."

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Champlain, Samuel, Henry P. Biggar. 1929. The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol 3. Toronto: Champlain Society. p. 105.

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Verkaar, Edward L. C.; Nijman, Isaäc J.; Beeke, Maurice; Hanekamp, Eline; Lenstra, Johannes A. (22 January 2004).

2560: 2428: 1367: 11063: 10972: 4535: 647:, being most closely related to yaks. Bison are sometimes bred with domestic cattle and produce offspring called 299: 3471: 1585:

Although called "buffalo" in American English, they are only distantly related to two "true buffalo", the Asian

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which became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene. Modern American bison are thought to have evolved from

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heavier calves (weighed in the fall at weaning), and weights of calves are lower for older cows (after age 8).

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extinction. These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce "cattleo" (today called "

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Halbert, N; Derr, J (1995). "A Comprehensive Evaluation of Cattle Introgression into US Federal Bison Herds".

4899: 11045: 5385: 3191:"Where the buffalo roam: The role of history and genetics in the conservation of bison on U.S. federal lands" 3123:"A middle Holocene steppe bison and paleoenvironments from the Versleuce Meadows, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada" 2179: 796:. While nuclear DNA indicates that both extant bison species are each other's closest living relatives, the 10790: 6174: 4596: 1326: 3613: 3542:

Wolves, bison and the dynamics related to the Peace-Athabasca Delta in Canada's Wood Buffalo National Park

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to the bison in 1616 (published 1619), after seeing skins and a drawing shown to him by members of the

1559: 1511: 1389: 1016: 805: 586: 5006: 3538: 2908: 10555: 9562: 8431: 5376: 5367: 2277: 2266: 2209: 1697: 1685: 1551: 1341:), and thermoregulation. In the process of wallowing, bison may become infected by the fatal disease 968: 859: 4882: 2257:

In America, the commercial industry for bison has been slow to develop despite individuals, such as

1305: 11117: 10696: 10628: 10518: 10061: 8218: 4557:"Notes from the Field. Injuries Associated with Bison Encounters — Yellowstone National Park, 2015" 2413: 1689: 996: 988: 708: 4078:

Craine; et al. (2013). "Precipitation timing and grazer performance in a tallgrass prairie".

3717:"Shot, Left to Rot: Montana Officials Kill Bison Bull Wandering Outside Yellowstone National Park" 3379: 2834:"The Evolution and Population Diversity of Bison in Pleistocene and Holocene Eurasia: Sex Matters" 2606: 173: 10676: 10477: 8867: 8260: 6156: 5297: 3075: 2866: 1623:

Photo of a Native American Bison Hunt diorama located at the Milwaukee Public Museum in Wisconsin

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Nesheim, David A (2012). "Profit, Preservation, and Shifting Definitions of Bison in American".

4833:. McClatchy-Tribune Information Services. 1999. Retrieved 18 June 2013, from HighBeam Research: 4701:. Santiago, Chile: Museo de Etnologia y Antropologia Publication 3; Cervantes. pp. 150–151. 3190: 11122: 11089: 10868: 10487: 10462: 10430: 5918: 5624: 5543: 2651: 2262: 1602: 1570: 980: 733: 272: 20: 11011: 4197: 4162: 3974:

Allred, Brady W.; Fuhlendorf, Samuel D.; Engle, David M.; Elmore, R. Dwayne (1 October 2011).

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McMillan, B. R.; Cottam, M. R.; Kaufman, D. W. (2000). "Wallowing Behavior of American Bison (

2780:"Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin?" 2683:

by Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain), published by C. Knight, 1835

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into North America, becoming ancestral to North American bison species, including the large

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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

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from the Bighill Creek Formation, Gallelli Gravel Pit, Alberta, Canada, and the fate of

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has become a kind of wildlife preserve for wisent and other rare megafauna such as the

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Wilson, M.C.; Hills, L.V.; Shapiro, B. (2008). "Late Pleistocene northward-dispersing

2867:"Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Bison species in Europe and North America" 2468: 719:

has become a threat in recent years. The American Plains bison is no longer listed as

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Ludwig N. Carbyn; S. Oosenbrug; D. W. Anions; Canadian Circumpolar Institute (1993).

3436: 3317: 3160: 3107: 3012: 2994: 2965:"Fossil and genomic evidence constrains the timing of bison arrival in North America" 2948: 2936: 2801: 2731: 2702: 2583: 2525: 2490: 2448: 2134: 1935: 823: 797: 255: 10365: 9767: 3876: 3487: 3172: 2932: 1003:. In 2015, a purebred herd of 350 individuals was identified on public lands in the 10933: 10810: 10711: 10605: 10600: 10109: 10021: 9947: 9932: 9882: 9435: 9189: 9180: 9059: 8900: 8891: 8684: 8356: 8347: 8295: 8286: 8134: 8107: 8020: 7800: 7408: 6834: 6825: 6815: 6788: 6509: 6378: 5579: 5570: 5561: 5343: 5334: 5270: 5197: 5188: 4992: 4980: 4950: 4903: 4568: 4229: 4135: 4095: 4011: 3995: 3938: 3907: 3864: 3819: 3803: 3633: 3586: 3467: 3426: 3418: 3352: 3307: 3297: 3233: 3150: 3142: 3095: 3055: 3002: 2984: 2928: 2886: 2845: 2791: 2601: 1631:

for food and raw materials until near extinction in the late 19th century. For the

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The bovine tribe (Bovini) split about 5 to 10 million years ago into the buffalos (

617:, or wisent, or zubr, or colloquially European buffalo, is found in Europe and the 4225:"Bison carcasses cleaned up outside Yellowstone following heavy winter of hunting" 3782:

Craine, Joseph M.; Towne, E. Gene; Miller, Mary; Fierer, Noah (16 November 2015).

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Bison and People on the North American Great Plains: A Deep Environmental History

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C. Gordon Hewitt, Consulting Zoologist to the Commission of Conservation, Ottawa.

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of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. This study, published in 2015, also showed the

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first appeared in Europe during the late Middle Pleistocene, where it existed in

897: 739: 403: 11050: 4839: 4801:"Citizen Turner: Billionaire makes homes in Montana, where the buffalo can roam" 4545:

Mammoth Hot Springs, WY: Yellowstone National Park, National Park Service; 2015.

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capital, which held an animal the Spaniards called "the Mexican bull". In 1552,

147: 11112: 10967: 10954: 10716: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10239: 10071: 9927: 9752: 9717: 9692: 9684: 9629: 9594: 9365: 9303: 8933: 8924: 8449: 8398: 8319: 8310: 8251: 8089: 7791: 7613: 7604: 7159: 7126: 7108: 6596: 6406: 6281: 6120: 5108: 5080: 4632: 4255: 3868: 3422: 2697:

Trophy Bowhunting: Plan the Hunt of a Lifetime and Bag One for the Record Books

2213: 1632: 1403: 1380: 904: 610: 550: 433: 426: 395: 289: 155: 133: 5011: 2656:

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System

1478: 1384:

steep. Although not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in the

1293: 11106: 10851: 10758: 10663: 10578: 10550: 10400: 10300: 10151: 10114: 10001: 9907: 9902: 9877: 9737: 9722: 9556: 9536: 9521: 9462: 8990: 8972: 8858: 8795: 8786: 7845: 7580: 7553: 7324: 7234: 7225: 7210: 7075: 7039: 6994: 6931: 6922: 6439: 6397: 6290: 6256: 6246: 6147: 6129: 5792: 5741: 5651: 5215: 4869: 4407: 4007: 3952: 3815: 3164: 2998: 2940: 2592: 2293: 1807: 1773: 1636: 1586: 1209: 1166: 809: 558: 295: 69: 4954: 4768:. Historica-Dominion. 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013, from HighBeam Research: 3925:

Frank, Douglas A.; McNaughton, Samuel J.; Tracy, Benjamin F. (1 July 1998).

2989: 2796: 2779: 2518:

Imagining Head-Smashed-In: Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains

1664:

Photo from 1892 of a pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for

10891: 10780: 10768: 10736: 10620: 10305: 10244: 10209: 10169: 9967: 9804: 9792: 9702: 9599: 9511: 9384: 9353: 9243: 8915: 8729: 8657: 8530: 8473: 8464: 8182: 8116: 7878: 7836: 7751: 7562: 7282: 7273: 7135: 7066: 6955: 6946: 6688: 6457: 6138: 6093: 6060: 5831: 5723: 5690: 5606: 4907: 4652: 4582: 4573: 4147: 4025: 3833: 3440: 3321: 3146: 3016: 2805: 2205: 2201: 2147: 1749: 1653: 1539: 1499: 1388:

are frequently found at elevations above 2,400 metres (8,000 ft). The

1043:

Relationships of bovines based on nuclear DNA, after Sinding, et al. 2021.

1000: 976: 880: 834:), approximately 3.4-2.6 million years ago (Ma) are placed in the subgenus 793: 700: 570: 566: 539: 419: 281: 4914: 4595: 2250:, a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle. A market even exists for 913:

during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition via the intermediate form

10993: 10900: 10840: 10751: 10701: 10686: 10671: 10390: 10380: 10350: 10280: 10275: 10214: 10199: 10141: 10136: 10121: 9942: 9922: 9847: 9837: 9822: 9817: 9772: 9742: 9732: 9697: 9674: 9546: 9541: 9005: 8753: 7915: 7869: 7860: 7809: 7761: 7622: 7464: 7057: 7048: 6876: 6670: 6661: 6651: 6545: 6388: 6198: 6189: 6102: 5945: 5867: 5750: 5675: 5666: 5043: 4829:

Haddad, Charles. "Bison Meat Slow to Catch On, But Turner Sees Promise".

2681:

The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

2243: 2231: 2200:

The earliest plausible accounts of captive bison are those of the zoo at

1985: 1733: 1555: 1530: 1491: 1245: 1148: 1020: 800:

of European bison is more closely related to that of domestic cattle and

774: 773:) and a group leading to bison and taurine cattle. Genetic evidence from 743:

A museum display shows the full skeleton of an adult male American bison.

682: 667: 225: 125: 114: 44: 2552: 2443:-Russia, 2014, "The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia", Proceedings of the 1660: 10985: 10820: 10795: 10315: 10310: 10229: 10076: 9937: 9644: 9639: 9604: 8612: 8512: 8337: 7929: 7351: 7333: 7084: 6779: 6764: 6755: 6722: 6499: 6305: 6222: 6213: 5988: 5979: 5858: 5783: 5324: 5145: 3960: 3598: 3479: 3364: 2258: 2246:, yet higher in protein than beef, which has led to the development of 1952: 1918: 1665: 1535: 1461: 1330: 1227: 1088: 819: 720: 704: 578: 543: 89: 54: 4900:

Conservation of North American bison: status and recommendations (PDF)

4516:"The bison calf taking the first step to rewild the Canadian prairies" 4139: 3807: 3494: 3391: 3155: 2850: 2833: 1558:

is a serious concern in the Yellowstone Park bison herd. Bison in the

10998: 10941: 10633: 10355: 10263: 10253: 10234: 10204: 10056: 10016: 9982: 9952: 9887: 9747: 9712: 9634: 9614: 9571: 9501: 9312: 9233: 9086: 8957: 8948: 8422: 7996: 7987: 7972: 7963: 7827: 7399: 7183: 7117: 7003: 6518: 6314: 6003: 5927: 5807: 5358: 5243: 5233: 5127: 5118: 4216: 3748:"Montana Governor Vetoes Three Anti-Bison Bills, Lets the Hunt Stand" 2223: 2027: 2014: 2001: 1519: 1449: 1120: 984: 949: 565:

in the United States and Canada, it is only distantly related to the

185: 94: 38: 10862: 9279: 3999: 3943: 3926: 3590: 3072: 3059: 1566:

infection, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and bovine vibriosis.

1440:

A bison and a bull elk grazing together in Yellowstone National Park

628:

While bison species have been traditionally classified in their own

10946: 10885: 10805: 10800: 10610: 10360: 10340: 10335: 10325: 10320: 10189: 10179: 10131: 10094: 9897: 9852: 9827: 9787: 9757: 9707: 9619: 9609: 9221: 8849: 8521: 8233: 8071: 8011: 7676: 7375: 6907: 6852: 6740: 6569: 6045: 6036: 6012: 5900: 5774: 5524: 5400: 5096: 5074: 5062: 2281: 1901: 1676: 1524: 1486:

Owing to their size, bison have few predators. Five exceptions are

1445: 1053: 929: 924: 814: 778: 769: 716: 618: 205: 84: 79: 64: 59: 49: 3574: 632:, modern genetics indicates that they are nested within the genus 10681: 10545: 10395: 10375: 10258: 10184: 10051: 10026: 9996: 9988: 9972: 9957: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9842: 9832: 9782: 9727: 9589: 9526: 9493: 9426: 9261: 9122: 8981: 8371: 8158: 8149: 8062: 7948: 7939: 7911: 7667: 7571: 7535: 7450: 7446: 7417: 7342: 7030: 6903: 6864: 6448: 6365: 6271: 5534: 5484: 5179: 4536:

Population dynamics and adaptive management of Yellowstone bison.

2251: 2247: 2216:

herding and leading bison like cattle in his controversial book,

1881: 1418: 1342: 992: 945: 935: 801: 763: 729: 723:, but this does not mean the species is secure. Genetically pure 689: 648: 245: 235: 99: 74: 3686:"On the Montana Range, Efforts to Restore Bison Meet Resistance" 569:. The North American species is composed of two subspecies, the 10370: 10270: 10224: 10125: 10104: 10046: 10036: 10006: 9892: 9777: 9624: 9579: 9270: 8839: 8744: 8567: 8557: 8173: 7685: 7525: 7507: 7498: 7384: 7306: 7258: 7249: 6707: 6698: 6633: 6624: 6614: 6536: 6069: 5882: 5732: 5068: 5056: 3380:

https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006256

3334: 3276:

Ranglack DH, Dobson LK, du Toit JT, Derr J (17 December 2015).

2463: 2461: 1968: 1503: 1495: 1487: 953: 652: 561:, is the more numerous. Although colloquially referred to as a 535: 522: 215: 195: 2581: 932:

in Alaska-Yukon and eastern Siberia, before becoming extinct.

10785: 10385: 10330: 10295: 10290: 10194: 10174: 9962: 9912: 9654: 9531: 9294: 9252: 8827: 8497: 8488: 7782: 7709: 7700: 7631: 7360: 7315: 7174: 7099: 6979: 6970: 6481: 6472: 5964: 5955: 5164: 5155: 3215: 2239: 1763: 1649: 1515: 1338: 629: 594: 526: 10835: 4924:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2016. 2458: 10011: 9917: 9762: 9664: 9659: 9584: 9485: 8440: 7770: 7658: 7640: 7297: 7150: 6554: 6421: 6237: 5511: 5472: 4961: 3973: 3575:"Population Dynamics of Bison in the Henry Mountains, Utah" 3472:

10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0159:wboabb]2.0.co;2

2961: 2484: 2412:

from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia, pp.7,

2298: 2235: 2227: 1507: 1397: 1334: 1008: 693: 644: 7908: 4623: 4601:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 3846: 2865:

Zver, Lars; Toškan, Borut; Bužan, Elena (September 2021).

2777: 1034:

to be a subgenus, and placed both bison species back into

939:

Skulls of European bison (left) and American bison (right)

10285: 9669: 9516: 9050: 7649: 7595: 6527: 5909: 3275: 1793: 1562:

are regularly inoculated against brucellosis, parasites,

1310: 1067: 1036: 783: 777:

indicates that the closest living relatives of bison are

640: 634: 4315:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2906: 2831: 9454: 6900: 4554: 4483:. Leon M. Lederman Science Education Center, Fermilab. 3781: 3188: 1301:, set to motion to illustrate the movement of the bison 601:. References to "woods bison" or "wood bison" from the 7443: 4836:"Bison Meat Slow to Catch On, But Turner Sees Promise" 3189:

Halbert, N.; Gogan, P.; Hiebert, R.; Derr, J. (2007).

2553:"Chernobyl's Przewalski's horses are poached for meat" 19:

This article is about the animal. For other uses, see

3784:"Climatic warming and the future of bison as grazers" 3453: 4699:

Los animales domesticos de la America pre-Columbiana

4283:. European Bison Conservation Center. Archived from 3924: 3614:"European Bison habitat in the Carpathian Mountains" 3399:) genomes unveil polytomic origin of wild Asian Bos" 3278:"Genetic Analysis of the Henry Mountains Bison Herd" 3120: 4339:Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. (1994). 2487:

Bison: mating and conservation in small populations

2430:"American Bison", The National Wildlife Federation. 1696:As of July 2015, an estimated 4,900 bison lived in 4634:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 4555:Cherry, C; Leong, K; Wallen, R; Buttke, D (2016). 4471: 4469: 4171:Animal Diversity Web at the University of Michigan 3029: 2723: 2694: 589:in Canada. A third subspecies, the eastern bison ( 4794: 4792: 4160: 2753:"Notice of the Various Species of Bovine Animals" 2582:Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. (2018) . 2059: 1891: 1482:Wolves hunting bison in Yellowstone National Park 464:IUCN range of the two American bison subspecies. 11104: 862:members of the genus are placed in the subgenus 756: 5041: 4678:Nicholson, Henry B. (1955). "Montezuma's Zoo". 4466: 4039:Baskin, Leonid; Danell, Kjell (17 April 2013). 3927:"The Ecology of the Earth's Grazing Ecosystems" 3378:Communications biology, 1(1), 1–9. Accessed at 3023: 2969:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2864: 2644: 2510: 2508: 2506: 4902:(Thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. 4789: 4589: 4328:Indians of North America, 2d edition, revised. 3184: 3182: 2750: 2330:"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History" 1728:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 732:ranchers to have it entirely removed from the 9470: 5027: 3889: 3572: 2607:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en 2371: 4396:"Historians Revisit Slaughter on the Plains" 4038: 2812: 2503: 2269:first offered bison on their menus in 2005. 534:(Greek: "wild ox" (bison)) within the tribe 4927: 4421: 3179: 2485:Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). 2416:, Vol.406 (25 June 2016), Part B, pp.94-110 2401: 2226:. Today, bison are increasingly raised for 781:, with bison being nested within the genus 699:American bison are known for living in the 9477: 9463: 5116: 5034: 5020: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4798: 4597:United States Food and Drug Administration 2575: 2489:. Columbia University Press. p. 162. 1608: 1569:The major illnesses in European bison are 146: 124: 9351: 6823: 4677: 4572: 4045:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4015: 3942: 3823: 3611: 3573:van Vuren, Dirk; Bray, Martin P. (1986). 3534: 3532: 3430: 3311: 3301: 3154: 3006: 2988: 2849: 2795: 2605: 2424: 2422: 1545: 1345:, which may occur naturally in the soil. 858:, Georgia, dated to around 1.76 Ma. More 609:, which was not found in the region. The 9232: 6622: 4154: 3708: 3502:"Anthrax kills bison in southern N.W.T." 3209: 2624:Fish and Wildlife Service Species Report 2545: 2433: 1659: 1618: 1477: 1460: 1435: 1366: 1304: 1292: 934: 738: 662: 5523: 5094: 4940: 4859: 4857: 4818: 4696: 4393: 4275: 4273: 4198:"Figuring out puzzling animal diseases" 3683: 3677: 11105: 5241: 4487:from the original on 27 September 2013 4353: 4252:"Island Named for Antelope, the Bison" 4195: 4077: 3745: 3714: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3515: 2541:from the original on 16 December 2011. 2419: 2346: 1550:For American bison, a main illness is 1374:(1902; photograph: Steele and Company) 639:which includes, among others, cattle, 10867: 10866: 9458: 9350: 9219: 9218: 8824: 7907: 7442: 6899: 6361: 5507: 5093: 5015: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4117: 4113: 4111: 4109: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3612:Kuemmerle; et al. (April 2010). 3447: 2902: 2900: 2827: 2825: 2563:from the original on 31 December 2016 2514: 1627:Bison was a significant resource for 11133:Taxa named by Charles Hamilton Smith 10973:6919c61e-4b5b-4e33-956a-f8b0190f04b4 6659: 4854: 4799:Schontzler, Gail (30 October 2011). 4741:from the original on 20 January 2011 4457: 4429:"Where the Buffalo No Longer Roamed" 4270: 4161:Newell, Toni Lynn; Anna Bess Sorin. 4059:from the original on 11 January 2018 3508:from the original on 6 January 2009. 2721: 2692: 2265:, which added bison to their menus. 1643:describes the relationship as such: 1465:A bison calf resting with its mother 5508: 4831:Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News 4735:"| National Bison Association" 3512: 3357:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030645.x 3238:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09061638.x 2701:(illustrated ed.). Stackpole. 2593:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1629:indigenous peoples of North America 967:. Herds of importance are found in 514: 13: 8825: 6362: 4985:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00048.x 4764:Terry Kremeniuk. "Bison Farming". 4753: 4611:from the original on 27 March 2024 4477:"Are Bison an Endangered Species?" 4439:from the original on 10 March 2017 4222: 4212:from the original on 5 April 2010. 4106: 3849:Rangeland Ecology & Management 3770: 3727:from the original on 18 April 2013 3545:. Canadian Circumpolar Institute. 3205:from the original on 3 March 2013. 3127:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 3040:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2897: 2822: 2730:. University of California Press. 2662:from the original on 14 March 2017 2389:from the original on 14 March 2017 2359:from the original on 17 March 2014 1392:is found on the plains around the 670:bison on plaque, 17,000–9,000 BC, 593:) is no longer considered a valid 549:Of the two surviving species, the 493:IUCN range of the European bison. 14: 11149: 11128:Extant Gelasian first appearances 5000: 4883:Taste Of The Wild Dog Food Review 4867:. Sunset Publishing Corp. 2008. 4481:Fermilab Science Education Office 4394:Robbins, Jim (16 November 1999). 4177:from the original on 24 June 2013 3696:from the original on 2 April 2013 2767:from the original on 6 July 2014. 2726:American Bison: A Natural History 2379:"BIson americanus pennsylvanicus" 2306:(1 November in the United States) 1320:is a common behavior of bison. A 10846: 10845: 10834: 9561: 9555: 4330:The University of Chicago Press. 4100:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20400.x 3758:from the original on 22 May 2013 3715:Jawort, Adrian (17 April 2013). 1723:Bison, ground, grass-fed, cooked 1633:indigenous peoples of the Plains 1028:American Society of Mammalogists 887:) first appeared during the mid- 172: 42: 5386:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 4920:Cunfer, Geoff and Bill Waiser. 4898:Boyd, Delaney P. (April 2003). 4892: 4876: 4727: 4705: 4690: 4671: 4659:from the original on 9 May 2024 4548: 4534:Geremia C, Wallen R, White PJ. 4528: 4508: 4499: 4451: 4387: 4333: 4320: 4308: 4299: 4281:"Actual, and Potential Threats" 4244: 4189: 4071: 4032: 3967: 3918: 3883: 3840: 3739: 3651: 3605: 3566: 3385: 3371: 3328: 3269: 3244: 3114: 3066: 2955: 2933:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106933 2858: 2784:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2771: 2744: 2715: 2686: 2674: 2614: 1456: 1409: 6175:Central American red brocket ( 3256:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 2524:. Athabasca University Press. 2478: 2340: 2322: 2219:Historia general de las Indias 1615:Conservation of American bison 1372:Last of the Canadian Buffaloes 658: 605:refer to this subspecies, not 591:B. b. pennsylvanicus 1: 10504:Countries by meat consumption 5007:History of Bison Blend Cattle 4371:. 10 May 2011. Archived from 4341:Lame Deer, Seeker of Visions. 3892:Forest Ecology and Management 3746:Hansen, Terri (12 May 2013). 3684:Robbins, Jim (1 April 2013). 2475:, Animal Diversity Web, 2013. 2315: 1313:in Yellowstone National Park. 757:Evolution and genetic history 481:Bison bison subsp. athabascae 10791:Non-vegetarian food in India 10509:Countries by meat production 6882:Large subfamily listed below 6870:Large subfamily listed below 6858:Large subfamily listed below 4917:– via Buffalo Field Campaign 4697:Latcham, Ricardo E. (1922). 4460:The Destruction of the Bison 3912:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.010 3638:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.038 3303:10.1371/journal.pone.0144239 3100:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.084 2891:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.022 2751:Newman, Edward, ed. (1859). 2195: 2178:Percentages estimated using 1703: 1654:Tatanka Iyotake—Sitting Bull 1473: 597:, being a junior synonym of 7: 10514:Food and drink prohibitions 5377:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 5368:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 3647:– via Science Direct. 3460:American Midland Naturalist 2310:Yellowstone Park bison herd 2287: 1738:180 kcal (750 kJ) 1386:Yellowstone Park bison herd 1288: 621:, reintroduced after being 585:, which is the namesake of 10: 11154: 9553: 4713:"Bison from Farm to Table" 4326:Driver, Harold E. (1969). 4254:. Utah.com. Archived from 3869:10.1016/j.rama.2017.01.005 3423:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103226 2913:Quaternary Science Reviews 1612: 1560:Antelope Island bison herd 1390:Henry Mountains bison herd 1360: 1017:Henry Mountains bison herd 806:incomplete lineage sorting 607:B. b. athabascae 587:Wood Buffalo National Park 583:B. b. athabascae 18: 10875: 10829: 10727: 10662: 10619: 10571: 10556:Psychology of eating meat 10531: 10496: 10416: 10409: 10160: 10100:Black soldier fly maggots 10085: 9981: 9803: 9683: 9570: 9492: 9425: 9397: 9373: 9364: 9360: 9346: 9313:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 9304:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 9292: 9241: 9228: 9214: 9178: 9154: 9130: 9121: 9003: 8970: 8946: 8913: 8889: 8868:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 8847: 8838: 8834: 8820: 8784: 8742: 8565: 8556: 8510: 8486: 8462: 8420: 8369: 8345: 8336: 8308: 8284: 8277: 8231: 8171: 8147: 8060: 8009: 7985: 7961: 7937: 7928: 7924: 7903: 7858: 7759: 7750: 7722: 7698: 7593: 7533: 7524: 7496: 7472: 7463: 7459: 7438: 7397: 7373: 7295: 7271: 7247: 7223: 7172: 7148: 7097: 6992: 6968: 6944: 6920: 6916: 6895: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6814: 6777: 6753: 6720: 6696: 6687: 6650: 6613: 6567: 6507: 6498: 6470: 6419: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6357: 6303: 6269: 6235: 6211: 6187: 6157:Amazonian brown brocket ( 6091: 6058: 6034: 6001: 5977: 5953: 5944: 5880: 5829: 5805: 5772: 5721: 5688: 5664: 5532: 5519: 5503: 5490:Large family listed below 5483: 5478:Large family listed below 5471: 5455:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 5398: 5356: 5332: 5323: 5232: 5177: 5153: 5144: 5107: 5103: 5089: 5051: 4561:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2353:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2278:Natural Balance Pet Foods 2210:Francisco Lopez de Gomara 2177: 2167: 2159: 2146: 2133: 2120: 2107: 2094: 2081: 2068: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2026: 2013: 2000: 1984: 1967: 1951: 1934: 1917: 1900: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1860: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1826: 1816: 1806: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1762: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1727: 1698:Yellowstone National Park 1688:in the United States and 1686:Yellowstone National Park 1552:malignant catarrhal fever 1242: 1224: 1206: 1199: 1163: 1145: 1138: 1117: 1110: 1103: 1079: 1072: 1051: 969:Yellowstone National Park 492: 488: 463: 459: 311: 306: 287: 280: 169:Scientific classification 167: 154: 145: 132: 123: 30: 10629:Beef hormone controversy 9484: 7554:Domestic water buffalo ( 5919:Central Asian red deer ( 5544:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 4462:. pp. 136–7, 151–2. 3080:Quaternary International 2871:Quaternary International 2414:Quaternary International 1690:Elk Island National Park 1597:applied the French term 1542:posed threats to bison. 1170:(European bison/wisent) 997:Grasslands National Park 989:Elk Island National Park 792:without including bison 709:Chernobyl Exclusion Zone 546:species are recognised. 471:Bison bison subsp. bison 8432:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 8219:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 6324:Yucatan brown brocket ( 5553:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 5437:Philippine mouse-deer ( 4805:Bozeman Daily Chronicle 4196:Durham, Sharon (2010). 4120:Ecological Applications 3618:Biological Conservation 3224:(6): 1638–1643 (1642). 2990:10.1073/pnas.1620754114 2515:Brink, Jack W. (2008). 2180:US recommendations 1609:Bison and human culture 1580: 1431: 973:Wind Cave National Park 734:Endangered Species List 651:, in North America, or 10654:Water holding capacity 9142:White-lipped peccary ( 9078:Philippine warty pig ( 8703:Yellow-backed duiker ( 8667:Black-fronted duiker ( 8640:White-bellied duiker ( 8261:Przewalski's gazelle ( 7484:Four-horned antelope ( 6282:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 5841:Visayan spotted deer ( 5700:European fallow deer ( 5643:Northern red muntjac ( 5589:Southern red muntjac ( 4574:10.15585/mmwr.mm6511a5 4343:Simon & Schuster. 3147:10.1139/cjes-2017-0100 2722:Lott, Dale F. (2003). 2455:, KMK Scientific Press 2184:the National Academies 2171:to USDA Database entry 1668: 1658: 1624: 1603:Nipissing First Nation 1571:foot-and-mouth disease 1546:Infections and illness 1483: 1466: 1441: 1375: 1314: 1302: 981:Blue Mounds State Park 940: 919:. The European bison, 846:The oldest remains of 744: 678: 498: European bison ( 21:Bison (disambiguation) 11085:Paleobiology Database 10639:Feed conversion ratio 10541:Ethics of eating meat 9322:Wild Bactrian camel ( 9024:Bornean bearded pig ( 9015:Palawan bearded pig ( 8604:White-legged duiker ( 8030:Red-fronted gazelle ( 5709:Persian fallow deer ( 5625:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 5298:Himalayan musk deer ( 5207:Reticulated giraffe ( 4955:10.1093/envhis/ems048 4943:Environmental History 4766:Canadian Encyclopedia 4541:28 March 2016 at the 4202:Agricultural Research 3980:Ecology and Evolution 3504:CBC.CA. 8 July 2006. 2797:10.1093/molbev/msh064 2600:: e.T2815A123789863. 1866:Vitamins and minerals 1663: 1645: 1622: 1481: 1464: 1439: 1370: 1308: 1297:A group of images by 1296: 1092:(aurochs and cattle) 938: 742: 725:B. b. bison 666: 603:Eastern United States 599:B. b. bison 575:B. b. bison 10968:Fauna Europaea (new) 10692:Environmental impact 9409:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 9069:Oliver's warty pig ( 8694:Red-flanked duiker ( 8099:Erlanger's gazelle ( 7819:Harnessed bushbuck ( 7545:Wild water buffalo ( 7022:East Caucasian tur ( 7013:West Caucasian tur ( 6166:Little red brocket ( 5634:Truong Son muntjac ( 5446:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 5428:Greater mouse-deer ( 5307:Siberian musk deer ( 4908:10.11575/PRISM/22701 4737:. Bisoncentral.com. 4042:Ecology of ungalates 3752:Indian Country Today 3721:Indian Country Today 3579:Journal of Mammalogy 3337:Conservation Biology 3218:Conservation Biology 2336:on 20 November 2021. 1357:and most dangerous. 850:in Europe are those 832:Bison palaeosinensis 469: Plains bison ( 9042:Celebes warty pig ( 9033:Visayan warty pig ( 8649:Red forest duiker ( 8381:Günther's dik-dik ( 8243:Mongolian gazelle ( 8048:Heuglin's gazelle ( 8039:Thomson's gazelle ( 7193:Long-tailed goral ( 6588:Mountain reedbuck ( 6579:Southern reedbuck ( 6431:East African oryx ( 6333:White-tailed deer ( 6112:Small red brocket ( 6079:South Andean deer ( 6022:Siberian roe deer ( 6013:European roe deer ( 5850:Philippine sambar ( 5817:Père David's deer ( 5419:Lesser mouse-deer ( 5280:Kashmir musk deer ( 4977:1999AnCon...2...51W 4965:Animal Conservation 4930:Journal of Heredity 4369:National Geographic 4287:on 4 September 2012 4132:2012EcoAp..22.1628H 4092:2013Oikos.122..191C 3992:2011EcoEv...1..132A 3904:2012ForEM.264..150P 3861:2017REcoM..70..405L 3800:2015NatSR...516738C 3665:. 26 September 2023 3630:2010BCons.143..908K 3415:2021iSci...24j3226S 3349:1994ConBi...8..645M 3294:2015PLoSO..1044239R 3230:1995ConBi...9.1638P 3139:2017CaJES..54.1138Z 3092:2016QuInt.406...94B 3052:2008CaJES..45..827W 2981:2017PNAS..114.3457F 2925:2021QSRv..26106933S 2883:2021QuInt.595...30Z 2693:Sapp, Rick (2006). 2445:Sochi National Park 2263:Ted's Montana Grill 1724: 1641:John Fire Lame Deer 1595:Samuel de Champlain 1309:A bison charges an 873:Bison schoetensacki 623:extinct in the wild 10816:Warmed-over flavor 10584:Semi-vegetarianism 9190:Collared peccary ( 9060:Flores warty pig ( 8901:Giant forest hog ( 8763:Maxwell's duiker ( 8685:Ruwenzori duiker ( 8631:Jentink's duiker ( 8540:Sharpe's grysbok ( 8296:Tibetan antelope ( 8201:Bright's gazelle ( 8135:Goitered gazelle ( 8108:Mountain gazelle ( 8081:Cuvier's gazelle ( 8021:Mongalla gazelle ( 7409:Pyrenean chamois ( 6835:Tibetan antelope ( 6789:Black wildebeest ( 5616:Reeves's muntjac ( 5580:Sumatran muntjac ( 5571:Gongshan muntjac ( 5344:Water chevrotain ( 5271:Alpine musk deer ( 5198:Southern giraffe ( 5189:Northern giraffe ( 4885:DogFoodInsider.com 4400:The New York Times 3788:Scientific Reports 3690:The New York Times 3036:Bison occidentalis 2632:on 19 October 2011 2304:National Bison Day 1722: 1682:endangered species 1669: 1639:teacher and elder 1625: 1484: 1467: 1448:, able to ferment 1442: 1376: 1315: 1303: 1299:Eadweard Muybridge 941: 916:Bison occidentalis 893:Bering land bridge 889:Middle Pleistocene 745: 713:Przewalski's horse 688:Bison are nomadic 679: 479: Wood bison ( 388:B. voigtstedtensis 11138:Bovina (subtribe) 11100: 11099: 11072:Open Tree of Life 10869:Taxon identifiers 10860: 10859: 10527: 10526: 9452: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9421: 9420: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9166:Chacoan peccary ( 9117: 9116: 9105:Javan warty pig ( 9096:Timor warty pig ( 8903:H. meinertzhageni 8877:Togian babirusa ( 8816: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8772:Walter's duiker ( 8712:Abbott's duiker ( 8676:Ogilby's duiker ( 8622:Harvey's duiker ( 8586:Brooke's duiker ( 8552: 8551: 8332: 8331: 8273: 8272: 8210:Peter's gazelle ( 8192:Grant's gazelle ( 8126:Speke's gazelle ( 7899: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7776: 7746: 7745: 7734:African buffalo ( 7565:B. depressicornis 7520: 7519: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7202:Himalayan goral ( 7024:C. cylindricornis 6891: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6847: 6846: 6810: 6809: 6798:Blue wildebeest ( 6732:Common tsessebe ( 6683: 6682: 6646: 6645: 6609: 6608: 6521:K. ellipsiprymnus 6494: 6493: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6293:P. mephistophiles 6249:P. mephistophiles 5940: 5939: 5636:M. truongsonensis 5598:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5467: 5466: 5410:Java mouse-deer ( 5319: 5318: 5289:Black musk deer ( 5262:Dwarf musk deer ( 5253:Anhui musk deer ( 5228: 5227: 5191:G. camelopardalis 5140: 5139: 4680:Pacific Discovery 4644:978-0-309-48834-1 4361:"American Bison, 4317:, Fourth Edition. 4140:10.1890/11-2181.1 3808:10.1038/srep16738 3663:Rewilding Britain 3552:978-0-919058-83-5 3133:(11): 1138–1152. 2975:(13): 3457–3462. 2851:10.3390/d10030065 2737:978-0-520-24062-9 2708:978-0-8117-3315-1 2531:978-1-897425-09-1 2496:978-0-231-08456-7 2473:, European bison" 2453:978-5-87317-984-8 2190: 2189: 2163: 2162: 1285: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1188: 1187: 1179: 1178: 1152:(American bison) 824:Early Pleistocene 798:mitochondrial DNA 507: 506: 372:B. hanaizumiensis 323:B. palaeosinensis 276: 118: 11145: 11093: 11092: 11080: 11079: 11067: 11066: 11054: 11053: 11051:NHMSYS0000376442 11041: 11040: 11028: 11027: 11015: 11014: 11002: 11001: 10989: 10988: 10976: 10975: 10963: 10962: 10950: 10949: 10937: 10936: 10924: 10923: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10864: 10863: 10849: 10848: 10839: 10838: 10811:Roadkill cuisine 10606:Meat alternative 10601:Plant-based diet 10519:Meat substitutes 10414: 10413: 9565: 9559: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9456: 9455: 9371: 9370: 9362: 9361: 9348: 9347: 9239: 9238: 9230: 9229: 9216: 9215: 9128: 9127: 8934:Common warthog ( 8925:Desert warthog ( 8845: 8844: 8836: 8835: 8822: 8821: 8721:Weyns's duiker ( 8595:Peters' duiker ( 8577:Aders's duiker ( 8563: 8562: 8450:Royal antelope ( 8408:Salt's dik-dik ( 8399:Silver dik-dik ( 8390:Kirk's dik-dik ( 8343: 8342: 8320:Saiga antelope ( 8282: 8281: 8221:N. soemmerringii 8090:Dorcas gazelle ( 7935: 7934: 7926: 7925: 7919: 7905: 7904: 7792:Mountain nyala ( 7775: 7774: 7766: 7757: 7756: 7712:P. nghetinhensis 7614:European bison ( 7605:American bison ( 7531: 7530: 7470: 7469: 7461: 7460: 7454: 7440: 7439: 7316:Domestic sheep ( 7160:Himalayan tahr ( 7127:Mainland serow ( 7109:Japanese serow ( 6918: 6917: 6911: 6897: 6896: 6821: 6820: 6694: 6693: 6657: 6656: 6620: 6619: 6597:Bohor reedbuck ( 6505: 6504: 6484:A. nasomaculatus 6407:Sable antelope ( 6384: 6383: 6375: 6374: 6368: 6359: 6358: 6121:Merida brocket ( 5951: 5950: 5892:Thorold's deer ( 5744:A. calamianensis 5627:M. rooseveltorum 5573:M. gongshanensis 5530: 5529: 5521: 5520: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5330: 5329: 5239: 5238: 5218:G. tippelskirchi 5151: 5150: 5114: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5091: 5090: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5013: 5012: 4996: 4958: 4937: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4838:. Archived from 4827: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4773:. Archived from 4762: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4552: 4546: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4357: 4351: 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4230:Billings Gazette 4220: 4214: 4213: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4126:(5): 1628–1639. 4115: 4104: 4103: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4019: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3946: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3779: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3659:"European Bison" 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3510: 3509: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3434: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3305: 3288:(12): e0144239. 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3158: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3010: 2992: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2829: 2820: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2799: 2790:(7): 1165–1170. 2775: 2769: 2768: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2729: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2700: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2628:. Archived from 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2523: 2512: 2501: 2500: 2482: 2476: 2465: 2456: 2439:Semenov U.A. of 2437: 2431: 2426: 2417: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2332:. Archived from 2326: 2063: 1989: 1972: 1956: 1939: 1922: 1905: 1895: 1862: 1861: 1725: 1721: 1417:In the state of 1202: 1201: 1141: 1140: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1075: 1074: 1047: 1046: 911:B. antiquus 902:and the smaller 828:Bison sivalensis 557:, found only in 516: 497: 478: 468: 364:B. schoetensacki 271: 177: 176: 150: 128: 112: 111: 41: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 16:Genus of mammals 11153: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11118:Holarctic fauna 11103: 11102: 11101: 11096: 11088: 11083: 11075: 11070: 11062: 11057: 11049: 11044: 11036: 11031: 11023: 11018: 11010: 11005: 10997: 10992: 10984: 10979: 10971: 10966: 10958: 10953: 10945: 10940: 10932: 10927: 10919: 10914: 10905: 10904: 10899: 10890: 10889: 10884: 10871: 10861: 10856: 10841:Food portal 10833: 10825: 10747:Case-ready meat 10729: 10723: 10697:Factory farming 10658: 10615: 10567: 10533: 10523: 10492: 10405: 10162: 10156: 10081: 9986: 9977: 9799: 9679: 9650:Lamb and mutton 9566: 9560: 9551: 9488: 9483: 9453: 9440: 9417: 9393: 9356: 9330: 9288: 9224: 9198: 9174: 9150: 9113: 9080:S. philippensis 9017:S. ahoenobarbus 8999: 8991:Red river hog ( 8966: 8942: 8909: 8885: 8859:Buru babirusa ( 8830: 8804: 8796:Common duiker ( 8780: 8738: 8548: 8506: 8482: 8458: 8416: 8365: 8328: 8304: 8269: 8254:P. picticaudata 8227: 8167: 8143: 8137:G. subgutturosa 8056: 8005: 7981: 7957: 7920: 7909: 7887: 7854: 7846:Cape bushbuck ( 7839:T. strepsiceros 7768: 7767: 7765: 7742: 7718: 7694: 7589: 7581:Mountain anoa ( 7516: 7510:B. tragocamelus 7492: 7486:T. quadricornis 7455: 7444: 7426: 7393: 7369: 7325:Bighorn sheep ( 7291: 7267: 7243: 7235:Mountain goat ( 7219: 7211:Chinese goral ( 7168: 7144: 7129:C. sumatraensis 7093: 7076:Siberian ibex ( 7040:Domestic goat ( 6988: 6964: 6940: 6932:Barbary sheep ( 6912: 6901: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6843: 6806: 6773: 6749: 6716: 6679: 6642: 6605: 6563: 6490: 6466: 6440:Scimitar oryx ( 6415: 6398:Roan antelope ( 6369: 6363: 6341: 6299: 6291:Northern pudu ( 6265: 6257:Southern pudu ( 6247:Northern pudu ( 6231: 6207: 6183: 6148:Pygmy brocket ( 6130:Dwarf brocket ( 6087: 6054: 6030: 5997: 5973: 5936: 5876: 5825: 5801: 5768: 5742:Calamian deer ( 5717: 5711:D. mesopotamica 5684: 5660: 5654:M. vuquangensis 5652:Giant muntjac ( 5562:Fea's muntjac ( 5515: 5509: 5491: 5479: 5463: 5394: 5352: 5315: 5273:M. chrysogaster 5224: 5216:Masai giraffe ( 5173: 5136: 5099: 5085: 5047: 5040: 5003: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4842:on 11 June 2014 4834: 4828: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4797: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4777:on 11 June 2014 4771:"Bison Farming" 4769: 4763: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4645: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4594: 4590: 4567:(11): 293–294. 4553: 4549: 4543:Wayback Machine 4533: 4529: 4521:TheGuardian.com 4514: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4488: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4433:Smithsonian.com 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4375:on 20 June 2013 4359: 4358: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4223:French, Brett. 4221: 4217: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4159: 4155: 4116: 4107: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4053: 4037: 4033: 4000:10.1002/ece3.12 3972: 3968: 3944:10.2307/1313313 3923: 3919: 3888: 3884: 3845: 3841: 3780: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3754:Media Network. 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3610: 3606: 3591:10.2307/1381282 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3452: 3448: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3372: 3333: 3329: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3214: 3210: 3187: 3180: 3119: 3115: 3071: 3067: 3060:10.1139/E08-027 3028: 3024: 2960: 2956: 2905: 2898: 2863: 2859: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2776: 2772: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2521: 2513: 2504: 2497: 2483: 2479: 2466: 2459: 2447:(8), pp.23-24, 2438: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2345: 2341: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2290: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2173: 2168: 2154: 2141: 2128: 2115: 2102: 2089: 2076: 2064: 2034: 2021: 2008: 1995: 1987: 1979: 1970: 1962: 1954: 1946: 1937: 1929: 1920: 1912: 1903: 1896: 1867: 1856: 1851: 1828:Polyunsaturated 1818:Monounsaturated 1802: 1797: 1758: 1753: 1715: 1712:, and vitamin B 1711: 1706: 1617: 1611: 1591:African buffalo 1583: 1575:balanoposthitis 1548: 1476: 1459: 1434: 1412: 1394:Henry Mountains 1378: 1377: 1363: 1291: 1286: 1277: 1268: 1259: 1189: 1180: 1083:Bos primigenius 1056:(true buffalo) 1013:genetic testing 1005:Henry Mountains 898:Bison latifrons 852:Bison georgicus 759: 661: 615:B. bonasus 503: 495: 484: 476: 474: 466: 412:B. occidentalis 302: 293: 270: 171: 158: 136: 119: 117: – present 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 36: 35: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11151: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11081: 11068: 11055: 11042: 11029: 11016: 11003: 10990: 10977: 10964: 10955:Fauna Europaea 10951: 10938: 10925: 10912: 10897: 10881: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10852:Category: Meat 10843: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10744: 10739: 10733: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10720: 10719: 10717:Slaughterhouse 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10668: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10625: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10594:Pollotarianism 10591: 10589:Pescetarianism 10581: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10537: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10251: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10119: 10118: 10117: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10091: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9809: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9689: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9498: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9482: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9438: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9411:C. liberiensis 9405: 9403: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9385:Hippopotamus ( 9381: 9379: 9368: 9366:Hippopotamidae 9358: 9357: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9319: 9315:C. dromedarius 9310: 9300: 9298: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9277: 9268: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9236: 9226: 9225: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9102: 9098:S. timoriensis 9093: 9084: 9075: 9066: 9057: 9051:Domestic pig ( 9048: 9039: 9030: 9021: 9011: 9009: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8988: 8978: 8976: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8931: 8927:P. aethiopicus 8921: 8919: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8897: 8895: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8879:B. togeanensis 8874: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8842: 8832: 8831: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8769: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8730:Zebra duiker ( 8727: 8718: 8709: 8705:C. silvicultor 8700: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8664: 8658:Black duiker ( 8655: 8646: 8642:C. leucogaster 8637: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8537: 8531:Cape grysbok ( 8528: 8518: 8516: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8474:Klipspringer ( 8470: 8468: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8447: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8405: 8401:M. piacentinii 8396: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8353: 8351: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8263:P. przewalskii 8258: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8216: 8207: 8198: 8189: 8183:Dama gazelle ( 8179: 8177: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8132: 8123: 8117:Rhim gazelle ( 8114: 8105: 8096: 8087: 8078: 8068: 8066: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8045: 8036: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7975:A. marsupialis 7969: 7967: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7945: 7943: 7932: 7922: 7921: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7879:Common eland ( 7876: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7843: 7837:Greater kudu ( 7834: 7825: 7816: 7807: 7798: 7789: 7779: 7777: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7730: 7728: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7683: 7674: 7665: 7656: 7650:Domestic yak ( 7647: 7638: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7578: 7574:B. mindorensis 7569: 7563:Lowland anoa ( 7560: 7551: 7541: 7539: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7467: 7457: 7456: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7303: 7301: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7283:Nilgiri tahr ( 7279: 7277: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7208: 7199: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7136:Taiwan serow ( 7133: 7124: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7082: 7073: 7067:Iberian ibex ( 7064: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7028: 7019: 7010: 7000: 6998: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6976: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6956:Arabian tahr ( 6952: 6950: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6914: 6913: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6594: 6590:R. fulvorufula 6585: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6458:Arabian oryx ( 6455: 6446: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6381: 6371: 6370: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6335:O. virginianus 6330: 6321: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6254: 6243: 6241: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6201:O. bezoarticus 6195: 6193: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6145: 6141:M. gouazoubira 6139:Gray brocket ( 6136: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5959: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5894:C. albirostris 5888: 5886: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5678:E. cephalophus 5672: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5607:Leaf muntjac ( 5604: 5600:M. puhoatensis 5595: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5527: 5517: 5516: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5457:T. williamsoni 5452: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5383: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5309:M. moschiferus 5304: 5300:M. leucogaster 5295: 5286: 5277: 5268: 5264:M. berezovskii 5259: 5249: 5247: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5111: 5109:Antilocapridae 5101: 5100: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5081:Laurasiatheria 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5002: 5001:External links 4999: 4998: 4997: 4959: 4938: 4925: 4918: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4875: 4853: 4817: 4788: 4752: 4726: 4704: 4689: 4670: 4643: 4622: 4588: 4547: 4527: 4507: 4498: 4465: 4450: 4420: 4386: 4352: 4349:978-0671888022 4332: 4319: 4307: 4298: 4269: 4258:on 3 June 2013 4243: 4215: 4188: 4167:: Information" 4153: 4105: 4086:(2): 191–198. 4070: 4051: 4031: 3986:(2): 132–144. 3966: 3937:(7): 513–521. 3917: 3882: 3855:(4): 405–410. 3839: 3769: 3738: 3707: 3676: 3650: 3624:(4): 908–916. 3604: 3585:(3): 503–511. 3565: 3551: 3528: 3524:American Bison 3511: 3493: 3466:(1): 159–167. 3446: 3409:(11): 103226. 3384: 3370: 3343:(3): 645–653. 3327: 3268: 3243: 3208: 3178: 3113: 3065: 3032:Bison antiquus 3022: 2954: 2896: 2857: 2821: 2811: 2770: 2743: 2736: 2714: 2707: 2685: 2673: 2643: 2613: 2574: 2544: 2530: 2502: 2495: 2477: 2467:Hendricks, K. 2457: 2432: 2418: 2400: 2370: 2339: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2214:Plains Indians 2197: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1610: 1607: 1582: 1579: 1547: 1544: 1475: 1472: 1458: 1455: 1433: 1430: 1411: 1408: 1404:European bison 1381:American bison 1365: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1045: 1019:to be free of 921:Bison bonasus, 905:Bison antiquus 758: 755: 692:and travel in 660: 657: 611:European bison 551:American bison 505: 504: 494: 490: 489: 486: 485: 475: 465: 461: 460: 457: 456: 455: 454: 453: 452: 442:Incertae sedis 439: 438: 437: 430: 423: 415: 407: 399: 391: 383: 375: 367: 353: 352: 351: 342: 334: 326: 309: 308: 304: 303: 294: 285: 284: 278: 277: 273:Hamilton Smith 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 165: 164: 156:European bison 152: 151: 143: 142: 134:American bison 130: 129: 121: 120: 105: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11150: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11123:Mammal genera 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11091: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10902: 10898: 10893: 10887: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10853: 10844: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10759:Cultured meat 10757: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10726: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10664:Meat industry 10661: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10579:Vegetarianism 10577: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10551:Animal rights 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10412: 10410:List articles 10408: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10311:Luncheon meat 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9908:Pacific saury 9906: 9904: 9903:Orange roughy 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9558: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9480: 9475: 9473: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9457: 9437: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9390: 9388: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9345: 9327: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9306:C. bactrianus 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9285: 9283: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9213: 9195: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9107:S. verrucosus 9103: 9101: 9099: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9053:S. domesticus 9049: 9047: 9045: 9044:S. celebensis 9040: 9038: 9036: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8996: 8994: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8974: 8973:Potamochoerus 8969: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8870:B. celebensis 8866: 8864: 8862: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8801: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8777: 8775: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8754:Blue duiker ( 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8669:C. nigrifrons 8665: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8651:C. natalensis 8647: 8645: 8643: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8597:C. callipygus 8593: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8524:R. campestris 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8479: 8477: 8476:O. oreotragus 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8455: 8453: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8325: 8323: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8138: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8119:G. leptoceros 8115: 8113: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8023:E. albonotata 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7999:A. cervicapra 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7902: 7884: 7882: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7870:Giant eland ( 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7849: 7848:T. sylvaticus 7844: 7842: 7840: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7810:Lesser kudu ( 7808: 7806: 7804: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7772: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7625:B. domesticus 7623:Bali cattle ( 7621: 7619: 7617: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7423: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7327:O. canadensis 7323: 7321: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7274:Nilgiritragus 7270: 7264: 7262: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7237:O. americanus 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7162:H. jemlahicus 7158: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7058:Nubian ibex ( 7056: 7054: 7052: 7049:Alpine ibex ( 7047: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:Pantholopinae 6813: 6803: 6801: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6767:A. buselaphus 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6671:Grey rhebok ( 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6615:Aepycerotinae 6612: 6602: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6546:Nile lechwe ( 6544: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6379:Hippotraginae 6376: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6356: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6225:B. dichotomus 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6199:Pampas deer ( 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6159:M. nemorivaga 6155: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6103:Red brocket ( 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6072:H. antisensis 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5912:C. canadensis 5908: 5906: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5861:R. timorensis 5857: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5819:E. davidianus 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5786:R. duvaucelii 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5751:Bawean deer ( 5749: 5747: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5679: 5676:Tufted deer ( 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5609:M. putaoensis 5605: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5555:M. crinifrons 5551: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5448:T. versicolor 5444: 5442: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5255:M. anhuiensis 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5209:G. reticulata 5205: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4949:(3): 547–77. 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4884: 4879: 4871: 4866: 4860: 4858: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4793: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4714: 4708: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4502: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4461: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4052:9783662068205 4048: 4044: 4043: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046:(7): 827–59. 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757:The Zoologist 2754: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2698: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2617: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2519: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2471:Bison bonasus 2464: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2410:Bison priscus 2404: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2294:Bison hunting 2292: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1919:Riboflavin (B 1916: 1909: 1907: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1774:Dietary fiber 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750:Carbohydrates 1745: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1717: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:water buffalo 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:grizzly bears 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1463: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1426:Steve Bullock 1422: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1373: 1369: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1312: 1307: 1300: 1295: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1210:Bos javanicus 1204: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1167:Bison bonasus 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1026:In 2021, the 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 937: 933: 931: 926: 922: 918: 917: 912: 908: 906: 901: 899: 894: 890: 886: 885:Bison priscus 882: 877: 875: 874: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 830:) and China ( 829: 825: 821: 820:Late Pliocene 817: 816: 811: 810:introgression 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 785: 780: 776: 772: 771: 766: 765: 754: 751: 741: 737: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 686: 684: 677: 673: 669: 665: 656: 655:, in Poland. 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 636: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:North America 556: 555:B. bison 552: 547: 545: 542:and numerous 541: 537: 533: 532: 528: 524: 521:) is a large 520: 512: 501: 500:Bison bonasus 491: 487: 482: 472: 462: 458: 451: 450: 449:B. tamanensis 445: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 431: 429: 428: 424: 422: 421: 416: 414: 413: 408: 406: 405: 400: 398: 397: 392: 390: 389: 384: 382: 381: 376: 374: 373: 368: 366: 365: 360: 359: 358: 354: 349: 348: 343: 341: 340: 335: 333: 332: 331:B. sivalensis 327: 325: 324: 319: 318: 317: 313: 312: 310: 305: 301: 297: 292: 291: 286: 283: 279: 274: 269: 268: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 204: 201: 200: 197: 194: 191: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 166: 162: 161:Bison bonasus 157: 153: 149: 144: 140: 135: 131: 127: 122: 116: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 40: 29: 26: 22: 10876: 10781:Mystery meat 10737:Arachnophagy 10677:Branch house 10644:Preservation 10621:Meat science 10572:Alternatives 10561:Meat paradox 10483:Smoked foods 10122:Grasshoppers 10067:Sea cucumber 10062:Shrimp/prawn 9410: 9398: 9387:H. amphibius 9386: 9376:Hippopotamus 9374: 9354:Whippomorpha 9323: 9314: 9305: 9293: 9281: 9272: 9263: 9254: 9242: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9143: 9131: 9106: 9097: 9088: 9079: 9070: 9061: 9052: 9043: 9035:S. cebifrons 9034: 9025: 9016: 9004: 8992: 8983: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8936:P. africanus 8935: 8926: 8916:Phacochoerus 8914: 8902: 8890: 8878: 8869: 8861:B. babyrussa 8860: 8848: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8765:P. maxwellii 8764: 8756:P. monticola 8755: 8743: 8731: 8722: 8713: 8704: 8696:C. rufilatus 8695: 8686: 8677: 8668: 8659: 8650: 8641: 8632: 8623: 8614: 8613:Bay duiker ( 8606:C. crusalbum 8605: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8566: 8558:Cephalophini 8541: 8533:R. melanotis 8532: 8523: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8443:N. moschatus 8442: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8400: 8391: 8383:M. guentheri 8382: 8370: 8359:D. megalotis 8358: 8346: 8321: 8309: 8298:P. hodgsonii 8297: 8285: 8262: 8253: 8245:P. gutturosa 8244: 8232: 8220: 8211: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8172: 8160: 8148: 8136: 8127: 8118: 8109: 8101:G. erlangeri 8100: 8091: 8082: 8074:G. bennettii 8073: 8061: 8049: 8041:E. thomsonii 8040: 8032:E. rufifrons 8031: 8022: 8010: 7998: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7938: 7880: 7872:T. derbianus 7871: 7859: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7820: 7811: 7803:T. eurycerus 7802: 7793: 7784: 7760: 7752:Tragelaphini 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7678: 7670:B. javanicus 7669: 7660: 7652:B. grunniens 7651: 7642: 7634:B. frontalis 7633: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7594: 7582: 7573: 7564: 7555: 7546: 7534: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7420:R. rupicapra 7419: 7411:R. pyrenaica 7410: 7398: 7386: 7374: 7362: 7353: 7352:Snow sheep ( 7344: 7335: 7334:Dall sheep ( 7326: 7317: 7308: 7296: 7285:N. hylocrius 7284: 7272: 7261:O. moschatus 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7203: 7194: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7128: 7119: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7085:Walia ibex ( 7077: 7069:C. pyrenaica 7068: 7059: 7050: 7041: 7033:C. falconeri 7032: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6993: 6982:B. taxicolor 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6837:P. hodgsonii 6836: 6824: 6799: 6790: 6780:Connochaetes 6778: 6766: 6765:Hartebeest ( 6754: 6742: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6689:Alcelaphinae 6673:P. capreolus 6672: 6660: 6635: 6623: 6598: 6589: 6581:R. arundinum 6580: 6568: 6556: 6548:K. megaceros 6547: 6538: 6529: 6520: 6508: 6483: 6471: 6459: 6450: 6441: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6399: 6387: 6334: 6325: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6283: 6270: 6258: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6223:Marsh deer ( 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6105:M. americana 6104: 6092: 6080: 6071: 6061:Hippocamelus 6059: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6015:C. capreolus 6014: 6002: 5990: 5989:Water deer ( 5978: 5966: 5954: 5929: 5920: 5911: 5902: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5860: 5852:R. mariannus 5851: 5842: 5830: 5818: 5806: 5794: 5793:Eld's deer ( 5785: 5784:Barasingha ( 5773: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5645:M. vaginalis 5644: 5635: 5626: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5572: 5563: 5554: 5546:M. atherodes 5545: 5533: 5456: 5447: 5439:T. nigricans 5438: 5429: 5420: 5412:T. javanicus 5411: 5399: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5357: 5346:H. aquaticus 5345: 5333: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5242: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5178: 5167:O. johnstoni 5166: 5154: 5130:A. americana 5129: 5117: 5079:Superorder: 5073:Infraclass: 5044:Artiodactyla 4971:(1): 51–57. 4968: 4964: 4946: 4942: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4893:Bibliography 4878: 4864: 4844:. Retrieved 4840:the original 4830: 4808:. Retrieved 4804: 4779:. Retrieved 4775:the original 4765: 4743:. Retrieved 4729: 4717:. Retrieved 4707: 4698: 4692: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4661:. Retrieved 4633: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4604: 4591: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4530: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4489:. Retrieved 4480: 4459: 4453: 4441:. Retrieved 4432: 4423: 4411:. Retrieved 4399: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4373:the original 4368: 4362: 4355: 4340: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4289:. Retrieved 4285:the original 4260:. Retrieved 4256:the original 4246: 4234:. Retrieved 4228: 4218: 4208:(4): 12–13. 4205: 4201: 4191: 4179:. Retrieved 4170: 4164: 4156: 4123: 4119: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4061:. Retrieved 4041: 4034: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3794:(1): 16738. 3791: 3787: 3760:. Retrieved 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3720: 3710: 3698:. Retrieved 3689: 3679: 3669:26 September 3667:. Retrieved 3662: 3653: 3643:26 September 3641:. Retrieved 3621: 3617: 3607: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3556:. Retrieved 3541: 3496: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3387: 3373: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3259:. Retrieved 3255: 3246: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3201:(2): 22–29. 3198: 3195:Park Science 3194: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 2972: 2968: 2957: 2916: 2912: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2841: 2837: 2814: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2725: 2717: 2696: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2664:. Retrieved 2655: 2652:"Wood Bison" 2646: 2634:. Retrieved 2630:the original 2623: 2616: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2577: 2565:. Retrieved 2556: 2547: 2517: 2486: 2480: 2470: 2435: 2409: 2403: 2391:. Retrieved 2382: 2373: 2361:. Retrieved 2352: 2347:Olson, Wes. 2342: 2334:the original 2324: 2275: 2271: 2267:Ruby Tuesday 2256: 2217: 2202:Tenochtitlan 2199: 2060: 2055: 2048: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1846: 1792: 1748: 1707: 1695: 1674: 1670: 1646: 1626: 1598: 1584: 1568: 1563: 1549: 1540:Neanderthals 1529: 1523: 1485: 1468: 1457:Reproduction 1443: 1423: 1416: 1413: 1410:Restrictions 1402: 1379: 1371: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1331:ectoparasite 1322:bison wallow 1321: 1316: 1244: 1243: 1226: 1225: 1208: 1207: 1165: 1164: 1147: 1146: 1134: 1119: 1118: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1066: 1052: 1042: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1007:of southern 1001:Saskatchewan 977:South Dakota 964: 961:plains bison 960: 958: 950:hybrid vigor 942: 920: 914: 910: 903: 896: 884: 881:steppe bison 878: 871: 867: 863: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 813: 794:paraphyletic 789: 782: 768: 762: 760: 746: 724: 701:Great Plains 698: 687: 680: 633: 627: 614: 606: 598: 590: 582: 574: 571:Plains bison 567:true buffalo 562: 554: 548: 530: 529: 518: 510: 508: 499: 480: 470: 447: 441: 432: 425: 418: 410: 404:B. latifrons 402: 394: 386: 378: 370: 362: 356: 345: 339:B. georgicus 337: 329: 321: 315: 288: 282:Type species 266: 265: 226:Artiodactyla 160: 138: 25: 10994:iNaturalist 10901:Wikispecies 10764:Entomophagy 10752:Meat diaper 10742:Cannibalism 10418:Meat dishes 10200:Charcuterie 10163:preparation 10147:Mopane worm 10137:Mezcal worm 9264:L. guanicoe 9123:Tayassuidae 9087:Wild boar ( 9026:S. barbatus 8984:P. larvatus 8960:P. salvania 8958:Pygmy hog ( 8892:Hylochoerus 8745:Philantomba 8633:C. jentinki 8615:C. dorsalis 8568:Cephalophus 8452:N. pygmaeus 8410:M. saltiana 8348:Dorcatragus 8322:S. tatarica 8212:N. petersii 8150:Litocranius 8050:E. tilonura 7997:Blackbuck ( 7973:Springbok ( 7916:Antilopinae 7914:(subfamily 7861:Taurotragus 7828:Sitatunga ( 7821:T. scriptus 7812:T. imberbis 7769:(including 7762:Tragelaphus 7583:B. quarlesi 7465:Boselaphini 7449:(subfamily 7354:O. nivicola 7195:N. caudatus 7184:Red goral ( 7175:Naemorhedus 7138:C. swinhoei 7118:Red serow ( 7100:Capricornis 7078:C. sibirica 7015:C. caucasia 7006:C. aegagrus 7004:Wild goat ( 6958:A. jayakari 6947:Arabitragus 6906:(subfamily 6877:Antilopinae 6800:C. taurinus 6743:D. pygargus 6636:A. melampus 6557:K. vardonii 6519:Waterbuck ( 6460:O. leucoryx 6389:Hippotragus 6317:O. hemionus 6315:Mule deer ( 6214:Blastocerus 6123:M. bricenii 6081:H. bisulcus 6048:R. tarandus 6024:C. pygargus 5946:Capreolinae 5928:Sika deer ( 5870:R. unicolor 5859:Rusa deer ( 5762:A. porcinus 5582:M. montanus 5379:M. kathygre 5128:Pronghorn ( 5119:Antilocapra 4810:12 February 4745:19 February 4524:. May 2020. 4413:26 December 4363:Bison bison 4165:Bison bison 3898:: 150–158. 3397:Bos sauveli 2586:Bison bison 2244:cholesterol 1902:Thiamine (B 1564:Clostridium 1556:brucellosis 1536:cave hyenas 1531:Homotherium 1520:dire wolves 1492:grey wolves 1246:Bos sauveli 1149:Bison bison 1124:(wild yak) 1030:considered 1021:brucellosis 818:during the 808:or ancient 775:nuclear DNA 683:artiodactyl 668:Magdalenian 659:Description 396:B. antiquus 347:B. degiulii 290:Bison bison 242:Subfamily: 139:Bison bison 115:Pleistocene 37:2.6–0 11107:Categories 10821:White meat 10796:Pink slime 10774:Artificial 10649:Tenderness 10534:psychology 10532:Ethics and 10366:Salt-cured 10072:Sea urchin 9640:Guinea pig 9400:Choeropsis 9282:L. vicugna 9168:C. wagneri 9071:S. oliveri 9062:S. heureni 8798:S. grimmia 8787:Sylvicapra 8774:P. walteri 8687:C. rubidis 8678:C. ogilbyi 8624:C. harveyi 8588:C. brookei 8542:R. sharpei 8522:Steenbok ( 8513:Raphicerus 8465:Oreotragus 8338:Neotragini 8287:Pantholops 8203:N. notatus 8161:L. walleri 8110:G. gazella 8083:G. cuvieri 8072:Chinkara ( 7964:Antidorcas 7951:A. clarkei 7940:Ammodorcas 7930:Antilopini 7830:T. spekeii 7794:T. buxtoni 7785:T. angasii 7677:Wild yak ( 7661:B. indicus 7616:B. bonasus 7556:B. bubalis 7499:Boselaphus 7475:Tetracerus 7345:O. gmelini 7213:N. griseus 7186:N. baileyi 7151:Hemitragus 7120:C. rubidus 7111:C. crispus 7060:C. nubiana 6923:Ammotragus 6826:Pantholops 6756:Alcelaphus 6741:Bontebok ( 6734:D. lunatus 6723:Damaliscus 6710:B. hunteri 6599:R. redunca 6500:Reduncinae 6451:O. gazella 6400:H. equinus 6326:O. pandora 6306:Odocoileus 6190:Ozotoceros 6046:Reindeer ( 5991:H. inermis 5980:Hydropotes 5903:C. elaphus 5901:Red deer ( 5843:R. alfredi 5760:Hog deer ( 5618:M. reevesi 5591:M. muntjak 5421:T. kanchil 5388:M. meminna 5335:Hyemoschus 5325:Tragulidae 5282:M. cupreus 5200:G. giraffa 5146:Giraffidae 5097:Ruminantia 4458:Isenberg. 4063:15 January 3931:BioScience 3395:"Kouprey ( 3156:1807/78639 3086:: 94–110. 2919:: 106933. 2316:References 2259:Ted Turner 2212:described 2109:Phosphorus 1666:fertilizer 1613:See also: 1512:cave lions 1444:Bison are 1249:(kouprey) 1228:Bos gaurus 1213:(banteng) 1089:Bos taurus 965:wood bison 788:rendering 721:endangered 705:extinction 579:wood bison 577:, and the 434:B. bonasus 420:B. priscus 380:B. menneri 252:Subtribe: 10712:Slaughter 10634:Drip loss 10356:Rillettes 10316:Marinated 10254:Forcemeat 10240:Fermented 10180:Barbecued 10152:Palm grub 9983:Shellfish 9953:Swordfish 9888:Mahi Mahi 9718:Crocodile 9693:Alligator 9572:Livestock 9502:Cassowary 9352:Suborder 9262:Guanaco ( 9234:Camelidae 9220:Suborder 9192:D. tajacu 9181:Dicotyles 9157:Catagonus 9144:T. pecari 9089:S. scrofa 8993:P. porcus 8982:Bushpig ( 8850:Babyrousa 8826:Suborder 8723:C. weynsi 8714:C. spadix 8579:C. adersi 8500:O. ourebi 8434:N. batesi 8423:Neotragus 8392:M. kirkii 8194:N. granti 8159:Gerenuk ( 8128:G. spekei 8092:G. dorcas 7949:Dibatag ( 7736:S. caffer 7701:Pseudoryx 7688:B. taurus 7668:Banteng ( 7643:B. gaurus 7572:Tamaraw ( 7418:Chamois ( 7400:Rupicapra 7387:P. nayaur 7363:O. vignei 7343:Mouflon ( 7042:C. hircus 7031:Markhor ( 6934:A. lervia 6699:Beatragus 6625:Aepyceros 6449:Gemsbok ( 6442:O. dammah 6284:P. carlae 6177:M. temama 6168:M. rufina 6132:M. chunyi 6114:M. bororo 6004:Capreolus 5930:C. nippon 5921:C. hanglu 5808:Elaphurus 5753:A. kuhlii 5667:Elaphodus 5535:Muntiacus 5370:M. indica 5359:Moschiola 5291:M. fuscus 5234:Moschidae 5095:Suborder 5055:Kingdom: 4915:232117310 4719:6 January 4408:0362-4331 4008:2045-7758 3953:0006-3568 3816:2045-2322 3526:. nps.gov 3456:Bos bison 3165:0008-4077 3108:133244037 2999:0027-8424 2949:235527116 2941:0277-3791 2877:: 30–38. 2844:(3): 65. 2838:Diversity 2224:Old World 2196:Livestock 2122:Potassium 2096:Magnesium 2028:Vitamin K 2015:Vitamin E 2002:Vitamin D 1986:Vitamin B 1969:Folate (B 1953:Vitamin B 1936:Niacin (B 1808:Saturated 1704:Nutrition 1554:, though 1474:Predators 1450:cellulose 1446:ruminants 1318:Wallowing 1121:Bos mutus 985:Minnesota 854:found in 715:, though 674:grottoe, 672:Bédeilhac 355:Subgenus 314:Subgenus 192:Kingdom: 186:Eukaryota 11038:14200668 10886:Wikidata 10806:Red meat 10801:Raw meat 10730:subjects 10611:Veganism 10478:Meatball 10341:Pemmican 10326:Meatloaf 10321:Meatball 10161:Cuts and 10142:Silkworm 10132:Mealworm 10110:Crickets 10022:Crayfish 10002:Calamari 9898:Milkfish 9883:Mackerel 9878:Kingfish 9853:Flounder 9753:Pangolin 9738:Kangaroo 9723:Elephant 9708:Bushmeat 9324:C. ferus 9280:Vicuña ( 9273:L. pacos 9271:Alpaca ( 9255:L. glama 9222:Tylopoda 8732:C. zebra 8660:C. niger 8234:Procapra 8012:Eudorcas 7988:Antilope 7725:Syncerus 7686:Cattle ( 7679:B. mutus 7607:B. bison 7547:B. arnee 7508:Nilgai ( 7385:Bharal ( 7376:Pseudois 7336:O. dalli 7318:O. aries 7309:O. ammon 7307:Argali ( 7259:Muskox ( 7226:Oreamnos 7204:N. goral 7087:C. walie 6971:Budorcas 6908:Caprinae 6853:Caprinae 6708:Hirola ( 6652:Peleinae 6634:Impala ( 6539:K. leche 6537:Lechwe ( 6433:O. beisa 6409:H. niger 6070:Taruca ( 6037:Rangifer 5967:A. alces 5868:Sambar ( 5795:R. eldii 5775:Rucervus 5733:Chital ( 5525:Cervinae 5512:Cervidae 5473:Cervidae 5401:Tragulus 5075:Eutheria 5069:Mammalia 5063:Chordata 5061:Phylum: 5057:Animalia 4739:Archived 4657:Archived 4653:30844154 4615:28 March 4609:Archived 4599:(2024). 4583:27010506 4539:Archived 4485:Archived 4443:18 March 4437:Archived 4236:12 March 4210:Archived 4175:Archived 4148:22908718 4057:Archived 4026:22393490 3877:90039614 3834:26567987 3756:Archived 3731:18 April 3725:Archived 3694:Archived 3506:Archived 3488:86223655 3441:34712923 3403:iScience 3322:26673758 3282:PLOS ONE 3203:Archived 3173:54951935 3017:28289222 2806:14739241 2765:Archived 2763:: 6362. 2666:13 March 2660:Archived 2567:13 March 2561:Archived 2536:Archived 2393:13 March 2387:Archived 2363:23 April 2357:Archived 2288:See also 2282:Freshpet 2056:Quantity 2050:Minerals 1963:0.401 mg 1947:5.966 mg 1930:0.264 mg 1913:0.139 mg 1888:Quantity 1882:Vitamins 1677:ranching 1589:and the 1525:Smilodon 1289:Behavior 1054:Bubalina 963:and the 930:Holocene 925:sympatry 815:Leptobos 770:Syncerus 717:poaching 619:Caucasus 427:B. bison 307:Species 296:Linnaeus 232:Family: 216:Mammalia 206:Chordata 202:Phylum: 196:Animalia 182:Domain: 11012:1030556 10986:2441175 10769:Marbled 10728:Related 10707:Packing 10682:Butcher 10546:Carnism 10488:Sausage 10463:Seafood 10431:Chicken 10401:Tartare 10396:Tandoor 10376:Sausage 10361:Roasted 10346:Poached 10336:Pickled 10259:Cretons 10249:supreme 10190:Braised 10185:Biltong 10087:Insects 10052:Scallop 10042:Octopus 10032:Lobster 10027:Dolphin 9997:Abalone 9989:seafood 9973:Walleye 9958:Tilapia 9933:Sardine 9923:Pollock 9873:Herring 9868:Halibut 9863:Haddock 9858:Grouper 9843:Crappie 9833:Catfish 9813:Anchovy 9783:Venison 9600:Buffalo 9590:Beefalo 9527:Ostrich 9507:Chicken 9494:Poultry 9436:Cetacea 9427:Cetacea 9295:Camelus 9253:Llama ( 9133:Tayassu 8949:Porcula 8498:Oribi ( 8489:Ourebia 8372:Madoqua 8357:Beira ( 8278:Saigini 8185:N. dama 8063:Gazella 7912:Bovidae 7910:Family 7881:T. oryx 7801:Bongo ( 7783:Nyala ( 7710:Saola ( 7632:Gayal ( 7536:Bubalus 7451:Bovinae 7447:Bovidae 7445:Family 7361:Urial ( 7051:C. ibex 6980:Takin ( 6904:Bovidae 6902:Family 6865:Bovinae 6791:C. gnou 6570:Redunca 6482:Addax ( 6366:Bovidae 6364:Family 6272:Pudella 6259:P. pudu 6150:M. nana 5965:Moose ( 5735:A. axis 5702:D. dama 5564:M. feae 5510:Family 5485:Bovidae 5430:T. napu 5244:Moschus 5180:Giraffa 5165:Okapi ( 5067:Class: 5046:species 5042:Extant 4993:4499543 4973:Bibcode 4846:18 June 4781:18 June 4686:: 3–11. 4663:21 June 4491:21 June 4379:16 June 4291:17 June 4181:21 June 4128:Bibcode 4088:Bibcode 4017:3287302 3988:Bibcode 3961:1313313 3900:Bibcode 3857:Bibcode 3825:4645125 3796:Bibcode 3762:17 June 3700:2 April 3626:Bibcode 3599:1381282 3558:10 July 3480:3083019 3432:8531564 3411:Bibcode 3365:2386505 3345:Bibcode 3313:4682953 3290:Bibcode 3261:23 July 3252:"Bison" 3226:Bibcode 3135:Bibcode 3088:Bibcode 3048:Bibcode 3008:5380047 2977:Bibcode 2921:Bibcode 2879:Bibcode 2349:"Bison" 2248:beefalo 2155:5.34 mg 2090:3.19 mg 2070:Calcium 2022:0.20 mg 1996:2.44 μg 1855:25.45 g 1848:Protein 1832:0.402 g 1812:3.489 g 1504:coyotes 1496:cougars 1419:Montana 1361:Habitat 1343:anthrax 1327:rutting 1231:(gaur) 993:Alberta 946:beefalo 860:derived 856:Dmanisi 848:Eobison 840:Eobison 802:aurochs 764:Bubalus 730:beefalo 690:grazers 649:beefalo 563:buffalo 544:extinct 525:in the 316:Eobison 262:Genus: 246:Bovinae 236:Bovidae 222:Order: 212:Class: 106:↓ 11077:907692 11025:180705 10960:305220 10947:1BISOG 10892:Q18099 10850: 10702:Jobber 10687:Cutter 10672:Broker 10473:Steaks 10391:Stewed 10381:Smoked 10371:Salumi 10351:Potted 10301:Kidney 10281:Ground 10276:Frozen 10245:Fillet 10225:Cutlet 10215:Corned 10210:Confit 10195:Burger 10126:locust 10105:Cicada 10047:Oyster 10037:Mussel 10007:Chiton 9987:other 9928:Salmon 9893:Marlin 9778:Turtle 9768:Rabbit 9743:Monkey 9733:Iguana 9675:Żubroń 9630:Snails 9625:Donkey 9580:Alpaca 9547:Turkey 9532:Pigeon 8840:Suidae 8441:Suni ( 8174:Nanger 7659:Zebu ( 7641:Gaur ( 7526:Bovini 7250:Ovibos 6555:Puku ( 6530:K. kob 6094:Mazama 5883:Cervus 5156:Okapia 4991: 4913: 4865:Sunset 4715:. USDA 4651: 4641: 4581: 4406: 4347: 4262:30 May 4163:"ADW: 4146: 4049: 4024: 4014: 4006: 3959: 3951: 3875: 3832: 3822: 3814: 3597: 3549: 3486: 3478: 3439: 3429: 3363: 3320: 3310: 3171: 3163: 3106: 3015: 3005: 2997: 2947: 2939: 2804: 2734: 2705: 2636:3 June 2622:"U.S. 2528: 2493: 2451: 2252:kosher 2238:, and 2204:, the 2135:Sodium 2129:353 mg 2116:213 mg 2035:1.3 μg 1822:3.293g 1801:8.62 g 1764:Sugars 1757:0.00 g 1734:Energy 1637:Lakota 1599:buffle 1538:, and 1516:tigers 1502:, and 1488:humans 1333:load ( 995:, and 954:zubron 750:browse 676:Ariège 653:żubroń 540:extant 538:. Two 536:Bovini 523:bovine 496: 477: 467: 275:, 1827 256:Bovina 113:Early 11113:Bison 11090:42751 11007:IRMNG 10999:42406 10934:62FNF 10907:Bison 10877:Bison 10786:Offal 10497:Other 10386:Steak 10331:Offal 10306:Liver 10296:Kebab 10291:Jerky 10271:Fried 10230:Dried 10220:Cured 10175:Bacon 10115:Flour 10077:Whale 9963:Trout 9938:Shark 9913:Perch 9773:Snake 9748:Mouse 9655:Llama 9645:Horse 9605:Camel 9595:Bison 9537:Quail 9522:Goose 8828:Suina 8311:Saiga 8252:Goa ( 7771:kudus 6995:Capra 6662:Pelea 6528:Kob ( 6510:Kobus 6473:Addax 5956:Alces 5910:Elk ( 4989:S2CID 4080:Oikos 3957:JSTOR 3873:S2CID 3595:JSTOR 3484:S2CID 3476:JSTOR 3361:JSTOR 3169:S2CID 3104:S2CID 2945:S2CID 2539:(PDF) 2522:(PDF) 2240:dairy 2232:hides 2206:Aztec 2142:76 mg 2103:23 mg 2077:14 mg 1980:16 μg 1650:Sioux 1508:lions 1335:ticks 1135:Bison 1032:Bison 868:Bison 864:Bison 836:Bison 694:herds 630:genus 595:taxon 531:Bison 527:genus 519:bison 511:bison 357:Bison 267:Bison 31:Bison 11064:9900 11059:NCBI 11020:ITIS 10981:GBIF 10942:EPPO 10921:6892 10916:BOLD 10468:Veal 10451:Pork 10446:Lamb 10441:Goat 10436:Fish 10426:Beef 10264:Pâté 10205:Chop 10170:Aged 10095:Ants 10057:Seal 10017:Crab 10012:Clam 9968:Tuna 9948:Swai 9943:Sole 9918:Pike 9828:Carp 9823:Bass 9818:Basa 9805:Fish 9793:Wolf 9763:Hare 9713:Boar 9703:Bear 9685:Game 9665:Veal 9660:Pork 9635:Frog 9615:Goat 9585:Beef 9542:Rhea 9512:Duck 9486:Meat 9434:see 9244:Lama 7298:Ovis 6422:Oryx 6238:Pudu 5832:Rusa 5724:Axis 5691:Dama 4936:(1). 4911:OCLC 4848:2013 4812:2021 4783:2013 4747:2011 4721:2017 4665:2024 4649:PMID 4639:ISBN 4617:2024 4579:PMID 4493:2013 4445:2017 4415:2019 4404:ISSN 4381:2013 4345:ISBN 4293:2013 4264:2013 4238:2023 4183:2013 4144:PMID 4065:2017 4047:ISBN 4022:PMID 4004:ISSN 3949:ISSN 3830:PMID 3812:ISSN 3764:2013 3733:2013 3702:2013 3671:2023 3645:2023 3560:2012 3547:ISBN 3458:)". 3437:PMID 3318:PMID 3263:2023 3161:ISSN 3013:PMID 2995:ISSN 2937:ISSN 2819:1–9. 2802:PMID 2732:ISBN 2703:ISBN 2668:2017 2638:2009 2598:2017 2569:2017 2526:ISBN 2491:ISBN 2449:ISBN 2395:2017 2383:ITIS 2365:2013 2299:Gaur 2236:wool 2228:meat 2148:Zinc 2083:Iron 2009:0 IU 1994:102% 1652:was 1581:Name 1573:and 1432:Diet 1398:Utah 1339:lice 1337:and 1011:via 1009:Utah 879:The 779:yaks 767:and 645:gaur 643:and 641:yaks 300:1758 45:PreꞒ 11046:NBN 11033:MSW 10929:CoL 10456:Ham 10286:Ham 10235:Dum 9985:and 9848:Eel 9838:Cod 9788:Dog 9758:Rat 9728:Fox 9698:Bat 9670:Yak 9620:Dog 9610:Cat 9517:Emu 9006:Sus 7596:Bos 4981:doi 4951:doi 4904:doi 4684:8/4 4605:FDA 4569:doi 4136:doi 4096:doi 4084:122 4012:PMC 3996:doi 3939:doi 3908:doi 3896:264 3865:doi 3820:PMC 3804:doi 3634:doi 3622:143 3587:doi 3468:doi 3464:144 3427:PMC 3419:doi 3353:doi 3308:PMC 3298:doi 3234:doi 3151:hdl 3143:doi 3096:doi 3084:406 3056:doi 3038:". 3003:PMC 2985:doi 2973:114 2929:doi 2917:261 2887:doi 2875:595 2846:doi 2792:doi 2602:doi 2557:BBC 2441:WWF 2153:49% 2127:12% 2114:17% 2088:18% 2061:%DV 1961:24% 1945:37% 1928:20% 1911:12% 1893:%DV 1794:Fat 1778:0 g 1768:0 g 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