Bovidae - Knowledge

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blows from short range. Ibex, goat and sheep males stand upright and clash into each other downwards. Wildebeest use powerful head butting in aggressive clashes. If horns become entangled, the opponents move in a circular manner to unlock them. Muskoxen will ram into each other at high speeds. As a rule, only two bovids of equal build and level of defence engage in a fight, which is intended to determine the superior of the two. Individuals that are evidently inferior to others would rather flee than fight; for example, immature males do not fight with the mature bulls. Generally, bovids direct their attacks on the opponent's head rather than its body. The S-shaped horns, such as those on the

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defending their young, but that is not the case in polygynous species. Most newborn calves remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers. In some bovid species, the neonates start following about their mothers immediately or within a few days, as in the impala. Different bovids have different strategies for the defence of juveniles. For instance, while wildebeest mothers solely defend their young, buffaloes exhibit collective defence. Weaning might occur as early as two months (as in royal antelope) or as late as a year (as in

828: 1692:, leading to the creation of 70 new genera. This late Miocene radiation was partly because many bovids became adapted to more open, grassland habitats. The Aepycerotinae first appeared in the late Miocene, and no significant difference in the sizes of the primitive and modern impala has been noted. Fossils of ovibovines, a tribe of Caprinae, in Africa date back to the late Miocene. The earliest Hippotragine fossils date back to the late Miocene, and were excavated from sites such as Lothagam and 752: 181: 1779: 1894: 2183: 2098: 2338:. Once the male is assured that the female is in estrus, he begins courtship displays; these displays vary greatly from the elaborate marches among gregarious species to the fervent licking of female genitalia among solitary species. Females, initially not receptive, ultimately mates with the male which has achieved dominance over others. Receptiveness is expressed by permission for mounting by the male and setting aside the tail by the female. 5639: 1705: 2291: 2444: 1558: 1995: 2194:

antelopes roll in mud or dust. Wildebeest and buffalo usually wallow in mud, whereas the hartebeest and topi rub their heads and horns in mud and then smear it over their bodies. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. These involve varied postures of neck, head, horns, hair, legs, and ears to convey sexual excitement, emotional state, or alarm. One such expression is the

115: 5625: 2542: 2210: 2254: 2109: 501:, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. Most species alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed on high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Most bovids are 2268:) primarily consume fruits. Reduncinae and Hippotraginae species depend on unstable food sources, but the latter are specially adapted to arid areas. Members of Caprinae, being flexible feeders, forage even in areas with low productivity. Tribes Alcelaphini, Hippotragini, and Reduncini have high proportions of 2365:

can live up to 25 years and gaur up to 30 years. The mean lifespan of domesticated individuals is nearly ten years. For example, domesticated goats have an average lifespan of 12 years. Usually males, mainly in polygynous species, have shorter lifespans than females. This can be attributed to several

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All bovids mate at least once a year, and smaller species may even mate twice. Mating seasons occur typically during the rainy months for most bovids. As such, breeding might peak twice in the equatorial regions. The sheep and goats exhibit remarkable seasonality of reproduction, in the determination

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Most bovids alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While those that feed on concentrate feed and digest in short intervals, the roughage feeders take longer intervals. Only small species such as the duiker browse for a few hours during day or night. Feeding habits are related to body size;

2158:. With the exception of migratory males, males generally hold the same territory throughout their lives. In the waterbuck, some male individuals, known as "satellite males", may be allowed into the territories of other males and have to wait till the owner grows old so they may acquire his territory. 1973:

is 29–49 m (95–161 ft). Body temperature fluctuates through the day; for instance, in goats the temperature can change slightly from nearly 37 °C (99 °F) in the early morning to 40 °C (104 °F) in the afternoon. Temperature is regulated through sweating in cattle, whereas

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Excepting some domesticated forms, all male bovids have horns, and in many species, females, too, possess horns. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is a pair of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted, or fluted form, each covered in

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varies among bovids - while duiker gestation ranges from 120 to 150 days, gestation in African buffalo ranges from 300 to 330 days. Usually, a single offspring is born (twins are less frequent), and it is able to stand and run by itself within an hour of birth. In monogamous species, males assist in

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Fighting techniques differ amongst the bovid families and also depend on their build. While the hartebeest fight on knees, others usually fight on all fours. Gazelles of various sizes use different methods of combat. Gazelles usually box, and in serious fights may clash and fence, consisting of hard

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In the mating season, rutting males bellow to make their presence known to females. Muskoxen roar during male-male fights, and male saigas force air through their noses, producing a roar to deter rival males and attract females. Mothers also use vocal communication to locate their calves if they get

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Excluding the cephalophines (duikers), tragelaphines (spiral-horned antelopes) and the neotragines, most African bovids are gregarious and territorial. Males are forced to disperse on attaining sexual maturity, and must form their own territories, while females are not required to do so. Males that

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of bovids has contributed to shifting the dependence of human beings from hunting and gathering to agriculture. The Bovidae includes three of the six large domesticated herbivores whose use has spread outside their original ranges, namely cattle, sheep, and goats; all are from Eurasia, and are now

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Most bovids are polygynous. In a few species, individuals are monogamous, resulting in minimal male-male aggression and reduced selection for large body size in males. Thus, sexual dimorphism is almost absent. Females may be slightly larger than males, possibly due to competition among females for

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of the subfamily Alcelaphinae began in the latter part of middle Miocene. The Caprinae tribes probably diverged in the early middle Miocene. The Caprini emerged in the middle Miocene, and seem to have been replaced by other bovids and cervids in Eurasia. The earliest fossils of the antilopines are

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Most bovids are diurnal, although a few such as the buffalo, bushbuck, reedbuck, and grysbok are exceptions. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. The bovids usually rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. Grooming is usually by licking with the tongue. Rarely do

505:. Mature bovids mate at least once a year and smaller species may even mate twice. In some species, neonate bovids remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers; in other species, neonates are followers, accompanying their dams, rather than tending to remain hidden. 2262:

while small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed upon high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Subfamilies exhibit different feeding strategies. While Bovinae species graze extensively on fresh grass and diffused forage, Cephalophinae species (with the exception of

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live in dense forests, and mountain goats and takin live at high altitudes. A few bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Sheep and goats are found primarily in Eurasia, though the Barbary sheep and the ibex form part of the African fauna. The muskox is confined to the

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plays a pivotal role. Other factors that have a significant influence on this cycle include the temperature of the surroundings, nutritional status, social interactions, the date of parturition and the lactation period. A study of this phenomenon concluded that goats and sheep are

486:, and in many species, females possess horns, too. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always one or more pairs of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of 1814:. The outlines of many bovids are broken up with bold disruptive colouration, the strongly contrasting patterns helping to delay recognition by predators. However, all the Hippotraginae (including the gemsbok) have pale bodies and faces with conspicuous markings. The zoologist 1712:

All bovids have the similar basic form - a snout with a blunt end, one or more pairs of horns (generally present on males) immediately after the oval or pointed ears, a distinct neck and limbs, and a tail varying in length and bushiness among the species. Most bovids exhibit

3375: 2198:. Bovids usually stand motionless, with the head high and an intent stare, when they sense danger. Some like the impala, kudu, and eland can even leap to heights of a few feet. Bovids may roar or grunt to caution others and warn off predators. Bovids such as gazelles 1874:. The horns of females are usually smaller than those of males, and are sometimes of a different shape. The horns of female bovids are believed to have evolved for defence against predators or to express territoriality, as nonterritorial females, which are able to use 2366:

reasons: early dispersal of young males, aggressive male-male fights, vulnerability to predation (particularly when males are less agile, as in kudu), and malnutrition (being large in size, the male body has high nutritional requirements which may not be satisfied).

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The bovids have various methods of social organisation and social behaviour, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Further, these types may each be divided into territorial and nonterritorial behaviour. Small bovids such as the klipspringer,

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females may give birth to offspring even before they have gained sexual maturity. The delay in male sexual maturation is more visible in sexually dimorphic species, particularly the reduncines, probably due to competition among males. For instance, the

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divided the eight major subfamilies of Bovidae into two major clades on the basis of their evolutionary history: the Boodontia, which comprised only the Bovinae, and the Aegodontia, which consisted of the rest of the subfamilies. Boodonts have somewhat

2174:. The tragelaphines, cattle, sheep, and goats are gregarious and not territorial. In these species, males must gain absolute dominance over all other males, and fights are not confined to territories. Males, therefore, spend years in body growth. 1608:

between Boodontia and Aegodontia has been attributed to the continental divide between these land masses. When these continents were later rejoined, this barrier was removed, and both groups expanded into the territory of the other. The tribes

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is the only bovid that is both solitary and not territorial. This antelope hardly displays aggression, and tends to isolate itself or form loose herds, though in a favourable habitat, several bushbuck may be found quite close to one another.

1847:. A high correlation exists between horn morphology and fighting behaviour of the individual. For instance, long horns are intended for wrestling and fencing, whereas curved horns are used in ramming. Males with horns directed inwards are 3333: 1818:

describes this as difficult to explain, but given that the species are diurnal, he suggests that the markings may function in communication. Strongly contrasting leg colouration is common only in the Bovidae, where for example

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suggested that females mimic male secondary sexual characteristics like horns to protect their male offspring from dominant males. This feature seems to have been strongly selected to prevent male mortality and imbalanced

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is tough and durable, with the additional advantage that it can be made into leathers of varying thicknesses - from soft clothing leather to hard shoe leather. While goat and cattle leather have a wide variety of use,

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by either sex varies broadly among bovids. Sexual maturity may even precede or follow mating. For instance, the impala males, though sexually mature by a year, can mate only after four years of age. On the contrary

1636:. Several genera of Hippotraginae are known since the Pliocene and Pleistocene. This subfamily appears to have diverged from the Alcelaphinae in the latter part of early Miocene. The Bovinae are believed to have 1878:

for predator defence, often do not have horns. Females possess horns only in half of the bovid genera, and females in these genera are heavier than those in the rest. Females use horns mainly for stabbing.

1717:, with males usually larger as well as heavier than females. Sexual dimorphism is more prominent in medium- to large-sized bovids. All bovids have four toes on each foot – they walk on the central two (the 2579:

are manufactured largely from domestic cattle, though the milk of sheep, goat, yak, and buffalo is also used in some parts of the world and for gourmet products. For example, buffalo milk is used to make

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lasts for at most a day in bovids, with the exception of bovines and tragelaphines. Except for the hartebeest and the topi, all bovids can detect estrus in females by testing the urine using the

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found across the world. The other three species are the horse, donkey, and pig. Other large bovids that have been domesticated but which remain within the ranges of their wild ancestors are the

2424:. Several bovid species have been domesticated by human beings. The domestication of goats and sheep began 10 thousand years ago, while cattle were domesticated about 7.5 thousand years ago. 1862:, Horns are small spikes in the monogamous duikers and other small antelopes, whereas in the polygynous, they are large and elaborately formed (for example in a spiral structure, as in the 497:. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. Bovids typically rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. They have various methods of social organisation and 2720:. The mythological creature Chimera, depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head, was one of the offspring of 709: 5318: 5567: 2980:

Fernández, M. H.; Vrba, E. S. (2005). "A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants".

2326:. Mating in most sheep breeds begins in summer or early autumn. Mating in sheep is also affected by melatonin, that advances the onset of the breeding season; and 2145:

and sometimes dung, as well, to mark their territories. The offspring disperse at the time of adolescence, and males must acquire territories prior to mating. The

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Alternatively, all members of the Aegodontia, can be classified within the subfamily Antilopinae, with the individual subfamilies being tribes in this treatment.

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facial markings that conceal the highly recognisable eye. Many species, such as gazelles, may be made to look flat, and hence to blend into the background, by

1604:. Early in their evolutionary history, the bovids split into two main clades: Boodontia (of Eurasian origin) and Aegodontia (of African origin). This early 2129:

are generally solitary and territorial. They hold small territories into which other members of the species are not allowed to enter. These antelopes form

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Toigo, C.; Gaillard, J.M. (2003). "Causes of Sex-Biased Adult Survival in Ungulates: Sexual Size Dimorphism, Mating Tactic or Environment Harshness?".

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do not hold territories form bachelor herds. Competition takes place among males to acquire dominance, and fights tend to be more rigorous in limited

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over large stretches of land, and hence several variations in dental and limb morphology are observed. Duikers inhabit the equatorial rainforests,

1759:), are commonly observed. In several species, females and juveniles exhibit a light-coloured coat, while those of males darken with age. As in the 4656: 4625: 3773: 10319: 3258: 959: 4895:

Sponheimer, M.; Lee-Thorp, J.A.; DeRuiter, D.J.; Smith, J.M.; van der Merwe, N.J.; Reed, K.; Grant, C.C.; Ayliffe, L.K.; Robinson, T.F. (2003).

3555:"A multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics" 3861: 10481: 10371: 951: 3652:

Stanley, S. M.; Eldredge, N. (1984). "Evolutionary Pattern and Process in the Sister-Group Alcelaphini-Aepycerotini (Mammalia: Bovidae)".

4954: 639: 5659: 3751: 1632:, which was the same in size as the hartebeest, is believed to have come into being in the Pliocene, but became extinct in the middle 2864: 10293: 3465: 2652: 1835:

a permanent sheath of keratin. Although horns occur in a single pair on almost all bovid species, there are exceptions such as the

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Yang, Chengzhong; Xiang, Changkui; Qi, Wenhua; Xia, Shan; Tu, Feiyun; Zhang, Xiuyue; Moermond, Timothy; Yue, Bisong (2013-06-01).

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Chemineau, P.; Pelletier, J.; Guérin, Y.; Colas, G.; Ravault, J.P.; Touré, G.; Almeida, G.; Thimonier, J.; Ortavant, R. (1988).

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Caro, T. M.; Graham, C. M.; Stoner, C. J.; Flores, M. M. (2003). "Correlates of horn and antler shape in bovids and cervids".

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females become capable of reproduction within a year or two of birth, while the males become mature only when four years old.

1740:, another small antelope, stands 45–60 cm (18–24 in) at the shoulder and weighs just 10–20 kg (22–44 lb). 1696:. The first African fossils of Reduncinae date back to 6-7 Mya. Reduncinae and Peleinae probably diverged in the mid-Miocene. 10350: 5605: 5481: 5430: 5353: 5301: 5021: 4987: 4948: 4797: 4772: 4693: 4600: 4567: 4159: 4143: 3920: 3812: 3745: 3636: 3537: 3477: 3448: 3416: 3205: 3159: 3096: 2782: 1998:

Dental pad of a domestic bovid: Note the absence of upper incisors and canines and the outward projection of the lower teeth.

10337: 3716: 3686: 3661: 3121: 3032: 3284:"CytochromebPhylogeny of the Family Bovidae: Resolution within the Alcelaphini, Antilopini, Neotragini, and Tragelaphini" 2299:

the acquisition of territories. This is the case in duikers and other small bovids. The time taken for the attainment of

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are either reduced or absent. Instead of the upper incisors, bovids have a thick and tough layer of tissue, called the

1843:. The unique horn structure is the only unambiguous morphological feature of bovids that distinguishes them from other 1333: 3334:"Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)" 1786:

has conspicuous markings on its face, which conceal the eye, and on its legs. These may have a role in communication.

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in the family Bovidae (a group of organisms comprises an ancestral species and all their descendants). The number of

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Owen-Smith, N. (1993). "Comparative mortality rates of male and female kudus: the costs of sexual size dimorphism".

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Geraads, D.; El Boughabi, S.; Zouhri, S. (2012). "A new caprin bovid (Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Morocco".

1181: 2038:. The lower incisors and canines project forward. The incisors are followed by a long toothless gap, known as the 1660:

The middle Miocene marked the spread of the bovids into China and the Indian subcontinent. According to Vrba, the

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Demiguel, D.; Sánchez, I. M.; Alba, D. M.; Galindo, J.; Robles, J. M.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2012). "First evidence of

2245:, have various sections that help in ramming, holding, and stabbing. Serious fights leading to injury are rare. 2065:. Like other ruminants, bovids have four-chambered stomachs, which allow them to digest plant material, such as 4085: 4030: 1732:

can weigh more than 1,500 kg (3,300 lb), and stand 2.2 m (87 in) high at the shoulder. The

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in Bovidae is disputed, with suggestions of as many as ten and as few as two subfamilies. However, molecular,

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Estes, R.D. (1991). "The significance of horns and other male secondary sexual characters in female bovids".

3466:"The tribal radiation of the family Bovidae (Artiodactyla) and the evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome 3231:"Phylogenetic analyses and improved resolution of the family Bovidae based on complete mitochondrial genomes" 2130: 6846: 5540: 4392:; Jolles, A (June 2008). "Horns honestly advertise parasite infection in male and female African buffalo". 3089:

Neogene Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, Tanzania: A Window into the Evolutionary History of East Africa

1736:, in sharp contrast, is only 25 cm (9.8 in) tall and weighs at most 3 kg (6.6 lb). The 4937:

Feldhamer, George A.; Drickamer, Lee C.; Vessey, Stephen H.; Merritt, Joseph F.; Krajewski, Carey (2007).

10345: 10215: 10192: 2086: 1859: 1644:. The Boselaphini became extinct in Africa in the early Pliocene; their latest fossils were excavated in 1122: 847: 2206:

both that the predator has been seen, and that the stotting individual is strong and not worth chasing.

520:. Other bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Bovidae includes three of the five 10220: 6126: 5698: 4648: 4617: 4394: 3781: 799: 5138:"Hypothalamic gene expression in reproductively photoresponsive and photorefractory Siberian hamsters" 3283: 3230: 10435: 10386: 9103: 6048: 6039: 5675: 3052:

Azanza and Morales, 1994 (Ruminantia, Bovidae), in the Miocene of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Spain)".

2891:"Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae" 981: 502: 5097:"Photoperiodic and melatonin treatments for the control of seasonal reproduction in sheep and goats" 3849: 2525:

The earliest evidence of cattle domestication is from 8000 BC, suggesting that the process began in

2162:, where males gather together and competitively display to potential mates, is known to exist among 1665:

from the middle Miocene, though studies show the existence of the subfamily from the early Miocene.

1582:. The earliest bovids, whose presence in Africa and Eurasia in the latter part of early Miocene (20 771: 180: 10476: 8890: 5629: 4344:

Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007). "The intensity of sexual selection predicts weapon size in male bovids".

4224:"Phylogeny of the Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia), based on mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences" 2645:

is 3–5 in (7.6–12.7 cm) long and very soft. Coarse wools, being durable and resistant to

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seems to have appeared in Africa by the end of Miocene, and had become widespread by the Pliocene.

1600:, the earliest known bovid, weighed 18 kg (40 lb) and was nearly the same in size as the 9539: 8932: 6828: 5969: 3183: 3137: 2760: 907: 9052: 6488: 4764: 4758: 4559: 4552: 4046:

Kiltie, R.A. (January 1998). "Countershading: Universally deceptive or deceptively universal?".

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Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives: Fossil Record, Behavioral Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation

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mammals whose use has spread outside their original ranges, namely cattle, sheep, and goats.

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Most wild bovids live for 10 to 15 years. Larger species tend to live longer; for instance,

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Bibi, F.; Bukhsianidze, M.; Gentry, A.; Geraads, D.; Kostopoulos, D.; Vrba, E. (2009).

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Most of the diverse bovid species occur in Africa. The maximum concentration is in the

2345: 1799: 1637: 1618: 1605: 663: 175: 5172: 5137: 5081: 4189: 1763:, the coat may be marked with prominent or faint stripes. In some species such as the 10491: 10394: 10228: 10170: 9713: 9704: 9392: 9320: 9248: 9079: 9061: 8914: 7864: 7259: 7250: 7102: 7004: 6783: 6750: 6693: 6563: 6090: 5951: 5643: 5601: 5594: 5506: 5477: 5426: 5349: 5297: 5278: 5251: 5177: 5118: 5017: 5009:

The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates

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The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates

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among males in a species. However, the presence of horns in females is likely due to

1755:). However, only the intermediate shades, such as brown and reddish brown (as in the 1714: 1689: 1613:

and Tragelaphini diverged in the early Miocene. Bovids are known to have reached the

1583: 647: 5224: 4536: 4423: 4375: 4327: 3073: 3009: 2890: 2806: 2282:. No conspicuous relationship exists between body size and consumption of monocots. 2272:

in their diets. On the contrary, Tragelaphini and Neotragini (with the exception of

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and thirteen major tribes. The family evolved 20 million years ago, in the early

155: 10363: 10184: 942:(reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: 10280: 10267: 10197: 10037: 9975: 9605: 9596: 9121: 9070: 8991: 8982: 8923: 8761: 8463: 8285: 8276: 7831: 7798: 7780: 7268: 7078: 6953: 6792: 5780: 5752: 4389: 2741: 2733: 2699: 2646: 2638: 2552: 2483: 2362: 2155: 2035: 1983: 1831:

and gemsbok have white stockings. Again, communication is the likely function.

1811: 1795: 1733: 1024: 751: 747: 595: 525: 517: 483: 5683: 4319: 4138:(1st ed.). College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 197. 3246: 2993: 2907: 2375:

due to attacks by aggressive males and forced dispersal of young males during

10465: 9662: 9644: 9530: 9467: 9458: 8517: 8252: 8225: 7996: 7906: 7897: 7882: 7747: 7711: 7666: 7603: 7594: 7111: 7069: 6962: 6928: 6918: 6819: 6801: 6464: 6413: 6323: 5887: 5510: 4415: 3613: 3363: 3307: 3254: 3191: 3145: 2768: 2737: 2656: 2519: 2458: 2438: 2421: 2305: 2069:, that cannot be used by many other animals. Ruminants (and some others like 2023: 1744: 1470: 1328: 1237: 1054: 1000: 943: 935: 931: 911: 521: 448: 394: 371: 346: 340: 309: 290: 62: 5136:

Prendergast, B. J.; Mosinger, B.; Kolattukudy, P. E.; Nelson, R. J. (2002).

3571: 3215: 3169: 2792: 10155: 10056: 10025: 9915: 9587: 9401: 9329: 9202: 9145: 9136: 8854: 8788: 8550: 8508: 8423: 8234: 7954: 7945: 7807: 7738: 7627: 7618: 7360: 7129: 6810: 6765: 6732: 6503: 6395: 6362: 6278: 5596:

A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought

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4848: 4830: 4528: 4485: 4467: 4367: 4081: 4067: 4026: 4012: 3994: 3590: 3498: 3490: 3315: 3299: 3001: 2948: 2931: 2916: 2679: 2471: 2399:

of eastern Africa. Depending on their feeding habits, several species have

2007: 1954: 1778: 1748: 1737: 1693: 1645: 1449: 1349: 1176: 915: 910:

and fossil evidence indicates the existence of eight distinct subfamilies:

666:

from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago. The following

643: 635: 627: 608: 456: 358: 316: 5122: 4431: 4251: 3629:

East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa (Volume III, Part C)

2957: 2052: 2049: 1893: 1057:. However, molecular and morphological analysis supports the inclusion of 622:

Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family

10306: 10207: 10164: 9677: 9425: 8587: 8541: 8532: 8481: 8433: 8294: 8136: 7729: 7720: 7548: 7342: 7333: 7323: 7217: 7060: 6870: 6861: 6774: 6617: 6539: 6422: 6347: 6338: 5715: 4740: 4187: 4163: 2642: 2586: 2545: 2511: 2495: 2376: 2318: 2058: 1910: 1863: 1840: 1768: 1633: 1299: 1155: 1050: 1039: 1029: 1005: 964: 919: 464: 413: 381: 322: 232: 37: 5518: 5450: 4499:

Packer, C. (1983). "Sexual Dimorphism: The Horns of African Antelopes".

4136:

Exotic Animal Field Guide: Nonnative Hoofed Mammals in the United States

2182: 2097: 1557: 9284: 9184: 9009: 8601: 8023: 8005: 7756: 7451: 7436: 7427: 7394: 7171: 6977: 6894: 6885: 6660: 6651: 6530: 6455: 5996: 5817: 5054: 4292: 2671: 2607: 2581: 2572: 2264: 2159: 2062: 2019: 2011: 1962: 1906: 1803: 1760: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1586:) has been ascertained, were small animals, somewhat similar to modern 1391: 1258: 1059: 1045: 1034: 1011: 939: 767: 705: 678: 576: 494: 460: 364: 352: 276: 131: 82: 47: 5668: 4819:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3711:. Canberra: Australian Government Publication Service. pp. 1–14. 2932:"A cladistic analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA from the Bovidae" 10311: 10254: 9984: 9905: 9758: 9629: 9620: 9094: 8668: 8659: 8644: 8635: 8499: 8071: 7855: 7789: 7675: 7190: 6986: 6675: 6599: 6479: 6030: 5915: 5905: 5799: 5790: 5296:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 317. 4158: 3677:

Vrba, E. S.; Burckle, L. H.; Partridge, T. C.; Denton, G. H. (1995).

3354: 2667: 2627: 2615: 2591: 2530: 2408: 2404: 2372: 2327: 2257:

Bovids are herbivores, feeding on grass, foliage, and plant products.

2217: 2138: 2101: 2043: 2015: 1965:, which are then absorbed through the rumen wall. Bovids have a long 1958: 1926: 1921:

are reduced, and fused with the radius and tibia, respectively. Long

1704: 1016: 903: 899: 823: 690: 667: 651: 623: 192: 87: 31: 10298: 10126: 9951: 5216: 5135: 5046: 4283: 4266: 4166:. Pittsboro, North Carolina: American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. 2522:

oryxes, addaxes and bubal hartebeests are depicted in carved walls.

615:). It includes 143 extant species, accounting for nearly 55% of the 10259: 10149: 9893: 9521: 9193: 8905: 8743: 8683: 8348: 8047: 7579: 7524: 7412: 7241: 6717: 6708: 6684: 6572: 6446: 6196: 6072: 5768: 5746: 5734: 5638: 5294:

Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms

5012:(4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 4711:"Observations on the behaviour and feeding habits of the springbok 3974: 3911:(4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3827: 3345: 2857:"Bovidae: antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives" 2729: 2675: 2603: 2475: 2290: 2221: 2213: 2199: 2146: 2126: 2070: 2027: 1986:, is around 1.5 times larger than the left, which has three lobes. 1950: 1942: 1844: 1828: 1815: 1756: 1649: 1625: 1614: 1596: 1591: 1579: 1567: 1420: 1064: 996: 955: 927: 795: 659: 631: 616: 612: 440: 436: 432: 417: 334: 252: 212: 104: 77: 72: 57: 52: 42: 4221: 4119: 4106: 3949: 3530:

Homo Erectus: Pleistocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia

2777:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. 2443: 2209: 1851:

and solitary, while those with horns directed outwards tend to be

10443: 10098: 9933: 9794: 9653: 9043: 8830: 8821: 8734: 8620: 8611: 8339: 8243: 8207: 8122: 8089: 8014: 7702: 7536: 7120: 6943: 6206: 5851: 5208: 4681:

Intraspecific Variation in the Social Systems of Wild Vertebrates

4587:

Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste

4267:"Morphology of horns and fighting behavior in the family Bovidae" 3197:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3151:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2774:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2660: 2622: 2568: 2499: 2396: 2274: 2269: 2225: 2134: 2078: 2003: 1994: 1946: 1922: 1875: 1791: 1783: 1722: 1641: 1587: 1209: 969: 947: 923: 541: 513: 487: 468: 387: 328: 163: 100: 92: 67: 5532: 4894: 4190:"The fossil record and evolution of Bovidae: state of the field" 2014:, that provides a surface to grip grasses and foliage. They are 9942: 9511: 9416: 9239: 9229: 8845: 8357: 8197: 8179: 8170: 8056: 7978: 7930: 7921: 7379: 7370: 7305: 7296: 7286: 7208: 6741: 6554: 6404: 5740: 5728: 5624: 4936: 2721: 2635: 2576: 2560: 2541: 2526: 2451: 2350: 2331: 2242: 2171: 2074: 1970: 1934: 1918: 1610: 1575: 1117: 732: 537: 533: 509: 420: 242: 222: 202: 147: 114: 5652: 5037:

Gray, Gary G.; Simpson, C. David (1980). "Ammotragus lervia".

3025:

Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli Human Evolution in Context

1043:, is highly different from kobs and reduncines in morphology. 10246: 9966: 9924: 9499: 9169: 9160: 8454: 8381: 8372: 8303: 8032: 7987: 7846: 7771: 7651: 7642: 7153: 7144: 6636: 6627: 5836: 5827: 5423:

Why Leather?: The Material and Cultural Dimensions of Leather

5094: 3847: 3740:(Second ed.). Oxfordshire, Boston: Cabi. pp. 1–18. 3443:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 87–90. 3200:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 699. 3154:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 719. 2507: 2487: 2279: 2122: 2113: 2066: 1930: 1764: 1676:

during the middle or upper Miocene, mainly in Eurasia. Tribe

655: 569: 564:

in 1821. The word "Bovidae" is the combination of the prefix

428: 123: 4897:"Diets of Southern African Bovidae: Stable Isotope Evidence" 3532:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 45–84. 2694:

Bovidae have featured in stories since at least the time of

1302:(gazelles, springbok, dik-dik, royal antelope, saiga, etc.) 9112: 8442: 8330: 8312: 7969: 7822: 7226: 7093: 6909: 6183: 6144: 4914:

10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0471:DOSABS>2.0.CO;2

4881:

10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0490:DPIEAB>2.0.CO;2

4763:(1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing. pp. 3441:

Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals

2631: 2611: 2599: 2595: 2564: 2556: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2447: 2416: 2202:

in response to predators, making high leaps on stiff legs,

2163: 1979: 1975: 1914: 1729: 1718: 985: 549: 545: 529: 444: 8580: 3679:

Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins

3676: 3047: 2407:, and lechwe occur near swamps, eland inhabit grasslands, 2253: 9722: 8321: 8267: 7199: 6581: 5497:

Evison, Vera I. (1975). "Germanic Glass Drinking Horns".

3935: 2167: 475: 424: 284: 4792:(5th ed.). Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 3603: 3398: 2590:

dessert in India, while sheep milk is used to make blue

2228:

that it is a fit and fast individual, not worth chasing.

2108: 7572: 5346:

Gastronomie!: Food Museums and Heritage Sites of France

4788:

Czaplewski, N. J.; Ryan, J. M.; Vaughan, T. A. (2011).

4455:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3631:. Chicago: University of Chicago press. pp. 1–33. 3282:

Matthee, Conrad A.; Robinson, Terence J. (1999-06-01).

2929: 2854: 2502:). Some antelopes have been domesticated including the 2233:

separated. During fights over dominance, males tend to

1688:

By the late Miocene, around 10 Mya, the bovids rapidly

8115: 5316: 4305: 2930:

Gatesy, J.; Amato, G.; Vrba, E.; Schaller, G. (1997).

1574:

In the early Miocene, bovids began diverging from the

560:

The name "Bovidae" was given by the British zoologist

4787: 4222:

Gatesy, J.; Yelon, D.; DeSalle, R.; Vrba, E. (1992).

2855:

Gomez, W.; Patterson, T. A.; Swinton, J.; Berini, J.

2548:

is the most valued, with great fineness and softness.

1925:

are present, whereas the clavicles are absent. Being

4943:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 519–522. 2237:

themselves in an erect posture with a level muzzle.

1866:). Thus, to some extent, horns depict the degree of 5317:Phelan, Benjamin; Phelan, Benjamin (24 July 2013). 4550:Janis, C.; Jarman, P. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 4549: 4388: 3681:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 24–5. 3463: 1624:The present genera of Alcelaphinae appeared in the 463:, the family Bovidae consists of 11 (or two) major 5593: 4584: 4551: 4447: 3843: 3841: 3400: 2740:in Chinese mythology, is the eighth animal of the 2649:, are used for making tough garments and carpets. 1747:colouration, ranging from a pale white (as in the 918:(bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest and relatives), 16:Family of mammals belonging to even-toed ungulates 4765:288–324, 338–9, 354–5, 432–3, 444–5, 460–1, 482–3 4591:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4107:"Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)" 3983:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 3807:. New York: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 769–70. 2002:Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth. While the upper 512:. The maximum concentration of species is in the 10463: 5476:. New Delhi: Atlantic Publications. p. 98. 5420: 3979:"Contrasting colouration in terrestrial mammals" 2085:living in their guts to break down cellulose by 1929:, the stomach is composed of four chambers: the 1725:) are much smaller and rarely touch the ground. 926:(cattle, buffaloes, bison and other antelopes), 5713: 5142:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4864:"Dietary preferences in extant African Bovidae" 4812: 4105:Leslie, D. M.; Sharma, K. (25 September 2009). 3838: 3651: 3281: 2888: 1855:. These results were independent of body size. 3438: 3228: 2884: 2882: 1423:(chamois, sheep, ibexes, goats, muskox, etc.) 1037:, though the grey rhebok, the sole species of 995:A controversy exists about the recognition of 922:(several antelopes, gazelles, and relatives), 5699: 5344:Hughes, Tom; Hughes, Meredith Sayles (2005). 5237: 4980:Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach 4708: 4677: 4443: 4441: 4343: 2979: 2285: 1728:The bovids show great variation in size: the 5588: 5343: 5030: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4760:Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals (Volume 5) 4655:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 4624:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 4104: 4045: 4035:. London: Methuen. pp. 88 and plate 25. 3929: 3796: 3731: 3527: 3111: 2863:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 930:(goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives), 508:The greatest diversities of bovids occur in 474:The bovids show great variation in size and 122:Example Bovidae (clockwise from top left) – 5129: 5036: 4977: 4702: 4080: 4025: 3805:Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World 3620: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 2879: 1552: 5788: 5706: 5692: 5194: 5067: 4861: 4438: 4127: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3041: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2427: 1767:, the coat colour can vary by the season. 1640:from the rest of the Bovidae in the early 640:National Museum of Natural History, France 113: 10023: 7495: 5188: 5171: 5161: 5112: 5088: 5001: 4999: 4940:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology 4921: 4912: 4879: 4838: 4813:Post, E.; Forchhammer, M. C (July 2008). 4752: 4750: 4730: 4640: 4475: 4282: 4264: 4241: 4118: 4002: 3900: 3898: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3580: 3570: 3353: 3027:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 363–465. 2947: 2906: 1858:Male horn development has been linked to 1053:, was later placed in its own subfamily, 9904: 7294: 5582: 4973: 4971: 4609: 4450:"Evolution of weaponry in female bovids" 4152: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3848:Lundrigan, B.; Bidlingmeyer, J. (2000). 3802: 3670: 3645: 3552: 3546: 3457: 3425: 3394: 3392: 3331: 3105: 3086: 3022: 3016: 2889:Hassanin, A.; Douzery, E. J. P. (2003). 2651: 2540: 2442: 2381: 2289: 2252: 2208: 2181: 2107: 2096: 2092: 1993: 1892: 1777: 1703: 1556: 6195: 5766: 5362: 4781: 4684:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4339: 4337: 3969: 3967: 3736:. In Garrick, D.; Ruvinsky, A. (eds.). 3626: 3597: 3512: 3439:Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (2002). 3176: 3130: 3091:. New York: Plenum Press. p. 113. 3080: 2964: 2702:around 600 BC. Fables by Aesop include 2432: 2330:, that terminates the breeding season. 1969:; the length of the small intestine in 1565:, a species of the ancient bovid genus 1547: 555: 451:. A member of this family is called a 10464: 5913: 5496: 5421:Veldmeijer, A. J.; Harris, S. (2014). 5348:. Bunker Hill Publishing. p. 19. 4996: 4855: 4756: 4747: 4659:from the original on 28 September 2012 4498: 4492: 4299: 4098: 4039: 3706: 3695: 3403:Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide 2630:is suited only for clothing purposes. 10131: 10130: 10022: 9891: 9890: 9496: 8579: 8114: 7571: 7033: 6179: 5765: 5687: 5471: 5465: 5402:from the original on January 20, 2011 5291: 5285: 5264: 5258: 5231: 5005: 4968: 4582: 4576: 4258: 4243:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040734 4160:American Livestock Breeds Conservancy 3936:Krausman, P.R.; Casey, A.L. (2012). " 3904: 3875: 3765: 3734:"Systematics and Phylogeny of Cattle" 3478:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3389: 3327: 3325: 3288:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3277: 3275: 3182: 3136: 2936:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2923: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2759: 2659:made by Brynjólfur Jónsson of Skarð, 2294:Juvenile sheep (lamb) near its mother 10482:Extant Burdigalian first appearances 10449:FB424CEF-9D02-4781-82E4-B65FC63D7D59 10387:908b94ec-0914-4e35-bc52-8b7b055b6daa 10286:8bf03201-afee-4ee5-ae8b-52238c85894b 7331: 5570:from the original on 11 October 2022 5555: 5543:from the original on 16 October 2014 5101:Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 5061: 4806: 4558:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 4334: 4133: 3973: 3964: 3821: 3464:Hassanin, D.; Douzery, E.J. (1999). 3407:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 3116:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2817:from the original on 11 October 2014 2386:Eland occur in grasslands of Africa. 1978:use panting for the same. The right 1452:(hartebeest, topi, wildebeest etc.) 1097: Boodontia 6180: 5396:"| National Bison Association" 5325:from the original on 6 October 2014 4862:Gagnon, M.; Chew, A.E. (May 2000). 4543: 4308:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3771: 3399:Savage, R.J.G.; Long, M.R. (1986). 3235:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2867:from the original on 7 October 2014 2753: 2689: 2317:of which the annual cycle of daily 1617:in the Pleistocene by crossing the 1394:(kobs, reedbucks, waterbucks etc.) 1070:Below is a cladogram based on Yang 662:. According to the study, Cervidae 490:. Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth. 482:, all male bovids have two or more 13: 9497: 7034: 5425:. Sidestone Press. pp. 31–6. 4978:Krebs, J.R.; Davies, N.B. (1997). 4615: 3528:Gilbert, W. H.; Asfaw, B. (2008). 3332:Calamari, Zachary T. (June 2021). 3322: 3272: 3112:Vrba, E. S.; Schaller, G. (2000). 3054:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2829: 2728:and a sibling of such monsters as 2536: 1699: 1158:(nilgai and four-horned antelope) 14: 10503: 5617: 5376:from the original on 2 April 2015 4982:(4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 4646: 4628:from the original on 28 July 2013 4448:Stankowich, T.; Caro, T. (2009). 4048:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2811:Merriam-Webster online dictionary 2799: 2736:. The sheep, synonymous with the 2674:rich in calcium, phosphorus, and 2641:is the finest and most valuable. 2057:. Most members of the family are 1655: 914:(consisting of just the impala), 898:Molecular studies have supported 619:, and 300 known extinct species. 5637: 5623: 5561: 5267:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 5252:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12073.x 4360:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00111.x 2744:, and a symbol of filial piety. 2682:. Bovid horns have been used as 2133:pairs. Many species such as the 1905:In bovids, the third and fourth 1628:. The extinct Alcelaphine genus 1474: 1453: 1424: 1395: 1332: 1303: 1241: 1180: 1159: 1121: 938:(addax, oryx and relatives) and 846: 826: 798: 770: 750: 708: 638:study by Alexandre Hassanin (of 179: 35: 6058:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 5525: 5490: 5439: 5414: 5388: 5337: 5310: 4957:from the original on 2023-03-14 4888: 4671: 4382: 4229:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4215: 4204:from the original on 2011-06-16 4181: 4170:from the original on 2011-08-10 4074: 4019: 3864:from the original on 2013-10-05 3754:from the original on 2023-03-14 3725: 3378:from the original on 2023-03-14 3261:from the original on 2022-01-31 3222: 2390: 2342:generally takes a few seconds. 1683: 1473:(sable antelopes, oryxes etc.) 1120:(bison, buffalo, cattle, etc.) 975:In 1992, Alan W. Gentry of the 10487:Taxa named by John Edward Gray 6847:Central American red brocket ( 4732:10.1080/00445096.1972.11447448 4087:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 4032:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 3709:Fauna of Australia (Volume 1B) 1019:. In 2000, American biologist 988:, whereas aegodonts have more 977:Natural History Museum, London 611:(which includes the even-toed 1: 5082:10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00038-5 4521:10.1126/science.221.4616.1191 4408:10.1016/J.ANBEHAV.2007.12.013 2747: 1982:, consisting of four to five 1708:Bovids have unbranched horns. 7554:Large subfamily listed below 7542:Large subfamily listed below 7530:Large subfamily listed below 5372:. WHFoods. 18 October 2004. 5279:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90264-X 4060:10.1016/0169-5347(88)90079-1 3656:. Springer. pp. 62–79. 3066:10.1080/02724634.2012.696082 1989: 1721:), while the outer two (the 1261:(suni and bates's antelope) 1049:, earlier classified in the 670:is based on the 2003 study. 7: 6049:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 6040:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 5447:"Merino Sheep in Australia" 4554:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 4090:. London: Methuen. p. 2411:and oryx occur in deserts, 2356: 2177: 1027:suggested the inclusion of 992:teeth like those of goats. 984:teeth, resembling those of 642:) and colleagues, based on 589: 10: 10508: 5676:Collier's New Encyclopedia 4194:Palaeontologia Electronica 3860:. University of Michigan. 2436: 2286:Sexuality and reproduction 1886: 1882: 1790:Some species, such as the 593: 10139: 10097: 10069: 10045: 10036: 10032: 10018: 9985:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 9976:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 9964: 9913: 9900: 9886: 9850: 9826: 9802: 9793: 9675: 9642: 9618: 9585: 9561: 9540:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 9519: 9510: 9506: 9492: 9456: 9414: 9237: 9228: 9182: 9158: 9134: 9092: 9041: 9017: 9008: 8980: 8956: 8949: 8903: 8843: 8819: 8732: 8681: 8657: 8633: 8609: 8600: 8596: 8575: 8530: 8431: 8422: 8394: 8370: 8265: 8205: 8196: 8168: 8144: 8135: 8131: 8110: 8069: 8045: 7967: 7943: 7919: 7895: 7844: 7820: 7769: 7664: 7640: 7616: 7592: 7588: 7567: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7486: 7449: 7425: 7392: 7368: 7359: 7322: 7285: 7239: 7179: 7170: 7142: 7091: 7058: 7049: 7045: 7029: 6975: 6941: 6907: 6883: 6859: 6829:Amazonian brown brocket ( 6763: 6730: 6706: 6673: 6649: 6625: 6616: 6552: 6501: 6477: 6444: 6393: 6360: 6336: 6204: 6191: 6175: 6162:Large family listed below 6155: 6150:Large family listed below 6143: 6127:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 6070: 6028: 6004: 5995: 5904: 5849: 5825: 5816: 5779: 5775: 5761: 5723: 5197:Journal of Animal Ecology 4320:10.1007/s00265-003-0672-6 3338:American Museum Novitates 3247:10.1016/j.bse.2012.12.005 2994:10.1017/S1464793104006670 2908:10.1080/10635150390192726 2598:is a food source high in 2116:bull from India and Burma 1897:American bison skeleton ( 1468: 1447: 1439: 1418: 1410: 1389: 1381: 1347: 1326: 1318: 1297: 1289: 1281: 1256: 1235: 1227: 1219: 1217: Aegodontia 1174: 1153: 1145: 1115: 1107: 1099: 1091: 1078:2013 and Calamari, 2021: 841: 821: 813: 793: 785: 765: 745: 737: 703: 695: 683: 604:Bovidae is placed in the 478:colouration. Except some 384:(10 tribes and 45 genera) 306: 301: 282: 275: 176:Scientific classification 174: 121: 112: 23: 8226:Domestic water buffalo ( 6591:Central Asian red deer ( 6216:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 5499:Journal of Glass Studies 3606:Palaeontologica Africana 3559:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3553:Bibi, F. (August 2013). 2678:, effective in removing 1590:, and probably lived in 1553:Early Miocene and before 1003:, comprising the genera 650:analyses, revealed that 390:(3 tribes and 15 genera) 337:(3 tribes and 15 genera) 331:(3 tribes and 15 genera) 325:(3 tribes and 14 genera) 9104:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 8891:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 6996:Yucatan brown brocket ( 6225:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 6109:Philippine mouse-deer ( 5660:Encyclopædia Britannica 5474:Manures and fertilizers 5070:Small Ruminant Research 3572:10.1186/1471-2148-13-16 2428:Interaction with humans 2248: 2216:or pronking by a young 2061:, but most duikers are 9814:White-lipped peccary ( 9750:Philippine warty pig ( 9375:Yellow-backed duiker ( 9339:Black-fronted duiker ( 9312:White-bellied duiker ( 8933:Przewalski's gazelle ( 8156:Four-horned antelope ( 6954:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 6513:Visayan spotted deer ( 6372:European fallow deer ( 6315:Northern red muntjac ( 6261:Southern red muntjac ( 5663:(11th ed.). 1911. 5163:10.1073/pnas.232490799 4831:10.1098/rstb.2007.2207 4713:Antidorcas marsupialis 4709:Bigalke, R.C. (1972). 4678:Lott, Dale F. (1991). 4468:10.1098/rspb.2009.1256 4265:Lundrigan, B. (1996). 4134:E.C., Mungall (2007). 3995:10.1098/rstb.2008.0221 3738:The Genetics of Cattle 3491:10.1006/mpev.1999.0619 3300:10.1006/mpev.1998.0573 3194:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 3148:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2949:10.1006/mpev.1997.0402 2771:; Reeder, D.M (eds.). 2705:The Crow and the Sheep 2664: 2549: 2454: 2387: 2295: 2278:) feed extensively on 2258: 2229: 2190: 2189:fighting for dominance 2117: 2105: 2006:are absent, the upper 1999: 1909:are combined into the 1902: 1787: 1751:) to black (as in the 1709: 1571: 459:species and 300 known 10408:Paleobiology Database 9994:Wild Bactrian camel ( 9696:Bornean bearded pig ( 9687:Palawan bearded pig ( 9276:White-legged duiker ( 8702:Red-fronted gazelle ( 6381:Persian fallow deer ( 6297:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 5970:Himalayan musk deer ( 5879:Reticulated giraffe ( 5600:. London: Routledge. 5472:Kolay, A. K. (2007). 5292:Zeder, M. A. (2006). 5006:Estes, R. D. (2004). 4757:Parker, S.P. (1990). 4583:Wyatt, T. D. (2003). 3905:Estes, R. D. (2004). 3803:Hildyard, A. (2001). 3732:Hassanin, A. (2015). 3707:Walton, D.W. (1989). 3087:Harrison, T. (1997). 3023:Harrison, T. (2011). 2717:The Wolf and the Lamb 2655: 2544: 2446: 2437:Further information: 2385: 2368:Richard Despard Estes 2293: 2256: 2212: 2185: 2111: 2100: 2093:Ecology and behaviour 1997: 1896: 1781: 1743:Differences occur in 1707: 1563:Eotragus sansaniensis 1560: 1179:(kudus, nyalas etc.) 160:Connochaetes taurinus 10281:Fauna Europaea (new) 10081:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 9741:Oliver's warty pig ( 9366:Red-flanked duiker ( 8771:Erlanger's gazelle ( 8491:Harnessed bushbuck ( 8217:Wild water buffalo ( 7694:East Caucasian tur ( 7685:West Caucasian tur ( 6838:Little red brocket ( 6306:Truong Son muntjac ( 6118:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 6100:Greater mouse-deer ( 5979:Siberian musk deer ( 5634:at Wikimedia Commons 5398:. Bisoncentral.com. 5370:"Beef, lean organic" 5114:10.1051/rnd:19880307 4901:Journal of Mammalogy 4868:Journal of Mammalogy 4653:Animal Diversity Web 4622:Animal Diversity Web 4271:Journal of Mammalogy 3858:Animal Diversity Web 3833:Encyclopedia of Life 3627:Kingdon, J. (1989). 3188:"Order Artiodactyla" 3142:"Order Artiodactyla" 2861:Animal Diversity Web 2433:Domesticated animals 2141:secretions from the 2034:and crescent-shaped 1889:Foregut fermentation 1837:four-horned antelope 1548:Evolutionary history 1023:and palaeontologist 958:) and the subfamily 556:Naming and etymology 377:Alternate taxonomy: 9714:Celebes warty pig ( 9705:Visayan warty pig ( 9321:Red forest duiker ( 9053:Günther's dik-dik ( 8915:Mongolian gazelle ( 8720:Heuglin's gazelle ( 8711:Thomson's gazelle ( 7865:Long-tailed goral ( 7260:Mountain reedbuck ( 7251:Southern reedbuck ( 7103:East African oryx ( 7005:White-tailed deer ( 6784:Small red brocket ( 6751:South Andean deer ( 6694:Siberian roe deer ( 6685:European roe deer ( 6522:Philippine sambar ( 6489:Père David's deer ( 6091:Lesser mouse-deer ( 5952:Kashmir musk deer ( 5154:2002PNAS...9916291P 4825:(1501): 2367–2373. 4513:1983Sci...221.1191P 3938:Addax nasomaculatus 3854:: black wildebeest" 3784:on 16 December 2014 2711:The Frog and the Ox 2204:indicating honestly 1899:Museum of Osteology 1775:are often present. 1648:(South Africa) and 654:and Bovidae form a 128:Addax nasomaculatus 9862:Collared peccary ( 9732:Flores warty pig ( 9573:Giant forest hog ( 9435:Maxwell's duiker ( 9357:Ruwenzori duiker ( 9303:Jentink's duiker ( 9212:Sharpe's grysbok ( 8968:Tibetan antelope ( 8873:Bright's gazelle ( 8807:Goitered gazelle ( 8780:Mountain gazelle ( 8753:Cuvier's gazelle ( 8693:Mongalla gazelle ( 8081:Pyrenean chamois ( 7507:Tibetan antelope ( 7461:Black wildebeest ( 6288:Reeves's muntjac ( 6252:Sumatran muntjac ( 6243:Gongshan muntjac ( 6016:Water chevrotain ( 5943:Alpine musk deer ( 5870:Southern giraffe ( 5861:Northern giraffe ( 4719:Zoologica Africana 2982:Biological Reviews 2895:Systematic Biology 2665: 2594:cheese in France. 2550: 2468:wild water buffalo 2455: 2388: 2346:Gestational period 2324:short-day breeders 2296: 2259: 2230: 2191: 2118: 2106: 2081:) are able to use 2000: 1903: 1788: 1710: 1619:Bering land bridge 1572: 634:. However, a 2003 568:(originating from 480:domesticated forms 152:Aepyceros melampus 10459: 10458: 10395:Open Tree of Life 10133:Taxon identifiers 10124: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10093: 10092: 10014: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10006: 10005: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9838:Chacoan peccary ( 9789: 9788: 9777:Javan warty pig ( 9768:Timor warty pig ( 9575:H. meinertzhageni 9549:Togian babirusa ( 9488: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9444:Walter's duiker ( 9384:Abbott's duiker ( 9348:Ogilby's duiker ( 9294:Harvey's duiker ( 9258:Brooke's duiker ( 9224: 9223: 9004: 9003: 8945: 8944: 8882:Peter's gazelle ( 8864:Grant's gazelle ( 8798:Speke's gazelle ( 8571: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8448: 8418: 8417: 8406:African buffalo ( 8237:B. depressicornis 8192: 8191: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8101: 7874:Himalayan goral ( 7696:C. cylindricornis 7563: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7519: 7518: 7482: 7481: 7470:Blue wildebeest ( 7404:Common tsessebe ( 7355: 7354: 7318: 7317: 7281: 7280: 7193:K. ellipsiprymnus 7166: 7165: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7016: 6965:P. mephistophiles 6921:P. mephistophiles 6612: 6611: 6308:M. truongsonensis 6270:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6139: 6138: 6082:Java mouse-deer ( 5991: 5990: 5961:Black musk deer ( 5934:Dwarf musk deer ( 5925:Anhui musk deer ( 5900: 5899: 5863:G. camelopardalis 5812: 5811: 5628:Media related to 5607:978-0-415-00228-8 5483:978-81-269-0810-3 5432:978-90-8890-261-1 5355:978-1-59373-029-1 5303:978-0-520-24638-6 5039:Mammalian Species 5023:978-0-520-08085-0 4989:978-0-86542-731-0 4950:978-0-8018-8695-9 4799:978-0-7637-6299-5 4774:978-0-07-909508-4 4695:978-0-521-37024-0 4602:978-0-521-48526-5 4569:978-0-87196-871-5 4462:(1677): 4329–34. 4145:978-1-58544-555-4 4111:Mammalian Species 3989:(1516): 537–548. 3942:Mammalian Species 3922:978-0-520-08085-0 3852:Connochaetes gnou 3814:978-0-7614-7200-1 3778:Ultimate Ungulate 3747:978-1-78064-221-5 3638:978-0-226-43724-8 3539:978-0-520-25120-5 3450:978-0-8018-7135-1 3418:978-0-8160-1194-0 3207:978-0-8018-8221-0 3161:978-0-8018-8221-0 3098:978-0-306-45471-4 2784:978-0-8018-8221-0 2686:since antiquity. 2336:vomeronasal organ 2143:preorbital glands 1872:natural selection 1715:sexual dimorphism 1602:Thomson's gazelle 1541: 1540: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1370: 1369: 1361: 1360: 1270: 1269: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1134: 1133: 1015:respectively, as 962:, which contains 895: 894: 886: 885: 877: 876: 868: 867: 859: 858: 721: 720: 582:) and the suffix 410:biological family 402: 401: 271: 107: 10499: 10452: 10451: 10439: 10438: 10426: 10425: 10416: 10415: 10403: 10402: 10390: 10389: 10380: 10379: 10367: 10366: 10364:NHMSYS0000376179 10354: 10353: 10341: 10340: 10328: 10327: 10315: 10314: 10302: 10301: 10289: 10288: 10276: 10275: 10263: 10262: 10250: 10249: 10237: 10236: 10224: 10223: 10211: 10210: 10201: 10200: 10188: 10187: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10128: 10127: 10043: 10042: 10034: 10033: 10020: 10019: 9911: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9888: 9887: 9800: 9799: 9606:Common warthog ( 9597:Desert warthog ( 9517: 9516: 9508: 9507: 9494: 9493: 9393:Weyns's duiker ( 9267:Peters' duiker ( 9249:Aders's duiker ( 9235: 9234: 9122:Royal antelope ( 9080:Salt's dik-dik ( 9071:Silver dik-dik ( 9062:Kirk's dik-dik ( 9015: 9014: 8992:Saiga antelope ( 8954: 8953: 8893:N. soemmerringii 8762:Dorcas gazelle ( 8607: 8606: 8598: 8597: 8591: 8577: 8576: 8464:Mountain nyala ( 8447: 8446: 8438: 8429: 8428: 8384:P. nghetinhensis 8286:European bison ( 8277:American bison ( 8203: 8202: 8142: 8141: 8133: 8132: 8126: 8112: 8111: 7988:Domestic sheep ( 7832:Himalayan tahr ( 7799:Mainland serow ( 7781:Japanese serow ( 7590: 7589: 7583: 7569: 7568: 7493: 7492: 7366: 7365: 7329: 7328: 7292: 7291: 7269:Bohor reedbuck ( 7177: 7176: 7156:A. nasomaculatus 7079:Sable antelope ( 7056: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7040: 7031: 7030: 6793:Merida brocket ( 6623: 6622: 6564:Thorold's deer ( 6416:A. calamianensis 6299:M. rooseveltorum 6245:M. gongshanensis 6202: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6186: 6177: 6176: 6002: 6001: 5911: 5910: 5890:G. tippelskirchi 5823: 5822: 5786: 5785: 5777: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5642:Data related to 5641: 5627: 5612: 5611: 5599: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5564:"Entry:Chimaera" 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5533:"Aesop's Fables" 5529: 5523: 5522: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5449:. Archived from 5443: 5437: 5436: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5175: 5165: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4934: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4590: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4557: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4507:(4616): 1191–3. 4496: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4402:(6): 2013–2021. 4395:Animal Behaviour 4386: 4380: 4379: 4354:(6): 1316–1326. 4341: 4332: 4331: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4286: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4006: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3902: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3845: 3836: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3780:. Archived from 3774:"Royal antelope" 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3718:978-0644-060-561 3704: 3693: 3692: 3688:978-0300-063-486 3674: 3668: 3667: 3663:978-1461-382-737 3649: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3574: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3525: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3501:. Archived from 3474: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3406: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3357: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3123:978-0300-081-428 3109: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3034:978-9048-199-624 3020: 3014: 3013: 2977: 2962: 2961: 2951: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2852: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2765:"Family Bovidae" 2757: 2690:In human culture 2684:drinking vessels 2670:is an important 2516:bubal hartebeest 2514:and the extinct 2464:domestic buffalo 2196:flehmen response 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 1860:sexual selection 1773:sebaceous glands 1753:black wildebeest 1669:occurred in the 1478: 1457: 1442: 1441: 1428: 1413: 1412: 1399: 1384: 1383: 1336: 1321: 1320: 1307: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1283: 1245: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1221: 1184: 1163: 1148: 1147: 1125: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1093: 1082: 1081: 850: 830: 816: 815: 802: 788: 787: 774: 754: 740: 739: 712: 698: 697: 686: 685: 674: 673: 626:(musk deer) was 575:, "ox", through 562:John Edward Gray 499:social behaviour 493:Most bovids are 266: 184: 183: 140:mountain gazelle 117: 98: 97: 34: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10477:Mammal families 10462: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10447: 10442: 10434: 10429: 10421: 10419: 10411: 10406: 10398: 10393: 10385: 10383: 10375: 10370: 10362: 10357: 10349: 10344: 10336: 10331: 10323: 10318: 10310: 10305: 10297: 10292: 10284: 10279: 10271: 10266: 10258: 10253: 10245: 10240: 10232: 10227: 10219: 10214: 10206: 10204: 10196: 10191: 10183: 10178: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10135: 10125: 10112: 10089: 10065: 10028: 10002: 9960: 9896: 9870: 9846: 9822: 9785: 9752:S. philippensis 9689:S. ahoenobarbus 9671: 9663:Red river hog ( 9638: 9614: 9581: 9557: 9531:Buru babirusa ( 9502: 9476: 9468:Common duiker ( 9452: 9410: 9220: 9178: 9154: 9130: 9088: 9037: 9000: 8976: 8941: 8926:P. picticaudata 8899: 8839: 8815: 8809:G. subgutturosa 8728: 8677: 8653: 8629: 8592: 8581: 8559: 8526: 8518:Cape bushbuck ( 8511:T. strepsiceros 8440: 8439: 8437: 8414: 8390: 8366: 8261: 8253:Mountain anoa ( 8188: 8182:B. tragocamelus 8164: 8158:T. quadricornis 8127: 8116: 8098: 8065: 8041: 7997:Bighorn sheep ( 7963: 7939: 7915: 7907:Mountain goat ( 7891: 7883:Chinese goral ( 7840: 7816: 7801:C. sumatraensis 7765: 7748:Siberian ibex ( 7712:Domestic goat ( 7660: 7636: 7612: 7604:Barbary sheep ( 7584: 7573: 7555: 7543: 7531: 7515: 7478: 7445: 7421: 7388: 7351: 7314: 7277: 7235: 7162: 7138: 7112:Scimitar oryx ( 7087: 7070:Roan antelope ( 7041: 7035: 7013: 6971: 6963:Northern pudu ( 6937: 6929:Southern pudu ( 6919:Northern pudu ( 6903: 6879: 6855: 6820:Pygmy brocket ( 6802:Dwarf brocket ( 6759: 6726: 6702: 6669: 6645: 6608: 6548: 6497: 6473: 6440: 6414:Calamian deer ( 6389: 6383:D. mesopotamica 6356: 6332: 6326:M. vuquangensis 6324:Giant muntjac ( 6234:Fea's muntjac ( 6187: 6181: 6163: 6151: 6135: 6066: 6024: 5987: 5945:M. chrysogaster 5896: 5888:Masai giraffe ( 5845: 5808: 5771: 5757: 5719: 5712: 5667: 5654:"Bovidae" 5651: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5290: 5286: 5273:(1–4): 403–51. 5263: 5259: 5236: 5232: 5193: 5189: 5148:(25): 16291–6. 5134: 5130: 5093: 5089: 5066: 5062: 5047:10.2307/3504009 5035: 5031: 5024: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4976: 4969: 4960: 4958: 4951: 4935: 4922: 4893: 4889: 4860: 4856: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4755: 4748: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4647:T. L., Newell. 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4548: 4544: 4497: 4493: 4446: 4439: 4387: 4383: 4342: 4335: 4304: 4300: 4284:10.2307/1382822 4263: 4259: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4132: 4128: 4103: 4099: 4079: 4075: 4044: 4040: 4024: 4020: 3972: 3965: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3903: 3876: 3867: 3865: 3846: 3839: 3828:"Oryx leucoryx" 3826: 3822: 3815: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3755: 3748: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3705: 3696: 3689: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3602: 3598: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3526: 3513: 3505: 3472: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3437: 3426: 3419: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3330: 3323: 3280: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3227: 3223: 3208: 3181: 3177: 3162: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3085: 3081: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3021: 3017: 2978: 2965: 2928: 2924: 2887: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2853: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2785: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2692: 2539: 2537:Animal products 2441: 2435: 2430: 2393: 2359: 2311:blue wildebeest 2301:sexual maturity 2288: 2251: 2187:Blue wildebeest 2180: 2156:rutting seasons 2095: 2083:micro-organisms 2048: 2047: 1992: 1967:small intestine 1891: 1885: 1800:Grant's gazelle 1702: 1700:Characteristics 1686: 1658: 1555: 1550: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1371: 1362: 1352:(klipspringer) 1331:(duikers etc.) 1271: 1212:) 1203: 1194: 1135: 1021:George Schaller 896: 887: 878: 869: 860: 722: 598: 592: 558: 461:extinct species 313: 297: 288: 265: 178: 156:blue wildebeest 144:Gazella gazella 132:domestic cattle 108: 96: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 29: 28: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10505: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10453: 10440: 10427: 10417: 10404: 10391: 10381: 10368: 10355: 10342: 10329: 10316: 10303: 10290: 10277: 10268:Fauna Europaea 10264: 10251: 10238: 10225: 10212: 10202: 10189: 10176: 10161: 10145: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10103: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10083:C. liberiensis 10077: 10075: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10057:Hippopotamus ( 10053: 10051: 10040: 10038:Hippopotamidae 10030: 10029: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9991: 9987:C. dromedarius 9982: 9972: 9970: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9949: 9940: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9908: 9898: 9897: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9820: 9810: 9808: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9774: 9770:S. timoriensis 9765: 9756: 9747: 9738: 9729: 9723:Domestic pig ( 9720: 9711: 9702: 9693: 9683: 9681: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9660: 9650: 9648: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9636: 9626: 9624: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9603: 9599:P. aethiopicus 9593: 9591: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9579: 9569: 9567: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9551:B. togeanensis 9546: 9537: 9527: 9525: 9514: 9504: 9503: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9464: 9462: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9441: 9432: 9422: 9420: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9402:Zebra duiker ( 9399: 9390: 9381: 9377:C. silvicultor 9372: 9363: 9354: 9345: 9336: 9330:Black duiker ( 9327: 9318: 9314:C. leucogaster 9309: 9300: 9291: 9282: 9273: 9264: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9209: 9203:Cape grysbok ( 9200: 9190: 9188: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9176: 9166: 9164: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9146:Klipspringer ( 9142: 9140: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9119: 9110: 9100: 9098: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9077: 9073:M. piacentinii 9068: 9059: 9049: 9047: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8988: 8986: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8935:P. przewalskii 8930: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8888: 8879: 8870: 8861: 8855:Dama gazelle ( 8851: 8849: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8825: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8804: 8795: 8789:Rhim gazelle ( 8786: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8717: 8708: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8647:A. marsupialis 8641: 8639: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8604: 8594: 8593: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8551:Common eland ( 8548: 8538: 8536: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8515: 8509:Greater kudu ( 8506: 8497: 8488: 8479: 8470: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8355: 8346: 8337: 8328: 8322:Domestic yak ( 8319: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8250: 8246:B. mindorensis 8241: 8235:Lowland anoa ( 8232: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8186: 8176: 8174: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8030: 8021: 8012: 8003: 7994: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7955:Nilgiri tahr ( 7951: 7949: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7880: 7871: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7808:Taiwan serow ( 7805: 7796: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7739:Iberian ibex ( 7736: 7727: 7718: 7709: 7700: 7691: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7628:Arabian tahr ( 7624: 7622: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7586: 7585: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7503: 7501: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7266: 7262:R. fulvorufula 7257: 7247: 7245: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7130:Arabian oryx ( 7127: 7118: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7053: 7043: 7042: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7007:O. virginianus 7002: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6926: 6915: 6913: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6873:O. bezoarticus 6867: 6865: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6813:M. gouazoubira 6811:Gray brocket ( 6808: 6799: 6790: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6691: 6681: 6679: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6633: 6631: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6597: 6588: 6579: 6570: 6566:C. albirostris 6560: 6558: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6537: 6528: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6462: 6452: 6450: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6429: 6420: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6350:E. cephalophus 6344: 6342: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6321: 6312: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6279:Leaf muntjac ( 6276: 6272:M. puhoatensis 6267: 6258: 6249: 6240: 6231: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6199: 6189: 6188: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6129:T. williamsoni 6124: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6012: 6010: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5981:M. moschiferus 5976: 5972:M. leucogaster 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5936:M. berezovskii 5931: 5921: 5919: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5783: 5781:Antilocapridae 5773: 5772: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5753:Laurasiatheria 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5670:"Bovidæ" 5665: 5649: 5648:at Wikispecies 5635: 5619: 5618:External links 5616: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5581: 5554: 5537:Aesop's Fables 5524: 5489: 5482: 5464: 5438: 5431: 5413: 5387: 5361: 5354: 5336: 5319:"Others' Milk" 5309: 5302: 5284: 5257: 5230: 5187: 5128: 5107:(2B): 409–22. 5087: 5060: 5029: 5022: 4995: 4988: 4967: 4949: 4920: 4887: 4874:(2): 490–511. 4854: 4805: 4798: 4780: 4773: 4746: 4725:(1): 333–359. 4701: 4694: 4670: 4639: 4608: 4601: 4575: 4568: 4542: 4491: 4437: 4381: 4333: 4298: 4257: 4236:(3): 433–446. 4214: 4180: 4151: 4144: 4126: 4097: 4073: 4038: 4018: 3963: 3928: 3921: 3874: 3837: 3820: 3813: 3795: 3764: 3746: 3724: 3717: 3694: 3687: 3669: 3662: 3654:Living Fossils 3644: 3637: 3619: 3596: 3545: 3538: 3511: 3508:on 2011-07-20. 3456: 3449: 3424: 3417: 3388: 3346:10.1206/3970.1 3340:(3970): 1–38. 3321: 3271: 3221: 3206: 3175: 3160: 3129: 3122: 3104: 3097: 3079: 3060:(6): 1457–62. 3040: 3033: 3015: 2988:(2): 269–302. 2963: 2922: 2878: 2828: 2798: 2783: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2742:Chinese zodiac 2734:Lernaean Hydra 2700:Ancient Greece 2696:Aesop's fables 2691: 2688: 2553:Dairy products 2538: 2535: 2484:Indian aurochs 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2392: 2389: 2363:American bison 2358: 2355: 2287: 2284: 2250: 2247: 2179: 2176: 2094: 2091: 2046:for bovids is 2044:dental formula 2042:. The general 1991: 1988: 1884: 1881: 1812:countershading 1806:with strongly 1796:sable antelope 1734:royal antelope 1701: 1698: 1685: 1682: 1657: 1656:Middle Miocene 1654: 1594:environments. 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1234: 1228: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: ( 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1114: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1080: 1025:Elisabeth Vrba 893: 892: 889: 888: 884: 883: 880: 879: 875: 874: 871: 870: 866: 865: 862: 861: 857: 856: 853: 852: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 820: 814: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 792: 786: 784: 781: 780: 777: 776: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 748:Antilocapridae 744: 738: 736: 728: 727: 724: 723: 719: 718: 715: 714: 702: 696: 694: 684: 682: 672: 596:List of bovids 594:Main article: 591: 588: 557: 554: 526:Dairy products 518:Eastern Africa 441:goat-antelopes 423:that includes 400: 399: 398: 397: 391: 385: 375: 374: 368: 362: 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 326: 320: 314: 304: 303: 299: 298: 289: 280: 279: 273: 272: 260: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 172: 171: 119: 118: 110: 109: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 36: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10504: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10450: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10181: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10157: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10109: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10017: 9999: 9997: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9978:C. bactrianus 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9957: 9955: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9867: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9779:S. verrucosus 9775: 9773: 9771: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9725:S. domesticus 9721: 9719: 9717: 9716:S. celebensis 9712: 9710: 9708: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9645:Potamochoerus 9641: 9635: 9633: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9611: 9609: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9578: 9576: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9542:B. celebensis 9538: 9536: 9534: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9491: 9473: 9471: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9460: 9455: 9449: 9447: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9426:Blue duiker ( 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9413: 9407: 9405: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9341:C. nigrifrons 9337: 9335: 9333: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9323:C. natalensis 9319: 9317: 9315: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9269:C. callipygus 9265: 9263: 9261: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9217: 9215: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9196:R. campestris 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9151: 9149: 9148:O. oreotragus 9144: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9127: 9125: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9034: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8936: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8907: 8902: 8896: 8894: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8836: 8834: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8812: 8810: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8791:G. leptoceros 8787: 8785: 8783: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8695:E. albonotata 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8671:A. cervicapra 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8632: 8626: 8624: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8574: 8556: 8554: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8542:Giant eland ( 8540: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8520:T. sylvaticus 8516: 8514: 8512: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8482:Lesser kudu ( 8480: 8478: 8476: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8436: 8435: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8387: 8385: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8297:B. domesticus 8295:Bali cattle ( 8293: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8258: 8256: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8185: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8109: 8095: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8018: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7999:O. canadensis 7995: 7993: 7991: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7946:Nilgiritragus 7942: 7936: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7909:O. americanus 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7834:H. jemlahicus 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7730:Nubian ibex ( 7728: 7726: 7724: 7721:Alpine ibex ( 7719: 7717: 7715: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7566: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7488:Pantholopinae 7485: 7475: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7439:A. buselaphus 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7343:Grey rhebok ( 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7287:Aepycerotinae 7284: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7218:Nile lechwe ( 7216: 7214: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7051:Hippotraginae 7048: 7044: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7010: 7008: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6897:B. dichotomus 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6871:Pampas deer ( 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6831:M. nemorivaga 6827: 6825: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6775:Red brocket ( 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6744:H. antisensis 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6584:C. canadensis 6580: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6533:R. timorensis 6529: 6527: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6491:E. davidianus 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6458:R. duvaucelii 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6423:Bawean deer ( 6421: 6419: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6348:Tufted deer ( 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6281:M. putaoensis 6277: 6275: 6273: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6227:M. crinifrons 6223: 6221: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6120:T. versicolor 6116: 6114: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5927:M. anhuiensis 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5881:G. reticulata 5877: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5717: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5678: 5677: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5655: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5609: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5453:on 2006-11-05 5452: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5324: 5321:. Slate.com. 5320: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5246:(2): 376–84. 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203:(3): 428–40. 5202: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5076:(3): 155–71. 5075: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5002: 5000: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4753: 4751: 4742: 4741:10499/AJ19390 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4277:(2): 462–75. 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4169: 4165: 4164:"Jacob Sheep" 4161: 4155: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4121: 4120:10.1644/843.1 4116: 4113:(843): 1–11. 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950:10.1644/807.1 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3608:(47): 19–24. 3607: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3485:(2): 227–43. 3484: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3404: 3395: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2942:(3): 303–19. 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2901:(2): 206–28. 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2657:Drinking horn 2654: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2584:in Italy and 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2520:Ancient Egypt 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2459:domestication 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2439:Domestication 2425: 2423: 2422:arctic tundra 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2306:barbary sheep 2302: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2238: 2236: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200:stot or pronk 2197: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1961:into simpler 1960: 1956: 1953:of the rumen 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1471:Hippotraginae 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1366: 1365: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1329:Cephalophinae 1323: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1238:Aepycerotinae 1232: 1231: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1055:Pantholopinae 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1007: 1002: 1001:Pantholopinae 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 978: 973: 971: 967: 966: 961: 960:Tethytraginae 957: 953: 949: 945: 944:Hypsodontinae 941: 937: 936:Hippotraginae 933: 932:Cephalophinae 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:Aepycerotinae 909: 908:morphological 905: 901: 891: 890: 882: 881: 873: 872: 864: 863: 855: 854: 851: 849: 845: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 829: 825: 818: 817: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 801: 797: 790: 789: 783: 782: 779: 778: 775: 773: 769: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 753: 749: 742: 741: 734: 730: 729: 726: 725: 717: 716: 713: 711: 707: 700: 699: 692: 688: 687: 680: 676: 675: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:mitochondrial 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 607: 603: 597: 587: 585: 581: 578: 574: 571: 567: 563: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 419: 415: 414:cloven-hoofed 411: 408:comprise the 407: 396: 395:Hypsodontinae 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 379: 378: 373: 372:Hypsodontinae 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 347:Hippotraginae 345: 342: 341:Cephalophinae 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 311: 310:Aepycerotinae 308: 307: 305: 300: 296: 292: 287: 286: 281: 278: 274: 269: 264: 261: 258: 257: 254: 251: 249:Superfamily: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 116: 111: 106: 102: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 39: 33: 22: 19: 10140: 10082: 10070: 10059:H. amphibius 10058: 10048:Hippopotamus 10046: 10026:Whippomorpha 9995: 9986: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9944: 9935: 9926: 9914: 9863: 9851: 9839: 9827: 9815: 9803: 9778: 9769: 9760: 9751: 9742: 9733: 9724: 9715: 9707:S. cebifrons 9706: 9697: 9688: 9676: 9664: 9655: 9643: 9631: 9619: 9608:P. africanus 9607: 9598: 9588:Phacochoerus 9586: 9574: 9562: 9550: 9541: 9533:B. babyrussa 9532: 9520: 9469: 9457: 9445: 9437:P. maxwellii 9436: 9428:P. monticola 9427: 9415: 9403: 9394: 9385: 9376: 9368:C. rufilatus 9367: 9358: 9349: 9340: 9331: 9322: 9313: 9304: 9295: 9286: 9285:Bay duiker ( 9278:C. crusalbum 9277: 9268: 9259: 9250: 9238: 9230:Cephalophini 9213: 9205:R. melanotis 9204: 9195: 9183: 9171: 9159: 9147: 9135: 9123: 9115:N. moschatus 9114: 9105: 9093: 9081: 9072: 9063: 9055:M. guentheri 9054: 9042: 9031:D. megalotis 9030: 9018: 8993: 8981: 8970:P. hodgsonii 8969: 8957: 8934: 8925: 8917:P. gutturosa 8916: 8904: 8892: 8883: 8874: 8865: 8856: 8844: 8832: 8820: 8808: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8773:G. erlangeri 8772: 8763: 8754: 8746:G. bennettii 8745: 8733: 8721: 8713:E. thomsonii 8712: 8704:E. rufifrons 8703: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8658: 8646: 8634: 8622: 8610: 8583: 8552: 8544:T. derbianus 8543: 8531: 8519: 8510: 8501: 8492: 8483: 8475:T. eurycerus 8474: 8465: 8456: 8432: 8424:Tragelaphini 8407: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8350: 8342:B. javanicus 8341: 8332: 8324:B. grunniens 8323: 8314: 8306:B. frontalis 8305: 8296: 8287: 8278: 8266: 8254: 8245: 8236: 8227: 8218: 8206: 8181: 8169: 8157: 8145: 8118: 8092:R. rupicapra 8091: 8083:R. pyrenaica 8082: 8070: 8058: 8046: 8034: 8025: 8024:Snow sheep ( 8016: 8007: 8006:Dall sheep ( 7998: 7989: 7980: 7968: 7957:N. hylocrius 7956: 7944: 7933:O. moschatus 7932: 7920: 7908: 7896: 7884: 7875: 7866: 7857: 7845: 7833: 7821: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7757:Walia ibex ( 7749: 7741:C. pyrenaica 7740: 7731: 7722: 7713: 7705:C. falconeri 7704: 7695: 7686: 7677: 7665: 7654:B. taxicolor 7653: 7641: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7593: 7575: 7509:P. hodgsonii 7508: 7496: 7471: 7462: 7452:Connochaetes 7450: 7438: 7437:Hartebeest ( 7426: 7414: 7405: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7361:Alcelaphinae 7345:P. capreolus 7344: 7332: 7307: 7295: 7270: 7261: 7253:R. arundinum 7252: 7240: 7228: 7220:K. megaceros 7219: 7210: 7201: 7192: 7180: 7155: 7143: 7131: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7071: 7059: 7037: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6976: 6964: 6955: 6942: 6930: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6895:Marsh deer ( 6884: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6839: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6803: 6794: 6785: 6777:M. americana 6776: 6764: 6752: 6743: 6733:Hippocamelus 6731: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6687:C. capreolus 6686: 6674: 6662: 6661:Water deer ( 6650: 6638: 6626: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6532: 6524:R. mariannus 6523: 6514: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6465:Eld's deer ( 6457: 6456:Barasingha ( 6445: 6433: 6424: 6415: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6317:M. vaginalis 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6218:M. atherodes 6217: 6205: 6156: 6128: 6119: 6111:T. nigricans 6110: 6101: 6092: 6084:T. javanicus 6083: 6071: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6029: 6018:H. aquaticus 6017: 6005: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5914: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5850: 5839:O. johnstoni 5838: 5826: 5802:A. americana 5801: 5789: 5751:Superorder: 5745:Infraclass: 5716:Artiodactyla 5674: 5658: 5644: 5630: 5595: 5590:Eberhard, W. 5584: 5572:. Retrieved 5557: 5545:. Retrieved 5536: 5527: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5473: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5451:the original 5441: 5422: 5416: 5404:. Retrieved 5390: 5378:. Retrieved 5364: 5345: 5339: 5327:. Retrieved 5312: 5293: 5287: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5209:10.2307/5192 5200: 5196: 5190: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5041:(144): 1–7. 5038: 5032: 5008: 4979: 4959:. Retrieved 4939: 4907:(2): 471–9. 4904: 4900: 4890: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4789: 4783: 4759: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4704: 4680: 4673: 4661:. Retrieved 4652: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4621: 4611: 4586: 4578: 4553: 4545: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4459: 4453: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4351: 4345: 4314:(1): 32–41. 4311: 4307: 4301: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4233: 4227: 4217: 4206:. Retrieved 4197: 4193: 4183: 4172:. Retrieved 4154: 4135: 4129: 4110: 4100: 4086: 4076: 4054:(1): 21–23. 4051: 4047: 4041: 4031: 4021: 3986: 3982: 3944:(807): 1–4. 3941: 3937: 3931: 3907: 3866:. Retrieved 3857: 3851: 3831: 3823: 3804: 3798: 3786:. Retrieved 3782:the original 3777: 3772:Huffman, B. 3767: 3756:. Retrieved 3737: 3727: 3708: 3678: 3672: 3653: 3647: 3628: 3622: 3605: 3599: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3529: 3503:the original 3482: 3476: 3467: 3459: 3440: 3402: 3380:. Retrieved 3337: 3294:(1): 31–46. 3291: 3287: 3263:. Retrieved 3238: 3234: 3224: 3196: 3192:Wilson, D.E. 3178: 3150: 3146:Wilson, D.E. 3132: 3113: 3107: 3088: 3082: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3024: 3018: 2985: 2981: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2898: 2894: 2869:. Retrieved 2860: 2819:. Retrieved 2810: 2801: 2773: 2769:Wilson, D.E. 2755: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2693: 2680:soil acidity 2666: 2620: 2585: 2551: 2524: 2472:domestic yak 2456: 2394: 2391:Distribution 2360: 2344: 2315: 2297: 2273: 2263: 2260: 2239: 2231: 2192: 2152: 2119: 2087:fermentation 2022:, since the 2001: 1957:the complex 1904: 1857: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1789: 1769:Scent glands 1749:Arabian oryx 1742: 1738:klipspringer 1727: 1711: 1694:Awash Valley 1687: 1684:Late Miocene 1659: 1646:Langebaanweg 1630:Paramularius 1629: 1623: 1595: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1543: 1469: 1450:Alcelaphinae 1448: 1419: 1390: 1350:Oreotraginae 1348: 1327: 1298: 1259:Nesotraginae 1257: 1236: 1177:Tragelaphini 1175: 1154: 1116: 1086: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1058: 1044: 1038: 1028: 1010: 1004: 994: 974: 963: 916:Alcelaphinae 897: 843: 842: 822: 794: 766: 746: 704: 636:phylogenetic 621: 609:Artiodactyla 599: 583: 579: 572: 565: 559: 522:domesticated 507: 492: 473: 452: 405: 403: 376: 359:Oreotraginae 353:Nesotraginae 317:Alcelaphinae 302:Subfamilies 283: 262: 239:Infraorder: 233:Artiodactyla 168:Ovis gmelini 167: 159: 151: 143: 135: 127: 18: 10307:iNaturalist 10165:Wikispecies 9936:L. guanicoe 9795:Tayassuidae 9759:Wild boar ( 9698:S. barbatus 9656:P. larvatus 9632:P. salvania 9630:Pygmy hog ( 9564:Hylochoerus 9417:Philantomba 9305:C. jentinki 9287:C. dorsalis 9240:Cephalophus 9124:N. pygmaeus 9082:M. saltiana 9020:Dorcatragus 8994:S. tatarica 8884:N. petersii 8822:Litocranius 8722:E. tilonura 8669:Blackbuck ( 8645:Springbok ( 8588:Antilopinae 8586:(subfamily 8533:Taurotragus 8500:Sitatunga ( 8493:T. scriptus 8484:T. imberbis 8441:(including 8434:Tragelaphus 8255:B. quarlesi 8137:Boselaphini 8121:(subfamily 8026:O. nivicola 7867:N. caudatus 7856:Red goral ( 7847:Naemorhedus 7810:C. swinhoei 7790:Red serow ( 7772:Capricornis 7750:C. sibirica 7687:C. caucasia 7678:C. aegagrus 7676:Wild goat ( 7630:A. jayakari 7619:Arabitragus 7578:(subfamily 7549:Antilopinae 7472:C. taurinus 7415:D. pygargus 7308:A. melampus 7229:K. vardonii 7191:Waterbuck ( 7132:O. leucoryx 7061:Hippotragus 6989:O. hemionus 6987:Mule deer ( 6886:Blastocerus 6795:M. bricenii 6753:H. bisulcus 6720:R. tarandus 6696:C. pygargus 6618:Capreolinae 6600:Sika deer ( 6542:R. unicolor 6531:Rusa deer ( 6434:A. porcinus 6254:M. montanus 6051:M. kathygre 5800:Pronghorn ( 5791:Antilocapra 4649:"Waterbuck" 4616:Ciszek, D. 4082:Cott, H. B. 4027:Cott, H. B. 3241:: 136–143. 3050:Tethytragus 2643:Merino wool 2587:gulab jamun 2546:Merino wool 2496:Bali cattle 2377:adolescence 2319:photoperiod 2220:signals to 2059:herbivorous 1963:fatty acids 1933:(80%), the 1911:cannon bone 1907:metapodials 1868:competition 1864:giant eland 1841:Jacob sheep 1804:camouflaged 1690:diversified 1634:Pleistocene 1578:(deer) and 1300:Antilopinae 1156:Boselaphini 1051:Antilopinae 1017:subfamilies 965:Tethytragus 934:(duikers), 920:Antilopinae 904:subfamilies 465:subfamilies 455:. With 143 439:(including 382:Antilopinae 323:Antilopinae 10466:Categories 10072:Choeropsis 9954:L. vicugna 9840:C. wagneri 9743:S. oliveri 9734:S. heureni 9470:S. grimmia 9459:Sylvicapra 9446:P. walteri 9359:C. rubidis 9350:C. ogilbyi 9296:C. harveyi 9260:C. brookei 9214:R. sharpei 9194:Steenbok ( 9185:Raphicerus 9137:Oreotragus 9010:Neotragini 8959:Pantholops 8875:N. notatus 8833:L. walleri 8782:G. gazella 8755:G. cuvieri 8744:Chinkara ( 8636:Antidorcas 8623:A. clarkei 8612:Ammodorcas 8602:Antilopini 8502:T. spekeii 8466:T. buxtoni 8457:T. angasii 8349:Wild yak ( 8333:B. indicus 8288:B. bonasus 8228:B. bubalis 8171:Boselaphus 8147:Tetracerus 8017:O. gmelini 7885:N. griseus 7858:N. baileyi 7823:Hemitragus 7792:C. rubidus 7783:C. crispus 7732:C. nubiana 7595:Ammotragus 7498:Pantholops 7428:Alcelaphus 7413:Bontebok ( 7406:D. lunatus 7395:Damaliscus 7382:B. hunteri 7271:R. redunca 7172:Reduncinae 7123:O. gazella 7072:H. equinus 6998:O. pandora 6978:Odocoileus 6862:Ozotoceros 6718:Reindeer ( 6663:H. inermis 6652:Hydropotes 6575:C. elaphus 6573:Red deer ( 6515:R. alfredi 6432:Hog deer ( 6290:M. reevesi 6263:M. muntjak 6093:T. kanchil 6060:M. meminna 6007:Hyemoschus 5997:Tragulidae 5954:M. cupreus 5872:G. giraffa 5818:Giraffidae 5769:Ruminantia 5547:10 October 5329:10 October 4961:2016-11-07 4663:28 October 4632:28 October 4618:"Bushbuck" 4390:Ezenwa, V. 4208:2010-11-14 4200:(3): 10A. 4174:2011-05-05 3868:2013-08-21 3758:2021-01-13 3382:2022-02-08 3265:2022-01-31 2748:References 2672:fertilizer 2616:B vitamins 2608:phosphorus 2582:mozzarella 2573:buttermilk 2498:(from the 2490:(from the 2482:(from the 2474:(from the 2466:(from the 2373:sex ratios 2340:Copulation 2265:Sylvicapra 2160:Lek mating 2131:monogamous 2063:omnivorous 2020:selenodont 2012:dental pad 1941:, and the 1887:See also: 1853:polygynous 1849:monogamous 1808:disruptive 1761:wildebeest 1678:Neotragini 1674:Antilopini 1667:Speciation 1392:Reduncinae 1060:Pantholops 1046:Pantholops 1035:Reduncinae 1012:Pantholops 952:Oiocerinae 940:Reduncinae 768:Giraffidae 706:Tragulidae 679:Ruminantia 658:sister to 577:Late Latin 528:, such as 503:polygynous 367:(3 genera) 365:Reduncinae 349:(3 genera) 343:(3 genera) 319:(4 genera) 277:Type genus 136:Bos taurus 30:20–0 10024:Suborder 9934:Guanaco ( 9906:Camelidae 9892:Suborder 9864:D. tajacu 9853:Dicotyles 9829:Catagonus 9816:T. pecari 9761:S. scrofa 9665:P. porcus 9654:Bushpig ( 9522:Babyrousa 9498:Suborder 9395:C. weynsi 9386:C. spadix 9251:C. adersi 9172:O. ourebi 9106:N. batesi 9095:Neotragus 9064:M. kirkii 8866:N. granti 8831:Gerenuk ( 8800:G. spekei 8764:G. dorcas 8621:Dibatag ( 8408:S. caffer 8373:Pseudoryx 8360:B. taurus 8340:Banteng ( 8315:B. gaurus 8244:Tamaraw ( 8090:Chamois ( 8072:Rupicapra 8059:P. nayaur 8035:O. vignei 8015:Mouflon ( 7714:C. hircus 7703:Markhor ( 7606:A. lervia 7371:Beatragus 7297:Aepyceros 7121:Gemsbok ( 7114:O. dammah 6956:P. carlae 6849:M. temama 6840:M. rufina 6804:M. chunyi 6786:M. bororo 6676:Capreolus 6602:C. nippon 6593:C. hanglu 6480:Elaphurus 6425:A. kuhlii 6339:Elaphodus 6207:Muntiacus 6042:M. indica 6031:Moschiola 5963:M. fuscus 5906:Moschidae 5767:Suborder 5727:Kingdom: 5511:0075-4250 5505:: 74–87. 4790:Mammalogy 4432:Q55899859 4416:0003-3472 4347:Evolution 3975:Caro, Tim 3958:198123785 3788:8 October 3614:0078-8554 3372:235441087 3364:0003-0082 3355:2246/7267 3308:1055-7903 3255:0305-1978 3184:Grubb, P. 3138:Grubb, P. 2871:7 October 2821:7 October 2807:"Bovidae" 2761:Grubb, P. 2668:Bone meal 2628:sheepskin 2592:Roquefort 2531:Euphrates 2409:springbok 2405:sitatunga 2328:thyroxine 2222:predators 2218:springbok 2139:pheromone 2104:antelopes 2102:Blackbuck 2071:kangaroos 2050:0.0.2-3.3 2028:premolars 2016:hypsodont 1990:Dentition 1959:cellulose 1939:reticulum 1927:ruminants 1662:radiation 1652:(Kenya). 1580:giraffids 1561:Skull of 1240:(impala) 982:primitive 900:monophyly 824:Moschidae 691:Tragulina 668:cladogram 652:Moschidae 624:Moschidae 617:ungulates 613:ungulates 437:antelopes 361:(1 genus) 355:(1 genus) 312:(1 genus) 199:Kingdom: 193:Eukaryota 10492:Bovoidea 10351:14200485 10205:BioLib: 10150:Wikidata 9996:C. ferus 9952:Vicuña ( 9945:L. pacos 9943:Alpaca ( 9927:L. glama 9894:Tylopoda 9404:C. zebra 9332:C. niger 8906:Procapra 8684:Eudorcas 8660:Antilope 8397:Syncerus 8358:Cattle ( 8351:B. mutus 8279:B. bison 8219:B. arnee 8180:Nilgai ( 8057:Bharal ( 8048:Pseudois 8008:O. dalli 7990:O. aries 7981:O. ammon 7979:Argali ( 7931:Muskox ( 7898:Oreamnos 7876:N. goral 7759:C. walie 7643:Budorcas 7580:Caprinae 7525:Caprinae 7380:Hirola ( 7324:Peleinae 7306:Impala ( 7211:K. leche 7209:Lechwe ( 7105:O. beisa 7081:H. niger 6742:Taruca ( 6709:Rangifer 6639:A. alces 6540:Sambar ( 6467:R. eldii 6447:Rucervus 6405:Chital ( 6197:Cervinae 6184:Cervidae 6145:Cervidae 6073:Tragulus 5747:Eutheria 5741:Mammalia 5735:Chordata 5733:Phylum: 5729:Animalia 5592:(1986). 5574:31 March 5568:Archived 5541:Archived 5519:24188063 5400:Archived 5374:Archived 5323:Archived 5225:87280870 5182:12456888 4955:Archived 4849:18006410 4657:Archived 4626:Archived 4537:37000507 4529:17811523 4486:19759035 4428:Wikidata 4424:49240459 4376:24278541 4368:17542842 4328:12030618 4202:Archived 4168:Archived 4162:(2009). 4084:(1940). 4068:21227055 4029:(1940). 4013:18990666 3977:(2009). 3862:Archived 3752:Archived 3591:23339550 3499:10603253 3376:Archived 3316:10222159 3259:Archived 3216:62265494 3186:(2005). 3170:62265494 3140:(2005). 3074:86664298 3010:29939520 3002:15921052 2917:12746147 2865:Archived 2815:Archived 2793:62265494 2763:(2005). 2732:and the 2730:Cerberus 2676:nitrogen 2604:selenium 2555:such as 2529:and the 2476:wild yak 2450:oxen in 2401:radiated 2397:savannas 2357:Lifespan 2270:monocots 2226:cheetahs 2224:such as 2214:Stotting 2178:Activity 2147:bushbuck 2127:steenbok 2079:termites 2040:diastema 2030:are low- 2004:incisors 1951:bacteria 1947:ciliates 1943:abomasum 1923:scapulae 1845:pecorans 1839:and the 1829:bontebok 1816:Tim Caro 1757:reedbuck 1723:dewclaws 1650:Lothagam 1638:diverged 1626:Pliocene 1615:Americas 1597:Eotragus 1592:woodland 1588:gazelles 1568:Eotragus 1445: 1421:Caprinae 1416: 1387: 1324: 1295: 1287: 1233: 1225: 1151: 1113: 1105: 1065:Caprinae 997:Peleinae 990:advanced 956:Turolian 928:Caprinae 819: 796:Cervidae 791: 743: 735: 701: 693: 681: 664:diverged 660:Cervidae 632:Cervidae 590:Taxonomy 514:savannas 418:ruminant 335:Caprinae 291:Linnaeus 259:Family: 253:Bovoidea 223:Mammalia 213:Chordata 209:Phylum: 203:Animalia 189:Domain: 10472:Bovidae 10444:ZooBank 10198:Bovidae 10185:Bovidae 10171:Bovidae 10141:Bovidae 10108:Cetacea 10099:Cetacea 9967:Camelus 9925:Llama ( 9805:Tayassu 9621:Porcula 9170:Oribi ( 9161:Ourebia 9044:Madoqua 9029:Beira ( 8950:Saigini 8857:N. dama 8735:Gazella 8584:Bovidae 8582:Family 8553:T. oryx 8473:Bongo ( 8455:Nyala ( 8382:Saola ( 8304:Gayal ( 8208:Bubalus 8123:Bovinae 8119:Bovidae 8117:Family 8033:Urial ( 7723:C. ibex 7652:Takin ( 7576:Bovidae 7574:Family 7537:Bovinae 7463:C. gnou 7242:Redunca 7154:Addax ( 7038:Bovidae 7036:Family 6944:Pudella 6931:P. pudu 6822:M. nana 6637:Moose ( 6407:A. axis 6374:D. dama 6236:M. feae 6182:Family 6157:Bovidae 6102:T. napu 5916:Moschus 5852:Giraffa 5837:Okapi ( 5739:Class: 5718:species 5714:Extant 5679:. 1921. 5645:Bovidae 5631:Bovidae 5457:1 April 5406:1 April 5380:1 April 5150:Bibcode 5123:3413339 5055:3504009 4840:2606787 4509:Bibcode 4501:Science 4477:2817105 4293:1382822 4252:1584013 4004:2674080 3830:at the 3582:3607928 3565:: 166. 2958:9187090 2726:Echidna 2661:Iceland 2647:pilling 2639:hoggets 2623:leather 2569:yoghurt 2533:basin. 2500:banteng 2275:Ourebia 2235:display 2172:lechwes 2135:dik-dik 2075:rabbits 2053:3.1.3.3 2032:crowned 2008:canines 1955:ferment 1883:Anatomy 1876:crypsis 1792:gemsbok 1784:gemsbok 1642:Miocene 1576:cervids 1210:Bovinae 1087:Bovidae 970:Miocene 948:Miocene 924:Bovinae 844:Bovidae 731: 689: 677: 648:nuclear 580:bovinus 542:leather 495:diurnal 488:keratin 469:Miocene 433:buffalo 421:mammals 406:Bovidae 388:Bovinae 329:Bovinae 263:Bovidae 229:Order: 219:Class: 164:mouflon 162:), and 105:present 101:Miocene 24:Bovidae 10436:993624 10423:106097 10420:uBio: 10400:768677 10384:NZOR: 10338:180704 10325:104796 10260:1BOVSF 10156:Q25497 9512:Suidae 9113:Suni ( 8846:Nanger 8331:Zebu ( 8313:Gaur ( 8198:Bovini 7922:Ovibos 7227:Puku ( 7202:K. kob 6766:Mazama 6555:Cervus 5828:Okapia 5604: 5562:Peck. 5517: 5509: 5480: 5429: 5352: 5300: 5223: 5215: 5180: 5173:138604 5170: 5121: 5053: 5020: 5014:158–66 4986: 4947: 4847: 4837: 4796: 4771: 4692: 4599: 4566: 4535: 4527: 4484: 4474: 4430: 4422: 4414: 4374: 4366: 4326: 4291: 4250: 4142: 4066: 4011: 4001: 3956: 3919: 3811: 3744: 3715: 3685: 3660: 3635: 3612: 3589: 3579: 3536: 3497: 3447: 3415: 3370: 3362: 3314: 3306: 3253: 3214: 3204: 3168: 3158: 3120: 3095: 3072: 3031: 3008: 3000: 2956: 2915: 2791: 2781: 2722:Typhon 2714:, and 2663:, 1598 2636:Merino 2621:Bovid 2614:, and 2577:cheese 2561:butter 2527:Cyprus 2512:elands 2504:oryxes 2494:) and 2452:Mumbai 2351:muskox 2332:Estrus 2280:dicots 2243:impala 2170:, and 2125:, and 2077:, and 2024:molars 1971:cattle 1945:. 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