844:
608:
562:
528:
964:
937:
1562:, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. The small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption. The surface area of the digesta is greatly increased here because of the villi that are in the small intestine. This increased surface area allows for greater nutrient absorption. Microbes produced in the reticulorumen are also digested in the small intestine. After the small intestine is the large intestine. The major roles here are breaking down mainly fiber by fermentation with microbes, absorption of water (ions and minerals) and other fermented products, and also expelling waste. Fermentation continues in the
677:
901:
1382:
630:
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984:
699:
881:
132:
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119:
1035:
1867:. The meat from domestically raised ruminants has a higher carbon equivalent footprint than other meats or vegetarian sources of protein based on a global meta-analysis of lifecycle assessment studies. Methane production by meat animals, principally ruminants, is estimated 15–20% global production of methane, unless the animals were hunted in the wild. The current U.S. domestic
1447:
1848:, plants can again perform photosynthesis and fix that carbon back into cellulose. From here, cattle can eat the plants and the cycle begins once again. In essence, the methane belched from cattle is not adding new carbon to the atmosphere. Rather it is part of the natural cycling of carbon through the biogenic
1549:
Though the rumen and reticulum have different names, they have very similar tissue layers and textures, making it difficult to visually separate them. They also perform similar tasks. Together, these chambers are called the reticulorumen. The degraded digesta, which is now in the lower liquid part of
2252:
O'Leary, M.A.; Bloch, J.I.; Flynn, J.J.; Gaudin, T.J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N.P.; Goldberg, S.L.; Kraatz, B.P.; Luo, Z.-X.; Meng, J.; Ni, X.; Novacek, M.J.; Perini, F.A.; Randall, Z.S.; Rougier, G.W.; Sargis, E.J.; Silcox, M.T.; Simmons, N.B.; Spaulding, M.; Velazco, P.M.; Weksler, M.; Wible,
1482:
The first two chambers are the rumen and the reticulum. These two compartments make up the fermentation vat and are the major site of microbial activity. Fermentation is crucial to digestion because it breaks down complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose, and enables the animal to use them. Microbes
1437:
Du, duodenum; MB, coecal diverticulum; **, outgrowths of duodenum; †, reticulum; ††, rumen. A (in E and G), abomasum; Ca, cardiac division; O, psalterium; Oe, oesophagus; P, pylorus; R (to the right in E and to the left in G), rumen; R (to the left in E and to the right in G), reticulum; Sc, cardiac
1618:
to thoroughly chew plant-based food. Another feature of ruminants is the large ruminal storage capacity that gives them the ability to consume feed rapidly and complete the chewing process later. This is known as rumination, which consists of the regurgitation of feed, rechewing, resalivation, and
1731:. Depending on their concentration and nature, either class can have adverse or beneficial effects. Tannins can be beneficial, having been shown to increase milk production, wool growth, ovulation rate, and lambing percentage, as well as reducing bloat risk and reducing internal parasite burdens.
1297:
including salivary glands, rumen size, and rumen papillae. However, Woodall found that there is little correlation between the fiber content of a ruminant's diet and morphological characteristics, meaning that the categorical divisions of ruminants by
Hofmann and Stewart warrant further research.
1710:
During grazing, ruminants produce large amounts of saliva – estimates range from 100 to 150 litres of saliva per day for a cow. The role of saliva is to provide ample fluid for rumen fermentation and to act as a buffering agent. Rumen fermentation produces large amounts of organic acids, thus
1296:
Hofmann and
Stewart divided ruminants into three major categories based on their feed type and feeding habits: concentrate selectors, intermediate types, and grass/roughage eaters, with the assumption that feeding habits in ruminants cause morphological differences in their digestive systems,
1613:
causes abrasion of the teeth. This is compensated for by continuous tooth growth throughout the ruminant's life, as opposed to humans or other nonruminants, whose teeth stop growing after a particular age. Most ruminants do not have upper incisors; instead, they have a thick
1590:
Wild ruminants number at least 75 million and are native to all continents except
Antarctica and Australia. Nearly 90% of all species are found in Eurasia and Africa. Species inhabit a wide range of climates (from tropic to arctic) and habitats (from open plains to forests).
1040:
1039:
1036:
1550:
the reticulorumen, then passes into the next chamber, the omasum. This chamber controls what is able to pass into the abomasum. It keeps the particle size as small as possible in order to pass into the abomasum. The omasum also absorbs volatile fatty acids and ammonia.
1483:
function best in a warm, moist, anaerobic environment with a temperature range of 37.7 to 42.2 °C (99.9 to 108.0 °F) and a pH between 6.0 and 6.4. Without the help of microbes, ruminants would not be able to use nutrients from forages. The food is mixed with
1041:
1557:
stomach, and digesta is digested here in much the same way. This compartment releases acids and enzymes that further digest the material passing through. This is also where the ruminant digests the microbes produced in the rumen. Digesta is finally moved into the
1546:) are also fermented. Saliva is very important because it provides liquid for the microbial population, recirculates nitrogen and minerals, and acts as a buffer for the rumen pH. The type of feed the animal consumes affects the amount of saliva that is produced.
1734:
Tannins can be toxic to ruminants, in that they precipitate proteins, making them unavailable for digestion, and they inhibit the absorption of nutrients by reducing the populations of proteolytic rumen bacteria. Very high levels of tannin intake can produce
1640:. Thus, ruminants completely depend on the microbial flora, present in the rumen or hindgut, to digest cellulose. Digestion of food in the rumen is primarily carried out by the rumen microflora, which contains dense populations of several species of
2476:
Kulemzina, Anastasia I.; Yang, Fengtang; Trifonov, Vladimir A.; Ryder, Oliver A.; Ferguson-Smith, Malcolm A.; Graphodatsky, Alexander S. (2011). "Chromosome painting in
Tragulidae facilitates the reconstruction of Ruminantia ancestral karyotype".
1038:
2683:
1694:
As bacteria conduct fermentation in the rumen, they consume about 10% of the carbon, 60% of the phosphorus, and 80% of the nitrogen that the ruminant ingests. To reclaim these nutrients, the ruminant then digests the bacteria in the
1711:
maintaining the appropriate pH of rumen fluids is a critical factor in rumen fermentation. After digesta passes through the rumen, the omasum absorbs excess fluid so that digestive enzymes and acid in the abomasum are not diluted.
1839:
As a by-product of consuming cellulose, cattle belch out methane, there-by returning that carbon sequestered by plants back into the atmosphere. After about 10 to 12 years, that methane is broken down and converted back to
1726:
that are commonly found in plants. Found in the leaf, bud, seed, root, and stem tissues, tannins are widely distributed in many different species of plants. Tannins are separated into two classes: hydrolysable tannins and
1750:
that have a high affinity to binding to tannins. Some ruminants (goats, deer, elk, moose) are able to consume food high in tannins (leaves, twigs, bark) due to the presence in their saliva of tannin-binding proteins.
2985:
1577:
and milk fat in milk production, as well as other uses, comes from nonsugar sources, such as the VFA propionate, glycerol, lactate, and protein. The VFA propionate is used for around 70% of the glucose and
2064:", Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapter 1 General Biology and Evolution addresses the fact that camelids (including camels and llamas) are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants.
1609:
Ruminating animals have various physiological features that enable them to survive in nature. One feature of ruminants is their continuously growing teeth. During grazing, the silica content in
3382:
1494:
The cud is then regurgitated and chewed to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size. Smaller particle size allows for increased nutrient absorption. Fiber, especially
2007:
Fernández, Manuel Hernández; Vrba, Elisabeth S. (1 May 2005). "A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in
Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants".
1037:
3112:
1594:
The population of domestic ruminants is greater than 3.5 billion, with cattle, sheep, and goats accounting for about 95% of the total population. Goats were domesticated in the
843:
607:
1824:, as described above within the rumen, and this methane is released to the atmosphere. The rumen is the major site of methane production in ruminants. Methane is a strong
1553:
After this, the digesta is moved to the true stomach, the abomasum. This is the gastric compartment of the ruminant stomach. The abomasum is the direct equivalent of the
3368:
3089:
3032:
442:
defined by
Spaulding et al. as "Ruminantia plus all extinct taxa more closely related to extant members of Ruminantia than to any other living species." This is a
2826:
1739:
that can even cause death. Animals that normally consume tannin-rich plants can develop defensive mechanisms against tannins, such as the strategic deployment of
2880:
2619:
3441:
1573:
are absorbed from dietary carbohydrates. Most dietary carbohydrates are fermented into VFAs in the rumen. The glucose needed as energy for the brain and for
3399:
282:
prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process, which takes place in the front part of the digestive system and therefore is called
1619:
reswallowing. Rumination reduces particle size, which enhances microbial function and allows the digesta to pass more easily through the digestive tract.
1164:
561:
466:
extinct ruminant ancestors that are more closely related to living ruminants than to other members of
Artiodactyla. When considering only living taxa (
1170:
3333:
1135:
1123:
2144:"Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution"
8002:
1959:
290:) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called
1687:. The hydrolysis of cellulose results in sugars, which are further fermented to acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, carbon dioxide, and
1628:
781:
3462:
8058:
3248:
1808:
3410:
Yavitt, J. B. 1992. Methane, biogeochemical cycle. pp. 197–207 in
Encyclopedia of Earth System Science, Vol. 3. Acad.Press, London.
1795:
on some topic. Similarly, ideas may be 'chewed on' or 'digested'. 'Chew the (one's) cud' is to reflect or meditate. In psychology,
2768:
3492:
1919:"Old world ruminant morphophysiology, life history, and fossil record: exploring key innovations of a diversification sequence"
3347:
3252:
3141:"'Tannins: fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules' [Cornell University Department of Animal Science? (c) 2018]"
3360:
3154:
Austin, PJ; et al. (1989). "Tannin-binding proteins in saliva of deer and their absence in saliva of sheep and cattle".
2811:
1656:– 1 ml of rumen is estimated to contain 10–50 billion bacteria and 1 million protozoa, as well as several yeasts and fungi.
3093:
1312:) are well-known examples. Pseudoruminants, like traditional ruminants, are foregut fermentors and most ruminate or chew
2823:
2684:"Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological and diversification of ruminants: a comparative view of their digestive system"
1879:
of 60 million head in the 1700s, which primarily roamed the part of North
America that now makes up the United States.
3196:
2104:
DeMiguel, D.; Azanza, B.; Morales, J. (2014). "Key
Innovations in Ruminant Evolution: A Paleontological Perspective".
1859:
accounted for 43% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from all agricultural activity in the world, 26% of the total
2884:
2375:"Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny"
3381:
Ripple, William J.; Pete Smith; Helmut Haberl; Stephen A. Montzka; Clive McAlpine & Douglas H. Boucher. 2014.
2426:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation"
2666:
3050:
2866:
2849:
1370:, passed through the large intestine, expelled and subsequently reingested to absorb nutrients in the cecotropes.
388:
and were small, likely omnivorous, forest-dwellers. Artiodactyls with cranial appendages first occur in the early
8007:
527:
3310:
1668:
1316:. However, their anatomy and method of digestion differs significantly from that of a four-chambered ruminant.
3113:
The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review
1454:
The primary difference between ruminants and nonruminants is that ruminants' stomachs have four compartments:
3844:
2316:"Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model"
4633:
486:
within Ruminantiamorpha (but not in Ruminantia), but placed others within Ruminantiamorpha's sister clade,
2253:
J.R.; Cirranello, A.L. (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals".
1636:
lack the ability to hydrolyse the beta glycosidic bond of plant cellulose due to the lack of the enzyme
963:
3325:
301:
The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. Ruminating mammals include
3913:
3485:
3051:"Some physical and chemical properties of Bovine saliva which may affect rumen digestion and synthesis"
1918:
1413:, scheme of the ruminant stomach, the arrow with the dotted line showing the course taken by the food;
936:
131:
17:
6890:
3835:
3826:
2530:"Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae"
1601:
8000 BC. Most other species were domesticated by 2500 BC., either in the Near East or southern Asia.
3075:
900:
6677:
2571:"Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits"
2075:
Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation
1860:
1829:
228:
2949:
Irwin, D. M.; Prager, E. M.; Wilson, A. C. (1992). "Evolutionary genetics of ruminant lysozymes".
2087:
1963:
7326:
6719:
4615:
3756:
1796:
1704:
1487:
and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud or
676:
8020:
6839:
4275:
1985:
1875:
population is around 90 million head, approximately 50% higher than the peak wild population of
8063:
7919:
4377:
4083:
4002:
3353:
3140:
2803:
2793:
Meyer. Class Lecture. Animal Nutrition. University of Missouri-Columbia, MO. 16 September 2016
2700:
Woodall, P. F. (1 June 1992). "An evaluation of a rapid method for estimating digestibility".
8030:
8015:
7527:
6557:
4782:
4011:
3895:
3478:
3447:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ruminant". Encyclopædia Britannica, Invalid Date,
3210:"Effect of the Addition of Fumarate on Methane Production by Ruminal Microorganisms in Vitro"
1381:
754:
463:
3265:
Shindell, D. T.; Faluvegi, G.; Koch, D. M.; Schmidt, G. A.; Unger, N.; Bauer, S. E. (2009).
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6497:
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3000:
2634:
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2155:
1856:
1519:
1340:
629:
451:
342:
283:
275:
3456:
3226:
3209:
3067:
2850:"Ruminant ecology and evolution: Perspectives useful to livestock research and production"
8:
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4167:
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3004:
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2159:
983:
8053:
7867:
7858:
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7170:
7152:
7134:
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7053:
7044:
6668:
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6584:
6277:
6003:
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5471:
5190:
4624:
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3904:
3886:
3765:
3302:
3179:
3024:
2962:
2931:
2713:
2658:
2510:
2452:
2425:
2401:
2374:
2373:
dos Reis, M.; Inoue, J.; Hasegawa, M.; Asher, R.J.; Donoghue, P.C.J.; Yang, Z. (2012).
2350:
2315:
2296:
2229:
2202:
2178:
2143:
2040:
1941:
1684:
809:
487:
471:
126:
3348:"FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013 World Food and Agriculture - Sustainability dimensions"
7500:
7491:
7179:
7107:
7035:
6866:
6848:
6701:
5651:
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5037:
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4791:
4570:
4537:
4480:
4350:
3877:
3738:
3294:
3231:
3171:
3125:
Bate-Smith and Swain (1962). "Flavonoid compounds". In Florkin M., Mason H.S. (ed.).
3016:
2986:"Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the artiodactyl ribonuclease superfamily"
2966:
2923:
2807:
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2600:
2551:
2502:
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2457:
2406:
2355:
2300:
2288:
2234:
2183:
2121:
2032:
2024:
1864:
1707:
also degrades bacterial RNA in the ruminant small intestine as a source of nitrogen.
1664:
1488:
789:
483:
474:, and only Ruminantia is used. Thus, Ruminantiamorpha is only used in the context of
3306:
3183:
2935:
2662:
2529:
2044:
1945:
7894:
7648:
7639:
7518:
7359:
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7143:
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6259:
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5274:
5247:
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3793:
3729:
3656:
3647:
3286:
3221:
3163:
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2958:
2915:
2709:
2642:
2590:
2541:
2514:
2486:
2447:
2437:
2396:
2386:
2345:
2335:
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2224:
2214:
2173:
2163:
2113:
2016:
1933:
1728:
1217:
1211:
443:
7624:
7615:
7563:
7554:
7335:
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6183:
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5256:
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4218:
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3868:
3747:
3720:
3711:
3395:
2830:
2442:
2168:
2074:
2061:
1563:
1559:
1348:
1199:
1129:
758:
408:
7824:
7762:
7392:
7383:
6908:
6857:
6778:
6769:
6710:
6548:
6250:
6072:
6063:
5618:
5585:
5567:
5055:
4865:
4740:
4579:
3567:
3539:
3420:
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (January 1965). "The American Buffalo".
1893:
1876:
1825:
1747:
1527:
1305:
1301:
1238:
1205:
1147:
1049:
swallowing and then regurgitating food – a behaviour known as "chewing the cud"
880:
876:
698:
671:
361:
3470:
2919:
2546:
2490:
2020:
1660:
8047:
7942:
7449:
7431:
7317:
7254:
7245:
6304:
6039:
6012:
5783:
5693:
5684:
5669:
5534:
5498:
5453:
5390:
5381:
4898:
4856:
4749:
4715:
4705:
4606:
4588:
4251:
4200:
4110:
3674:
3448:
2721:
2498:
2028:
1744:
1676:
1499:
1304:, which have a three-compartment stomach instead of four like ruminants. The
1268:
1097:
575:
426:
338:
310:
196:
76:
3290:
2620:"A decade since "diversification of ruminants": has our knowledge improved?"
2595:
2570:
2340:
2274:
2117:
1450:
Food digestion in the simple stomach of nonruminant animals versus ruminants
764:. Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family
7843:
7812:
7702:
7374:
7188:
7116:
6989:
6932:
6923:
6641:
6575:
6337:
6295:
6210:
6021:
5741:
5732:
5594:
5525:
5414:
5405:
5147:
4916:
4597:
4552:
4519:
4290:
4182:
4149:
4065:
3298:
3235:
3175:
2927:
2906:
Callewaert, L.; Michiels, C. W. (2010). "Lysozymes in the animal kingdom".
2734:
Russell, J. B. 2002. Rumen Microbiology and its role In Ruminant Nutrition.
2654:
2604:
2555:
2506:
2461:
2410:
2391:
2359:
2292:
2238:
2219:
2187:
2125:
2036:
1872:
1849:
1799:
refers to a pattern of thinking, and is unrelated to digestive physiology.
1772:
1531:
1339:, are not ruminants, as they have a simple single-chambered stomach. Being
1309:
1061:
816:
is based on a large-scale genome ruminant genome sequence study from 2019:
812:
from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago. The following
785:
777:
769:
656:
652:
508:
494:
475:
455:
411:
385:
334:
41:
3020:
2970:
1703:
has adapted to facilitate digestion of bacteria in the ruminant abomasum.
7989:
7968:
7951:
7464:
7212:
6374:
6328:
6319:
6268:
6220:
6081:
5923:
5516:
5507:
5335:
5129:
5120:
5110:
5004:
4847:
4657:
4648:
4561:
4404:
4326:
4209:
4134:
4125:
3502:
1937:
1888:
1821:
1775:) and "that chew the cud", a stipulation preserved to this day in Jewish
1768:
1760:
1554:
1523:
1359:
1332:
541:
447:
404:
264:
183:
51:
1582:
produced and protein for another 20% (50% under starvation conditions).
1417:, human stomach. a, minor curvature; b, major curvature; c, cardiac end
418:
defined by Spaulding et al. as "the least inclusive clade that includes
7071:
6971:
6796:
6388:
5810:
5792:
5543:
5238:
5223:
5214:
5181:
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4764:
4681:
4672:
4447:
4438:
4317:
4242:
3783:
3604:
3167:
2646:
1792:
1723:
1633:
1615:
1355:
1351:
1324:
1223:
1157:
1153:
896:
839:
750:
602:
467:
439:
420:
415:
357:
353:
209:
96:
61:
7994:
3419:
2283:
7771:
7692:
7545:
7416:
7407:
6881:
6455:
6446:
6431:
6422:
6286:
5858:
5642:
5576:
5462:
4977:
4773:
4462:
4386:
4266:
3817:
3702:
3692:
3586:
3577:
3012:
1672:
1637:
1595:
1495:
1367:
1363:
1320:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1141:
1116:
979:
833:
813:
793:
765:
498:
369:
244:
143:
101:
7913:
7738:
3266:
2984:
Jermann, T. M.; Opitz, J. G.; Stackhouse, J.; Benner, S. A. (1995).
757:
family, with the remaining ruminants classified as belonging to the
7936:
7680:
7308:
6980:
6692:
6530:
6470:
6135:
5834:
5366:
5311:
5199:
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4495:
4471:
4359:
4233:
3983:
3859:
3533:
3521:
1788:
1736:
1700:
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1645:
1641:
1579:
1543:
1507:
1503:
1475:
1276:
1184:
1068:
932:
805:
773:
522:
349:
330:
268:
163:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
45:
1863:
from agricultural activity in the U.S., and 22% of the total U.S.
7885:
7720:
7581:
7440:
6830:
6617:
6608:
6521:
6407:
6398:
6370:
6126:
6030:
5994:
5909:
5905:
5876:
5801:
5489:
5362:
5323:
4907:
4824:
4730:
3993:
3943:
3638:
3455:
3361:"Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2014"
1813:
1776:
1688:
1574:
1570:
1502:, is primarily broken down in these chambers by microbes (mostly
1373:
1336:
1260:
1227:
1091:
959:
797:
693:
479:
462:), whereas Ruminantiamorpha, as a stem group, also includes more
459:
389:
373:
326:
318:
279:
106:
81:
7981:
446:
definition for Ruminantiamorpha, and is more inclusive than the
7729:
7298:
7203:
7026:
7016:
6632:
6144:
5984:
5966:
5957:
5843:
5765:
5717:
5708:
5166:
5157:
5092:
5083:
5073:
4995:
4528:
4341:
4191:
3527:
3515:
3346:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013)
1817:
1719:
1680:
1649:
1610:
1539:
1535:
1484:
1469:
1264:
1178:
1046:
856:
761:
624:
306:
250:
173:
153:
2822:
Colorado State University, Hypertexts for Biomedical Science:
2757:. MU Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia. pp. 7–8.
7753:
7711:
7286:
6956:
6947:
6241:
6168:
6159:
6090:
5819:
5774:
5633:
5558:
5438:
5429:
4940:
4931:
4423:
4414:
3623:
3614:
1764:
1740:
1671:
anaerobes that can decompose complex plant material, such as
1653:
1585:
1515:
1511:
1458:
1344:
1328:
1272:
1231:
1192:
1105:
1101:
1083:
1076:
1072:
801:
556:
435:
118:
2983:
274:
that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by
6899:
6229:
6117:
6099:
5756:
5609:
5013:
4880:
4696:
3970:
3931:
3264:
3129:. Vol. III. New York: Academic Press. pp. 75–809.
2251:
1868:
1446:
1188:
450:
Ruminantia. As a crown group, Ruminantia only includes the
365:
352:. The suborder Ruminantia includes six different families:
322:
314:
6367:
3444:– Colorado State University (Last updated on 13 July 2006)
3313:
from the original on 30 September 2023 – via Zenodo.
2475:
2372:
2141:
7509:
6108:
6054:
4986:
4368:
1313:
1087:
302:
287:
5359:
2379:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1438:
division; Sp, pyloric division; WZ, water-cells. (from
5902:
3267:"Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions"
1714:
1472:—receives chewed cud, and absorbs volatile fatty acids
3208:
Asanuma, Narito; Iwamoto, Miwa; Hino, Tsuneo (1999).
2804:
Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
2103:
348:
Ruminants represent the most diverse group of living
286:, typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as
3124:
1377:
Stylised illustration of a ruminant digestive system
478:. Accordingly, Spaulding grouped some genera of the
458:(living) ruminants and their descendants (living or
2203:"A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals"
2056:
2054:
3207:
2905:
2423:
3385:. Nature Climate Change. Volume 4 No. 1. pp. 2–5.
2948:
2314:Song, S.; Liu, L.; Edwards, S.V.; Wu, S. (2012).
1960:"Rumination: The process of foregut fermentation"
1343:, these animals ferment cellulose in an enlarged
8045:
2824:Nutrient Absorption and Utilization in Ruminants
2568:
2562:
2313:
2051:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1366:, etc.), material from the cecum is formed into
1291:
3500:
3400:"Biogeochemical Aspects of Atmospheric Methane"
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2569:Chen, L.; Qiu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, K. (2019).
2527:
2424:Upham, N.S.; Esselstyn, J.A.; Jetz, W. (2019).
2320:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2245:
2137:
2135:
1802:
337:also relied on rumination, as opposed to other
3383:"Ruminants, climate change and climate policy"
3115:Animal Feed Science and Technology 106(1):3–19
1429:. Cma, major curvature; Cmi, minor curvature.
470:), this makes Ruminantiamorpha and Ruminantia
27:Hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals
3486:
2469:
2142:Spaulding, M; O'Leary, MA; Gatesy, J (2009).
2077:, Cambridge University Press, 11 October 2012
2006:
1995:
1916:
2737:
2521:
2366:
2132:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1767:allowed the eating of some mammals that had
3048:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2088:"Suborder Ruminatia, the Ultimate Ungulate"
1629:Methanogens in digestive tract of ruminants
1385:Different forms of the stomach in mammals.
384:The first fossil ruminants appeared in the
294:. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin
3575:
3493:
3479:
3449:https://www.britannica.com/animal/ruminant
3118:
2899:
2099:
2097:
1586:Abundance, distribution, and domestication
1534:. Protein and nonstructural carbohydrate (
782:National Museum of Natural History, France
117:
7810:
5282:
3225:
3066:
2617:
2594:
2545:
2451:
2441:
2417:
2400:
2390:
2349:
2339:
2282:
2228:
2218:
2177:
2167:
1905:
1809:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
1787:The verb 'to ruminate' has been extended
1566:in the same way as in the reticulorumen.
379:
7691:
5081:
3107:
3105:
3103:
2835:
2528:Hassanin, A.; Douzery, E. J. P. (2003).
2307:
1659:Since the environment inside a rumen is
1445:
1380:
1372:
1033:
3982:
3553:
2881:"Fermentation Microbiology and Ecology"
2848:Hackmann. T. J., and Spain, J. N. 2010.
2752:
2699:
2094:
1754:
1461:—primary site of microbial fermentation
1347:. In smaller hindgut fermenters of the
345:, though this is not entirely certain.
14:
8046:
3700:
3371:from the original on 24 February 2024.
3336:from the original on 21 February 2024.
3326:"The Biogenic Carbon Cycle and Cattle"
3253:Table 8.7, Chap. 8, pp. 8–58
3242:
3153:
1663:, most of these microbial species are
1604:
7918:
7917:
7809:
7678:
7677:
7283:
6366:
5901:
5358:
4820:
3966:
3552:
3474:
3323:
3100:
2942:
1791:to mean to ponder thoughtfully or to
1622:
753:(mouse deer) are considered the most
5118:
3413:
3324:Werth, Samantha (19 February 2020).
2200:
497:can be represented in the following
298:, which means "to chew over again".
263:are herbivorous grazing or browsing
3967:
1917:Clauss, M.; Rossner, G. E. (2014).
1715:Tannin toxicity in ruminant animals
808:. According to the study, Cervidae
24:
7284:
4821:
3442:Digestive Physiology of Herbivores
3049:Reid, J.T.; Huffman, C.F. (1949).
2963:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1992.tb00131.x
2714:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1992.tb00492.x
333:. It has also been suggested that
25:
8075:
8059:Extant Ypresian first appearances
3435:
3227:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75296-3
3090:"Rumen Physiology and Rumination"
3068:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(49)92019-6
2073:Richard F. Kay, M. Susana Bargo,
1440:Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy
1354:(rabbits, hares, and pikas), and
1279:, 143 living species in 53 genera
1245:, one living species in one genus
1053:
3074:
2062:Medicine and Surgery of Camelids
1195:, 49 living species in 16 genera
982:
962:
935:
899:
879:
842:
780:study by Alexandre Hassanin (of
697:
675:
628:
606:
560:
526:
130:
49:
3845:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
3404:
3388:
3375:
3340:
3317:
3258:
3201:
3190:
3147:
3133:
3082:
3042:
2977:
2873:
2859:
2816:
2796:
2787:
2761:
2728:
2693:
2676:
2611:
2194:
1256:, 4 living species in one genus
4634:Central American red brocket (
2080:
2067:
1978:
1952:
1234:, 2 living species in 2 genera
1160:, 6 living species in 4 genera
1079:, 7 living species in 3 genera
493:Ruminantia's placement within
341:that rely on the more typical
13:
1:
3350:. Data in Table 49 on p. 254.
2867:"Dental Anatomy of Ruminants"
1899:
1782:
1292:Digestive system of ruminants
5341:Large subfamily listed below
5329:Large subfamily listed below
5317:Large subfamily listed below
3451:. Accessed 22 February 2021.
2443:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494
2169:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062
1803:Ruminants and climate change
395:
305:, all domesticated and wild
7:
3836:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3827:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1986:"Ruminant Digestive System"
1882:
1771:(i.e. members of the order
784:) and colleagues, based on
10:
8080:
2769:"How do ruminants digest?"
2702:African Journal of Ecology
1806:
1626:
7926:
7884:
7856:
7832:
7823:
7819:
7805:
7772:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7763:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7751:
7700:
7687:
7673:
7637:
7613:
7589:
7580:
7462:
7429:
7405:
7372:
7348:
7327:North Sulawesi babirusa (
7306:
7297:
7293:
7279:
7243:
7201:
7024:
7015:
6969:
6945:
6921:
6879:
6828:
6804:
6795:
6767:
6743:
6736:
6690:
6630:
6606:
6519:
6468:
6444:
6420:
6396:
6387:
6383:
6362:
6317:
6218:
6209:
6181:
6157:
6052:
5992:
5983:
5955:
5931:
5922:
5918:
5897:
5856:
5832:
5754:
5730:
5706:
5682:
5631:
5607:
5556:
5451:
5427:
5403:
5379:
5375:
5354:
5334:
5322:
5310:
5273:
5236:
5212:
5179:
5155:
5146:
5109:
5072:
5026:
4966:
4957:
4929:
4878:
4845:
4836:
4832:
4816:
4762:
4728:
4694:
4670:
4646:
4616:Amazonian brown brocket (
4550:
4517:
4493:
4460:
4436:
4412:
4403:
4339:
4288:
4264:
4231:
4180:
4147:
4123:
3991:
3978:
3962:
3949:Large family listed below
3942:
3937:Large family listed below
3930:
3914:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3857:
3815:
3791:
3782:
3691:
3636:
3612:
3603:
3566:
3562:
3548:
3510:
3251:Fifth Assessment Report,
2920:10.1007/S12038-010-0015-5
2802:William O. Reece (2005).
2682:Reinhold R Hofmann, 1989.
2618:Ditchkoff, S. S. (2000).
2547:10.1080/10635150390192726
2491:10.1007/s10577-011-9201-z
2021:10.1017/s1464793104006670
1926:Annales Zoologici Fennici
1816:is produced by a type of
977:
957:
950:
930:
923:
894:
874:
867:
860:
837:
827:
690:
668:
661:
621:
599:
592:
580:
553:
546:
520:
513:
241:
236:
127:Scientific classification
125:
116:
34:
6013:Domestic water buffalo (
4378:Central Asian red deer (
4003:Bornean yellow muntjac (
3214:Journal of Dairy Science
3127:Comparative biochemistry
3055:Journal of Dairy Science
2854:Journal of Dairy Science
1861:greenhouse gas emissions
1830:global warming potential
792:analyses, revealed that
590: (ruminants)
407:of ruminants within the
6891:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6678:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4783:Yucatan brown brocket (
4012:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3896:Philippine mouse-deer (
3463:Encyclopædia Britannica
3291:10.1126/science.1174760
2596:10.1126/science.aav6202
2341:10.1073/pnas.1211733109
2275:10.1126/science.1229237
2118:10.1111/1749-4877.12080
1836:over a 20-year period.
1705:Pancreatic ribonuclease
1300:Also, some mammals are
749:Within Ruminantia, the
7601:White-lipped peccary (
7537:Philippine warty pig (
7162:Yellow-backed duiker (
7126:Black-fronted duiker (
7099:White-bellied duiker (
6720:Przewalski's gazelle (
5943:Four-horned antelope (
4741:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
4300:Visayan spotted deer (
4159:European fallow deer (
4102:Northern red muntjac (
4048:Southern red muntjac (
3466:(11th ed.). 1911.
3197:Leviticus 11:3
3111:B.R Min, et al (2003)
2908:Journal of Biosciences
2753:Rickard, Tony (2002).
2392:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683
2220:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93
2060:Fowler, M.E. (2010). "
1844:. Once converted to CO
1569:Only small amounts of
1451:
1443:
1378:
1050:
380:Taxonomy and evolution
214:Spaulding et al., 2009
8016:Paleobiology Database
7781:Wild Bactrian camel (
7483:Bornean bearded pig (
7474:Palawan bearded pig (
7063:White-legged duiker (
6489:Red-fronted gazelle (
4168:Persian fallow deer (
4084:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3757:Himalayan musk deer (
3666:Reticulated giraffe (
3394:Cicerone, R. J., and
2829:19 March 2012 at the
2775:. The Open University
1627:Further information:
1449:
1384:
1376:
1044:
7868:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7528:Oliver's warty pig (
7153:Red-flanked duiker (
6558:Erlanger's gazelle (
6278:Harnessed bushbuck (
6004:Wild water buffalo (
5481:East Caucasian tur (
5472:West Caucasian tur (
4625:Little red brocket (
4093:Truong Son muntjac (
3905:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3887:Greater mouse-deer (
3766:Siberian musk deer (
2887:on 26 September 2011
2755:Dairy Grazing Manual
1938:10.5735/086.051.0210
1857:enteric fermentation
1832:of 86 compared to CO
1755:Religious importance
1520:volatile fatty acids
1435:Bradypus tridactylus
452:last common ancestor
343:hindgut fermentation
284:foregut fermentation
278:it in a specialized
7501:Celebes warty pig (
7492:Visayan warty pig (
7108:Red forest duiker (
6840:Günther's dik-dik (
6702:Mongolian gazelle (
6507:Heuglin's gazelle (
6498:Thomson's gazelle (
5652:Long-tailed goral (
5047:Mountain reedbuck (
5038:Southern reedbuck (
4890:East African oryx (
4792:White-tailed deer (
4571:Small red brocket (
4538:South Andean deer (
4481:Siberian roe deer (
4472:European roe deer (
4309:Philippine sambar (
4276:Père David's deer (
3878:Lesser mouse-deer (
3739:Kashmir musk deer (
3283:2009Sci...326..716S
3096:on 29 January 1998.
3005:1995Natur.374...57J
2639:2000Oecol.125...82D
2587:2019Sci...364.6202C
2479:Chromosome Research
2385:(1742): 3491–3500.
2332:2012PNAS..10914942S
2326:(37): 14942–14947.
2267:2013Sci...339..662O
2201:Beck, N.R. (2006).
2160:2009PLoSO...4.7062S
2106:Integrative Zoology
1605:Ruminant physiology
1111:unranked Ruminantia
7649:Collared peccary (
7519:Flores warty pig (
7360:Giant forest hog (
7222:Maxwell's duiker (
7144:Ruwenzori duiker (
7090:Jentink's duiker (
6999:Sharpe's grysbok (
6755:Tibetan antelope (
6660:Bright's gazelle (
6594:Goitered gazelle (
6567:Mountain gazelle (
6540:Cuvier's gazelle (
6480:Mongalla gazelle (
5868:Pyrenean chamois (
5294:Tibetan antelope (
5248:Black wildebeest (
4075:Reeves's muntjac (
4039:Sumatran muntjac (
4030:Gongshan muntjac (
3803:Water chevrotain (
3730:Alpine musk deer (
3657:Southern giraffe (
3648:Northern giraffe (
3457:"Ruminantia"
3168:10.1007/BF01014834
2647:10.1007/PL00008894
2581:(6446): eaav6202.
2534:Systematic Biology
2466:(see e.g. Fig S10)
2009:Biological Reviews
1724:phenolic compounds
1623:Rumen microbiology
1506:, as well as some
1452:
1444:
1379:
1341:hindgut fermenters
1051:
776:. However, a 2003
488:Cetancodontamorpha
434:is a higher-level
8041:
8040:
7920:Taxon identifiers
7911:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7880:
7879:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7625:Chacoan peccary (
7576:
7575:
7564:Javan warty pig (
7555:Timor warty pig (
7362:H. meinertzhageni
7336:Togian babirusa (
7275:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7231:Walter's duiker (
7171:Abbott's duiker (
7135:Ogilby's duiker (
7081:Harvey's duiker (
7045:Brooke's duiker (
7011:
7010:
6791:
6790:
6732:
6731:
6669:Peter's gazelle (
6651:Grant's gazelle (
6585:Speke's gazelle (
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6235:
6205:
6204:
6193:African buffalo (
6024:B. depressicornis
5979:
5978:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5661:Himalayan goral (
5483:C. cylindricornis
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5306:
5305:
5269:
5268:
5257:Blue wildebeest (
5191:Common tsessebe (
5142:
5141:
5105:
5104:
5068:
5067:
4980:K. ellipsiprymnus
4953:
4952:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4752:P. mephistophiles
4708:P. mephistophiles
4399:
4398:
4095:M. truongsonensis
4057:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3926:
3925:
3869:Java mouse-deer (
3778:
3777:
3748:Black musk deer (
3721:Dwarf musk deer (
3712:Anhui musk deer (
3687:
3686:
3650:G. camelopardalis
3599:
3598:
3422:Conservation Note
3277:(5953): 716–728.
2812:978-0-7817-4333-4
2261:(6120): 662–667.
1865:methane emissions
1729:condensed tannins
1518:) into the three
1042:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
912:
911:
746:
745:
737:
736:
728:
727:
719:
718:
710:
709:
641:
640:
484:Anthracotheriidae
438:of artiodactyls,
267:belonging to the
258:
257:
232:
215:
16:(Redirected from
8071:
8034:
8033:
8024:
8023:
8011:
8010:
7998:
7997:
7985:
7984:
7972:
7971:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7947:
7946:
7945:
7915:
7914:
7830:
7829:
7821:
7820:
7807:
7806:
7698:
7697:
7689:
7688:
7675:
7674:
7587:
7586:
7393:Common warthog (
7384:Desert warthog (
7304:
7303:
7295:
7294:
7281:
7280:
7180:Weyns's duiker (
7054:Peters' duiker (
7036:Aders's duiker (
7022:
7021:
6909:Royal antelope (
6867:Salt's dik-dik (
6858:Silver dik-dik (
6849:Kirk's dik-dik (
6802:
6801:
6779:Saiga antelope (
6741:
6740:
6680:N. soemmerringii
6549:Dorcas gazelle (
6394:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6378:
6364:
6363:
6251:Mountain nyala (
6234:
6233:
6225:
6216:
6215:
6171:P. nghetinhensis
6073:European bison (
6064:American bison (
5990:
5989:
5929:
5928:
5920:
5919:
5913:
5899:
5898:
5775:Domestic sheep (
5619:Himalayan tahr (
5586:Mainland serow (
5568:Japanese serow (
5377:
5376:
5370:
5356:
5355:
5280:
5279:
5153:
5152:
5116:
5115:
5079:
5078:
5056:Bohor reedbuck (
4964:
4963:
4943:A. nasomaculatus
4866:Sable antelope (
4843:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4818:
4817:
4580:Merida brocket (
4410:
4409:
4351:Thorold's deer (
4203:A. calamianensis
4086:M. rooseveltorum
4032:M. gongshanensis
3989:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3789:
3788:
3698:
3697:
3677:G. tippelskirchi
3610:
3609:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3550:
3549:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3402:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3262:
3256:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3092:. Archived from
3086:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3031:. Archived from
3013:10.1038/374057a0
2990:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2883:. Archived from
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2846:
2833:
2820:
2814:
2806:, pages 357–358
2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2697:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2672:on 16 July 2011.
2671:
2665:. Archived from
2624:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2436:(12): e3000494.
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2286:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2222:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:. Archived from
1956:
1950:
1949:
1923:
1914:
1427:Echidna aculeata
1218:Climacoceratidae
1212:Hoplitomerycidae
1165:Archaeomerycidae
1043:
986:
966:
953:
952:
939:
926:
925:
903:
883:
870:
869:
863:
862:
846:
830:
829:
820:
819:
768:(musk deer) was
701:
679:
674:(hippopotamuses)
664:
663:
632:
610:
595:
594:
583:
582:
564:
549:
548:
530:
516:
515:
505:
504:
432:Ruminantiamorpha
227:
213:
210:Ruminantiamorpha
135:
134:
121:
111:
48:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
8079:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8044:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8029:
8027:
8019:
8014:
8006:
8001:
7993:
7988:
7980:
7975:
7967:
7965:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7922:
7912:
7899:
7876:
7852:
7815:
7789:
7747:
7683:
7657:
7633:
7609:
7572:
7539:S. philippensis
7476:S. ahoenobarbus
7458:
7450:Red river hog (
7425:
7401:
7368:
7344:
7318:Buru babirusa (
7289:
7263:
7255:Common duiker (
7239:
7197:
7007:
6965:
6941:
6917:
6875:
6824:
6787:
6763:
6728:
6713:P. picticaudata
6686:
6626:
6602:
6596:G. subgutturosa
6515:
6464:
6440:
6416:
6379:
6368:
6346:
6313:
6305:Cape bushbuck (
6298:T. strepsiceros
6227:
6226:
6224:
6201:
6177:
6153:
6048:
6040:Mountain anoa (
5975:
5969:B. tragocamelus
5951:
5945:T. quadricornis
5914:
5903:
5885:
5852:
5828:
5784:Bighorn sheep (
5750:
5726:
5702:
5694:Mountain goat (
5678:
5670:Chinese goral (
5627:
5603:
5588:C. sumatraensis
5552:
5535:Siberian ibex (
5499:Domestic goat (
5447:
5423:
5399:
5391:Barbary sheep (
5371:
5360:
5342:
5330:
5318:
5302:
5265:
5232:
5208:
5175:
5138:
5101:
5064:
5022:
4949:
4925:
4899:Scimitar oryx (
4874:
4857:Roan antelope (
4828:
4822:
4800:
4758:
4750:Northern pudu (
4724:
4716:Southern pudu (
4706:Northern pudu (
4690:
4666:
4642:
4607:Pygmy brocket (
4589:Dwarf brocket (
4546:
4513:
4489:
4456:
4432:
4395:
4335:
4284:
4260:
4227:
4201:Calamian deer (
4176:
4170:D. mesopotamica
4143:
4119:
4113:M. vuquangensis
4111:Giant muntjac (
4021:Fea's muntjac (
3974:
3968:
3950:
3938:
3922:
3853:
3811:
3774:
3732:M. chrysogaster
3683:
3675:Masai giraffe (
3632:
3595:
3558:
3544:
3506:
3499:
3454:
3438:
3433:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3345:
3341:
3322:
3318:
3263:
3259:
3247:
3243:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3191:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3047:
3043:
3038:on 21 May 2019.
3035:
2999:(6517): 57–59.
2988:
2982:
2978:
2951:Animal Genetics
2947:
2943:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2847:
2836:
2831:Wayback Machine
2821:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2698:
2694:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2567:
2563:
2526:
2522:
2474:
2470:
2422:
2418:
2371:
2367:
2312:
2308:
2250:
2246:
2199:
2195:
2140:
2133:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1966:on 19 July 2013
1958:
1957:
1953:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1885:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1785:
1757:
1748:polysaccharides
1717:
1631:
1625:
1607:
1588:
1564:large intestine
1560:small intestine
1302:pseudoruminants
1294:
1200:Palaeomerycidae
1171:Lophiomerycidae
1130:Hypertragulidae
1119:(paraphyletic)
1056:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
913:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
642:
430:(mouse deer)".
398:
382:
339:atlantogenatans
226:
212:
129:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8077:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8025:
8012:
7999:
7986:
7973:
7963:
7948:
7932:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7909:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7890:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7870:C. liberiensis
7864:
7862:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7844:Hippopotamus (
7840:
7838:
7827:
7825:Hippopotamidae
7817:
7816:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7778:
7774:C. dromedarius
7769:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7736:
7727:
7718:
7708:
7706:
7695:
7685:
7684:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7645:
7643:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7621:
7619:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7561:
7557:S. timoriensis
7552:
7543:
7534:
7525:
7516:
7510:Domestic pig (
7507:
7498:
7489:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7390:
7386:P. aethiopicus
7380:
7378:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7338:B. togeanensis
7333:
7324:
7314:
7312:
7301:
7291:
7290:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7251:
7249:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7228:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7189:Zebra duiker (
7186:
7177:
7168:
7164:C. silvicultor
7159:
7150:
7141:
7132:
7123:
7117:Black duiker (
7114:
7105:
7101:C. leucogaster
7096:
7087:
7078:
7069:
7060:
7051:
7042:
7032:
7030:
7019:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
6996:
6990:Cape grysbok (
6987:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6951:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6933:Klipspringer (
6929:
6927:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6906:
6897:
6887:
6885:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6864:
6860:M. piacentinii
6855:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6775:
6773:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6749:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6722:P. przewalskii
6717:
6708:
6698:
6696:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6648:
6642:Dama gazelle (
6638:
6636:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6591:
6582:
6576:Rhim gazelle (
6573:
6564:
6555:
6546:
6537:
6527:
6525:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6450:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:A. marsupialis
6428:
6426:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6404:
6402:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6338:Common eland (
6335:
6325:
6323:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6302:
6296:Greater kudu (
6293:
6284:
6275:
6266:
6257:
6248:
6238:
6236:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6142:
6133:
6124:
6115:
6109:Domestic yak (
6106:
6097:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6060:
6058:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6037:
6033:B. mindorensis
6028:
6022:Lowland anoa (
6019:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5939:
5937:
5926:
5916:
5915:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5742:Nilgiri tahr (
5738:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5690:
5688:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5595:Taiwan serow (
5592:
5583:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5526:Iberian ibex (
5523:
5514:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5478:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5433:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5415:Arabian tahr (
5411:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5387:
5385:
5373:
5372:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5124:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5053:
5049:R. fulvorufula
5044:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4917:Arabian oryx (
4914:
4905:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4840:
4830:
4829:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4794:O. virginianus
4789:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4713:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:O. bezoarticus
4654:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4613:
4604:
4600:M. gouazoubira
4598:Gray brocket (
4595:
4586:
4577:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4353:C. albirostris
4347:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:E. cephalophus
4131:
4129:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4072:
4066:Leaf muntjac (
4063:
4059:M. puhoatensis
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:T. williamsoni
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:M. moschiferus
3763:
3759:M. leucogaster
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3723:M. berezovskii
3718:
3708:
3706:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3570:
3568:Antilocapridae
3560:
3559:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3540:Laurasiatheria
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3436:External links
3434:
3432:
3431:
3412:
3403:
3396:R. S. Oremland
3387:
3374:
3352:
3339:
3316:
3257:
3241:
3220:(4): 780–787.
3200:
3189:
3162:(4): 1335–47.
3146:
3132:
3117:
3099:
3081:
3061:(2): 123–132.
3041:
2976:
2957:(3): 193–202.
2941:
2914:(1): 127–160.
2898:
2872:
2858:
2856:, 93:1320–1334
2834:
2815:
2795:
2786:
2760:
2736:
2727:
2708:(2): 181–185.
2692:
2675:
2610:
2561:
2520:
2485:(4): 531–539.
2468:
2416:
2365:
2306:
2244:
2193:
2131:
2112:(4): 412–433.
2093:
2079:
2066:
2050:
2015:(2): 269–302.
1994:
1977:
1951:
1932:(1–2): 80–94.
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:Pseudoruminant
1891:
1884:
1881:
1877:American bison
1845:
1841:
1833:
1826:greenhouse gas
1807:Main article:
1804:
1801:
1789:metaphorically
1784:
1781:
1756:
1753:
1716:
1713:
1624:
1621:
1606:
1603:
1587:
1584:
1528:propionic acid
1480:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1310:hippopotamuses
1306:Hippopotamidae
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1257:
1246:
1239:Antilocapridae
1235:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1206:Dromomerycidae
1202:
1196:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1150:
1148:Bachitheriidae
1144:
1138:
1136:Praetragulidae
1132:
1126:
1124:Leptomerycidae
1094:
1080:
1055:
1054:Classification
1052:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
956:
951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
929:
924:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
906:
905:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
877:Antilocapridae
873:
868:
866:
861:
859:
853:
852:
849:
848:
836:
828:
826:
818:
744:
743:
740:
739:
735:
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:
717:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
672:Hippopotamidae
667:
662:
660:
648:
647:
644:
643:
639:
638:
635:
634:
627:(horn bearers)
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
598:
593:
591:
581:
579:
571:
570:
567:
566:
552:
547:
545:
537:
536:
533:
532:
519:
514:
512:
503:
397:
394:
381:
378:
362:Antilocapridae
256:
255:
254:
253:
248:
247:(paraphyletic)
239:
238:
234:
233:
221:
217:
216:
207:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8076:
8065:
8064:Cetruminantia
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8032:
8026:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7959:
7953:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7916:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7873:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7804:
7786:
7784:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7765:C. bactrianus
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7672:
7654:
7652:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7606:
7604:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7569:
7567:
7566:S. verrucosus
7562:
7560:
7558:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7512:S. domesticus
7508:
7506:
7504:
7503:S. celebensis
7499:
7497:
7495:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7453:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7432:Potamochoerus
7428:
7422:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7398:
7396:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7341:
7339:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7329:B. celebensis
7325:
7323:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7278:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7236:
7234:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7213:Blue duiker (
7211:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7194:
7192:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7128:C. nigrifrons
7124:
7122:
7120:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7110:C. natalensis
7106:
7104:
7102:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7056:C. callipygus
7052:
7050:
7048:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7004:
7002:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6983:R. campestris
6979:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6960:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6935:O. oreotragus
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6739:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6658:
6656:
6654:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6578:G. leptoceros
6574:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6482:E. albonotata
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6458:A. cervicapra
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6329:Giant eland (
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6307:T. sylvaticus
6303:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6269:Lesser kudu (
6267:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6084:B. domesticus
6082:Bali cattle (
6080:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5896:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5786:O. canadensis
5782:
5780:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5733:Nilgiritragus
5729:
5723:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5696:O. americanus
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5621:H. jemlahicus
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5517:Nubian ibex (
5515:
5513:
5511:
5508:Alpine ibex (
5506:
5504:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Pantholopinae
5272:
5262:
5260:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5226:A. buselaphus
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5130:Grey rhebok (
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Aepycerotinae
5071:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5005:Nile lechwe (
5003:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Hippotraginae
4835:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4815:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4684:B. dichotomus
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4658:Pampas deer (
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4618:M. nemorivaga
4614:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4562:Red brocket (
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4531:H. antisensis
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4371:C. canadensis
4367:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4320:R. timorensis
4316:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4278:E. davidianus
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4245:R. duvaucelii
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4210:Bawean deer (
4208:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4135:Tufted deer (
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4068:M. putaoensis
4064:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4014:M. crinifrons
4010:
4008:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3961:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3907:T. versicolor
3903:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:M. anhuiensis
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3668:G. reticulata
3664:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2540:(2): 206–28.
2539:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:BMC Evol Biol
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1987:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:cloven hooves
1766:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:extracellular
1742:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1699:. The enzyme
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:hemicellulose
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:hemicellulose
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1478:—true stomach
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Mus decumanus
1392:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:: ruminants,
1099:
1098:Cetruminantia
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
987:
985:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
965:
961:
955:
954:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
938:
934:
928:
927:
921:
920:
917:
916:
908:
907:
904:
902:
898:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
882:
878:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
845:
841:
835:
832:
831:
825:
822:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:mitochondrial
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
742:
741:
733:
732:
724:
723:
715:
714:
706:
705:
702:
700:
695:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
678:
673:
666:
665:
658:
654:
650:
649:
646:
645:
637:
636:
633:
631:
626:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
609:
604:
597:
596:
589:
585:
584:
577:
576:Cetruminantia
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
563:
558:
551:
550:
543:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
529:
524:
518:
517:
510:
507:
506:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:cladistically
437:
433:
429:
428:
427:Tragulus napu
423:
422:
417:
416:cladistically
413:
410:
406:
402:
393:
391:
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
335:notoungulates
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
240:
235:
230:
225:
222:
219:
218:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:Cetruminantia
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
43:
33:
30:
19:
7927:
7869:
7857:
7846:H. amphibius
7845:
7835:Hippopotamus
7833:
7813:Whippomorpha
7782:
7773:
7764:
7752:
7740:
7731:
7722:
7713:
7701:
7650:
7638:
7626:
7614:
7602:
7590:
7565:
7556:
7547:
7538:
7529:
7520:
7511:
7502:
7494:S. cebifrons
7493:
7484:
7475:
7463:
7451:
7442:
7430:
7418:
7406:
7395:P. africanus
7394:
7385:
7375:Phacochoerus
7373:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7328:
7320:B. babyrussa
7319:
7307:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7224:P. maxwellii
7223:
7215:P. monticola
7214:
7202:
7190:
7181:
7172:
7163:
7155:C. rufilatus
7154:
7145:
7136:
7127:
7118:
7109:
7100:
7091:
7082:
7073:
7072:Bay duiker (
7065:C. crusalbum
7064:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7025:
7017:Cephalophini
7000:
6992:R. melanotis
6991:
6982:
6970:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6902:N. moschatus
6901:
6892:
6880:
6868:
6859:
6850:
6842:M. guentheri
6841:
6829:
6818:D. megalotis
6817:
6805:
6780:
6768:
6757:P. hodgsonii
6756:
6744:
6721:
6712:
6704:P. gutturosa
6703:
6691:
6679:
6670:
6661:
6652:
6643:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6586:
6577:
6568:
6560:G. erlangeri
6559:
6550:
6541:
6533:G. bennettii
6532:
6520:
6508:
6500:E. thomsonii
6499:
6491:E. rufifrons
6490:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6433:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6339:
6331:T. derbianus
6330:
6318:
6306:
6297:
6288:
6279:
6270:
6262:T. eurycerus
6261:
6252:
6243:
6219:
6211:Tragelaphini
6194:
6182:
6170:
6158:
6146:
6137:
6129:B. javanicus
6128:
6119:
6111:B. grunniens
6110:
6101:
6093:B. frontalis
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6053:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6005:
5993:
5968:
5956:
5944:
5932:
5879:R. rupicapra
5878:
5870:R. pyrenaica
5869:
5857:
5845:
5833:
5821:
5812:
5811:Snow sheep (
5803:
5794:
5793:Dall sheep (
5785:
5776:
5767:
5755:
5744:N. hylocrius
5743:
5731:
5720:O. moschatus
5719:
5707:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5662:
5653:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5596:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5544:Walia ibex (
5536:
5528:C. pyrenaica
5527:
5518:
5509:
5500:
5492:C. falconeri
5491:
5482:
5473:
5464:
5452:
5441:B. taxicolor
5440:
5428:
5416:
5404:
5392:
5380:
5296:P. hodgsonii
5295:
5283:
5258:
5249:
5239:Connochaetes
5237:
5225:
5224:Hartebeest (
5213:
5201:
5192:
5180:
5168:
5156:
5148:Alcelaphinae
5132:P. capreolus
5131:
5119:
5094:
5082:
5057:
5048:
5040:R. arundinum
5039:
5027:
5015:
5007:K. megaceros
5006:
4997:
4988:
4979:
4967:
4942:
4930:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4879:
4867:
4858:
4846:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4742:
4729:
4717:
4707:
4695:
4683:
4682:Marsh deer (
4671:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4564:M. americana
4563:
4551:
4539:
4530:
4520:Hippocamelus
4518:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4474:C. capreolus
4473:
4461:
4449:
4448:Water deer (
4437:
4425:
4413:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4319:
4311:R. mariannus
4310:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4252:Eld's deer (
4244:
4243:Barasingha (
4232:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4181:
4169:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4104:M. vaginalis
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4005:M. atherodes
4004:
3992:
3915:
3906:
3898:T. nigricans
3897:
3888:
3879:
3871:T. javanicus
3870:
3858:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3816:
3805:H. aquaticus
3804:
3792:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3701:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3637:
3626:O. johnstoni
3625:
3613:
3589:A. americana
3588:
3576:
3555:
3538:Superorder:
3532:Infraclass:
3503:Artiodactyla
3461:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3406:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3355:
3342:
3330:CLEAR Center
3329:
3319:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3244:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3192:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3094:the original
3084:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3033:the original
2996:
2992:
2979:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:the original
2875:
2861:
2853:
2818:
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2772:
2763:
2754:
2730:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2690:, 78:443–457
2687:
2678:
2667:the original
2633:(1): 82–84.
2630:
2626:
2613:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2433:
2430:PLOS Biology
2429:
2419:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2154:(9): e7062.
2151:
2147:
2109:
2105:
2082:
2069:
2012:
2008:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1954:
1929:
1925:
1873:dairy cattle
1854:
1850:carbon cycle
1838:
1812:
1797:"rumination"
1786:
1777:dietary laws
1773:Artiodactyla
1761:Law of Moses
1758:
1733:
1718:
1709:
1693:
1658:
1648:, sometimes
1632:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1532:butyric acid
1493:
1481:
1453:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:Mus musculus
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1325:rhinoceroses
1319:Monogastric
1318:
1308:(comprising
1299:
1295:
1110:
1062:Artiodactyla
1059:
978:
958:
931:
895:
875:
838:
823:
778:phylogenetic
748:
691:
669:
657:Whippomorpha
653:Cetancodonta
622:
605:(mouse deer)
600:
587:
554:
521:
509:Artiodactyla
495:Artiodactyla
492:
476:paleontology
431:
425:
419:
412:Artiodactyla
400:
399:
386:Early Eocene
383:
347:
300:
295:
291:
271:
265:artiodactyls
260:
259:
237:Infraorders
223:
203:
190:
184:Artiodactyla
42:Early Eocene
29:
7990:iNaturalist
7952:Wikispecies
7723:L. guanicoe
7582:Tayassuidae
7546:Wild boar (
7485:S. barbatus
7443:P. larvatus
7419:P. salvania
7417:Pygmy hog (
7351:Hylochoerus
7204:Philantomba
7092:C. jentinki
7074:C. dorsalis
7027:Cephalophus
6911:N. pygmaeus
6869:M. saltiana
6807:Dorcatragus
6781:S. tatarica
6671:N. petersii
6609:Litocranius
6509:E. tilonura
6456:Blackbuck (
6432:Springbok (
6375:Antilopinae
6373:(subfamily
6320:Taurotragus
6287:Sitatunga (
6280:T. scriptus
6271:T. imberbis
6228:(including
6221:Tragelaphus
6042:B. quarlesi
5924:Boselaphini
5908:(subfamily
5813:O. nivicola
5654:N. caudatus
5643:Red goral (
5634:Naemorhedus
5597:C. swinhoei
5577:Red serow (
5559:Capricornis
5537:C. sibirica
5474:C. caucasia
5465:C. aegagrus
5463:Wild goat (
5417:A. jayakari
5406:Arabitragus
5365:(subfamily
5336:Antilopinae
5259:C. taurinus
5202:D. pygargus
5095:A. melampus
5016:K. vardonii
4978:Waterbuck (
4919:O. leucoryx
4848:Hippotragus
4776:O. hemionus
4774:Mule deer (
4673:Blastocerus
4582:M. bricenii
4540:H. bisulcus
4507:R. tarandus
4483:C. pygargus
4405:Capreolinae
4387:Sika deer (
4329:R. unicolor
4318:Rusa deer (
4221:A. porcinus
4041:M. montanus
3838:M. kathygre
3587:Pronghorn (
3578:Antilocapra
3156:J Chem Ecol
1970:19 December
1889:Monogastric
1822:methanogens
1669:facultative
1634:Vertebrates
1555:monogastric
1524:acetic acid
1360:Guinea pigs
1333:guinea pigs
1177:Infraorder
1158:chevrotains
1115:Infraorder
542:Artiofabula
448:crown group
405:crown group
8048:Categories
7958:Ruminantia
7928:Ruminantia
7859:Choeropsis
7741:L. vicugna
7627:C. wagneri
7530:S. oliveri
7521:S. heureni
7257:S. grimmia
7246:Sylvicapra
7233:P. walteri
7146:C. rubidis
7137:C. ogilbyi
7083:C. harveyi
7047:C. brookei
7001:R. sharpei
6981:Steenbok (
6972:Raphicerus
6924:Oreotragus
6797:Neotragini
6746:Pantholops
6662:N. notatus
6620:L. walleri
6569:G. gazella
6542:G. cuvieri
6531:Chinkara (
6423:Antidorcas
6410:A. clarkei
6399:Ammodorcas
6389:Antilopini
6289:T. spekeii
6253:T. buxtoni
6244:T. angasii
6136:Wild yak (
6120:B. indicus
6075:B. bonasus
6015:B. bubalis
5958:Boselaphus
5934:Tetracerus
5804:O. gmelini
5672:N. griseus
5645:N. baileyi
5610:Hemitragus
5579:C. rubidus
5570:C. crispus
5519:C. nubiana
5382:Ammotragus
5285:Pantholops
5215:Alcelaphus
5200:Bontebok (
5193:D. lunatus
5182:Damaliscus
5169:B. hunteri
5058:R. redunca
4959:Reduncinae
4910:O. gazella
4859:H. equinus
4785:O. pandora
4765:Odocoileus
4649:Ozotoceros
4505:Reindeer (
4450:H. inermis
4439:Hydropotes
4362:C. elaphus
4360:Red deer (
4302:R. alfredi
4219:Hog deer (
4077:M. reevesi
4050:M. muntjak
3880:T. kanchil
3847:M. meminna
3794:Hyemoschus
3784:Tragulidae
3741:M. cupreus
3659:G. giraffa
3605:Giraffidae
3556:Ruminantia
2891:25 January
2284:11336/7302
1900:References
1783:Other uses
1652:and other
1616:dental pad
1409:, weasel;
1368:cecotropes
1356:Caviomorph
1352:Lagomorpha
1323:, such as
1321:herbivores
1224:Giraffidae
1154:Tragulidae
897:Giraffidae
840:Tragulidae
824:Ruminantia
804:sister to
759:infraorder
751:Tragulidae
603:Tragulidae
588:Ruminantia
472:synonymous
468:neontology
444:stem-based
424:(cow) and
421:Bos taurus
401:Ruminantia
358:Giraffidae
354:Tragulidae
292:rumination
276:fermenting
272:Ruminantia
224:Ruminantia
220:Suborder:
18:Ruminantia
8054:Ruminants
7811:Suborder
7721:Guanaco (
7693:Camelidae
7679:Suborder
7651:D. tajacu
7640:Dicotyles
7616:Catagonus
7603:T. pecari
7548:S. scrofa
7452:P. porcus
7441:Bushpig (
7309:Babyrousa
7285:Suborder
7182:C. weynsi
7173:C. spadix
7038:C. adersi
6959:O. ourebi
6893:N. batesi
6882:Neotragus
6851:M. kirkii
6653:N. granti
6618:Gerenuk (
6587:G. spekei
6551:G. dorcas
6408:Dibatag (
6195:S. caffer
6160:Pseudoryx
6147:B. taurus
6127:Banteng (
6102:B. gaurus
6031:Tamaraw (
5877:Chamois (
5859:Rupicapra
5846:P. nayaur
5822:O. vignei
5802:Mouflon (
5501:C. hircus
5490:Markhor (
5393:A. lervia
5158:Beatragus
5084:Aepyceros
4908:Gemsbok (
4901:O. dammah
4743:P. carlae
4636:M. temama
4627:M. rufina
4591:M. chunyi
4573:M. bororo
4463:Capreolus
4389:C. nippon
4380:C. hanglu
4267:Elaphurus
4212:A. kuhlii
4126:Elaphodus
3994:Muntiacus
3829:M. indica
3818:Moschiola
3750:M. fuscus
3693:Moschidae
3554:Suborder
3514:Kingdom:
2773:OpenLearn
2722:1365-2028
2688:Oecologia
2627:Oecologia
2499:0967-3849
2301:206544776
2029:1469-185X
1855:In 2010,
1820:, called
1673:cellulose
1661:anaerobic
1638:cellulase
1596:Near East
1496:cellulose
1465:reticulum
1421:, camel;
1364:capybaras
1358:rodents (
1254:musk deer
1250:Moschidae
1243:pronghorn
1142:Gelocidae
1117:Tragulina
1096:Suborder
1092:peccaries
1082:Suborder
1067:Suborder
980:Moschidae
834:Tragulina
814:cladogram
794:Moschidae
766:Moschidae
499:cladogram
396:Phylogeny
370:Moschidae
350:ungulates
331:antelopes
261:Ruminants
245:Tragulina
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
35:Ruminants
7966:BioLib:
7937:Wikidata
7783:C. ferus
7739:Vicuña (
7732:L. pacos
7730:Alpaca (
7714:L. glama
7681:Tylopoda
7191:C. zebra
7119:C. niger
6693:Procapra
6471:Eudorcas
6447:Antilope
6184:Syncerus
6145:Cattle (
6138:B. mutus
6066:B. bison
6006:B. arnee
5967:Nilgai (
5844:Bharal (
5835:Pseudois
5795:O. dalli
5777:O. aries
5768:O. ammon
5766:Argali (
5718:Muskox (
5685:Oreamnos
5663:N. goral
5546:C. walie
5430:Budorcas
5367:Caprinae
5312:Caprinae
5167:Hirola (
5111:Peleinae
5093:Impala (
4998:K. leche
4996:Lechwe (
4892:O. beisa
4868:H. niger
4529:Taruca (
4496:Rangifer
4426:A. alces
4327:Sambar (
4254:R. eldii
4234:Rucervus
4192:Chital (
3984:Cervinae
3971:Cervidae
3932:Cervidae
3860:Tragulus
3534:Eutheria
3528:Mammalia
3522:Chordata
3520:Phylum:
3516:Animalia
3369:Archived
3367:. 2016.
3334:Archived
3311:Archived
3307:30881469
3299:19900930
3236:10212465
3184:32846214
3176:24272016
2936:21198203
2928:20413917
2827:Archived
2663:23923707
2655:28308225
2605:31221828
2556:12746147
2507:21445689
2462:31800571
2411:22628470
2360:22930817
2293:23393258
2239:17101039
2188:19774069
2148:PLOS ONE
2126:24148672
2045:29939520
2037:15921052
1946:85347098
1883:See also
1793:meditate
1737:toxicity
1701:lysozyme
1697:abomasum
1685:proteins
1665:obligate
1646:protozoa
1642:bacteria
1580:glycogen
1544:starches
1522:(VFAs):
1508:protozoa
1504:bacteria
1476:abomasum
1277:antelope
1216:Family †
1210:Family †
1204:Family †
1198:Family †
1185:Cervidae
1169:Family †
1163:Family †
1146:Family †
1140:Family †
1134:Family †
1128:Family †
1122:Family †
1069:Tylopoda
933:Cervidae
810:diverged
806:Cervidae
774:Cervidae
696:(whales)
525:(camels)
523:Tylopoda
366:Cervidae
327:gazelles
319:giraffes
296:ruminare
269:suborder
174:Mammalia
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
8031:5952733
7982:3014522
7943:Q192164
7895:Cetacea
7886:Cetacea
7754:Camelus
7712:Llama (
7592:Tayassu
7408:Porcula
6957:Oribi (
6948:Ourebia
6831:Madoqua
6816:Beira (
6737:Saigini
6644:N. dama
6522:Gazella
6371:Bovidae
6369:Family
6340:T. oryx
6260:Bongo (
6242:Nyala (
6169:Saola (
6091:Gayal (
5995:Bubalus
5910:Bovinae
5906:Bovidae
5904:Family
5820:Urial (
5510:C. ibex
5439:Takin (
5363:Bovidae
5361:Family
5324:Bovinae
5250:C. gnou
5029:Redunca
4941:Addax (
4825:Bovidae
4823:Family
4731:Pudella
4718:P. pudu
4609:M. nana
4424:Moose (
4194:A. axis
4161:D. dama
4023:M. feae
3969:Family
3944:Bovidae
3889:T. napu
3703:Moschus
3639:Giraffa
3624:Okapi (
3526:Class:
3505:species
3501:Extant
3398:. 1988
3279:Bibcode
3271:Science
3029:4315312
3021:7532788
3001:Bibcode
2971:1503255
2779:14 July
2635:Bibcode
2583:Bibcode
2575:Science
2515:8456507
2453:6892540
2402:3396900
2351:3443116
2328:Bibcode
2263:Bibcode
2255:Science
2230:1654192
2179:2740860
2156:Bibcode
1828:with a
1818:archaea
1814:Methane
1763:in the
1720:Tannins
1689:methane
1575:lactose
1571:glucose
1389:, dog;
1337:rabbits
1261:Bovidae
1259:Family
1248:Family
1237:Family
1228:giraffe
1222:Family
1183:Family
1152:Family
960:Bovidae
800:form a
798:Bovidae
790:nuclear
694:Cetacea
659:
578:
544:
511:
482:family
480:extinct
460:extinct
454:of all
390:Miocene
374:Bovidae
307:bovines
280:stomach
229:Scopoli
180:Order:
170:Class:
46:present
8028:uBio:
8021:183403
7995:424850
7299:Suidae
6900:Suni (
6633:Nanger
6118:Zebu (
6100:Gaur (
5985:Bovini
5709:Ovibos
5014:Puku (
4989:K. kob
4553:Mazama
4342:Cervus
3615:Okapia
3365:US EPA
3305:
3297:
3234:
3182:
3174:
3027:
3019:
2993:Nature
2969:
2934:
2926:
2810:
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2603:
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1741:lipids
1683:, and
1681:starch
1650:yeasts
1611:forage
1542:, and
1540:sugars
1536:pectin
1530:, and
1514:, and
1485:saliva
1470:omasum
1335:, and
1329:horses
1275:, and
1265:cattle
1179:Pecora
1106:hippos
1102:whales
1077:llamas
1073:camels
1060:Order
1047:impala
857:Pecora
770:sister
762:Pecora
692:
670:
651:
625:Pecora
623:
601:
586:
574:
559:(pigs)
555:
540:
456:extant
372:, and
329:, and
303:cattle
251:Pecora
231:, 1777
7969:38219
7287:Suina
6770:Saiga
6711:Goa (
6230:kudus
5454:Capra
5121:Pelea
4987:Kob (
4969:Kobus
4932:Addax
4415:Alces
4369:Elk (
3303:S2CID
3255:(PDF)
3180:S2CID
3036:(PDF)
3025:S2CID
2989:(PDF)
2932:S2CID
2670:(PDF)
2659:S2CID
2623:(PDF)
2511:S2CID
2297:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1989:(PDF)
1942:S2CID
1922:(PDF)
1765:Bible
1654:fungi
1599:circa
1516:yeast
1512:fungi
1489:bolus
1459:rumen
1349:order
1345:cecum
1273:sheep
1269:goats
1232:okapi
1193:moose
1084:Suina
802:clade
755:basal
557:Suina
464:basal
436:clade
409:order
403:is a
315:sheep
311:goats
204:Clade
191:Clade
8008:9845
8003:NCBI
7893:see
7703:Lama
5757:Ovis
4881:Oryx
4697:Pudu
4291:Rusa
4183:Axis
4150:Dama
3295:PMID
3249:IPCC
3232:PMID
3172:PMID
3017:PMID
2967:PMID
2924:PMID
2893:2011
2808:ISBN
2781:2016
2718:ISSN
2651:PMID
2601:PMID
2552:PMID
2503:PMID
2495:ISSN
2458:PMID
2407:PMID
2356:PMID
2289:PMID
2235:PMID
2184:PMID
2122:PMID
2033:PMID
2025:ISSN
1972:2013
1871:and
1869:beef
1759:The
1743:and
1722:are
1498:and
1230:and
1191:and
1189:deer
1104:and
1090:and
1088:pigs
1075:and
796:and
788:and
323:deer
52:PreꞒ
7977:EoL
7465:Sus
6055:Bos
3287:doi
3275:326
3222:doi
3164:doi
3063:doi
3009:doi
2997:374
2959:doi
2916:doi
2710:doi
2643:doi
2631:125
2591:doi
2579:364
2542:doi
2487:doi
2448:PMC
2438:doi
2397:PMC
2387:doi
2383:279
2346:PMC
2336:doi
2324:109
2279:hdl
2271:doi
2259:339
2225:PMC
2215:doi
2174:PMC
2164:doi
2114:doi
2017:doi
1934:doi
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