429:
273:, for the Tongue River area. They allied themselves with Friday and Wolf Moccasin's bands, who had been in the Tongue River area since July 1864. Black Bear and Medicine Man arrived there by June 1865. They decided to forgo any rations that would be provided by the government to follow their traditional way of life, which relied on hunting buffalo for food. Following the lead of Cheyenne and Sioux natives, Black Bear and Medicine Man led their bands against Overland and Oregon Trail travelers beginning in June. They returned to the Tongue River area in August, by which time they were blamed for "most of the outrages committed on the overland mail route west of Denver." Black Bear then left the women and children of his band there while he and some warriors went to fight the Crows on the
292:
542:
51:
138:
490:
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176:
345:), or to an artillery position near the Arapaho village. From a hilltop, the Arapaho watched as their village was burned to the ground. There were 180 or 250 lodges that were destroyed. Their belongings and stores of food saved up for the winter were ruined. Dead band members were burnt with the village. The soldiers drove off about 1,000 horses.
122:
In 1859, Medicine Man, a leader of a band of
Northern Arapaho and negotiator for the other Northern Arapaho bands, stated that "our sufferings are increasing every year… Our horses, too are dying because we ride them so far to get a little game for our Lodges. We wish to live…" Medicine Man and Black
480:
The
Northern Arapaho bands had an increasingly harder time hunting for sufficient game to feed its people and they began to rely on government rations. Miners and settlers crossed into Native American lands along the Sweetwater and Popo Agie Rivers. This led to periodic skirmishes. In February 1870,
102:
and the United States government. Native
Americans, including the Arapaho, negotiated to protect their hunting grounds and buffalo herds. The United States government negotiated to protect settlers who moved westward into or through traditional native lands, and along westward trails such as the
78:
of the Rocky
Mountains and north and east into the plains. In the 1820s or the 1830s, at the beginning of contact with European-Americans, the Arapaho divided into Northern and Southern tribes based upon trading sources. British, French, and American trading posts were established north of the
477:, who had been their enemies. Many Arapaho people lived on the Shoshone reservation in Wyoming on a temporary basis. The Shoshone reservation kept Black Bear and Medicine Man's bands in Wyoming. They wanted to reside in Wyoming, but it was a difficult proposition to live among the Shoshone.
360:
The attack resulted in the death of men, woman and children, some of those who survived were captured. Black Bear's son was one of the casualties. Losing resources and lives, the
Arapaho needed to cooperate with other tribes for shelter, food, and their safety. They were also at risk due to
459:
Black Bear and
Medicine Man continued to look for a solution for a reservation for the Northern Arapaho, such as a former Army post along the North Platter River in Wyoming Territory. At the government's suggestion, Northern Arapaho people lived in 160 lodges with the
341:, which was devastating to the band of 500 or 700 people. Woman and children ran for safety, and were chased for ten miles by soldiers on horseback. Black Bear's band regrouped. They launched a counter-attack that sent Connor and the troops back to Fort Connor (later
257:
area was led by
Medicine Man. As the military created more forts, the Cheyenne and Arapaho sought to remove European-Americans from the land given to them in the 1851 treaty. The Cheyenne moved back to their pre-1851 hunting grounds to the north and east of the
530:) for trading. The attack was called the Black Bear Battle. Black Bear and up to 16 others were killed. His wife and child and an additional seven children were captured. One of the children was Destchewa ("Runs on top of ice") who was adopted by Captain
160:
in eastern
Colorado was attacked by Colorado troops in late 1864. About 200 people, mostly women and children, were massacred. In retaliation, Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Lakota people began fighting against Euro-Americans on the westward trails.
455:
with southern
Arapaho and Cheyenne relatives, another with the Crows in Montana Territory, or on the Missouri River with the Lakotas. If they stayed on a reservation, they were to have farm equipment, schools, and rations for 30 years.
36:. People died, lodges were set on fire, and food was ruined, all of which made it difficult for them to survive as a unit. He died during an ambush by white settlers on April 8, 1870, in the Wild Wind Valley of present-day Wyoming.
481:
Black Bear and
Medicine Man were given the permission to stay on Shoshone land, but the agreement was short lived, partly because the Shoshone had regrouped with the Crows, who were enemies of the Cheyenne, Sioux, and Arapaho.
23:
leader into the 1860s when the Northern Arapaho, like other Native American tribes, were prevented from ranging through their traditional hunting grounds due to settlement by European-Americans who came west during the
349:
Unfortunately for the women and children, our men had no time to direct their aim; bullets from both sides and murderous arrows filled the air; squaws and children, as well as warriors, fell among the dead and
472:
Black Bear and Medicine Man tried to create better relations with the United States Army. By 1868, some men from their bands became scouts. The Northern Arapaho leaders also sought better relations with the
183:
through Lakota annexed Crow Indian treaty territory caused Red Cloud's war. The Crows fought back against the Indian trespassers by helping the troops in the very same forts that Red Cloud wanted closed.
447:, which allowed the Arapaho to continue to hunt in the Powder River Basin. There was no reservation established for the Northern Arapaho. They had options to live at one of three reservations—one in
123:
Bear were considered "the two most important Northern Arapaho leaders" of the time. Friday, another Arapaho leader, was a good interpreter who helped negotiate with the United States government.
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503:
in March 1870. Seven miners were killed during an attack on March 31, 1870, which white settlers blamed on the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Sioux. A voluntary group of soldiers left
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32:
of 1864. This led to the Northern Arapaho joining with other tribes to prevent settlement in their traditional lands. In 1865, Black Bear's village was attacked during the
107:. The Arapaho sought to abide by the treaty, but they suffered from starvation due to the sharp reduction of buffalo herds. There was a huge influx of settlers with the
548:, among the most influential Arapaho chiefs of his time. Chief Black Coal was able to largely keep the Arapaho at peace with the United States during the
269:
in the Powder River Basin as their hunting grounds, in exchange for a pledge of peace. Medicine Man's and Black Bear's bands left their encampment near
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It is also said that the attack by white vigilantes occurred on March 31, resulting in the death of about 12 members of the band, including Black Bear.
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1656:
1703:
1307:
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1607:
314:, attacked an Arapaho village. The village of Chief Black Bear and Old David's band was located in northeastern Wyoming along the
1708:
1330:
1290:
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1024:
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957:
818:
725:
698:
949:
Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed: The Struggle for the Powder River Country in 1866 and the Making of the Fetterman Myth
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464:
in northern Montana Territory during the winter of 1868 to 1869. They left in the spring due to an outbreak of smallpox.
319:
756:
1248:"The Northern Arapahoe Experience of Episcopal Mission Work and United States Policy, 1883-1925 Part I: Background"
330:
to disable Plains Indians. Connor’s objective was to "attack and kill every male Indian over twelve years of age."
322:
area to fight against local Native Americans to prevent westward miners and settlers from being attacked along the
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588:
According to the diary of Captain H.E. Palmer, Chief Black Bear's band were non-belligerent until the 1865 attack.
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237:. Wyoming and Montana still had sufficient buffalo to support the tribe. His band intermarried with
560:, led by Chief Friday, and others went to the Milk River Agency to live among their relatives, the
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in 1868. They sought to live a more peaceful existence on a reservation of their own in Wyoming.
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54:
This map illustrates the approximate territory of the Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes following the
28:. Conflicts erupted over land and trails used by settlers and miners. A watershed event was the
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337:, involved shotguns, bow and arrows, and hand-to-hand combat — and the United States Army used
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83:), where it was easier to trade for horses. There were four bands of Northern Arapaho who
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526:, attacked Black Bear, his family, and his unarmed band as they traveled to Camp Brown (
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Arkansas River. Below that, Native Americans traded in the southwest with the Spanish (
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The Arapaho had a camp in the Wind River Valley. A group of white people, along with
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In April 1865, Black Bear and 400 members of his band were assigned land along the
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218:
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diminished, but there were three main bands, Black Bear's band was located in the
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84:
552:. He served as a U.S. Army scout and helped the tribe find a home on Wind River.
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71:
63:
50:
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527:
400:
307:
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180:
137:
116:
115:'s strategy was to put Native Americans on reservations and convert them to
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66:
acted as the northern and southern border of this territory, respectively.
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489:
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507:, in search of the Native Americans who participated in the attack.
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With Medicine Man and other Arapaho leaders, Black Bear met with
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20:
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and in other battles over the next ten years. He partnered with
87:
separately for food and came together for ceremonies, such as
1383:
667:
665:
388:
436:
and Commissioners in Council with Native American Chiefs at
399:
and Sioux warriors and led his band through conflicts along
175:
1282:
People of the Wind River: The Eastern Shoshones, 1825-1900
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662:
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After Black Bear's death, the band split up. Some went to
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626:
302:
In the early morning of August 29, 1865, at present-day
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1211:
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1145:
514:
Sunset with tepees on the Wind River Indian Reservation
70:
In the 19th century, the Arapahoes ranged north of the
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1103:
1101:
1019:. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. pp. 108–109.
650:
638:
623:
611:
840:
838:
836:
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832:
830:
778:
776:
179:
The establishment of three U.S. army forts along the
1199:
757:"The Arapaho Arrive: Two Nations on One Reservation"
391:
people and fought together in December 1866 against
164:
1098:
1057:
788:
1170:One Hundred Years of Old Man Sage: An Arapaho Life
827:
773:
369:that was running through their band at that time.
372:
249:), was led by a man named Friday. A group on the
1680:
1657:History of Native Americans in the United States
262:, which pushed the Crows west of the Bighorns.
98:was negotiated between Native Americans of the
1076:
1074:
1072:
417:
1315:
1173:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 128.
875:
873:
871:
869:
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865:
751:
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747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
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383:The Northern Arapaho joined forces with the
1122:
1120:
1118:
1069:
1013:Rickard, Kris; Bial, Raymond (2016-12-15).
1012:
568:by August 1870. Medicine Man died in 1871.
1576:Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion
1322:
1308:
1041:"Connor's Powder River Expedition of 1865"
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
909:"Jim Bridger, He-Coon of the Mountain Men"
902:
900:
862:
734:
572:began the leader of the Northern Arapaho.
1555:Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)
806:
443:Black Bear was one of the signers of the
280:
1608:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians
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1229:
1217:
1193:
1166:
1154:
1115:
913:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
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290:
174:
136:
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993:
945:
939:
906:
897:
713:
1681:
972:
966:
881:"Fort Phil Kearney Historical Markers"
810:Circle of Fire: The Indian War of 1865
717:Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
686:
126:
1303:
1278:
1205:
1109:
1086:Kansapedia, Kansas Historical Society
1063:
1016:The People and Culture of the Arapaho
794:
782:
677:
326:and other trails. It was part of the
1704:19th-century Native American leaders
484:
1167:Anderson, Jeffrey D. (2003-01-01).
1082:"Arapaho - Wars with United States"
720:. Infobase Publishing. p. 21.
298:attacking a Native American village
13:
813:. Stackpole Books. p. PT135.
109:Gold Rush into the Rocky Mountains
14:
1720:
976:Daily Life During the Indian Wars
807:McDermott, John D. (2003-07-01).
165:Clashes due to westward expansion
1285:. University of Oklahoma Press.
499:Northern Arapaho arrived at the
1160:
1033:
800:
591:
582:
1602:The Journey Museum and Gardens
1252:Anglican and Episcopal History
707:
467:
445:Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868
373:Bozeman Trail war of 1866–1868
56:Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851
1:
1709:Wind River Indian Reservation
1550:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
1545:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
604:
534:and his wife. He was renamed
501:Wind River Indian Reservation
424:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
39:
1619:Republic of Lakotah proposal
1246:Duncombe, Edward S. (1997).
973:Confer, Clarissa W. (2011).
19:(died April 8, 1870) was an
7:
1351:Historic and present tribes
1279:Stamm, Henry Edwin (1999).
907:Wiltsey, Norman B. (1956).
564:. Most of them gathered at
418:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868
318:. Connor was sent into the
241:. Another band, located in
10:
1725:
1655:For more information, see
1614:Lakota Nation Invitational
1592:Seizure of the Black Hills
1540:History of the Black Hills
1239:
421:
376:
335:Battle of the Tongue River
333:The offensive, called the
287:Battle of the Tongue River
284:
225:. They ranged between the
168:
130:
43:
34:Battle of the Tongue River
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1627:
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1563:
1532:
1516:
1480:
1435:
1399:
1392:
1349:
979:. ABC-CLIO. p. 132.
946:Monnett, John H. (2008).
407:, between 1866 and 1868.
119:and Christian societies.
1585:Modern events and places
952:. UNM Press. p. 9.
687:Fowler, Loretta (2009).
575:
113:United States government
81:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
46:Arapaho § Histories
1571:Great Sioux Reservation
1134:. 1870-04-15. p. 1
693:. Infobase Publishing.
550:Great Sioux War of 1876
328:Powder River Expedition
171:Powder River Expedition
152:A peaceful Arapaho and
1517:Traditional narratives
714:Waldman, Carl (2006).
553:
515:
496:
440:
432:Photograph of General
358:
299:
281:Battle of Tongue River
271:Fort Collins, Colorado
247:Fort Collins, Colorado
214:
149:
76:Medicine Bow Mountains
67:
1132:The Leavenworth Times
544:
513:
492:
438:Fort Laramie, Wyoming
431:
347:
312:Patrick Edward Connor
306:, 125 cavalry and 90
296:United States Cavalry
294:
243:Cache la Poudre River
178:
140:
100:Western United States
53:
26:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
1645:Charmaine White Face
1597:Crazy Horse Memorial
148:on November 29, 1864
1699:People from Wyoming
1635:Charlotte Black Elk
1503:Inyan Kara Mountain
674:, pp. 180–182.
532:Charles A. Coolidge
505:South Pass, Wyoming
494:South Pass, Wyoming
412:Peace Commissioners
393:Sawyers' Expedition
304:Ranchester, Wyoming
229:in the east to the
146:Sand Creek massacre
133:Sand Creek massacre
127:Sand Creek massacre
96:Fort Laramie Treaty
30:Sand Creek massacre
1274:– via Jstor.
850:Ranchester Wyoming
558:Colorado Territory
554:
516:
497:
441:
434:William T. Sherman
300:
255:North Platte River
235:North Platte basin
223:Powder River Basin
215:
150:
74:and east from the
68:
60:North Platte River
1676:
1675:
1476:
1475:
1292:978-0-8061-3175-7
1180:978-0-8032-1061-5
1128:"Indian Troubles"
1026:978-1-5026-2254-9
986:978-0-313-36454-9
959:978-0-8263-4503-5
885:Fort Phil Kearney
820:978-0-8117-4613-7
727:978-1-4381-1010-3
700:978-1-4381-0366-2
485:Black Bear Battle
310:, led by General
260:Bighorn Mountains
1716:
1659:. Nearby modern
1508:Six Grandfathers
1481:Spiritual places
1412:Sherman Coolidge
1397:
1396:
1393:Historic figures
1331:Native Americans
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546:Chief Black Coal
536:Sherman Coolidge
449:Indian Territory
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219:Northern Arapaho
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1564:Historic places
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1533:Historic events
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1427:Margaret Poisal
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1045:Wyoming history
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761:Wyoming History
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405:Red Cloud's War
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379:Red Cloud's War
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217:The numbers of
213:
211:U.S. Army forts
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1258:(2): 175–198.
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1232:, p. 187.
1222:
1220:, p. 186.
1210:
1208:, p. 220.
1198:
1196:, p. 185.
1186:
1179:
1159:
1157:, p. 184.
1144:
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661:
659:, p. 181.
649:
647:, p. 180.
637:
635:, p. 178.
622:
620:, p. 177.
609:
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579:
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574:
566:Fort Fetterman
486:
483:
469:
466:
422:Main article:
419:
416:
377:Main article:
374:
371:
355:Captain Parker
352:
285:Main article:
282:
279:
205:
196:
187:
169:Main article:
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163:
131:Main article:
128:
125:
72:Arkansas River
64:Arkansas River
44:Main article:
41:
38:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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528:Fort Washakie
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401:Bozeman Trail
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308:Pawnee Scouts
305:
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288:
278:
276:
275:Bighorn River
272:
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248:
244:
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239:Lakota people
236:
233:, and to the
232:
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194:
193:Bozeman Trail
182:
181:Bozeman trail
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94:In 1851, the
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37:
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27:
22:
18:
1661:reservations
1606:
1498:Devils Tower
1468:Spotted Tail
1463:Sitting Bull
1406:
1339:South Dakota
1281:
1255:
1251:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1169:
1162:
1136:. Retrieved
1131:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
1015:
975:
968:
948:
941:
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888:. Retrieved
884:
853:. Retrieved
849:
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764:. Retrieved
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689:
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613:
593:
584:
562:Gros Ventres
555:
517:
498:
479:
471:
458:
442:
409:
382:
359:
348:
332:
320:Powder River
316:Tongue River
301:
267:Tongue River
264:
216:
202:Oregon Trail
151:
142:Black Kettle
121:
105:Oregon Trail
93:
69:
16:
15:
1689:1870 deaths
1448:Crazy Horse
1335:Black Hills
690:The Arapaho
468:Later years
462:Gros Ventre
403:, known as
227:Black Hills
156:village on
1683:Categories
1665:Pine Ridge
1640:JoAnn Tall
1524:Great Race
1488:Bear Butte
1422:Little Owl
1407:Black Bear
1206:Stamm 1999
1138:2021-12-07
1110:Stamm 1999
1091:2021-12-05
1064:Stamm 1999
1050:2021-12-05
890:2021-12-04
855:2021-12-05
795:Stamm 1999
783:Stamm 1999
766:2021-12-05
605:References
251:Sweetwater
245:area (now
158:Sand Creek
40:Background
17:Black Bear
1458:Red Cloud
1453:Lone Horn
1443:Black Elk
1264:0896-8039
925:0026-9891
919:(1): 16.
846:"History"
397:Red Cloud
343:Fort Reno
339:howitzers
89:Sun Dance
1359:Cheyenne
1272:42611855
524:Bannocks
520:Shoshone
475:Shoshone
453:Oklahoma
385:Cheyenne
367:smallpox
353:—
350:wounded.
231:Bighorns
186:Legend:
154:Cheyenne
117:agrarian
1669:Rosebud
1400:Arapaho
1374:Arikara
1369:Arapaho
1343:Wyoming
1333:in the
1240:Sources
933:4516050
363:cholera
324:Bozeman
21:Arapaho
1436:Lakota
1417:Friday
1364:Lakota
1289:
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1023:
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209:
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198:
191:
189:
111:. The
85:ranged
58:. The
1384:Kiowa
1268:JSTOR
929:JSTOR
576:Notes
451:(now
389:Sioux
1667:and
1663:are
1379:Crow
1341:and
1287:ISBN
1260:ISSN
1175:ISBN
1021:ISBN
981:ISBN
954:ISBN
921:ISSN
815:ISBN
722:ISBN
695:ISBN
522:and
387:and
365:and
253:and
62:and
1337:of
538:.
144:at
91:.
1685::
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1256:66
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1250:.
1147:^
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911:.
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864:^
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829:^
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736:^
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664:^
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277:.
1671:.
1323:e
1316:t
1309:v
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989:.
962:.
935:.
917:6
893:.
858:.
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703:.
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