773:
20:
719:
283:
601:
328:
477:
427:
377:
819:
652:
98:, was quite heavy, as it was designed to be able to accommodate a wide variety of engine burning times, propellant loadings and launch angles in keeping with its role as a test vehicle for ABM systems development. The first test flight took place only two years later from the
258:, who then had to decide whether to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike against the United States. It is the first and thus far only known incident where any nuclear-weapons state had its nuclear briefcase activated and prepared for launching an attack.
113:. To better suit this role, Bristol modified the design to be lighter and more tailored to the sounding rocket role. This became the Black Brant. CARDE launched a number of Black Brant rockets over the next few years, both the original
261:
On
September 19, 2009, a Black Brant XII that was launched to study clouds caused numerous calls from the northeastern U.S. reporting "strange lights in the sky". NASA reported that the light came from an artificial
51:. Over 800 Black Brants of various versions have been launched since they were first produced in 1961, and the type remains one of the most popular sounding rockets. They have been repeatedly used by the
981:"Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of Canada relating to the Launching of a Canadian Scientific Rocket from Woomera ATS 22 of 1976 "
839:) is a four-stage rocket with a Mk 11 Mod 5 Talos booster first stage, Terrier booster second stage (pre 2013 Taurus booster motors were used), Black Brant V third stage and Nihka fourth stage,
154:
has never had another failure, making it one of the most reliable rockets in history. Since then it has undergone continual evolution, and the current versions are the XI and XII, consisting of
2789:
562:
887:
250:. Russian nuclear forces were put on high alert as a result, fearing a high-altitude nuclear attack that could blind Russian radar, and Russia's "nuclear briefcase", the
799:
Payload: 320 kg (710 lb) to 500 km (310 mi) altitude, or 550 kilograms (1,210 lb) to 300 km (190 mi) altitude (Black Brant XI)
1816:
1690:
1610:
185:
program were the highest performing solid fuels of their day. Bristol then placed this propellant in a new 70 mm (2.8 in) rocket to form the
215:
At present, due to its 98% success rate, it remains one of the most popular sounding rockets ever built. The rockets have been used repeatedly by the
2708:
2542:
983:
914:
2011:
2723:
150:. The IV first flew in 1964, but failed, as did the next test launch. Aside from these two launches, which were corrected for, the
2896:
1512:
2891:
1414:
739:) is a three-stage rocket with a Terrier Mk 70 booster first stage, a Black Brant VB or VC second stage and a Nihka third,
793:) is a three-stage rocket with a Talos booster first stage, Taurus booster second stage, and a Black Brant V third stage,
3019:
2846:
2693:
2535:
1979:
1918:
193:
aircraft hangars. The CRV7 has since gone on to become the de facto standard rocket for most
Western-aligned militaries.
117:
design which could place a 68 kg (150 lb) payload to 150 km (93 mi) altitude, as well as the larger
2927:
2901:
1823:
1697:
1617:
443:
is a two-stage rocket consisting of Black Brant VA first stage with either a Black Brant IIIA or IIIB second stage,
3009:
1973:
197:
166:
boosters as lower stages. They have reached altitudes of more than 1,500 km (930 mi), which is above the
3024:
2958:
892:
99:
266:
formed by the exhaust particles of the rocket's fourth stage at an altitude of about 278 km (173 mi).
208:
rocket was launched there on 9 November for experiments in the ionosphere. Later, NASA would launch a number of
2825:
2528:
963:
621:) is a two-stage rocket with a Nike M5-E1 booster first stage and either a Black Brant VB or VC second stage,
2004:
301:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2937:
2886:
2815:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
3014:
2963:
175:
1097:
2039:
246:, also known as the Black Brant scare. The trajectory resembled that of a U.S. Navy submarine-launched
2643:
2613:
882:
243:
990:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017.
675:) is a two-stage rocket with a Terrier Mk 70 booster first stage and a Black Brant VB second stage,
2820:
2471:
2451:
2342:
1997:
2779:
980:
940:
132:
The rocket's design emphasized reliability over payload and range. In July 1963 the much larger
79:
systems and very-long-range communication. In 1957 CARDE contracted
Bristol to produce a simple
2743:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2352:
2297:
2248:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2107:
76:
239:
2917:
2841:
2551:
2493:
2362:
2357:
2307:
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2276:
2243:
918:
216:
72:
52:
772:
2753:
2367:
8:
2582:
2577:
2476:
2466:
2312:
2233:
223:
rocket in front of the head office of the
Canadian Space Agency in Saint-Hubert, east of
19:
2511:
Some families include both missiles and carrier rockets; they are listed in both groups.
2860:
2850:
2197:
201:
40:
848:
Maximum flight height: Approximately 1,500 km (930 mi), dependent on payload
2953:
2864:
2628:
1642:
263:
247:
91:
36:
1984:
1848:
1794:
1746:
1516:
845:
Payload: manufacturer rated from 110–410 kg (240–900 lb) (Black Brant XII)
2713:
2703:
2698:
2678:
2498:
2461:
2435:
2347:
2292:
2255:
2179:
2112:
1894:
1586:
1562:
1150:
1926:
1870:
1538:
1366:
1222:
1198:
1126:
1072:
854:
Mass at launch: Approximately 5,300 kg (11,700 lb), dependent on payload
105:
CARDE's attention later turned to long-distance communications and they found the
2633:
2407:
2388:
2117:
1770:
1722:
1488:
1464:
1440:
1418:
1342:
1318:
1294:
1270:
1174:
1048:
987:
651:
232:
110:
68:
32:
1666:
1390:
1246:
1024:
2854:
2618:
2608:
2488:
2456:
2383:
2337:
276:
1951:
Corliss, William R., NASA Scientific and
Technical Information Office (1971),
2988:
2968:
2638:
2623:
2587:
2572:
2122:
2084:
718:
255:
171:
163:
1000:
561:
2603:
2481:
2330:
2079:
2074:
2069:
327:
282:
2973:
2799:
2223:
190:
159:
2520:
1965:
224:
2738:
2733:
2673:
2668:
167:
95:
600:
373:
The II was the first rocket for scientific use and was ready in 1960.
123:
which first flew in
October 1960, and the smaller but higher-altitude
2648:
2238:
2774:
2748:
2688:
2325:
2320:
2091:
631:
Maximum flight height: 340 km (210 mi) (Black Brant VIII)
83:
48:
44:
1989:
71:(CARDE) during the 1950s into the nature of the upper part of the
2870:
2271:
2135:
2130:
1817:"Sounding Rocket Program Update to the Heliophysics Subcommittee"
1691:"Sounding Rocket Program Update to the Heliophysics Subcommittee"
872:
Successful launches: 33 (26 Black Brant XII, 7 Black Brant XII-A)
476:
426:
376:
2794:
2784:
251:
238:
In 1995, a Black Brant XII four-stage sounding rocket from the
80:
818:
696:
Mass at launch: 2,200 kg (4,900 lb) (Black Brant IX)
2728:
2683:
2192:
2188:
869:
Total launches: 35 (28 Black Brant XII, 7 Black Brant XII-A)
2932:
2922:
2718:
2393:
2184:
2163:
2158:
2153:
186:
138:
first flew, which was also used as a booster stage for the
56:
69:
Canadian
Armament Research and Development Establishment
1953:
NASA Sounding
Rockets, 1958-1968 A Historical Summary,
453:
Payload: 100 kg (220 lb) (Black Brant IV)
189:, the first rocket capable of penetrating standard
1515:. White Sands Missile Range Museum. Archived from
1417:. White Sands Missile Range Museum. Archived from
1095:
802:Maximum flight height: 1,400 km (870 mi)
456:Maximum flight height: 1,000 km (620 mi)
403:Payload: 18 kg (40 lb) (Black Brant III)
350:Payload: 68 kg (150 lb) (Black Brant II)
943:. Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
749:Payload: 90 kg (200 lb) (Black Brant X)
507:Payload: 68 kg (150 lb) (Black Brant V)
181:The propellant designs developed by CARDE in the
2986:
752:Maximum flight height: 900 km (560 mi)
693:Maximum flight height: 300 km (190 mi)
510:Maximum flight height: 387 km (240 mi)
406:Maximum flight height: 177 km (110 mi)
353:Maximum flight height: 274 km (170 mi)
307:Maximum flight height: 225 km (140 mi)
242:off the northwestern coast of Norway caused the
1980:Black Brant entry in Encyclopedia Astronautica
808:Mass at launch: 5,300 kg (11,700 lb)
708:Last launch: 2024-04-17 22:14 UTC (Hi-C Flare)
580:Maximum flight height: 72 km (45 mi)
541:Maximum flight height: 72 km (45 mi)
2536:
2005:
851:Thrust: 116,001 lbf first stage Talos booster
762:Mass at launch: 2,600 kg (5,700 lb)
641:Mass at launch: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
520:Mass at launch: 1,197 kg (2,639 lb)
466:Mass at launch: 1,356 kg (2,989 lb)
231:is on display in the Science Gallery of The
219:and NASA. There is a 1:1 scale model of the
16:Family of Canadian-designed sounding rockets
811:Diameter: 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in)
765:Diameter: 0.44 m (1 ft 5 in)
699:Diameter: 0.46 m (1 ft 6 in)
644:Diameter: 0.44 m (1 ft 5 in)
523:Diameter: 0.44 m (1 ft 5 in)
469:Diameter: 0.44 m (1 ft 5 in)
366:Diameter: 0.44 m (1 ft 5 in)
363:Mass at launch: 800 kg (1,800 lb)
2543:
2529:
2012:
1998:
310:Launch thrust: 111 kN (25,000 lb
196:In 1976, Australia and Canada through the
67:Black Brant was the result of research at
2550:
596:Length: 2.80 m (9 ft 2 in)
590:Mass at launch: 100 kg (220 lb)
557:Length: 2.80 m (9 ft 2 in)
551:Mass at launch: 100 kg (220 lb)
416:Mass at launch: 286 kg (631 lb)
955:
817:
771:
717:
650:
599:
560:
475:
425:
375:
326:
317:Launch mass: 730 kg (1,610 lb)
281:
18:
2897:Defence Research and Development Canada
866:Last launch: 9 November 2023 (Beam-PIE)
863:First launch: 30 September 1988 (BEARS)
2987:
1849:"Capability Catalog – Black Brant XII"
200:(NRCC) agreed to launch a rocket from
2892:Communications Research Centre Canada
2524:
1993:
1795:"Capability Catalog – Black Brant XI"
1089:
1985:NASA Sounding Rocket User's Handbook
917:. Magellan Aerospace. Archived from
814:Length: 17.00 m (55.77 ft)
2847:MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates
2019:
1096:Eleanor C. Pressly (January 1965).
961:
768:Length: 14.50 m (47.6 ft)
755:Thrust: 257 kN (58,000 lb
702:Length: 12.20 m (40.0 ft)
647:Length: 11.90 m (39.0 ft)
634:Thrust: 196 kN (44,000 lb
608:
593:Diameter: 0.12 m (4.7 in)
554:Diameter: 0.12 m (4.7 in)
513:Thrust: 111 kN (25,000 lb
472:Length: 11.06 m (36.3 ft)
459:Thrust: 111 kN (25,000 lb
254:, was brought to Russian President
13:
1966:Overview on manufacturer's website
1945:
826:
569:
526:Length: 8.15 m (26.7 ft)
422:Length: 5.50 m (18.0 ft)
419:Diameter: 0.26 m (10 in)
409:Thrust: 49 kN (11,000 lb
384:
369:Length: 8.45 m (27.7 ft)
356:Thrust: 89 kN (20,000 lb
323:Length: 7.41 m (24.3 ft)
320:Diameter: 0.26 m (10 in)
14:
3036:
1959:
780:
659:
530:
434:
335:
170:and well above the orbits of the
75:as part of ongoing research into
31:is a family of Canadian-designed
726:
583:Thrust: 7 kN (1,600 lb
544:Thrust: 7 kN (1,600 lb
484:
290:
198:National Research Council Canada
2959:Churchill Rocket Research Range
1911:
1887:
1863:
1841:
1809:
1787:
1763:
1739:
1715:
1683:
1659:
1635:
1611:"Yuhas Sounding Rockets Report"
1603:
1579:
1555:
1531:
1505:
1481:
1457:
1433:
1407:
1383:
1359:
1335:
1311:
1287:
1263:
1239:
1215:
1191:
1167:
1143:
1119:
837:Talos Terrier Black Brant Nihka
275:the following is enumerated by
235:in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
100:Churchill Rocket Research Range
1065:
1041:
1017:
993:
974:
933:
907:
860:Length: 15 m (49 ft)
90:, for studies into high-power
1:
1955:NASA SP-4401. Washington D.C.
900:
158:used as an upper stage, with
2887:Canadian Geospace Monitoring
2816:John H. Chapman Space Centre
888:South Atlantic Anomaly Probe
689:Terrier Black Brant XI Mod 2
23:Black Brant sounding rockets
7:
2964:International Space Station
1105:Goddard Space Flight Center
876:
269:
176:International Space Station
94:. The resulting design, by
10:
3041:
3020:Sounding rockets of Canada
304:: 68 kg (150 lb)
62:
2946:
2910:
2902:National Research Council
2879:
2834:
2808:
2762:
2661:
2596:
2565:
2558:
2507:
2444:
2406:
2376:
2285:
2264:
2206:
2172:
2146:
2100:
2032:
2025:
1513:"Terrier Research Rocket"
883:Norwegian rocket incident
737:Terrier Black Brant Nihka
244:Norwegian rocket incident
2821:David Florida Laboratory
966:. For Your Information.
964:"Anyone Else for Space?"
962:Ley, Willy (June 1964).
791:Talos Taurus Black Brant
714:Successful launches: 320
705:First launch: 1982-03-16
3010:Space program of Canada
107:Propulsion Test Vehicle
88:Propulsion Test Vehicle
3025:Suborbital spaceflight
2911:International partners
2826:Saskatoon CSA Building
2763:Other space technology
2744:RADARSAT Constellation
2265:Soviet Union / Ukraine
1822:. NASA. Archived from
1696:. NASA. Archived from
1643:"Black Brant IX Mod 2"
1616:. NASA. Archived from
1415:"Nike Research Rocket"
968:Galaxy Science Fiction
823:
777:
723:
656:
605:
566:
481:
431:
381:
332:
287:
77:anti-ballistic missile
24:
2552:Canadian Space Agency
2207:Soviet Union / Russia
915:"Black Brant Rockets"
821:
775:
721:
654:
603:
565:Black Brant VII model
564:
479:
429:
379:
330:
285:
217:Canadian Space Agency
53:Canadian Space Agency
22:
2880:Related institutions
1929:on December 28, 2016
1519:on 10 September 2015
39:, since absorbed by
35:originally built by
3005:1974 in spaceflight
3000:1971 in spaceflight
2995:1967 in spaceflight
2583:Jenni Sidey-Gibbons
2578:David Saint-Jacques
2559:Canadian astronauts
1923:www.astronautix.com
1919:"Talos Mk 11 Mod 2"
1899:www.astronautix.com
1875:www.astronautix.com
1829:on 4 September 2013
1775:www.astronautix.com
1751:www.astronautix.com
1747:"Black Brant 10CM1"
1727:www.astronautix.com
1703:on 4 September 2013
1671:www.astronautix.com
1647:www.astronautix.com
1623:on 4 September 2013
1591:www.astronautix.com
1567:www.astronautix.com
1543:www.astronautix.com
1493:www.astronautix.com
1469:www.astronautix.com
1445:www.astronautix.com
1421:on 1 September 2015
1395:www.astronautix.com
1371:www.astronautix.com
1347:www.astronautix.com
1323:www.astronautix.com
1299:www.astronautix.com
1275:www.astronautix.com
1251:www.astronautix.com
1227:www.astronautix.com
1203:www.astronautix.com
1179:www.astronautix.com
1155:www.astronautix.com
1131:www.astronautix.com
1077:www.astronautix.com
1053:www.astronautix.com
1029:www.astronautix.com
1005:www.astronautix.com
970:. pp. 110–128.
711:Total launches: 326
673:Terrier Black Brant
240:Andøya Rocket Range
109:system useful as a
102:in September 1959.
3015:Solid-fuel rockets
2861:Magellan Aerospace
2851:MDA Space Missions
2770:Black Brant rocket
1970:Black Brant Rocket
1895:"Black Brant XIIA"
1587:"Black Brant 9CM1"
1563:"Black Brant 9BM1"
1151:"Black Brant IIIB"
1098:"Sounding Rockets"
986:2017-04-15 at the
824:
778:
724:
657:
606:
567:
482:
432:
382:
333:
288:
202:Woomera Test Range
41:Magellan Aerospace
25:
2982:
2981:
2954:Bell Satellite TV
2865:Bristol Aerospace
2657:
2656:
2629:Bjarni Tryggvason
2518:
2517:
2402:
2401:
1976:with more details
1871:"Black Brant XII"
1539:"Black Brant IXB"
1367:"Black Brant VII"
1223:"Black Brant IVB"
1199:"Black Brant IVA"
1127:"Black Brant III"
1073:"Black Brant IIB"
685:Black Brant IXCM1
681:Black Brant IXBM1
627:Black Brant VIIIC
623:Black Brant VIIIB
264:noctilucent cloud
37:Bristol Aerospace
3032:
2563:
2562:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2499:Universal Rocket
2408:Sounding rockets
2256:Universal Rocket
2030:
2029:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1974:archived version
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1771:"Black Brant XI"
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1723:"Black Brant XB"
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1489:"Black Brant IX"
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1465:"Black Brant 8C"
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1441:"Black Brant 8B"
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1343:"Black Brant VI"
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1319:"Black Brant VC"
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1295:"Black Brant VB"
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1271:"Black Brant VA"
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1175:"Black Brant IV"
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1049:"Black Brant II"
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
997:
991:
978:
972:
971:
959:
953:
952:
950:
948:
941:"Black Brant 2B"
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
911:
896:
841:Black Brant XIIA
745:Black Brant XCM1
619:Nike Black Brant
615:Black Brant VIII
609:Black Brant VIII
604:Black Brant VIII
399:Black Brant IIIB
395:Black Brant IIIA
380:Black Brant III
230:
222:
211:
207:
184:
157:
153:
148:
142:
136:
127:
121:
33:sounding rockets
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2942:
2906:
2875:
2830:
2804:
2758:
2653:
2634:Dafydd Williams
2592:
2554:
2549:
2519:
2514:
2503:
2440:
2398:
2372:
2281:
2260:
2202:
2168:
2142:
2096:
2026:Carrier rockets
2021:
2020:Rocket families
2018:
1962:
1948:
1946:Further reading
1943:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1667:"Black Brant X"
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1636:
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1391:"Black Brant 8"
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1025:"Black Brant I"
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988:Wayback Machine
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921:on 13 July 2019
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833:Black Brant XII
829:
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795:Black Brant XIA
783:
776:Black Brant XI
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677:Black Brant IXB
662:
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611:
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576:Black Brant VII
572:
570:Black Brant VII
547:
533:
516:
487:
462:
449:Black Brant IVB
445:Black Brant IVA
437:
412:
391:Black Brant III
387:
385:Black Brant III
359:
346:Black Brant IIB
338:
331:Black Brant II
313:
293:
272:
248:Trident missile
233:Manitoba Museum
228:
227:. A full-scale
220:
209:
205:
182:
155:
151:
146:
141:Black Brant III
140:
134:
126:Black Brant III
125:
119:
111:sounding rocket
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3038:
3028:
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3017:
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741:Black Brant XB
728:
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669:Black Brant IX
666:
665:Status: Active
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503:Black Brant VC
499:Black Brant VB
495:Black Brant VA
486:
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480:Black Brant VC
474:
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467:
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457:
454:
451:
441:Black Brant IV
436:
435:Black Brant IV
433:
430:Black Brant IV
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
404:
401:
386:
383:
371:
370:
367:
364:
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357:
354:
351:
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342:Black Brant II
337:
336:Black Brant II
334:
325:
324:
321:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
299:
292:
289:
277:roman numerals
271:
268:
229:Black Brant VC
221:Black Brant IX
210:Black Brant IX
206:Black Brant VB
147:Black Brant IV
120:Black Brant II
64:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3037:
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3018:
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784:
774:
767:
764:
761:
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748:
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734:
733:Black Brant X
731:
730:
727:Black Brant X
722:Black Brant X
720:
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491:Black Brant V
489:
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485:Black Brant V
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329:
322:
319:
316:
309:
306:
303:
300:
298:
297:Black Brant I
295:
294:
291:Black Brant I
286:Black Brant I
284:
280:
279:
278:
267:
265:
259:
257:
256:Boris Yeltsin
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188:
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172:Space Shuttle
169:
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156:Black Brant V
149:
143:
137:
135:Black Brant V
130:
128:
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116:
115:Black Brant I
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97:
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86:, called the
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60:
58:
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50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2769:
2729:Nimiq series
2604:Marc Garneau
2415:
2101:Europe / ESA
1969:
1952:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1922:
1913:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1824:the original
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1104:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1056:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
976:
967:
957:
945:. Retrieved
935:
923:. Retrieved
919:the original
909:
840:
836:
832:
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145:
144:to make the
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133:
131:
124:
118:
114:
106:
104:
87:
66:
28:
26:
2974:Shaw Direct
2835:Contractors
2679:Anik series
2467:Peacekeeper
2416:Black Brant
891: [
191:Warsaw Pact
183:Black Brant
152:Black Brant
92:solid fuels
29:Black Brant
2989:Categories
2809:Facilities
2790:FGS/NIRISS
2739:RADARSAT-2
2734:RADARSAT-1
2674:Alouette 2
2669:Alouette 1
2662:Satellites
2040:Long March
1968:(click on
1904:2023-11-08
1880:2023-11-08
1780:2023-11-08
1756:2023-11-08
1732:2023-11-08
1676:2023-11-08
1652:2023-11-08
1596:2023-11-08
1572:2023-11-08
1548:2023-11-08
1498:2023-11-08
1474:2023-11-08
1450:2023-11-08
1400:2023-11-08
1376:2023-11-08
1352:2023-11-08
1328:2023-11-08
1304:2023-11-08
1280:2023-11-08
1256:2023-11-08
1232:2023-11-08
1208:2023-11-08
1184:2023-11-08
1160:2023-11-08
1136:2023-11-08
1082:2023-11-08
1058:2023-11-08
1034:2023-11-08
1010:2023-11-08
925:12 October
901:References
168:ionosphere
96:Albert Fia
73:atmosphere
2780:Canadarm2
2649:Ken Money
2462:Minuteman
1933:8 October
1855:18 August
1833:18 August
1801:18 August
1707:18 August
1627:18 August
1523:18 August
1425:18 August
1001:"Woomera"
857:Diameter:
2775:Canadarm
2754:Sapphire
2749:SCISAT-1
2689:CASSIOPE
2482:Semyorka
2472:Redstone
2452:Aggregat
2445:Missiles
2343:Minotaur
2313:Electron
2092:Kuaizhou
984:Archived
947:5 August
877:See also
835:(a.k.a.
789:(a.k.a.
735:(a.k.a.
671:(a.k.a.
617:(a.k.a.
270:Versions
225:Montréal
174:and the
84:fuselage
49:Manitoba
45:Winnipeg
2871:Telesat
2842:COM DEV
2724:NEOSSat
2597:Retired
2436:Skylark
2348:Pegasus
2338:Jupiter
2317:Falcon
2293:Antares
2272:Tsyklon
2239:Molniya
2180:Epsilon
2113:Diamant
1111:28 July
805:Thrust:
302:Payload
164:Terrier
63:History
2800:OSIRIS
2795:MOPITT
2785:Dextre
2719:MSAT-1
2709:M3MSat
2704:ISIS 2
2699:ISIS 1
2694:Hermes
2566:Active
2431:Rehbar
2426:Rohini
2421:Lambda
2389:Shavit
2353:Saturn
2298:Athena
2249:Vostok
2229:Proton
2219:Kosmos
2214:Angara
2127:Miura
2118:Europa
2108:Ariane
1851:. NASA
1797:. NASA
252:Cheget
204:. The
81:rocket
2947:Other
2684:BRITE
2494:RS-82
2384:Safir
2363:Titan
2358:Scout
2331:Heavy
2308:Delta
2303:Atlas
2277:Zenit
2244:Soyuz
2193:H-IIB
2189:H-IIA
2173:Japan
2147:India
2033:China
1827:(PDF)
1820:(PDF)
1701:(PDF)
1694:(PDF)
1621:(PDF)
1614:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
895:]
160:Talos
2938:SNSB
2933:JAXA
2928:ISRO
2923:NASA
2714:MOST
2489:R-36
2457:Agni
2394:Unha
2368:Thor
2185:H-II
2164:LVM3
2159:GSLV
2154:PSLV
2123:Vega
1935:2020
1857:2015
1835:2015
1803:2015
1709:2015
1629:2015
1525:2015
1427:2015
1113:2020
949:2015
927:2020
187:CRV7
162:and
57:NASA
55:and
27:The
2918:ESA
2477:R-7
2234:R-7
1972:),
1107:: 8
43:in
2991::
2224:N1
2198:Mu
2191:/
2187:/
2085:11
1921:.
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893:pt
743:,
687:,
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59:.
47:,
2867:)
2863:(
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2849:(
2544:e
2537:t
2530:v
2326:9
2321:1
2136:5
2131:1
2080:8
2075:7
2070:6
2065:5
2060:4
2055:3
2050:2
2045:1
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
1937:.
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