1675:
605:
297:), Arafat's chief of security and a founding member of Fatah, wrote that: "Black September was not a terrorist organization, but was rather an auxiliary unit of the resistance movement, at a time when the latter was unable to fully realize its military and political potential. The members of the organization always denied any ties between their organization and Fatah or the PLO."
203:
358:
in August–September 1971 agreed to establish Black
September. The new organization was based on Fatah's existing special intelligence and security apparatus, and on the PLO offices and representatives in various European capitals, and from very early on, there was cooperation between Black September
639:, but the other four letters made it to the embassy. Three of the letters were detected in the consulate post room but Shachori opened his, believing it contained Dutch flower seeds he had ordered. The resulting blast tore a hole in the desk and fatally wounded Shachori in the stomach and chest.
354:. He writes that there was a "problem of internal PLO or Fatah cohesion, with extremists constantly demanding greater militancy. The moderates apparently acquiesced in the creation of Black September in order to survive". As a result of pressure from militants, writes Morris, a Fatah congress in
310:, a BSO operative and former senior PLO member, told Jordanian police: "There is no such organization as Black September. Fatah announces its own operations under this name so that Fatah will not appear as the direct executor of the operation." A March 1973 document released in 1981 by the U.S.
262:, the commander of Fatah forces in northern Jordan who continued to fight the Jordanian Army after the PLO leadership withdrew. He was killed, allegedly through execution, by Jordanian forces on 23 July 1971. It was alleged by them that the Jordanian Prime Minister at the time,
455:, the alleged mastermind of the Munich kidnappings, deny that any of the Palestinians assassinated by Mossad had any relation to the Munich operation, despite the fact that the list includes two of the three surviving members of the kidnap squad arrested at the airport.
338:
Cooley writes that many of the cells in Europe and around the world were made up of
Palestinians and other Arabs who had lived in their countries of residence as students, teachers, businessmen, and diplomats for many years. Operating without a central leadership (see
362:
The PLO closed Black
September down in September 1973, on the anniversary it was created by the "political calculation that no more good would come of terrorism abroad" according to Morris. In 1974 Arafat ordered the PLO to withdraw from acts of violence outside the
1392:
208:
207:
204:
209:
343:), it was a "true collegial direction". The cell structure and the need-to-know operational philosophy protected the operatives by ensuring that the apprehension or surveillance of one cell would not affect the others. The structure offered
206:
329:. Its members operated in air-tight cells of four or more men and women. Each cell's members were kept purposely ignorant of other cells. Leadership was exercised from outside by intermediaries and 'cut-offs' [
393:
The group was responsible for the 1972 Munich massacre in which 11 Israeli
Olympic athletes were murdered, nine of whom were first taken hostage, and the killing of a German police officer, during the
2667:
1959:
1650:
205:
1749:
412:
to assassinate those known to have been involved in the Munich massacre. By 1979, at least one Mossad unit had assassinated eight Black
September and PLO members, including
2177:
3205:
448:, Ahmed Bouchiki, an innocent Moroccan waiter who was mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh was killed in Norway. Six Israeli operatives were arrested for the murder.
567:
document, declassified in 2006, concluded: "The
Khartoum operation was planned and carried out with the full knowledge and personal approval of Yasser Arafat."
940:
2776:
1742:
239:
attempting to seize his kingdom – resulting in the deaths and expulsion of thousands of
Palestinian fighters from Jordan. The BSO began as a small cell of
2954:
2325:
1711:
577:
405:
384:
1032:
760:
3168:
3162:
2170:
1889:
1324:
274:
There is disagreement among historians, journalists, and primary sources about the nature of the BSO and the extent to which it was controlled by
3150:
3140:
3122:
3116:
3112:
1735:
888:
1160:
Mannheim, C. 1980. Development and trends in the preservation of perishable produce. Eighth Ami
Shachori Memorial Lecture, 23 September, London.
2999:
2993:
2987:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2912:
1105:
174:
militant organization founded in 1970. Besides other actions, the group was responsible for the assassination of the
Jordanian Prime Minister
3273:
3134:
1954:
248:
3278:
3228:
559:: 10 hostages were held at the Saudi Arabian embassy, five of them diplomats. The US ambassador, the US deputy ambassador, and the Belgian
2895:
2889:
2163:
1303:
3268:
3220:
3210:
1058:
2631:
2474:
959:
444:
in April 1973, Israeli commandos killed three senior members of Black
September in Beirut. In July 1973, in what became known as the
3215:
2769:
2649:
2186:
3258:
2275:
1704:
552:
2432:
1616:
3253:
2699:
2683:
2579:
1606:
2543:
1079:
1192:
The Quest for the Red Prince: Israel's Relentless Manhunt for One of the World's Deadliest and Most Wanted Arab Terrorists
2762:
2623:
2496:
1024:
2883:
2807:
2675:
2639:
2035:
1949:
1697:
2559:
1944:
1452:
1364:
1343:
1318:
1297:
1273:
1217:
1199:
719:
564:
279:
2727:
2709:
2691:
3263:
3130:
2335:
2216:
1974:
1628:
1433:
1419:
581:
464:
125:
3126:
3056:
3050:
2928:
2786:
1534:
729:
592:
511:
425:
2978:
2835:
2569:
1964:
1645:
768:
300:
The denial described in Abu Iyad's claim was mutual: according to a 1972 article in the Jordanian newspaper
2717:
2283:
1939:
1869:
1662:
1636:
663:
441:
388:
102:
2922:
2492:
2377:
625:
190:
in Munich, their most publicized event. These attacks led to the creation or specialization of permanent
3068:
3046:
2982:
651:
635:
Eight bombs were addressed to embassy staffers. Four were intercepted at a post office sorting room in
898:
3034:
2918:
2865:
2813:
2514:
2208:
1934:
1720:
920:
808:
739:
724:
621:
613:
416:, nicknamed the "Red Prince", the wealthy, flamboyant son of an upper-class family, and commander of
218:
1113:
2829:
2825:
2615:
2597:
2504:
2398:
1784:
1601:
1025:"TKB Incident Page: Other Group attacked Airports & Airlines target (December 17, 1973, Italy)"
688:
585:
3096:
2871:
1899:
1136:
571:
492:
107:
809:"U.S. State Department Documents PLO-Black September Link (March 1973) – Jewish Virtual Library"
325:, the BSO represented a "total break with the old operational and organizational methods of the
3078:
3074:
2551:
2482:
2466:
2458:
1832:
992:
863:
347:
to the Fatah leadership, which was careful to distance itself from Black September operations.
244:
160:
3174:
2847:
2369:
2025:
1990:
1879:
1822:
1611:
1263:
344:
340:
1397:
3156:
3062:
2737:
2605:
2440:
2309:
2142:
2085:
2010:
1995:
1884:
1284:
609:
394:
187:
642:
In Shachori's memory an annual memorial lecture on agriculture in London was established.
8:
2934:
2859:
2841:
2819:
2343:
1655:
1412:
302:
182:, in which eleven Israeli athletes and officials were kidnapped and killed, as well as a
1172:
3144:
3100:
2968:
2351:
2201:
2040:
1929:
1503:
1497:
712:
693:
677:
445:
413:
533:
to Israeli diplomatic posts around the world, killing Israeli Agricultural Counsellor
3106:
3011:
2801:
2301:
2267:
2020:
1807:
1579:
1360:
1354:
1339:
1314:
1293:
1269:
1213:
1195:
1187:
967:
894:
734:
515:
191:
3194:
3017:
2589:
2416:
2259:
1789:
1641:
1573:
1447:
1144:
1020:
576:
5 August 1973: two Palestinian militants claiming affiliation with Black September
311:
53:
258:
Initially, most of its members were dissidents within Fatah who had been close to
3200:
2853:
2535:
2406:
2317:
1919:
1803:
1596:
1288:
945:
588:
from Rome in December 1973 to demand that the gunmen be freed from Greek custody.
380:
179:
151:
121:
20:
696:
film about a fictional Black September plot against the United States using the
19:
This article is about the militant organization. For the military conflict, see
2450:
2424:
2293:
2121:
2116:
2090:
1924:
1679:
1591:
1586:
1405:
1205:
1148:
697:
681:
659:
322:
484:, Jordan's ambassador to London and former chief of the Jordanian royal court;
3247:
2659:
2243:
2095:
1864:
1519:
1473:
1468:
1350:
1036:
971:
921:"Background & Overview: Munich Olympic Massacre – Jewish Virtual Library"
705:
421:
283:
68:
599:
3040:
2359:
2137:
1969:
1914:
1827:
1237:
545:
534:
488:
474:
351:
259:
252:
222:
183:
171:
111:
49:
1387:
3090:
2251:
2224:
2080:
1874:
1568:
1529:
1490:
636:
629:
500:
230:
1689:
2877:
1798:
701:
481:
401:
400:
Following the attack, the Israeli government, headed by Prime Minister
368:
3005:
1909:
1859:
667:
530:
477:, in retaliation for the expulsion of the PLO from Jordan in 1970–71;
452:
364:
307:
263:
175:
63:
1242:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001
1080:"BBC ON THIS DAY – 19 – 1972: Parcel bomb attack on Israeli embassy"
1544:
1539:
1137:"Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage References"
673:
417:
355:
294:
235:
529:
September and October 1972: dozens of letter bombs were sent from
3084:
2075:
2030:
2005:
655:
504:
1210:
Green March, Black September: The Story of the Palestinian Arabs
591:
20 October 1981: Black September claimed responsibility for the
473:
28 November 1971: the assassination of Jordan's prime minister,
2065:
2060:
1817:
1812:
1549:
604:
541:
519:
437:
429:
409:
226:
1265:
Palestinian resistance: organization of a nationalist movement
2100:
2070:
2015:
1904:
1894:
1836:
1793:
1429:
1427:
1393:
Incidents attributed to Black September on the START database
632:
attack on 19 September 1972, perpetrated by Black September.
556:
496:
424:'s personal security squad. Salameh was also behind the 1972
315:
275:
240:
563:
were murdered. The remaining hostages were released. A 1973
893:[Mossad the Israeli spying citadel] (in Arabic).
600:
Letter bomb attacks and the assassination of Ami Shachori
523:
433:
331:
243:
men determined to take revenge upon King Hussein and the
97:
Global, mostly concentrated in Europe and the Middle East
266:, was personally responsible for his torture and death.
993:"The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum"
628:
in Kensington, London. Shachori was assassinated in a
595:
in Belgium, which killed three and wounded 106 people.
1757:
666:
and is thought to have been a cover organization for
469:
Other actions attributed to Black September include:
350:
Fatah needed Black September, according to historian
700:
fitted with a bomb to kill 80,000 people during the
335:]", though there was no centralized leadership.
165:
960:"Israel Says That Man Slain In Madrid Was an Agent"
385:
Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre
1033:Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism
16:Palestinian militant organization (1970 – c. 1988)
2784:
3245:
1059:"Palestinian guerrillas claim synagogue bombing"
1019:
839:
837:
221:conflict which began on 16 September 1970, when
480:December 1971: the attempted assassination of
2770:
2171:
1743:
1705:
1413:
1311:Soldier Spies – Israeli Military Intelligence
834:
949:, 2 October 1972. Accessed 5 September 2006.
827:
825:
580:on a passenger lounge in Athens' now closed
318:was Black September's parent organization.
3229:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement
2777:
2763:
2178:
2164:
1750:
1736:
1712:
1698:
1420:
1406:
758:
676:– Fatah's special operations unit, led by
491:electrical installation and gas plants in
2939:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242
2913:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194
1719:
822:
269:
1134:
603:
282:(PLO) faction controlled at the time by
201:
2276:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
553:Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum
3246:
3221:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement
3211:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement
1074:
1072:
861:
306:, Mohammed Daoud Oudeh, also known as
2758:
2185:
2159:
1731:
1693:
1607:2006 Palestinian legislative election
1401:
1349:
1212:. Frank Cass and Company Ltd., 1973,
626:Israeli Embassy to the United Kingdom
217:The group's name is derived from the
3274:Organizations disestablished in 1973
3216:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement
2955:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement
2632:Southern Israel cross-border attacks
2544:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
2475:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel
1325:"Munich 1972: When the Terror Began"
1313:, Presidio Press, Novato, CA, 1992,
1261:
1178:. Eastern Illinois University. 2010.
1013:
3279:Defunct Palestinian militant groups
1135:Thompson, A. K. (15 October 2003).
1069:
1051:
952:
584:, killing three and wounding 55. A
194:forces in many European countries.
155:
13:
3206:Israel–UAE normalization agreement
3097:Beirut Summit and peace initiative
1950:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
1617:Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process
1255:
1249:Memoirs of a Palestinian Terrorist
1106:"Terrorism: And Now, Mail-a-Death"
620:Ami Shachori was the agricultural
540:23 January 1973: assassination of
374:
14:
3290:
3269:Organizations established in 1970
1453:Palestine Liberation Organization
1381:
789:Quandt, Jabber and Lesch, p. 141.
720:Palestine Liberation Organization
586:Lufthansa Boeing 737 was hijacked
565:United States Department of State
436:. He was killed by a car bomb in
321:According to American journalist
280:Palestine Liberation Organization
3135:Agreement on Movement and Access
1674:
1673:
1112:. 2 October 1972. Archived from
862:Shalev, Noam (24 January 2006).
458:
255:, and other groups also joined.
3169:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3163:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
3131:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
2336:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114
2217:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency
1975:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1651:Palestinian Mujahideen Movement
1165:
1128:
1098:
985:
934:
913:
890:الموساد قلعة التجسس الإسرائيلية
582:Ellinikon International Airport
487:6 February 1972: sabotage of a
465:List of Black September attacks
126:list of Black September attacks
3259:1970s establishments in Jordan
2808:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
2624:Palestinian militancy campaign
1646:Al-Mustaqbal (electoral list)
1535:Fatah Special Operations Group
897:. 9 April 2010. Archived from
881:
864:"The hunt for Black September"
855:
846:
801:
792:
783:
752:
730:Palestinian political violence
593:1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing
426:hijacking of Sabena Flight 572
213:Newsreel about the 1970 events
1:
2896:American trusteeship proposal
1965:Popular Resistance Committees
1029:MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
745:
84:
3254:Black September Organization
1663:Palestinian Freedom Movement
1525:Black September Organization
664:1983 Beirut barracks bombing
389:1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon
186:policeman dying, during the
144:Black September Organization
31:Black September Organization
7:
2493:Palestinian suicide attacks
1388:FBI file on Black September
1336:Der Anschlag auf Olympia 72
1292:, Faber & Faber, 2000,
1031:. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma:
645:
440:on 22 January 1979. During
166:
10:
3295:
3069:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum
3057:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement
3051:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
2983:Palestinian autonomy talks
1247:Oudeh, M. D. (Abu Daoud).
1149:10.1002/9780470751060.refs
654:– similar organization in
652:Islamic Jihad Organization
462:
378:
18:
3183:
3026:
2979:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
2904:
2836:Faisal–Weizmann agreement
2793:
2754:
2527:
2390:
2235:
2193:
2155:
2130:
2109:
2053:
1983:
1870:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
1852:
1845:
1775:
1727:
1671:
1637:Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
1627:
1558:
1512:
1482:
1461:
1440:
1356:Abu Nidal: a gun for hire
1194:. The Lyons Press, 2002,
740:State-sponsored terrorism
725:Palestinian Islamic Jihad
662:, which orchestrated the
197:
167:Munaẓẓamat Aylūl al-Aswad
132:
117:
101:
93:
77:
42:
36:
35:
30:
3018:Israel–Lebanon agreement
2830:Anglo-French Declaration
2826:Declaration to the Seven
2399:Misgav Am hostage crisis
1289:Munich Olympics massacre
1287:: the story of the 1972
1000:U.S. Department of State
889:
852:Morris 2001, p. 383
843:Morris 2001, p. 379
2710:Israel–Palestine crisis
2561:Bringing Home the Goods
1900:Guardians of the Cedars
1230:Khalaf, S. (Abu Iyad).
708:novel of the same name.
572:1973 New York bomb plot
514:of a Belgian aircraft,
314:seemed to confirm that
108:Palestinian nationalism
3264:1973 disestablishments
3127:Sharm El Sheikh Summit
3047:Gaza–Jericho Agreement
2929:Tripartite Declaration
2552:Ain es Saheb airstrike
2433:South Lebanon conflict
1244:. Vintage Books, 2001.
1143:. Wiley. p. 411.
617:
406:assassination campaign
270:Structure of the group
245:Jordanian Armed Forces
214:
3175:John Kerry Parameters
2848:Churchill White Paper
2814:Sykes–Picot Agreement
2370:Coastal Road massacre
1991:Arab Higher Committee
1880:Arab Liberation Front
1823:Palestinian Authority
1721:Arab–Israeli conflict
1612:Battle of Gaza (2007)
1338:, Meidenbauer, 2006,
1227:. Bantam Books, 1985.
941:And Now, Mail-a-Death
607:
345:plausible deniability
341:Leaderless resistance
212:
3157:Annapolis Conference
3151:UNSC Resolution 1701
3141:UNSC Resolution 1850
3123:UNSC Resolution 1583
3117:UNSC Resolution 1566
3113:UNSC Resolution 1559
3063:Wye River Memorandum
2919:Armistice agreements
2676:Gaza border protests
2598:Gaza–Israel conflict
2310:Lod Airport massacre
2143:United Arab Republic
2086:United Arab Emirates
1996:Arab Liberation Army
1602:Fatah–Hamas conflict
1304:One day in September
1285:One Day in September
1141:Fruit and Vegetables
1039:on 30 September 2007
397:in Munich, Germany.
395:1972 Summer Olympics
247:. Recruits from the
188:1972 Summer Olympics
3000:UNSC Resolution 497
2994:UNSC Resolution 478
2988:UNSC Resolution 452
2975:UNSC Resolution 446
2965:UNSC Resolution 425
2959:UNSC Resolution 350
2949:UNSC Resolution 339
2945:UNSC Resolution 338
2935:Khartoum Resolution
2923:Lausanne Conference
2872:Morrison–Grady Plan
2842:San Remo conference
2820:Balfour Declaration
2692:Gaza–Israel clashes
2684:Gaza–Israel clashes
2459:Mothers' Bus attack
2036:Revolutionary Cells
1656:Mujahideen Brigades
1262:Amos, John (1980).
1173:"Historia Complete"
1086:. 19 September 1972
966:. 31 January 1973.
798:Amos, 1980, p. 222.
451:Remarks in 2010 by
94:Active regions
3145:Quartet Principles
3079:Clinton Parameters
2969:Camp David Accords
2352:Savoy Hotel attack
2202:1948 Palestine war
2041:South Lebanon Army
1930:Muslim Brotherhood
1504:Voice of Palestine
1498:Falastin Al Thawra
1334:Dahlke, Matthias,
1268:. Pergamon Press.
1116:on 14 October 2007
1065:. 21 October 1981.
964:The New York Times
771:on 6 February 2017
694:John Frankenheimer
678:Ali Hassan Salameh
618:
446:Lillehammer affair
414:Ali Hassan Salameh
215:
156:منظمة أيلول الأسود
79:Dates of operation
37:منظمة أيلول الأسود
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3107:Geneva Initiative
3075:Camp David Summit
3035:Madrid Conference
3012:Reagan peace plan
2985:
2890:UN Partition Plan
2884:London Conference
2866:London Conference
2802:Damascus Protocol
2750:
2749:
2651:Pillar of Defense
2302:Sabena Flight 571
2268:Battle of Karameh
2187:Armed engagements
2151:
2150:
2049:
2048:
2021:Japanese Red Army
1776:Primary countries
1687:
1686:
1580:Battle of Karameh
1309:Katz, Samuel M.:
761:"Black September"
735:Sabena Flight 571
614:Embassy of Israel
561:chargé d'affaires
516:Sabena Flight 572
442:a raid in Lebanon
210:
192:counter-terrorism
164:
140:
139:
83:September 1970 –
3286:
3195:Trump peace plan
3187:
2981:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2741:
2738:Israel–Hamas war
2733:
2729:Shield and Arrow
2723:
2713:
2705:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2668:Wave of violence
2663:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2488:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2402:
2383:
2373:
2365:
2355:
2347:
2344:Ma'alot massacre
2339:
2331:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2260:War of Attrition
2255:
2247:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2209:Arab–Israeli War
2204:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2054:Other countries
1850:
1849:
1790:Egyptian Kingdom
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1642:Marwan Barghouti
1574:War of Attrition
1448:History of Fatah
1432:Party and their
1422:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1359:. Random House.
1331:, 25 August 2002
1279:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1035:. Archived from
1023:(3 April 2001).
1021:RAND Corporation
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
997:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
956:
950:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
832:
829:
820:
819:
817:
815:
805:
799:
796:
790:
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
767:. Archived from
759:Pierre Tristam.
756:
507:in West Germany;
312:State Department
293:, Salah Khalaf (
211:
169:
159:
157:
89:
86:
80:
58:
38:
28:
27:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3201:Abraham Accords
3185:
3179:
3022:
3004:1981–1982
2900:
2854:Peel Commission
2789:
2787:peace proposals
2783:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2708:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2536:Second Intifada
2534:
2523:
2516:Grapes of Wrath
2513:
2503:
2491:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2405:
2397:
2386:
2376:
2368:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2324:
2318:Munich massacre
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2189:
2184:
2147:
2126:
2105:
2045:
2001:Black September
1979:
1920:Lebanese Forces
1841:
1837:Ba'athist Syria
1833:Syrian Republic
1778:and authorities
1777:
1771:
1770:
1756:
1723:
1718:
1688:
1683:
1667:
1623:
1597:Second intifada
1554:
1508:
1478:
1457:
1436:
1434:splinter groups
1426:
1384:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1306:, Sony Pictures
1276:
1258:
1256:Further reading
1184:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1153:
1151:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
995:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
958:
957:
953:
939:
935:
925:
923:
919:
918:
914:
904:
902:
901:on 17 June 2011
891:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
835:
830:
823:
813:
811:
807:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
774:
772:
757:
753:
748:
704:, based on the
648:
602:
467:
461:
391:
381:Munich massacre
379:Main articles:
377:
375:Munich massacre
272:
233:in response to
219:Black September
202:
200:
180:Munich massacre
122:Munich massacre
118:Notable attacks
110:
87:
78:
73:
54:
24:
21:Black September
17:
12:
11:
5:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3137:
3119:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2931:
2925:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:Diplomacy and
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2706:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2646:
2641:Returning Echo
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2594:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2506:Accountability
2501:
2489:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2451:First Intifada
2447:
2437:
2429:
2425:Bus 300 affair
2421:
2413:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2366:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2294:Yom Kippur War
2290:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2122:United Nations
2119:
2117:European Union
2113:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:United Kingdom
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:al-Mourabitoun
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Ba'athist Iraq
1801:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1592:First intifada
1589:
1587:Yom Kippur War
1584:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1382:External links
1380:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1351:Seale, Patrick
1347:
1332:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1282:Reeve, Simon.
1280:
1274:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1203:
1182:
1181:
1164:
1127:
1097:
1068:
1050:
1012:
984:
951:
933:
912:
880:
854:
845:
833:
821:
800:
791:
782:
750:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
709:
698:Goodyear Blimp
685:
682:Imad Mughniyeh
680:and including
671:
660:Imad Mughniyeh
647:
644:
601:
598:
597:
596:
589:
574:
570:2 March 1973:
568:
551:1 March 1973:
549:
538:
527:
518:, flying from
508:
485:
478:
460:
457:
404:, launched an
376:
373:
359:and the PFLP.
323:John K. Cooley
271:
268:
199:
196:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
119:
115:
114:
105:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
81:
75:
74:
72:
71:
66:
61:
46:
44:
40:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3291:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2882:1946–47
2881:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2719:Breaking Dawn
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2581:Autumn Clouds
2577:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:Samu incident
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:Former states
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:Transnational
2108:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:United States
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Holy War Army
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:Army of Islam
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1846:Organizations
1844:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:Iraqi Kingdom
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:All-Palestine
1783:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1767:Organizations
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1474:Mahmoud Abbas
1472:
1470:
1469:Yasser Arafat
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1368:
1366:0-679-40066-4
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:3-89975-583-9
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:0-89141-357-X
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:1-55970-603-1
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1275:0-08-025094-7
1271:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:0-7146-2987-1
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Cooley, J. K.
1204:
1201:
1200:1-58574-739-4
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Bar Zohar, M.
1186:
1185:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1001:
994:
988:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
948:
947:
942:
937:
922:
916:
900:
896:
892:
884:
869:
865:
858:
849:
840:
838:
828:
826:
810:
804:
795:
786:
770:
766:
762:
755:
751:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
706:Thomas Harris
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
649:
643:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
615:
611:
606:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
471:
470:
466:
459:Other attacks
456:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:Yasser Arafat
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
390:
386:
382:
372:
370:
366:
360:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
336:
334:
333:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
298:
296:
292:
287:
285:
284:Yasser Arafat
281:
277:
267:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
232:
231:military rule
228:
224:
220:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
162:
153:
149:
145:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
76:
70:
69:Amin al-Hindi
67:
65:
62:
59:
57:
51:
48:
47:
45:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3143: /
3133: /
3129: /
3125: /
3115: /
3099: /
3077: /
3049: /
3041:Oslo Accords
2986: /
2977: /
2967: /
2957: /
2947: /
2937: /
2921: /
2828: /
2728:
2718:
2700:
2650:
2640:
2606:
2580:
2571:Summer Rains
2570:
2560:
2515:
2505:
2495:(1993–2008;
2484:Bramble Bush
2483:
2441:
2407:
2378:
2360:
2326:
2284:
2138:Soviet Union
2000:
1828:Saudi Arabia
1678:
1524:
1496:
1489:
1370:. Retrieved
1355:
1335:
1328:
1310:
1283:
1264:
1248:
1241:
1231:
1224:
1209:
1191:
1167:
1159:
1152:. Retrieved
1140:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1109:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1083:
1062:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1028:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
987:
975:. Retrieved
963:
954:
944:
936:
924:. Retrieved
915:
903:. Retrieved
899:the original
883:
871:. Retrieved
867:
857:
848:
812:. Retrieved
803:
794:
785:
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
764:
754:
711:
689:Black Sunday
687:
641:
634:
619:
560:
546:Baruch Cohen
535:Ami Shachori
510:8 May 1972:
475:Wasfi al-Tal
468:
450:
408:and ordered
399:
392:
371:and Israel.
361:
352:Benny Morris
349:
337:
330:
326:
320:
301:
299:
290:
289:In his book
288:
273:
260:Abu Ali Iyad
257:
234:
223:King Hussein
216:
147:
143:
141:
112:Anti-Zionism
55:
50:Salah Khalaf
25:
3091:Taba Summit
2860:White Paper
2740:(2023–2024)
2670:(2015–2016)
2618:(2008–2009)
2610:(2007–2008)
2590:Lebanon War
2538:(2000–2005)
2453:(1987–1993)
2417:Lebanon War
2330:(1972–1979)
2278:(1968–1982)
2262:(1967–1970)
2252:Six-Day War
2225:Suez Crisis
2219:(1949–1956)
2211:(1948–1949)
2081:North Korea
1875:Arab League
1764:Authorities
1569:Six-Day War
1530:Fatah Hawks
1491:Falastinuna
1190:, Haber E.
1120:16 December
1090:16 December
1043:11 February
926:16 December
873:16 December
831:Cooley 1973
814:16 December
775:16 December
716:(2005 film)
637:Earls Court
630:letter bomb
578:opened fire
537:in Britain.
501:Netherlands
489:West German
184:West German
172:Palestinian
88: 1988
3248:Categories
3227:2022
3199:2020
3193:2019
3173:2016
3167:2013
3161:2010
3155:2007
3149:2006
3139:2006
3121:2005
3111:2004
3105:2003
3095:2002
3089:2001
3083:2000
3073:2000
3067:1999
3061:1998
3055:1995
3045:1994
3039:1993
3033:1991
3016:1983
3010:1982
2998:1981
2992:1980
2973:1979
2963:1978
2953:1974
2943:1973
2933:1967
2927:1950
2917:1949
2911:1948
2894:1948
2888:1947
2878:Bevin Plan
2876:1947
2870:1946
2864:1939
2858:1939
2852:1937
2846:1922
2840:1920
2834:1919
2824:1918
2818:1917
2812:1916
2806:1915
2800:1914
2794:Background
2701:Black Belt
2607:Hot Winter
2467:Tunis raid
2442:Wooden Leg
1799:Hamas Gaza
1520:Al-'Asifah
1238:Morris, B.
1223:Jonas, G.
1005:28 January
895:Al Jazeera
746:References
702:Super Bowl
622:counsellor
548:in Madrid.
493:Ravenstein
482:Zaid Rifai
463:See also:
402:Golda Meir
369:Gaza Strip
303:Ad-Dustour
178:, and the
3027:1991–2016
3006:Fahd Plan
2905:1948–1983
2528:2000–2021
2391:1980–1999
2236:1960–1979
2194:1947–1959
1970:as-Sa'iqa
1910:Hezbollah
1860:Abu Nidal
1761:Countries
1559:Conflicts
1346:(German).
1232:Stateless
1225:Vengeance
972:0362-4331
668:Hezbollah
608:Memorial
531:Amsterdam
512:hijacking
453:Abu Daoud
365:West Bank
308:Abu Daoud
291:Stateless
264:Wasfi Tal
253:as-Sa'iqa
229:declared
176:Wasfi Tal
161:romanized
64:Abu Daoud
60:(founder)
3101:Road map
2660:Gaza War
2616:Gaza War
1794:Republic
1545:Force 17
1540:Force 14
1372:31 March
1353:(1992).
1084:BBC News
868:BBC News
674:Force 17
646:See also
616:, London
544:officer
418:Force 17
356:Damascus
327:fedayeen
295:Abu Iyad
236:fedayeen
170:) was a
136:Inactive
103:Ideology
3186:present
3085:Isratin
2600:(2006–)
2546:(2001–)
2361:Entebbe
2327:Bayonet
2076:Morocco
2031:Palmach
2006:Haganah
1960:PFLP-GC
1629:Schisms
1513:Defunct
1462:Leaders
1441:History
977:27 June
692:– 1977
658:led by
656:Lebanon
624:at the
612:at the
505:Hamburg
503:and in
499:in the
163::
56:†
43:Leaders
2732:(2023)
2722:(2022)
2712:(2021)
2704:(2019)
2694:(2019)
2686:(2018)
2678:(2018)
2662:(2014)
2654:(2012)
2644:(2012)
2634:(2011)
2626:(2010)
2592:(2006)
2584:(2006)
2574:(2006)
2564:(2006)
2554:(2003)
2519:(1996)
2509:(1993)
2487:(1992)
2477:(1991)
2469:(1988)
2461:(1988)
2445:(1985)
2435:(1985)
2427:(1984)
2419:(1982)
2411:(1981)
2401:(1980)
2382:(1978)
2379:Litani
2372:(1978)
2364:(1976)
2354:(1975)
2346:(1974)
2338:(1973)
2320:(1972)
2312:(1972)
2304:(1972)
2296:(1973)
2288:(1968)
2270:(1968)
2254:(1967)
2246:(1966)
2227:(1956)
2066:Kuwait
2061:France
1984:Former
1915:Kataeb
1853:Active
1818:Jordan
1813:Israel
1550:Tanzim
1363:
1342:
1317:
1296:
1272:
1216:
1198:
1154:28 May
970:
905:4 July
713:Munich
610:plaque
542:Mossad
520:Vienna
438:Beirut
430:Vienna
410:Mossad
387:, and
367:, the
278:, the
227:Jordan
198:Origin
152:Arabic
133:Status
52:
3184:2019–
2408:Opera
2101:Yemen
2071:Libya
2016:Irgun
1905:Hamas
1895:Fatah
1680:Fatah
1578:1968
1483:Media
1430:Fatah
1176:(pdf)
996:(PDF)
765:About
557:Sudan
497:Ommen
428:from
316:Fatah
276:Fatah
241:Fatah
124:(see
2497:list
2285:Gift
2026:Lehi
1955:PFLP
1890:DFLP
1865:Amal
1835:and
1806:and
1792:and
1565:1967
1428:The
1374:2011
1361:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1329:Time
1315:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1156:2024
1122:2014
1110:Time
1092:2014
1045:2015
1007:2014
979:2021
968:ISSN
946:Time
928:2014
907:2010
875:2014
816:2014
777:2014
495:and
249:PFLP
142:The
1945:PLO
1940:PLF
1935:PIJ
1644:'s
1145:doi
1063:UPI
524:Lod
522:to
434:Lod
432:to
332:sic
225:of
150:) (
148:BSO
3250::
1327:,
1240::
1208::
1158:.
1139:.
1108:.
1082:.
1071:^
1061:.
1027:.
998:.
962:.
943:,
866:.
836:^
824:^
763:.
555:,
420:,
383:,
286:.
251:,
158:,
154::
85:c.
2778:e
2771:t
2764:v
2499:)
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
1751:e
1744:t
1737:v
1713:e
1706:t
1699:v
1421:e
1414:t
1407:v
1376:.
1321:.
1300:.
1278:.
1251:.
1234:.
1220:.
1202:.
1147::
1124:.
1094:.
1047:.
1009:.
981:.
930:.
909:.
877:.
818:.
779:.
684:.
670:.
526:.
146:(
128:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.