West Germany - Knowledge

3143:"... the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic." 1938: 2725: 3032: 2559:, a leading FDP official, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the European Community (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". Mounting external problems forced Schmidt to concentrate on foreign policy and limited the domestic reforms that he could carry out. The USSR upgraded its intermediate-range missiles, which Schmidt complained was an unacceptable threat to the balance of nuclear power, because it increased the likelihood of political coercion and required a western response. NATO respond in the form of its twin-track policy. The domestic reverberations were serious inside the SPD, and undermined its coalition with the FDP. One of his major successes, in collaboration with French President 3249: 1198:. They formally joined the federal republic on 3 October 1990, raising the total number of states from ten to sixteen, and ending the division of Germany. The reunited Germany is the direct continuation of the state previously informally called West Germany and not a new state, as the process was essentially a voluntary act of accession: the Federal Republic of Germany was enlarged to include the additional six states of the German Democratic Republic. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances such as the United Nations, NATO, 2814: 2140: 204: 244: 871: 5166: 899: 5135: 5048:

informally called "West German" before 1991. The only differences were a larger membership and a different name used by some foreigners. These organisations and teams in turn mostly continued the traditions of those that represented Germany before the Second World War, and even the First World War, thus providing a century-old continuity despite political changes. On the other hand, the separate East German teams and organisations were founded in the 1950s; they were an episode lasting less than four decades, yet quite successful in that time.

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Treaty. Following wartime commitments by the Allies to the governments-in-exile of Czechoslovakia and Poland, the Potsdam Protocols also agreed to the 'orderly and humane' transfer to Germany as a whole of the ethnic German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Eight million German expellees and refugees eventually settled in West Germany. Between 1946 and 1949, three of the occupation zones began to merge. First, the British and American zones were combined into the quasi-state of

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the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms and conditions; including fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990; that is through a binding agreement between the former GDR and the Federal Republic now recognising each another as separate sovereign states in international law. This treaty was then voted into effect on 20 September 1990 by both the Volkskammer and the

224: 69: 1887: 5063: 1822: 1282:, had issued the "Directives for the Appellation of Germany", recommending avoiding the initialism BRD. On 31 May 1974, the heads of West German federal and state governments recommended always using the full name in official publications. From then on, West German sources avoided the abbreviated form, with the exception of left-leaning organizations which embraced it. In November 1979, the federal government informed the 885: 7120: 1836: 2643:. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union. 2425: 5955: 2631:. Following democratic elections, East Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic subject to the terms of the Unification Treaty between the two states; and then both West Germany and East Germany radically amended their respective constitutions in accordance with that Treaty's provisions. East Germany then dissolved itself, and its five post-war states ( 2455:

1990s attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998. Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged, partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims, the State Counsel

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applied to Berlin as a whole despite the Soviets declaring the end of occupation of East Berlin unilaterally many decades before). The Two-plus-Four Agreement also saw the two parts of Germany confirm their post-war external boundaries as final and irreversible (including the 1945 transfer of former German lands east of the

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two department stores in Frankfurt; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the "struggle against imperialism". The student movement began to split into different factions, ranging from the unattached liberals to the

5033:, the Olympic teams of West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland were merged to represent Germany together. Four years earlier Saarland had attended as separate teams while East Germany had not attended. After 1956, 1962, and 1964; East Germany competed in the Summer Olympics as a separate member of the IOC. 1957:

and outside of 'Germany as a whole' were officially separated from German sovereignty in August 1945 and transferred from Soviet military occupation to Polish and Soviet (in the case of the territory of Kaliningrad) civil administration, their Polish and Soviet status to be confirmed at a final Peace

1253:(West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its constitutional amendment in 1974, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany. As a result, it officially considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners. The initialism 2866:

In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. The Social Democrats concluded that not only were the Greens unlikely to form a coalition, but also that such a coalition would be far from a majority. Neither

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Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke, coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims led to growing militance among students and their supporters. In May 1968, three young people set fire to

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The calling in question of the actions and policies of government led to a new climate of debate. The issues of emancipation, colonialism, environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society. In 1979 the environmental party, the Greens, reached the 5% limit required to

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was shot in the head and killed by a plainclothes policeman. (It has now been established that the policeman, Kurras, was a paid spy of the East German security forces.) Protest demonstrations continued, and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made, which was declared by

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that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty".

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in his illegal seizure of dictatorial powers. Consequently, following the death of Hitler in 1945 and the subsequent capitulation of the German Armed Forces, the national political, judicial, administrative, and constitutional instruments of both Nazi Germany and the Weimar Republic were understood

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remained in East Germany. Four days after obtaining the "authority of a sovereign state" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO. The UK and the USA retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. In 1976 West Germany became one of the founding

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Eastern Europe, which affected up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped Germany to more than double the value of its exports during the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population and in the late 1950s and 1960s extra labour supplied by thousands of

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After the peaceful revolution of 1989 in East Germany, the Volkskammer of the GDR on 23 August 1990 declared the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law and thus initiated the process of reunification, to come into effect on 3 October 1990. Nevertheless,

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who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin. Just before Easter 1968, a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union, seriously injuring him. All over West Germany, thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as

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states "In the October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: 'The Federal Republic shall accordingly have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it must be conceded

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which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen, several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans, whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas. In the

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retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 55,000 French troops, Allied forces

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was definitively ended and the Four Allied powers relinquished their joint residual sovereign authority for Germany as a whole including the area of West Berlin which had officially remained under Allied occupation for the purposes of international and GDR law (a status that the Western countries

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As in 1957, when the Saarland acceded, East German sport organisations ceased to exist in late 1990 as their subdivisions and their members joined their Western counterparts. Thus, the present German organisations and teams in football, Olympics and elsewhere are identical to those that had been

2913:. The program was hugely unpopular in West Germany and was opposed by the new government of Konrad Adenauer. In 1951, several laws were passed granting amnesties and ending denazification. As a result, many people with a former Nazi past ended up again in the political apparatus of West Germany. 3260:

As demand for consumer goods increased after World War II, the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products. At the time Germany had a large pool of skilled and cheap labour, partly as a result of the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and

181: 2274:, Defence Minister, who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis. Adenauer was still wounded by his brief run for president, and this episode damaged his reputation even further. He announced that he would step down in the fall of 1963. His successor was to be Ludwig Erhard. 1925:

were negotiated. They agreed that the boundaries of Germany as at 31 December 1937 would be chosen as demarcating German national territory from German-occupied territory; all German annexations after 1937 were automatically null. Subsequently, and into the 1970s, the West German state was to

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in which women demonstrated for equal rights. Until 1977, a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account. Further reforms in 1979 to parental rights law gave equal legal rights to the mother and the father, abolishing the legal

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In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. Kohl's CDU and its Bavarian sister party, the CSU, slipped from 48.8% of the vote in 1983 to 44.3%. The SPD fell to 37%; long-time SPD Chairman Brandt

184: 188: 2739:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts—the Grand Coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required to see them in. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a 180: 179: 178: 2920:, to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in order to lay the groundwork for an eventual return to power. Although this effort was exposed and disrupted, many former Nazis still attained positions of power and influence in the political system. West German President (1974–1979) 187: 185: 2847:

Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) then formed a government, continuing the SPD–FDP coalition. He served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, was Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister in the same years. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the

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as entirely defunct, such that a new West Germany could be established in a condition of constitutional nullity. Nevertheless, the new West Germany asserted its fundamental continuity with the 'overall' German state that was held to have embodied the unified German people since the

186: 183: 182: 1305:, Germany), which has remained the country code of Germany after reunification. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are the most widely used country codes, and the DE code is notably used as a country identifier, extending the postal code and as the Internet's country code top-level domain 3177:

on the territory of East Germany; and on the other, the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. Amongst these amendments was the repeal of the very Article 23 in respect of which the GDR had nominally declared its postdated accession to the Federal Republic.

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legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole". The two Germanies relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally, which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations

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as a sovereign state under international law; while at the same time acknowledging that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the

1934:: a French Zone in the far west; a British Zone in the northwest; an American Zone in the south; and a Soviet Zone in the East. Berlin was separately divided into four zones. These divisions were not intended to dismember Germany, only to designate zones of administration. 175: 5575:

However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in

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2–1 in the final. With the process of unification in full swing in the summer of 1990, the Germans won a third World Cup, with players that had been capped for East Germany not yet permitted to contribute. European championships have been won too, in 1972 and 1980.

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Religious affiliation in West Germany decreased from the 1960s onward. Religious affiliation declined faster among Protestants than among Catholics, causing the Roman Catholic Church to overtake the EKD as the largest denomination in the country during the 1970s.

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had been widely publicised in Germany but until a new generation of teachers, educated with the findings of historical studies, could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people, one courageous attorney,

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was 73 years old when he became chancellor in 1949, and for this reason he was initially reckoned as a caretaker. However, he ruled for 14 years. The grand statesman of German postwar politics had to be dragged—almost literally—out of office in 1963.

2863:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, because of the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote. 2372:

In the wakes of these demonstrations, in which the question of America's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role, came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of the parent-generation in the Nazi era. The proceedings of the

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The official position of West Germany concerning East Germany at the outset was that the West German government was the only democratically elected, and therefore the only legitimate, representative of the German people. According to the

2210:. The WEU, however, would regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states. Also, the German constitution prohibited any military action, except in the case of an external attack against Germany or its allies ( 5167: 2840:. However, the affair is widely considered to have been merely a trigger for Brandt's resignation, not a fundamental cause. Instead, Brandt, dogged by scandal relating to alcohol and depression as well as the economic fallout of the 2364:, mingled with anger over the vigour with which demonstrations were repressed led to mounting militance among the students at the universities in Berlin. One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called 2277:

In the early 1960s, the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly. In 1962 growth rate was 4.7% and the following year, 2.0%. After a brief recovery, the growth rate slowed again into a recession, with no growth in 1967.

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spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored. The FDP members of Adenauer's cabinet resigned from the government, demanding the resignation of

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refused to ratify it (August 1954), the treaty died. The French Gaullists and communists had killed the French government's proposal. Then other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament. In response, at the

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country code of West Germany was DEU, which has remained the country code of reunified Germany. The now deleted codes for East Germany, on the other hand, were DD in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and DDR in ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

150: 6012: 5136: 3091:(December 1972) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both German states joining the United Nations. The Hallstein Doctrine was relinquished, and West Germany ceased to claim an 2421:

authority of the father. Parallel to this, a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities, especially in West Berlin, where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic.

4974: 2583:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, due to the entry into the Bundestag of the 2166:(EDC), with an integrated army, navy and air force, composed of the armed forces of its member states. The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states ( 2015:

of 1948–49), the two German states that had originated in the Western Allied and the Soviet Zones respectively became known internationally as West Germany and East Germany. Commonly known in English as

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and supporters of direct action in every form—the anarchists. Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalising the industrial workers and taking an example from activities in Italy of the

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In many aspects, German culture continued in spite of the dictatorship and wartime. Old and new forms coexisted next to each other, and the American influence, already strong in the 1920s, grew.

148: 6067: 3269:("guest workers") provided a vital base for the economic upturn. This would have implications later on for successive German governments as they tried to assimilate this group of workers. 1949:, the four Allied Powers asserted joint sovereignty over "Germany as a whole", defined as the totality of the territory within the occupation zones. Former German areas east of the rivers 5858: 2806:(RAF). The RAF was active from 1968, carrying out a succession of terrorist attacks in West Germany during the 1970s. Even in the 1990s, attacks were still being committed under the name 6322:

Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994). "Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium". In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.).

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is considered an observer of the young Federal Republic from the 1950s to the 1970s, and caused some political controversies because of his increasingly critical view on society. The

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in 1963. Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that

2297:: the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required for their ratification. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as 6042: 2673:

However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, the

2343:), armed with staves and bricks attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched. A demonstration in the centre was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named 2404:

was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed. (The term "Holocaust" for the systematic mass-murder of Jews first came into use in 1979, when a 1978

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Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007), "Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States",

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state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognise the GDR

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maintain that these 1937 boundaries continued to be 'valid in international law', although the Allies had already agreed amongst themselves that the territories east of the

2337:, visited West Berlin. Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance. Supporters of the Shah (later known as 5647:

Frank Fischer, "Von Der 'Regierung Der Inneren Reformen' zum 'Krisenmanagement': Das Verhältnis Zwischen Innen- und Aussenpolitik in der Sozial-Liberalen Ära 1969–1982".

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published an analysis of the West German military defence. The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system. Ten days after publication, the offices of

6004: 5260: 924: 2844:, almost seems simply to have had enough. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the process going on at the time". 2751: 1930:

must be transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union in any peace agreement. The conference agreed that post-war Germany, minus these transfers, would be divided into

5917: 2656: 2329:("Democracy in Crisis") and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament. A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967, when the 6979:

Maxwell, John Allen. "Social Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945–52." PhD dissertation, West Virginia University, 1969.

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The goals of SPD and FDP however drifted apart in the late 1970s and early 1980s. On 1 October 1982 the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman

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state election, and with the foundation of the national party in 1980 developed into one of the most politically successful green movements in the world.

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rather than neutrality, and secured membership in the military alliance. Adenauer was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day

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Article 23 provided the possibility for other parts of Germany to join the Federal Republic (under the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany).

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At first, Bonn was referred to only as the provisional seat of government institutions, but from the early 1970s it was called the "federal capital" (

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had been represented by a united team led by the pre-war German NOC officials as the IOC had denied East German demands for a separate team. At the

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In October 1969 Willy Brandt became chancellor. He maintained West Germany's close alignment with the United States and focused on strengthening

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was held in West German cities and West Berlin. After having been beaten by their East German counterparts in the first round, the team of the

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Besides the interest in the older generation of writers, new authors emerged on the background of the experiences of war and after war period.

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in June 1950 led to U.S. calls to rearm West Germany to help defend Western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat. Germany's partners in the

603: 2202:(WEU). West Germany was to be permitted to rearm (an idea many Germans rejected), and have full sovereign control of its military, called the 7625: 5025:. These were also the first summer games in which the East Germans showed up with the separate flag and anthem of the GDR. Since the 1950s, 8195: 6232: 5086: 2132:. West Berlin was completely surrounded by East German territory and had suffered a Soviet blockade in 1948–49, which was overcome by the 6034: 3169:

by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities; effecting on the one hand, the extinction of the GDR and the re-establishment of

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members from positions of power and influence, by disbanding the organizations associated with Nazism, and by trying prominent Nazis for

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and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the Reichstag building.

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the prime cause of the violence against students. Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken.

2097:, whereby it obtained "the full authority of a sovereign state" on 5 May 1955 (although "full sovereignty" was not obtained until the 6138:"The Impact of the First World War and Its Implications for Europe Today | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office – European Union" 5538: 3031: 6479:. International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial Societies. McGill-Queen's Press. 2450:), many students went to work in the factories, but with little or no success. The most notorious of the underground groups was the 1941:

Dutch tanks, pictured in West Germany in 1956 as part of the large British and American-led foreign military presence in the country

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stimulus, West Germany developed one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The

2595:. The FDP's share rose from 7% to 9.1%, its best showing since 1980. The Greens' share rose to 8.3% from their 1983 share of 5.6%. 1860: 6250: 2047:), and the Allied Powers confirmed their consent to German Reunification. From 3 October 1990, after the reformation of the GDR's 8190: 8092: 1419: 2852:(EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". 7072: 7025: 5356: 1995:

was characterised as having been a 'failed' state, whose inherent institutional and constitutional flaws had been exploited by

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Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the 'Problem' of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work

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that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted. The editor/owner of the magazine,

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were under NATO's joint defense command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.)

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In the 1969 election, the SPD gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP. SPD leader and Chancellor

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newspaper, as a massive disruption to life in Berlin, in a massive campaign against the protesters. Protests against the

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and halted rampant inflation. The Allied dismantling of the West German coal and steel industry finally ended in 1950.

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was shown on West German television.) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later.

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The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the economic miracle of the 1950s (

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in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized. Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the

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In October 1982 the SPD–FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman

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showed a certain growth, but not as much as in West Germany, partly because of continued reparations to the USSR.

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Between 1951 and 1953, there was even an effort by a clandestine group of former Nazi functionaries, known as the

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Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947."

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in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce

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regime was characterised as having been a 'criminal' state, illegal and illegitimate from the outset; while the

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was also a widespread colloquial form used in German-speaking countries, usually without political overtones.

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Leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the FDP, the rising

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During the time leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the

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West Germany (blue) and West Berlin (yellow) after the accession of the Saarland in 1957 and before the five

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for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945

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This article is about the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949–1990. For the western region of Germany, see

1226:(DDR; German Democratic Republic; commonly known as East Germany). Reunification was achieved by accession ( 8042: 7770: 7640: 7144: 5404: 4939:) soon developed into a regarded institution. Exemplary for West Germany's literature are – among others – 4722: 4689: 4685: 3272:

With the dropping of Allied reparations, the freeing of German intellectual property and the impact of the

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aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his

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formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.

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Comparative Law: Historical Development of the Civil Law Tradition in Europe, Latin America, and East Asia

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Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the

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concluded on 20 June 1991, with quite a slim majority, that both government and parliament should move to

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programme. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.

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of 944 billion (5.9% of the world total). In 1987 the FRG held a 7.4% share of total world production.

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crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the

2392: 2330: 2281:

A new coalition was formed to deal with this problem. Erhard stepped down in 1966 and was succeeded by

2186: 2094: 2090: 1632: 1602: 1375: 1155:

was established in 1975, there was no serious debate as to whether West Germany would become a member.

801: 777: 531: 6994: 5498: 3160:

Article 146 provided the possibility for unification of all parts of Germany under a new constitution.

2998:), which were merely local branches of the national government, West Germany was divided into states ( 2813: 1259:(FRG in English) began to prevail in East German usage in the early 1970s, beginning in the newspaper 8012: 7197: 6293: 6287: 4994: 4989:, established in 1900, continued its tradition based in the Federal Republic of Germany, winning the 2344: 1449: 1445: 1380: 7015:

Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

2663: 407: 7989: 7951: 7788: 7559: 5160: 5129: 4681: 3084: 2564: 1457: 359: 3229:) began in 1950. This improvement was sustained by the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the 8125: 7999: 7979: 7956: 7936: 7896: 7859: 7808: 7682: 7645: 7415: 7137: 5051:

West Germany played 43 matches at the European Championships, more than any other national team.

5026: 3332: 3312:(G6). In 1973, West Germany—home to roughly 1.26% of the world's population—featured the world's 3277: 3076: 3072: 2810:. The last action took place in 1993, and in 1998 the group announced it was ceasing activities. 2747: 2492: 2038:(also known as the "Two-plus-Four Agreement"); by which transitional status of Germany following 1976:) were formed in the Allied zones; replacing the geography of pre-Nazi German states such as the 1931: 1890: 1724: 1425: 1163: 1107: 724: 283: 5750: 203: 7926: 7901: 7864: 7723: 7655: 7484: 7375: 7365: 5081: 2890: 2584: 2556: 2514: 2405: 2220: 2199: 1590: 1484: 1125: 718: 68: 5819: 5784: 5778: 5660:

Jonathan Story, "The launching of the EMS: An analysis of change in foreign economic policy."

2951:

In West Germany, most of the political agencies and buildings were located in Bonn, while the

2178:) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces. 8160: 8087: 7906: 7891: 7854: 6791:

Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918–1990

6104: 5562: 5193: 4973: 3194: 3172: 2610: 2518: 2334: 2294: 2147: 1977: 1787: 1429: 1179: 783: 419: 20: 3291:. On 5 May 1955 West Germany was declared to have the "authority of a sovereign state". The 3128:

in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the United Nations and the

2124:, had been divided into four sectors, with the Western Allies joining their sectors to form 1897:, under Polish and Soviet administration/annexation, are shown in cream, as is the detached 7869: 7813: 7697: 7635: 7630: 7600: 7532: 7510: 7458: 7360: 5091: 5030: 5022: 5014: 4919:, a former soldier who died young in 1947, is one of the best known representatives of the 3292: 3026: 3007: 2925: 2706: 2624: 2604: 2474: 2282: 2054: 2044: 2001: 1984:, which had derived ultimately from former independent German kingdoms and principalities. 1927: 1894: 1782: 1610: 1597: 1489: 1171: 1023: 1003: 793: 633: 375: 243: 135: 74: 6648:

Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945–1976

5321:, Deutscher Bundestag – Wissenschaftliche Dienste (ed.), No. 71/09 (4 September 2009) 1095: 8: 8052: 7946: 7921: 7916: 7793: 7738: 7677: 7583: 7314: 7248: 5913: 4998: 4990: 4978: 4932: 2729: 2728:

The Brandt cabinet of 1969 on the steps of President Heinemanns's residence in Bonn, the

2709:(1966–69). All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by the united caucus of the 2616: 2417: 2298: 2271: 2101:

in 1990). The former occupying Western troops remained on the ground, now as part of the

1906: 1159: 7410: 5466: 4922: 2525: 2008:; albeit that this overall state had become effectively dormant long before 8 May 1945. 8118: 8111: 7966: 7931: 7818: 7803: 7733: 7711: 7687: 7615: 7549: 7479: 7390: 7309: 7278: 7187: 7164: 6735: 6718: 6005:"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015" 5743: 5444: 4902: 3296: 3088: 3052: 2849: 2740: 2647: 2349: 2195: 1577: 1537: 1509: 1349: 1310: 1298: 585: 262: 6755:. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University Press. 6189: 6163: 3153:, "Basic Law") provided two articles for the unification with other parts of Germany: 3055:, any country (with the exception of the USSR) that recognised the authorities of the 8072: 8047: 7994: 7941: 7755: 7527: 7319: 7050: 6935: 6911: 6899: 6872: 6851: 6832: 6813: 6794: 6775: 6756: 6739: 6689: 6670: 6651: 6632: 6613: 6594: 6575: 6556: 6537: 6518: 6499: 6480: 6441: 6422: 6403: 6384: 6365: 6346: 6327: 6297: 6110: 5986: 5976: 5788: 5754: 5697: 5552: 5448: 5408: 4945: 4916: 4742: 3253: 3218: 3092: 2893:

initiative to rid German politics, judiciary, society, culture, press and economy of

2592: 1981: 1946: 1898: 1542: 1465: 1287: 1262: 1134: 1114:). In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial 1103: 1084: 1069: 904: 7022: 5365: 2093:, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949 under the terms of the 8134: 8082: 8077: 8067: 8062: 8057: 7884: 7849: 7823: 7495: 7299: 7268: 7223: 7218: 6727: 6496:

Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets

5774: 5544: 5436: 4985:

In the 20th century, association football became the largest sport in Germany. The

3129: 2977: 2898: 2829: 2803: 2788: 2529: 2456: 2451: 2429: 2374: 2181:

Though the EDC treaty was signed (May 1952), it never entered into force. France's

1918: 1504: 1499: 1494: 479: 6707:. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs. 5713: 4928: 1913:

On 4–11 February 1945 leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the

8037: 8032: 8027: 7974: 7400: 7089: 7040: 7029: 7018: 7001: 6474: 6071: 5959: 5722: 5680: 5505: 5397: 5264: 5120: 5041: 4997:. Earlier, the German team was not considered part of the international top. The 2981: 2929: 2841: 2698: 2286: 2266: 2232: 2185:

rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty, and when the

2143: 2105:(NATO), which West Germany joined on 9 May 1955, promising to rearm itself soon. 2065: 1992: 1954: 1674: 1140: 1110:

by France (the separation had been not fully legal as it had been opposed by the

1083:. Germany was divided into the two countries. Initially, West Germany claimed an 438: 161: 115: 49: 4950: 2795:

were able to reach the 5% minimum required to obtain parliamentary seats in the

2011:

In 1949 with the continuation and aggravation of the Cold War (for example, the

8139: 8017: 8004: 7667: 7425: 6747:

Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007). "Health Care and Pension Reforms".

5949: 5425:

Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1961). "NATO and Adenauer's Germany: Uneasy Partnership".

5068: 4940: 3288: 3182: 2936: 2917: 2880: 2876: 2796: 2766: 2552: 2540: 2504: 2413: 2240: 1902: 1840: 1826: 1567: 1148: 6731: 5601: 5548: 5440: 8154: 7380: 5825: 3273: 3240: 3186: 2989: 2985: 2921: 2906: 2702: 2646:

The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the

2496: 2396: 2365: 2308: 1909:

within the British zone. Berlin was a four-power area within the Soviet zone.

1654: 1255: 1178:

voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. The

958:

in its entirety, but only the third stanza was to be sung at official events.

759: 394: 5990: 2487:, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including the 7765: 7435: 7405: 7304: 7258: 6829:

Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary

6400:

Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions

4961: 4955: 3309: 3264: 3098:

Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a

3035: 2825: 2775: 2667: 2537: 2509: 2468: 2441: 2416:

provincial election. Also of great significance was the steady growth of a

2113: 2083: 2079:

With territories and frontiers that coincided largely with the ones of old

2039: 2026: 2017: 2005: 1996: 1988: 1967: 1914: 1763: 1694: 1684: 1645: 1532: 1268: 1232:) of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, so 1175: 1111: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1065: 1057: 1027: 983: 589: 558: 464: 279: 275: 258: 103: 23:. For the Federal Republic of Germany after the reunification in 1990, see 6457:

Democracy's Guardian: A History of the German Federal Constitutional Court

5952:

and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982

5635:

A rising middle power?: German foreign policy in transformation, 1989–1999

1360: 1143:, who remained in office until 1963, worked for a full alignment with the 1102:

joined West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the

7775: 7489: 7324: 7273: 6084: 5006: 3071:" led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany. The 3039: 2959:

which became the economic center. The judicial branch of both the German

2932: 2856: 2817: 2762: 2659: 2620: 2576: 2513:(Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the 2488: 2379: 2361: 2248: 2175: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2080: 1922: 1547: 1279: 1167: 1053: 488: 473: 450: 7033: 5673: 3329:

Total population of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, as collected by the

2791:

became fundamental values among left-wing Germans. As a result, in 1979

2555:(SPD) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. 7984: 7605: 6925: 6922:

Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

6419:

The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition

3232: 3135:

This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the

3066: 2902: 2828:

remained head of government until May 1974, when he resigned after the

2479: 2205: 2171: 2155: 1617: 987: 364: 5040:

study details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale

2765:. Demonstrations and protests grew in number, and in 1967 the student 2697:

Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. The

1220:(Federal Republic of Germany; commonly known as West Germany) and the 223: 7595: 7243: 5882:

The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification

3225: 3166: 2970: 2956: 2910: 2676: 1283: 494: 6896:

A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963

6324:

Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?

5590:, by John Henry Merryman, David Scott Clark, John Owen Haley, p. 542 5478:

William Glenn Gray, "Adenauer, Erhard, and the Uses of Prosperity."

5315:

Stefan Schmidt, "Die Diskussion um den Gebrauch der Abkürzung «BRD»"

2992:. Whilst East Germany was divided into 15 administrative districts ( 7129: 6553:

The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

6534:

The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

5973:

The fading miracle : four decades of market economy in Germany

5801: 5727: 5606: 3304: 2182: 2109: 2087: 1886: 1099: 1049: 979: 765: 742: 504: 368: 3004:) with independently elected state parliaments and control of the 2802:

Another result of the unrest in the 1960s was the founding of the

1124:

not part of West Germany, for Berlin was under the control of the

7874: 7294: 7238: 7160: 2167: 1712: 1514: 1052:, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of 1019: 942: 349: 338: 310: 24: 5358:

How a constitution can safeguard democracy:The German Experience

2289:

between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the

7119: 6269:"West Germany cultivated doping culture among athletes: report" 5745:

Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany

5018: 3043: 2894: 2784: 2769:

was shot in the head by a policeman. The press, especially the

2682: 2437: 2121: 1963: 1959: 1189: 1006:

but continued as the Federal Republic in an enlarged territory.

952:

From 1952 to 1991, the official national anthem of Germany was

231: 211: 6932:

Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy

6686:

Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain

2928:

were both former members of the Nazi Party. Konrad Adenauer's

7254:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

7233: 7008:

Kohl: Genius of the Present : A Biography of Helmut Kohl

6962:(2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 6096: 2835: 2533: 2004:

of 1848, and which from 1871 had been represented within the

1075:

At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the

6705:

Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany

3046:, 1970; the first time a Chancellor met a GDR prime minister 3012:, the second legislative chamber of the Federal Government. 2787:

past had come into being. In the 1970s environmentalism and

2629:

a final settlement of the post-war special status of Germany

964:

Continued as Chancellor of the reunified Germany until 1998.

6703:

Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972).

2686: 2424: 2354: 2102: 2034:. In 1990 West Germany and East Germany jointly signed the 1950: 1199: 1144: 1060:. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the 1045: 961:

Continued as President of the reunified Germany until 1994.

545: 300: 6612:. Translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf. 5388:

Detlef Junker (editor), Translated by Sally E. Robertson,

5276:

The Bonn Republic — West German democracy, 1945–1990,

2946: 1192:, which ended its special status and formed an additional 6865:

Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) .

6846:

Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.).

2952: 2591:

subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by

1306: 1291: 1094:

Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form

828: 6960:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

5391:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

1987:

In the dominant post-war narrative of West Germany, the

1921:

where future arrangements regarding post-war Europe and

6629:

Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850

5324: 3059:

would not have diplomatic relations with West Germany.

2780:

newspaper, launched a campaign against the protesters.

2499:

became a recognised measure for describing the general

2304: 1152: 607: 5931: 5888: 2293:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new 2198:

was modified to include West Germany, and to form the

2036:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1214:

Before reunification, Germany was divided between the

6702: 6063:

FOWID, Religionszugehörigkeit Bevölkerung 1970–2011 (

5415:. See Section "The Presence of the Past" paragraph 9. 5336: 2976:

The West German government was known to be much more

2717:(CSU), either alone or in coalition with the smaller 2477:

in western Europe, while launching the new policy of

1962:. Soon afterwards, the French zone was included into 270: Lands of pre-1937 Germany that were annexed by 6215:"Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes" 5632: 5527:, Rogner und Bernhard, 1998 Dokument Nr. 193, p. 356 5058: 2969:) and the highest Court of Appeals, were located in 2943:'s senior officials were former Nazi Party members. 2935:

had played a major role in drafting the antisemitic

2901:. It was carried out by removing those who had been 1893:

in Germany, early 1946. The territories east of the

6106:

Religion and Modernity: An International Comparison

5780:

Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War

5253: 5251: 2701:era (1949–63) was followed by a brief period under 2507:policies at the domestic level, culminating in the 6233:"Study Says West Germany Engaged in Sports Doping" 5783:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5742: 3324: 6848:Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II: 1933–1990 6772:Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany 2382:patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the 8152: 7104:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 6864: 6807: 6610:The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848–2005 6292:. 2013 Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 6102: 5807: 5248: 3020: 1030:on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the 6944:Henderson, David R. "German Economic Miracle." 6476:Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960–1990 6321: 5543:. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 92. 5536: 3102:government within a single German nation and a 2301:to be limited in case of a state of emergency. 2146:was a German statesman who served as the first 1238:became the official name of reunified Germany. 228:Location of West Germany (dark green) 208:Location of West Germany (dark green) 6607: 6378: 6251:"Report exposes decades of West German doping" 5186: 5184: 3062:In the early 1970s, Willy Brandt's policy of " 2761:("Democracy in a State of Emergency") and the 1321:or its equivalent was used in many languages. 1188:) were reconstituted, along with the reunited 261:(East Germany), claimed by West Germany until 7145: 6969:, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1989. 6953:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 6808:Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002). 6493: 6381:Management, Quality and Economics in Building 2524:Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after 2148:chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany 1861: 16:Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1990 7062:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 6746: 6608:Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006). 6088: 5515: 5513: 5497:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2005) p 179. 5223:. University of Chicago Press. 2002. p. 263. 5191: 5173: 5087:Economic history of the German reunification 4920: 4723: 3330: 3262: 3238: 3230: 3216: 3196: 3170: 3148: 3063: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2984:East German counterpart, the former being a 2964: 2833: 2773: 2674: 2648: 2638: 2632: 2445: 2398: 2384: 2352: 2338: 2324: 2260: 2254: 2246: 2211: 2203: 2070: 2048: 1971: 1923:Allied strategy against Japan in the Pacific 1729: 1615: 1322: 1294:had agreed to refuse to use the initialism. 1260: 1248: 1242: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1193: 1183: 1132: 1022:from its formation on 23 May 1949 until its 994: 968: 953: 757: 159: 133: 113: 101: 41: 7264:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 6810:Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective 5840:, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40. 5181: 2885:List of companies involved in the Holocaust 2783:By 1968, a stronger desire to confront the 2393:about twenty were put on trial in Frankfurt 2227: 2075:from the GDR and East Berlin joined in 1990 1115: 8186:States and territories established in 1949 7152: 7138: 7071:(Central European University Press, 2004) 6494:Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001). 6379:Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991). 5975:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 2692: 2619:in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the 1868: 1854: 982:, between January 1957 and July 1959, the 242: 222: 202: 6463: 6435: 6416: 6397: 6103:Pollack, D.; Rosta, G.; West, D. (2017). 5510: 5401:, A Handbook Volume 1, 1945–1968 Series: 5354: 3283:In 1952, West Germany became part of the 3189:in July 1990, and on 3 October 1990, the 2245:In October 1962 the weekly news magazine 2053:, the East German states and East Berlin 1301:country code of West Germany was DE (for 1286:that the West German public broadcasters 6984:The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty 6967:The Soviet-East German Military Alliance 6826: 6683: 6664: 6454: 6359: 5909:Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973 5884:, Princeton University Press, p. 14 5734: 5521:Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung 5342: 5330: 4972: 3247: 3030: 2812: 2723: 2705:(1963–66) who, in turn, was replaced by 2423: 2303: 2138: 2064: 1970:. At the same time, new federal states ( 1936: 1885: 658:248,717 km (96,030 sq mi) 217: 7079:Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany 6908:Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 6845: 6645: 6555:(3rd ed.). Duke University Press. 6550: 6531: 6472: 6285: 6109:. Oxford University Press. p. 76. 5970: 5937: 5894: 2947:Geographical distribution of government 2116:, a member of the subsequently founded 1002:The state did not cease to exist after 8153: 6769: 6711: 6588: 6515:Contemporary Western European Feminism 6512: 6340: 6057: 5740: 5424: 1276:Federal Minister of All-German Affairs 918:Federal Republic of Germany since 1990 7133: 6946:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 6894:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. 6788: 6626: 5920:from the original on 20 December 2016 5879: 5651:(January 2004), Vol. 44, pp. 395–414. 5599: 5278:Anthony James Nicholls, Longman, 1997 5161:[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːkˈdɔʏtʃlant] 5159: 5128: 3303:remained in the country, just as the 3181:The two German states entered into a 2939:in Nazi Germany. In 1957, 77% of the 2897:ideology and personnel following the 1966:. Conversely, the Soviet zone became 1209: 1170:, both states took action to achieve 971:Federal Statistical Office of Germany 7159: 6591:Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany 6569: 6473:Glatzer, Wolfgang (21 August 1992). 6187: 6161: 5861:from the original on 23 January 2019 5773: 5465:(National Defense University, 1987) 5038:Doping in Germany from 1950 to today 4937:Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 3287:, which would later evolve into the 3015: 8196:1949 establishments in West Germany 6868:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 6045:from the original on 11 August 2018 6015:from the original on 11 August 2018 5600:Denso, Christian (13 August 2011). 3210: 2721:(FDP) or other right-wing parties. 2406:American mini-series with that name 2108:West Germany became a focus of the 1018:is the common English name for the 967:Population statistics according to 877:American occupation zone in Germany 13: 7096: 7057:, broad survey of reunified nation 6887: 6572:Europe Since 1945: an Introduction 6459:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6039:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 6009:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 5749:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5221:Music and German National Identity 4694:Central Council of Jews in Germany 2861:constructive vote of no confidence 2581:constructive vote of no confidence 2412:obtain parliamentary seats in the 2103:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2060: 863:British occupation zone in Germany 172: 146: 14: 8207: 7113: 5838:The New Germany and the Old Nazis 5602:"RAF: Gefangen in der Geschichte" 5364:, Goethe-Institut, archived from 5005:won the cup again, defeating the 4977:Postage stamps commemorating the 4910: 3285:European Coal and Steel Community 3193:dissolved and the re-established 2870: 2623:, there was a rapid move towards 2587:, who received 5.6% of the vote. 2546: 2160:European Coal and Steel Community 2022:Soviet occupation zone in Germany 891:French occupation zone in Germany 7118: 7106:(Oxford University Press, 1955) 6593:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 5731:2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003 5061: 2598: 2375:War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg 1834: 1820: 1359: 922: 897: 883: 869: 855: 282:, claimed by West Germany until 116:Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit 81: 67: 7356:German revolutions of 1848–1849 7325:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 7047:Developments in German Politics 6976:(2014) 66#8 pp. 1380–1382. 6498:. University of Chicago Press. 6440:. Manchester University Press. 6438:The Retreat of Social Democracy 6326:. University of Chicago Press. 6279: 6261: 6243: 6225: 6207: 6181: 6155: 6130: 6077: 6027: 5997: 5964: 5943: 5900: 5873: 5843: 5830: 5813: 5767: 5706: 5686: 5667: 5654: 5641: 5633:Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). 5626: 5614:from the original on 8 May 2013 5593: 5581: 5530: 5487: 5472: 5455: 5418: 5382: 5348: 4993:in a stunning upset dubbed the 3325:Population and vital statistics 3319: 3223:("economic miracle", coined by 2941:West German Ministry of Justice 2462: 1628:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1223:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 251: Territory of West Germany 121:"Unity and Justice and Freedom" 8191:1949 establishments in Germany 7341:Early modern period, 1500–1800 7229:List of early Germanic peoples 6190:"Season 1980 | UEFA EURO 1980" 6164:"Season 1972 | UEFA EURO 1972" 5307: 5281: 5269: 5226: 5213: 5109: 5077:History of Germany (1945–1990) 4987:Germany national football team 4707:Religion in West Germany, 1970 3147:The West German Constitution ( 3119:government, but also the sole 3081:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 2867:condition changed until 1998. 2570: 1882:History of Germany (1945–1990) 1: 7464:History of Germany since 1990 7019:excerpt and text search vol 2 6827:Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). 6770:Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991). 6035:"Population by area in 1,000" 5712:quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. 5206: 3021:Position towards East Germany 2797:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 2414:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 330: 8181:Political history of Germany 6774:. Cornell University Press. 5808:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997 5694:Willy Brandt. Die Biographie 5405:German Historical Institutes 5102: 4690:Roman Catholicism in Germany 4686:Protestant Church in Germany 3362:Crude death rate (per 1000) 3359:Crude birth rate (per 1000) 3347:Average population (x 1000) 3137:Federal Constitutional Court 2961:Federal Constitutional Court 2528:, one of his closest aides, 2321:West German student movement 2192:London and Paris Conferences 1271:nations soon followed suit. 1160:collapse of the Eastern Bloc 1062:Allied occupation of Germany 1044:) after its capital city of 7: 8166:Contemporary German history 6871:. New York: Da Capo Press. 6850:. Oxford University Press. 6812:. Oxford University Press. 6665:Schäfers, Bernhard (1998). 6551:Kommers, Donald P. (2012). 6532:Kommers, Donald P. (1997). 6436:Callaghan, John T. (2000). 6289:Guinness World Records 2014 5715:Der Kanzler und sein Spion. 5649:Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 5481:German Politics and Society 5143:Federal Republic of Germany 5130:[ˈvɛstˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃlant] 5054: 5003:German Football Association 4675: 2924:and Chancellor (1966–1969) 2563:, was the launching of the 2399: 2055:joined the Federal Republic 1250:westdeutsche Bundesrepublik 1241:In East Germany, the terms 1204:European Economic Community 1020:Federal Republic of Germany 141:"I have surrendered myself" 37:Federal Republic of Germany 10: 8212: 7371:North German Confederation 7351:Confederation of the Rhine 7102:Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed. 7060:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. 6991:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography 6667:The State of Germany Atlas 6646:Pridham, Geoffrey (1977). 6417:Braunthal, Gerard (1994). 6314: 5826:Zukunft braucht Erinnerung 5741:Taylor, Frederick (2011). 5696:. Propyläen, Berlin 2001. 5495:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography 5428:International Organization 5157:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 5017:had been held in Germany, 4900: 4896: 4679: 3367: 3365:Natural change (per 1000) 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3205: 3191:German Democratic Republic 3057:German Democratic Republic 3024: 2874: 2711:Christian-Democratic Union 2608: 2602: 2466: 2362:US intervention in Vietnam 2348:the press, especially the 2238: 2164:European Defence Community 2112:with its juxtaposition to 2091:Confederation of the Rhine 2027:German Democratic Republic 1879: 1633:North German Confederation 1603:Confederation of the Rhine 1330: 1235:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1217:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 259:German Democratic Republic 43:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 18: 8171:Anti-communism in Germany 8105: 7965: 7845: 7836: 7719: 7710: 7591: 7582: 7518: 7509: 7472: 7451: 7333: 7287: 7211: 7180: 7171: 6732:10.1017/S2071832200013195 6589:Patton, David F. (1999). 6536:. Duke University Press. 6489:– via Google Books. 6468:, Gender Equality Network 6455:Collings, Justin (2015). 6398:Blackburn, Robin (2003). 6074:; PDF-Datei; 173 kB) 5971:Giersch, Herbert (1992). 5674:Talk by Hans-Jochen Vogel 5549:10.1007/978-3-531-91924-9 5441:10.1017/S0020818300010663 5396:23 September 2015 at the 5021:was selected to host the 4764: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4736: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 2750:, a group calling itself 2323:, a group calling itself 2128:, while the Soviets held 1274:In 1965, the West German 948: 938: 834: 822: 814: 790: 772: 753: 735: 717: 713:254/km (657.9/sq mi) 707: 703: 693: 683: 673: 669: 662: 652: 647: 643: 630: 617: 600: 581: 568: 555: 542: 527: 514: 510: 500: 485: 470: 460: 456: 444: 434:• 1949–1963 (first) 432: 428: 418: 414: 400: 390:• 1949–1959 (first) 388: 384: 374: 358: 337: 324: 316: 306: 296: 199: 127: 97: 63: 58: 34: 7523:Administrative divisions 7064:(2011) pp. 593–753. 6989:Mierzejewski, Alfred C. 6631:. Taylor & Francis. 6360:Banister, David (2002). 5679:1 September 2009 at the 5537:Cornelius Grebe (2010). 5493:Alfred C. Mierzejewski, 5263:13 November 2013 at the 5219:Applegate, Celia (ed.). 5097: 4968: 4757:Other & Unaffiliated 4682:Protestantism in Germany 3095:for Germany as a whole. 2966:Bundesverfassungsgericht 2617:collapse of eastern bloc 2565:European Monetary System 2561:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2493:right-wing authoritarian 2228:Reforms during the 1960s 2187:French National Assembly 2162:proposed to establish a 2024:, eventually became the 446:• 1982–1990 (last) 402:• 1984–1990 (last) 331:Religion in West Germany 6920:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 6712:Schiek, Dagmar (2006). 6513:Kaplan, Gisela (2012). 6343:Germany and the Germans 6286:Glenday, Craig (2013). 6070:15 October 2015 at the 5880:Quint, Peter E (1991), 5721:13 January 2009 at the 5293:Encyclopædia Britannica 5027:Germany at the Olympics 3333:Statistisches Bundesamt 2752:Notstand der Demokratie 2748:German student movement 2737:Social Democratic Party 2693:Government and politics 2326:Notstand der Demokratie 2291:Social Democratic Party 2099:Two Plus Four Agreement 1891:Occupation zone borders 1309:. The less widely used 1108:Allied-occupied Germany 1001: 992: 977: 966: 963: 960: 951: 317:Official languages 289:Show territorial claims 143:(unofficial, 1949–1952) 7784:Science and technology 7485:History of Brandenburg 7376:Unification of Germany 7366:Frankfurt Constitution 6965:MacGregor, Douglas A. 6930:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. 6574:. Barnes & Noble. 6142:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 6089: 5192: 5174: 5156: 5124: 5082:Inner German relations 4982: 4921: 4724: 3331: 3263: 3257: 3239: 3231: 3217: 3197: 3171: 3149: 3083:(September 1971), the 3064: 3047: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2965: 2889:Denazification was an 2834: 2821: 2774: 2732: 2715:Christian Social Union 2675: 2664:Richard von Weizsäcker 2649: 2639: 2633: 2557:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 2515:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 2446: 2432: 2385: 2353: 2339: 2325: 2312: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2212: 2204: 2200:Western European Union 2151: 2120:. The former capital, 2095:Bonn–Paris conventions 2076: 2071: 2049: 1972: 1942: 1910: 1730: 1616: 1485:Linear Pottery culture 1323: 1261: 1249: 1243: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1194: 1184: 1133: 1126:Allied Control Council 1120:eleventh state. While 1116: 1068:, established from 12 1041: 995: 969: 954: 758: 532:Bonn–Paris conventions 408:Richard von Weizsäcker 192: 160: 156: 134: 114: 102: 42: 7421:Flight and expulsions 7127:at Wikimedia Commons 7088:12 April 2020 at the 7013:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. 7000:12 April 2020 at the 6341:Ardagh, John (1996). 5664:36.3 (1988): 397–412. 5504:12 April 2020 at the 5194:Heidelberg University 5190:Detlef Junker of the 5015:Olympic Games of 1936 4976: 3251: 3079:(December 1970), the 3034: 2816: 2727: 2719:Free Democratic Party 2611:Old states of Germany 2567:(EMS) in April 1978. 2519:Kniefall von Warschau 2427: 2335:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2317:Free Democratic Party 2307: 2142: 2086:and the 19th-century 2068: 1978:Free State of Prussia 1940: 1932:four occupation zones 1889: 1880:Further information: 1411:Territorial evolution 191: 155: 21:Old states of Germany 8093:World Heritage Sites 7771:German states by GDP 7361:German Confederation 7039:28 June 2011 at the 7028:28 June 2011 at the 6982:Merkl, Peter H. ed. 6958:Junker, Detlef, ed. 6951:Jarausch, Konrad H. 6789:Tomka, Béla (2004). 6627:Power, Anne (2002). 6570:Lane, Peter (1985). 5519:Wolfgang Kraushaar, 5484:25.2 (2007): 86–103. 5403:Publications of the 5092:Petersberg Agreement 5031:1956 Summer Olympics 5023:1972 Summer Olympics 4981:held in West Germany 3087:(May 1972), and the 3027:German reunification 2926:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2707:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2666:, former Chancellor 2625:German reunification 2605:German reunification 2475:European integration 2283:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2154:The outbreak of the 2002:Frankfurt Parliament 1747:Expulsion of Germans 1713:Contemporary Germany 1611:German Confederation 1317:The colloquial term 1180:five post-war states 1172:German reunification 1162:, symbolised by the 792:• Summer ( 136:Ich hab mich ergeben 7729:Automobile industry 7315:Carolingian dynasty 7249:History of the Huns 7077:Williams, Charles. 7045:Smith, Gordon, ed, 7006:Pruys, Karl Hugo . 6974:Europe-Asia Studies 6831:. Greenwood Press. 6793:. Akademie-Verlag. 6749:AICGS Policy Report 6466:GeNet Working Paper 5958:19 May 2016 at the 5914:University of Texas 5857:. 10 October 2016. 5855:The Daily Telegraph 5810:, pp. 189–190. 5371:on 20 December 2016 5244:on 5 December 2011. 4999:1974 FIFA World Cup 4991:1954 FIFA World Cup 4933:Frankfurt Book Fair 3278:East German economy 3075:(August 1970), the 2953:German Stock Market 2937:Nuremberg Race Laws 2859:as Chancellor in a 2730:Villa Hammerschmidt 2579:as Chancellor in a 2532:as an agent of the 2299:freedom of movement 2272:Franz Josef Strauss 1561:Early Modern period 1548:Eastward settlement 570:• Creation of 257: Lands of the 8176:Borders of Germany 7799:Telecommunications 7480:History of Prussia 7396:Revolution of 1918 7391:War guilt question 7310:Carolingian Empire 7279:Sack of Rome (410) 7188:History of Germany 7069:Germany, 1945–1990 6926:ACLS E-book online 6719:German Law Journal 6421:. Westview Press. 6362:Transport Planning 6237:The New York Times 5775:Goda, Norman J. W. 5692:Gregor Schöllgen: 5683:on 21 October 2002 5238:bundesregierung.de 4983: 4903:Culture of Germany 3314:fourth largest GDP 3258: 3130:Helsinki Final Act 3053:Hallstein Doctrine 3048: 2850:European Community 2822: 2741:state of emergency 2733: 2501:North-South divide 2433: 2389:concentration camp 2313: 2219:The three Western 2152: 2077: 1945:By the subsequent 1943: 1911: 1841:History portal 1827:Germany portal 1578:Kingdom of Prussia 1538:Kingdom of Germany 1510:Barbarian kingdoms 1311:ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 1299:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 1247:(West Germany) or 1210:Naming conventions 1056:were parts of the 731:1990 estimate 238:Show map of Europe 193: 157: 8148: 8147: 8101: 8100: 7832: 7831: 7746:Chemical Triangle 7706: 7705: 7693:Political parties 7641:Foreign relations 7578: 7577: 7505: 7504: 7416:Allied occupation 7320:Holy Roman Empire 7123:Media related to 6916:978-0-631-16788-4 6904:978-0-631-16787-7 6878:978-0-306-80793-0 6857:978-0-19-926598-5 6762:978-1-933942-08-7 6726:(10): 1233–1257. 6684:Scheffer (2008). 6345:. Penguin Books. 6303:978-1-908843-15-9 6116:978-0-19-880166-5 5821:Der Naumann-Kreis 5794:978-0-521-86720-7 5662:Political Studies 5558:978-3-531-91924-9 5461:John A. Reed Jr, 5319:Aktueller Begriff 5295:(Online ed.) 5258:Bevölkerungsstand 5141:; officially the 4946:The German Lesson 4917:Wolfgang Borchert 4894: 4893: 4769: 4768: 4743:Roman Catholicism 4673: 4672: 3254:Volkswagen Beetle 3219:Wirtschaftswunder 3195:five East German 3093:exclusive mandate 3085:Transit Agreement 3016:Foreign relations 2988:and the latter a 2593:Hans-Jochen Vogel 2551:Finance Minister 2418:feminist movement 2170:, France, Italy, 1982:Republic of Baden 1947:Potsdam Agreement 1899:Saar Protectorate 1878: 1877: 1809: 1808: 1703: 1702: 1543:Holy Roman Empire 1420:Holy Roman Empire 1263:Neues Deutschland 1135:Wirtschaftswunder 1104:Saar Protectorate 1098:in 1952, and the 1096:Baden-Württemberg 1085:exclusive mandate 1013: 1012: 934: 933: 930: 929: 910: 909: 905:Saar Protectorate 626:12 September 1990 613:18 September 1973 544:• Member of 234: (dark grey) 214: (dark grey) 189: 167:"Song of Germany" 153: 8203: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8078:Prussian virtues 7843: 7842: 7751:Economic history 7717: 7716: 7611: 7589: 7588: 7540:Cities and towns 7516: 7515: 7496:Baden Revolution 7300:Treaty of Verdun 7269:Marcomannic Wars 7224:Migration Period 7219:Germanic peoples 7203:Military history 7178: 7177: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7131: 7130: 7122: 6882: 6861: 6842: 6823: 6804: 6785: 6766: 6743: 6708: 6699: 6680: 6661: 6642: 6623: 6604: 6585: 6566: 6547: 6528: 6509: 6490: 6469: 6460: 6451: 6432: 6413: 6394: 6375: 6356: 6337: 6308: 6307: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6275:. 5 August 2013. 6265: 6259: 6258: 6257:. 5 August 2013. 6247: 6241: 6240: 6239:. 8 August 2013. 6229: 6223: 6222: 6221:. 3 August 2013. 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6081: 6075: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5968: 5962: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5748: 5738: 5732: 5710: 5704: 5690: 5684: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5565:on 16 April 2017 5561:. 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Verso Books. 6391: 6372: 6353: 6334: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6284: 6280: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6082: 6078: 6072:Wayback Machine 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5983: 5969: 5965: 5960:Wayback Machine 5948: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5923: 5921: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5739: 5735: 5723:Wayback Machine 5711: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5681:Wayback Machine 5672: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5568: 5566: 5559: 5535: 5531: 5518: 5511: 5506:Wayback Machine 5492: 5488: 5477: 5473: 5460: 5456: 5423: 5419: 5398:Wayback Machine 5387: 5383: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5355:Jutta Limbach, 5353: 5349: 5343:Collings (2015) 5341: 5337: 5333:, p. xxiv. 5331:Collings (2015) 5329: 5325: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5265:Wayback Machine 5256: 5249: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5189: 5182: 5165: 5164: 5150: 5134: 5133: 5125:Westdeutschland 5115: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5057: 4995:miracle of Bern 4971: 4913: 4905: 4899: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4749: 4734: 4696: 4678: 3356:Natural change 3327: 3322: 3308:nations of the 3301:U.S. militaries 3213: 3208: 3029: 3023: 3018: 2982:state socialist 2955:was located in 2949: 2930:State Secretary 2887: 2873: 2842:1973 oil crisis 2754: 2695: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2573: 2549: 2510:Radikalenerlass 2471: 2465: 2287:grand coalition 2267:Rudolf Augstein 2243: 2233:Konrad Adenauer 2230: 2196:Brussels Treaty 2144:Konrad Adenauer 2063: 2061:NATO membership 1993:Weimar Republic 1884: 1874: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1810: 1792: 1771: 1738: 1715: 1705: 1704: 1675:Weimar Republic 1648: 1638: 1637: 1624: 1593: 1583: 1582: 1563: 1553: 1552: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1515:Frankish Empire 1490:Únětice culture 1480: 1472: 1471: 1416:Historic states 1371: 1351: 1344: 1333: 1324:Westdeutschland 1244:Westdeutschland 1212: 1141:Konrad Adenauer 1042:Bonner Republik 1035: 1009: 955:Deutschlandlied 923: 898: 884: 870: 856: 800: 797: 776: 738: 722: 710: 696: 686: 676: 655: 636: 623: 610: 593: 584: 574: 561: 548: 535: 530: 520: 491: 476: 447: 439:Konrad Adenauer 435: 406: 403: 391: 354: 292: 291: 288: 287: 286: 267: 265: 254: 252: 248: 240: 237: 236: 220: 216: 195: 194: 173: 170: 168: 166: 162:Deutschlandlied 158: 147: 144: 142: 140: 132: 122: 120: 112: 110: 108: 93: 92: 91: 86: 78: 77: 72: 54: 47: 39: 36: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8209: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8130: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8009:Cultural icons 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7789:Stock exchange 7786: 7781: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7428: 7426:Denazification 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7198:Historiography 7195: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7115: 7114:External links 7112: 7111: 7110: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7075: 7073:online edition 7065: 7058: 7043: 7011: 7004: 6987: 6980: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6928: 6918: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6877: 6862: 6856: 6843: 6837: 6824: 6818: 6805: 6799: 6786: 6780: 6767: 6761: 6744: 6709: 6700: 6694: 6681: 6675: 6662: 6656: 6650:. Croom Helm. 6643: 6637: 6624: 6618: 6605: 6599: 6586: 6580: 6567: 6561: 6548: 6542: 6529: 6523: 6510: 6504: 6491: 6485: 6470: 6461: 6452: 6446: 6433: 6427: 6414: 6408: 6395: 6389: 6376: 6370: 6357: 6351: 6338: 6332: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6302: 6278: 6260: 6242: 6224: 6206: 6180: 6154: 6129: 6115: 6095: 6076: 6056: 6026: 5996: 5981: 5963: 5950:David H Childs 5942: 5940:, p. 309. 5938:Kommers (2012) 5930: 5899: 5897:, p. 308. 5895:Kommers (2012) 5887: 5872: 5842: 5829: 5812: 5800: 5793: 5766: 5760:978-1408822128 5759: 5733: 5705: 5685: 5666: 5653: 5640: 5625: 5592: 5580: 5557: 5529: 5509: 5486: 5471: 5454: 5435:(4): 618–629. 5417: 5381: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5306: 5280: 5268: 5247: 5225: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5180: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5069:Germany portal 5056: 5053: 4979:1974 World Cup 4970: 4967: 4941:Siegfried Lenz 4912: 4911:Literary scene 4909: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4871: 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681: 680: 677: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 660: 659: 656: 653: 650: 649: 645: 644: 641: 640: 639:3 October 1990 637: 631: 628: 627: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 601: 598: 597: 594: 582: 579: 578: 575: 569: 566: 565: 564:1 January 1957 562: 556: 553: 552: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 501:Historical era 498: 497: 492: 486: 483: 482: 477: 471: 468: 467: 462: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 445: 442: 441: 436: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 416: 415: 412: 411: 404: 401: 398: 397: 392: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 372: 371: 367:parliamentary 362: 356: 355: 353: 352: 347: 343: 341: 335: 334: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 308: 304: 303: 298: 294: 293: 266: 253: 247: 241: 227: 221: 207: 201: 200: 197: 196: 171: 145: 125: 124: 95: 94: 87: 80: 79: 73: 66: 65: 64: 61: 60: 56: 55: 40: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8208: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8120: 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Routledge. 6668: 6663: 6659: 6657:9780856645082 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6638:9780415089357 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6619:9783801203658 6615: 6611: 6606: 6602: 6600:9780312213619 6596: 6592: 6587: 6583: 6581:9780389205753 6577: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6562:9780822352662 6558: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6543:9780822318385 6539: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6524:9780415636810 6520: 6517:. Routledge. 6516: 6511: 6507: 6505:9780226356471 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6486:9780773509092 6482: 6478: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6449: 6447:9780719050312 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6428:9780813315355 6424: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6409:9781859844090 6405: 6401: 6396: 6392: 6390:9780419174707 6386: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6371:9780415261715 6367: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6352:9780140252668 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6333:0-226-05678-3 6329: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6099: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5982:0-521-35351-3 5978: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5883: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5839: 5836:Tetens, T.H. 5833: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5804: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5737: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5702:3-549-07142-6 5699: 5695: 5689: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5636: 5629: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5576:partnership'. 5564: 5560: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5421: 5414: 5413:0-511-19218-5 5410: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5385: 5367: 5360: 5359: 5351: 5345:, p. xv. 5344: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5059: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5036:The 800-page 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4975: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4929:Heinrich Böll 4925: 4924: 4918: 4908: 4904: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4731: 4729: 4728:Protestantism 4726: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4433: 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3467: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3274:Marshall Plan 3270: 3267: 3266: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3241:Deutsche Mark 3235: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3187:customs union 3184: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2986:federal state 2983: 2979: 2978:decentralised 2974: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2922:Walter Scheel 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763:labour unions 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703:Ludwig Erhard 2700: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2599:Reunification 2596: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497:Brandt Report 2495:regimes. The 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2447:Brigate Rosse 2443: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2366:Rudi Dutschke 2363: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2319:, the rising 2318: 2310: 2309:Rudi Dutschke 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2020:, the former 2019: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1831: 1828: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1783:Reunification 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1655:German Empire 1653: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598:Mediatisation 1596: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479:Early history 1476: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1218: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:Eastern blocs 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048:. During the 1047: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1032:Bonn Republic 1029: 1025: 1024:reunification 1021: 1017: 1005: 1004:reunification 997: 989: 985: 981: 973: 972: 956: 950: 947: 944: 941: 939:Today part of 937: 921: 919: 916: 915: 912: 906: 903: 896: 895: 892: 889: 882: 881: 878: 875: 868: 867: 864: 861: 854: 853: 850: 849: 846: 843: 841: 838: 837: 833: 830: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 803: 799: 795: 789: 785: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 761: 760:Deutsche Mark 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 734: 730: 726: 720: 716: 712: 706: 702: 698: 692: 688: 682: 678: 672: 668: 665: 661: 657: 651: 646: 642: 638: 635: 634:Reunification 629: 625: 622: 616: 612: 609: 605: 599: 595: 591: 587: 580: 577:25 March 1957 576: 573: 567: 563: 560: 554: 550: 547: 541: 537: 533: 526: 522: 519: 513: 509: 506: 503: 499: 496: 493: 490: 484: 481: 478: 475: 469: 466: 463: 459: 455: 452: 449: 443: 440: 437: 431: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 399: 396: 395:Theodor Heuss 393: 387: 383: 379: 377: 373: 370: 366: 363: 361: 357: 351: 348: 345: 344: 342: 340: 336: 333: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 312: 309: 305: 302: 299: 295: 285: 281: 277: 273: 264: 260: 245: 235: 233: 225: 215: 213: 205: 198: 164: 163: 138: 137: 130: 126: 118: 117: 109:"God with us" 106: 105: 100: 96: 90: 84: 76: 70: 62: 57: 51: 44: 33: 30: 26: 22: 8161:West Germany 8126:Bibliography 8000:Coat of arms 7980:Architecture 7957:Trade unions 7937:Prostitution 7897:Homelessness 7860:Demographics 7809:Trade unions 7776: 7766:German model 7739:Central bank 7683:Conservatism 7646:Human rights 7631:Court system 7626:Constitution 7606: 7452:Contemporary 7441:West Germany 7440: 7436:East Germany 7411:World War II 7406:Nazi Germany 7346:18th-century 7305:East Francia 7259:Cimbrian War 7125:West Germany 7117: 7103: 7078: 7068: 7061: 7046: 7014: 7007: 6990: 6983: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6931: 6921: 6907: 6895: 6866: 6847: 6828: 6809: 6790: 6771: 6752: 6748: 6723: 6717: 6704: 6685: 6666: 6647: 6628: 6609: 6590: 6571: 6552: 6533: 6514: 6495: 6475: 6465: 6456: 6437: 6418: 6399: 6380: 6361: 6342: 6323: 6288: 6281: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6197:. Retrieved 6193: 6183: 6171:. Retrieved 6167: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6141: 6132: 6120:. Retrieved 6105: 6098: 6087:outside the 6079: 6059: 6047:. Retrieved 6038: 6029: 6017:. Retrieved 6008: 5999: 5972: 5966: 5945: 5933: 5922:, retrieved 5908: 5902: 5890: 5881: 5875: 5863:. Retrieved 5854: 5845: 5837: 5832: 5820: 5815: 5803: 5779: 5769: 5744: 5736: 5726: 5714: 5708: 5693: 5688: 5669: 5661: 5656: 5648: 5643: 5634: 5628: 5616:. Retrieved 5605: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5574: 5569:18 September 5567:. Retrieved 5563:the original 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5494: 5489: 5479: 5474: 5462: 5457: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5402: 5389: 5384: 5373:, retrieved 5366:the original 5357: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5318: 5309: 5297:. Retrieved 5292: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5242:the original 5237: 5228: 5220: 5215: 5146: 5142: 5111: 5050: 5046: 5037: 5035: 5012: 4984: 4962:The Flounder 4960: 4956:The Tin Drum 4954: 4951:Günter Grass 4944: 4914: 4906: 4788:None/other 4697: 3350:Live births 3339: 3328: 3320:Demographics 3310:Group of Six 3282: 3271: 3265:Gastarbeiter 3259: 3224: 3214: 3180: 3163: 3146: 3134: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3097: 3089:Basic Treaty 3061: 3049: 3036:Willy Brandt 2975: 2950: 2915: 2888: 2865: 2854: 2846: 2826:Willy Brandt 2823: 2807: 2801: 2782: 2776:Bild-Zeitung 2745: 2734: 2696: 2672: 2668:Willy Brandt 2662:, President 2655:, including 2645: 2614: 2589: 2574: 2550: 2523: 2508: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2469:Willy Brandt 2463:Willy Brandt 2442:Red Brigades 2434: 2428:Logo of the 2410: 2371: 2331:Shah of Iran 2314: 2280: 2276: 2244: 2231: 2218: 2180: 2153: 2114:East Germany 2107: 2084:East Francia 2078: 2040:World War II 2031: 2025: 2018:East Germany 2010: 2006:German Reich 1986: 1968:East Germany 1944: 1915:Soviet Union 1912: 1759: 1695:World War II 1685:Nazi Germany 1646:German Reich 1573:18th century 1568:Sectionalism 1533:East Francia 1319:West Germany 1318: 1316: 1302: 1296: 1273: 1269:Eastern Bloc 1254: 1240: 1213: 1176:East Germany 1157: 1130: 1121: 1112:Soviet Union 1093: 1089:German Reich 1074: 1066:World War II 1058:Western Bloc 1031: 1028:East Germany 1016:West Germany 1015: 1014: 984:French franc 845:Succeeded by 844: 839: 824:Internet TLD 815:Calling code 764: (DM) ( 737:• Total 695:• 1990 685:• 1970 675:• 1950 654:• Total 586:Basic Treaty 559:Saar statute 465:Bicameralism 328: 307:Largest city 280:World War II 276:Soviet Union 229: 209: 128: 123:(since 1962) 104:Gott mit uns 99:Motto: 98: 89:Coat of arms 29: 7927:Pornography 7902:Immigration 7865:Drug policy 7777:Mittelstand 7724:Agriculture 7688:Nationalism 7661:Transgender 7545:Earthquakes 7492:, 1583-1588 7490:Cologne War 7386:World War I 7288:Middle Ages 7274:Gothic Wars 6085:Protestants 5013:After both 5007:Netherlands 3305:Soviet Army 3150:Grundgesetz 3040:Willi Stoph 2990:unitary one 2933:Hans Globke 2857:Helmut Kohl 2818:Helmut Kohl 2755: [ 2660:Helmut Kohl 2621:Berlin Wall 2577:Helmut Kohl 2571:Helmut Kohl 2538:East German 2530:was exposed 2489:Vietnam War 2380:Fritz Bauer 2340:Jubelperser 2285:. He led a 2256:Der Spiegel 2249:Der Spiegel 2213:Bündnisfall 2176:Netherlands 2130:East Berlin 2126:West Berlin 2118:Warsaw Pact 2081:Middle Ages 1665:World War I 1591:Unification 1527:Middle Ages 1462:Württemberg 1442:Family tree 1350:History of 1303:Deutschland 1280:Erich Mende 1168:Berlin Wall 1151:. When the 1054:West Berlin 840:Preceded by 523:23 May 1949 489:Lower house 474:Upper house 461:Legislature 451:Helmut Kohl 346:West German 169:(1952–1990) 111:(1949–1962) 8155:Categories 8088:Television 8073:Philosophy 8048:Literature 7907:Irreligion 7892:Healthcare 7855:Corruption 7621:Chancellor 7610:(military) 7607:Bundeswehr 6188:UEFA.com. 6162:UEFA.com. 5924:7 December 5865:23 January 5375:7 December 5207:References 4901:See also: 4680:See also: 3233:Reichsmark 3067:Ostpolitik 3025:See also: 2911:war crimes 2903:Nazi Party 2875:See also: 2793:the Greens 2713:(CDU) and 2657:Chancellor 2609:See also: 2485:Ostpolitik 2480:Ostpolitik 2206:Bundeswehr 2172:Luxembourg 2156:Korean War 2088:Napoleonic 1805:since 1990 1788:New states 1732:Ostgebiete 1725:Occupation 1618:Zollverein 1466:Mediatised 1376:Chronology 1202:, and the 988:Saar franc 699:63,254,000 689:61,001,000 679:50,958,000 664:Population 551:9 May 1955 538:5 May 1955 420:Chancellor 360:Government 339:Demonym(s) 218:Show globe 8043:Libraries 8023:Festivals 7870:Education 7814:Transport 7779:companies 7698:President 7636:Elections 7601:Bundesrat 7596:Bundestag 7565:Mountains 7533:Districts 7511:Geography 7244:Visigoths 7181:Overviews 6906:; vol 2: 6740:141058426 6255:France 24 6219:USA Today 6199:20 August 6173:20 August 6083:Includes 6049:11 August 6019:11 August 5525:Dokumente 5523:, vol. 2 5449:155025137 5289:"Germany" 5152:‹See Tfd› 5117:‹See Tfd› 5103:Footnotes 4935:(and its 4541:−118 141 4512:−118 141 4483:−111 961 4454:−124 160 4338:−129 748 4309:−146 750 4280:−122 578 4251:−130 289 4222:−148 748 4193:−101 138 3984:1 019 459 3955:1 050 345 3926:1 044 328 3897:1 065 437 3868:1 054 123 3839:1 018 552 3810:1 012 687 3237:with the 3226:The Times 3167:Bundestag 3139:in 1973; 3008:Bundesrat 2980:than its 2971:Karlsruhe 2957:Frankfurt 2677:Bundestag 2650:Reichstag 2615:With the 2386:Auschwitz 2262:Bundestag 2183:Gaullists 1917:held the 1774:1949–1990 1751:1944–1950 1699:1939–1945 1689:1933–1945 1679:1918–1933 1669:1914–1918 1659:1871–1918 1434:Empresses 1284:Bundestag 1037:‹See Tfd› 773:Time zone 588:with the 518:Formation 495:Bundestag 480:Bundesrat 376:President 325:Religion 59:1949–1990 8135:Category 8053:Internet 8038:Language 8028:Folklore 7947:Religion 7922:Pensions 7917:Naturism 7794:Taxation 7678:Lobbying 7651:Intersex 7584:Politics 7193:Timeline 7172:General 7165:articles 7086:Archived 7037:Archived 7026:Archived 6998:Archived 6898:(1992); 6383:. Spon. 6364:. Spon. 6273:CBC News 6194:UEFA.com 6168:UEFA.com 6068:Archived 6043:Archived 6013:Archived 5991:24065456 5956:Archived 5918:archived 5859:Archived 5777:(2007). 5728:Die Zeit 5719:Archived 5677:Archived 5612:Archived 5607:Die Zeit 5502:Archived 5394:Archived 5261:Archived 5234:"Fehler" 5155:German: 5055:See also 4785:Muslim 4712:religion 4676:Religion 4628:−16 193 4599:−10 257 4570:−45 409 4425:−94 684 4396:−97 635 4367:−93 460 4164:−95 395 4135:−30 050 4048:159 096 4019:235 777 3990:332 110 3961:364 024 3932:366 700 3903:421 309 3874:381 054 3845:373 733 3816:385 126 3787:325 667 3758:346 438 3729:307 160 3700:277 212 3671:256 474 3642:238 256 3613:260 569 3584:218 069 3555:253 117 3526:251 711 3497:284 088 3468:315 609 3440:290 982 3412:206 793 3384:144 667 3183:currency 3113:de facto 3100:de facto 2699:Adenauer 2653:building 2357:-Zeitung 2174:and the 2110:Cold War 1980:and the 1964:Trizonia 1767:division 1426:Monarchs 1386:Military 1341:a series 1339:Part of 1267:. 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