144:
216:
332:. The shooter, a white supremacist, wore the Black Sun symbol on his body armor and placed it on the front of his digital manifesto. Pro-Kremlin Telegram channels and influencers subsequently spread misinformation linking the shooter with the Azov Regiment and the Ukrainian nation more broadly. However, the shooter makes no reference to the Azov Regiment in his manifesto, and Ukraine receives only a single mention in a section plagiarized from an earlier mass shooter's manifesto that predates the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
363:
1229:
29:
391:
that the Nazi connotations of the symbol in that logo are lost on most people in
Ukraine, and the logo rather has an association with "a successful fighting unit that protects Ukraine." WotanJugend, a neo-Nazi group based in Kyiv and connected to the broader Azov political movement, has also used the
512:
According to
Goodrick-Clarke, "t has been suggested that this twelve-spoke sun wheel derives from decorative disks from the Merovingians of the early medieval period and are supposed to represent the visible sun or its passage through the months of the year. These disks were discussed in scholarly
171:. Himmler intended to make the building into a center for the SS, and between 1936 and 1942, Himmler ordered the building expanded and rebuilt for ceremonial purposes. Himmler's remodeling included the Wewelsburg mosaic that was composed of twelve dark-green radially overlaid
407:. The soldier wore a symbol on her uniform that "appears to be the black sun symbol". After receiving complaints from social media users, NATO removed the tweet and stated "The post was removed when we realised it contained a symbol that we could not verify as official".
130:
notes that though the symbol is popular with white supremacists, imagery resembling the black sun features in many cultures, and that such imagery should always be analyzed in the context in which it appears, as it may not necessarily be intended to serve as a symbol of
432:
notes that though the symbol is popular with white supremacists, imagery resembling the black sun features in many cultures, and should be analysed in the context it appears, and not necessarily interpreted as a sign of white supremacy or racism.
947:
315:
The Black Sun motif is even less ambiguous. Though based on medieval German symbols, the
Wewelsburg mosaic is a unique design commissioned specifically for Himmler, and its primary contemporary association is
427:
and satanist groups as an esoteric symbol. They further note that it is sometimes used as a fashionable, aesthetic symbol, or misunderstood as having origins in ancient
Scandinavian or Slavic cultures. The
42:
458:
227:. The symbol often appears on extremist flags, t-shirts, posters, websites and in extremist publications associated with such groups. Modern far-right groups often refer to the symbol as the
151:
The symbol that later became known as the "black sun" originated in the early 20th century, with the first depiction being the
Wewelsburg mosaic. In 1933,
908:
976:
1001:
1028:
748:
795:
1169:
178:, such as those employed in the logo of the SS, on the white marble floor of the structure's north tower known as the "General's Hall" (
948:"Guerre en Ukraine : quatre questions sur le régiment Azov, ce bataillon ukrainien accusé de compter des néonazis dans ses rangs"
651:
736:
347:
354:
containing the Black Sun. The video was quickly retracted after garnering media attention and backlash, and the aide was fired.
267:
A number of far-right groups and individuals have utilised the symbol in their propaganda, including the perpetrator behind the
1211:
1192:
1158:
1126:
503:
Nicholas
Goodrick-Clarke describes this "unique SS sun wheel design" as "a black disk surrounded by twelve radial sig-runes".
143:
921:
1233:
443:
93:
It is unknown whether the design had a name or held any particular significance among the SS. Its association with the
1137:
1107:
820:
215:
1119:
Handbuch
Rechtsradikalismus: Personen – Organisationen – Netzwerke vom Neonazismus bis in die Mitte der Gesellschaft
340:
1065:
393:
252:. The book links the Wewelsburg mosaic with the neo-Nazi concept of the "Black Sun", invented by former SS officer
115:. The book links the Wewelsburg mosaic with the neo-Nazi concept of the "Black Sun", invented by former SS officer
847:
336:
865:
453:
223:
In the late 20th century, the Black Sun symbol became widely used by neo-fascist, neo-Nazi, the far-right and
700:
268:
1279:
404:
1254:
911:
Quote: "The Azov
Battalion included the Black Sun in its emblem in 2014-2015, however, removed it later."
187:
Some scholars have suggested that the artist may have found inspiration from motifs found on decorative
1264:
1099:
977:"Too Much Ado About Ukrainian Nationalists: the Azov Movement and the War in Ukraine, by Ivan Gomza"
1249:
684:
513:
publications during the Third Reich and may well have served the
Wewelsburg designers as a model."
1259:
964:
These are old emblems of the paramilitary group, still used by some soldiers, says Adrien Nonjon
385:, founded in 2014, used the symbol as part of its logo. Political scientist Ivan Gomza wrote in
291:
240:
The name "Black Sun" came into wider use after the publication of a 1991 occult thriller novel,
1274:
1269:
463:
429:
127:
339:, who has a Black Sun tattoo on his arm, attempted to assassinate Argentinian vice president
329:
276:
272:
1182:
821:"A video retweeted by a DeSantis staffer stirred new controversy. Was there a Nazi symbol?"
71:
and other far-right individuals and groups. The symbol's design consists of twelve radial
8:
188:
54:
597:
275:, and the symbol was displayed by members of several extremist groups involved in the
1207:
1188:
1154:
1122:
1103:
448:
224:
891:
219:
A leather belt with the black sun symbol as belt buckle. The item is from the 2010s.
82:
in their logo. It first appeared in Nazi
Germany as a design element in a castle at
1002:"A black sun symbol was used by the Christchurch shooter. I see it all over Europe"
152:
87:
1202:
Strube, Julian (2015). "Nazism and the Occult". In Partridge, Christopher (ed.).
321:
249:
132:
112:
46:
468:
362:
317:
253:
200:
116:
909:
Is the Azov Battalion a terrorist organization as 40 US House Democrats claim?
1243:
1138:"Pro-Kremlin Influencers Are Using the Buffalo Shooting to Undermine Ukraine"
478:
416:
296:
257:
156:
120:
79:
1184:
The Sun Wheel as a "Black Sun" in Wewelsburg Castle's ObergruppenfĂĽhrer Hall
1170:"NATO says it didn't notice Ukraine soldier's apparent Nazi symbol in tweet"
922:"Azov fighters are Ukraine's greatest weapon and may be its greatest threat"
737:"Who are the White Nationalist Groups that Demonstrated in Charlottesville?"
796:"Man who attempted to assassinate Argentine vice president has Nazi tattoo"
424:
382:
367:
204:
64:
19:
This article is about the neo-Nazi symbol. For the alchemical symbol, see
194:
866:"Outrage as DeSantis Staffer 'Retweets' Nazi Symbol Video: 'Disgusting'"
459:
List of symbols designated by the Anti-Defamation League as hate symbols
374:
285:
261:
260:
and a symbol for a mystic energy source that was supposed to renew the
168:
160:
83:
1029:"Dispatches From Asgardsrei: Ukraine's Annual Neo-Nazi Music Festival"
1096:
Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity
473:
302:
164:
108:
20:
749:"Flags and Other Symbols Used By Neo-Nazi Groups in Charlottesville"
621:
619:
894:
848:"DeSantis team fires aide who secretly made video with Nazi symbol"
701:"Deconstructing the symbols and slogans spotted in Charlottesville"
308:
172:
72:
68:
616:
400:
387:
351:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
1228:
892:"DeSantis campaign fires aide who shared clip with Nazi symbol"
652:"Preparing for War With Ukraine's Fascist Defenders of Freedom"
94:
551:
539:
713:
662:
454:
Irminsul § Wilhelm Teudt, the Externsteine, and symbol
397:
184:). The intended significance of the image remains unknown.
28:
527:
307:, the black sun is employed by some neo-Nazi adherents of
766:
764:
1046:
138:
577:
575:
282:
Along with other symbols from the Nazi era such as the
761:
776:
572:
631:
392:Black Sun symbol to promote its group. During the
1241:
1151:Modern Satanism: Anatomy of a Radical Subculture
271:, Brenton Tarrant and Australian neo-Nazi group
1093:
940:
725:
719:
625:
566:
545:
90:, which he intended to be a center for the SS.
755:. Southern Poverty Law Center. 12 August 2017.
86:remodeled and expanded by the head of the SS,
330:a mass shooting in Buffalo, New York occurred
1167:
1116:
1052:
674:
668:
533:
300:
283:
232:
192:
179:
147:View of the mosaic's placement in Wewelsburg
98:
58:
506:
210:
403:a photo of a female Ukrainian soldier for
1135:
1117:Grumke, Thomas and Wagner, Bernd (2002).
782:
643:
78:, similar to the symbols employed by the
1026:
845:
497:
361:
214:
142:
27:
1148:
1121:(in German). Opladen: Leske + Budrich.
770:
348:Ron DeSantis U.S. presidential campaign
1242:
1201:
734:
581:
1187:. Brill Schöningh. pp. 143–162.
1180:
904:
902:
637:
423:, the Black Sun is also used by some
139:Wewelsburg mosaic and the Nazi period
97:originates with a 1991 German novel,
1027:Colborne, Michael (2 January 2020).
649:
592:
590:
320:, for which Nazi Satanic groups and
242:Die Schwarze Sonne von Tashi Lhunpo
207:, or its passing through the year.
100:Die Schwarze Sonne von Tashi Lhunpo
13:
1153:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
1094:Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002).
914:
899:
444:Esotericism in Germany and Austria
14:
1291:
1221:
1136:Lamoureux, Mack (16 March 2022).
587:
357:
1227:
394:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
311:. Scholar Chris Mathews writes:
1058:
1020:
994:
969:
884:
858:
846:Thompson, Alex (25 July 2023).
839:
813:
788:
350:produced and shared a video on
203:, which have been suggested to
1168:O'Connor, Tom (9 March 2022).
735:Porter, Tom (13 August 2017).
346:In July 2023, a member of the
341:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
279:in Charlottesville, Virginia.
248:), by the pseudonymous author
1:
650:Luhn, Alec (30 August 2014).
485:
410:
269:Christchurch mosque shootings
246:The Black Sun of Tashi Lhunpo
105:The Black Sun of Tashi Lhunpo
890:Cabral, Sam (July 26, 2023)
381:The Ukrainian military unit
337:Fernando André Sabag Montiel
16:Neo-Nazi and esoteric symbol
7:
1206:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
436:
10:
1296:
954:(in French). 15 March 2022
669:Grumke & Wagner (2002)
534:Grumke & Wagner (2002)
18:
1100:New York University Press
405:International Women's Day
687:. Anti-Defamation League
370:, which uses a Black Sun
256:as a substitute for the
211:Neo-Nazism and far right
167:in the German region of
119:as a substitute for the
63:) symbol originating in
1181:Siepe, Daniela (2022).
1149:Mathews, Chris (2009).
720:Goodrick-Clarke (2002)
626:Goodrick-Clarke (2002)
602:Anti-Defamation League
567:Goodrick-Clarke (2002)
546:Goodrick-Clarke (2002)
464:List of occult symbols
430:Anti-Defamation League
378:
326:
301:
284:
233:
220:
193:
180:
148:
128:Anti-Defamation League
99:
67:and later employed by
59:
50:
33:
373:and a version of the
365:
335:On 1 September 2022,
313:
277:Unite the Right rally
273:Antipodean Resistance
218:
181:ObergruppenfĂĽhrersaal
146:
31:
1236:at Wikimedia Commons
1070:Reporting Radicalism
421:Reporting Radicalism
366:Former badge of the
32:The Black Sun symbol
1280:Occultism in Nazism
928:. 10 September 2014
705:The Washington Post
628:, pp. 148–150.
491:Informational notes
1255:Germanic mysticism
1234:Black Sun (symbol)
379:
322:esoteric neo-Nazis
225:white nationalists
221:
189:Merovingian period
155:, the head of the
149:
34:
1265:Neo-Nazi concepts
1232:Media related to
1213:978-0-41-569596-1
1194:978-3-657-79200-9
1160:978-0-313-36639-0
1128:978-3-81-003399-4
707:. 18 August 2017.
449:Fascist symbolism
377:in the forefront.
205:represent the sun
1287:
1231:
1217:
1204:The Occult World
1198:
1177:
1164:
1145:
1132:
1113:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
973:
967:
966:
961:
959:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
918:
912:
906:
897:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
856:
855:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
792:
786:
783:Lamoureux (2022)
780:
774:
768:
759:
756:
744:
729:
723:
717:
711:
708:
696:
694:
692:
678:
672:
666:
660:
659:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
614:
613:
611:
609:
594:
585:
579:
570:
564:
549:
543:
537:
531:
514:
510:
504:
501:
306:
289:
236:
198:
183:
163:, a castle near
153:Heinrich Himmler
102:
88:Heinrich Himmler
62:
45:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1250:Fascist symbols
1240:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1195:
1161:
1129:
1110:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1053:O'Connor (2022)
1051:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1008:. 10 April 2019
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
975:
974:
970:
957:
955:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
920:
919:
915:
907:
900:
889:
885:
875:
873:
864:
863:
859:
844:
840:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
800:Times of Israel
794:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
762:
747:
730:
726:
718:
714:
699:
690:
688:
683:
679:
675:
667:
663:
648:
644:
636:
632:
624:
617:
607:
605:
596:
595:
588:
580:
573:
565:
552:
544:
540:
532:
528:
518:
517:
511:
507:
502:
498:
488:
483:
439:
413:
360:
250:Russell McCloud
213:
141:
133:white supremacy
113:Russell McCloud
53:) is a type of
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:Nazi symbolism
1257:
1252:
1238:
1237:
1223:
1222:External links
1220:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1199:
1193:
1178:
1165:
1159:
1146:
1133:
1127:
1114:
1108:
1083:
1082:
1057:
1045:
1019:
993:
968:
939:
913:
898:
883:
872:. 24 July 2023
857:
838:
827:. 25 July 2023
812:
787:
775:
773:, p. 153.
771:Mathews (2009)
760:
758:
757:
745:
724:
712:
710:
709:
697:
673:
671:, p. 219.
661:
656:Foreign Policy
642:
640:, p. 144.
630:
615:
604:. 5 March 2022
586:
584:, p. 339.
571:
569:, p. 148.
550:
548:, p. 125.
538:
536:, p. 207.
525:
524:
516:
515:
505:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
481:
476:
471:
469:Nazi symbolism
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
440:
438:
435:
412:
409:
359:
358:Azov Battalion
356:
318:Nazi occultism
254:Wilhelm Landig
212:
209:
201:Central Europe
140:
137:
117:Wilhelm Landig
51:Schwarze Sonne
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Magic symbols
1273:
1271:
1270:Solar symbols
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1109:0-81-473124-4
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1007:
1003:
997:
982:
978:
972:
965:
953:
949:
943:
927:
923:
917:
910:
905:
903:
896:
893:
887:
871:
867:
861:
853:
849:
842:
826:
822:
816:
801:
797:
791:
784:
779:
772:
767:
765:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
732:
728:
721:
716:
706:
702:
698:
686:
682:
681:
677:
670:
665:
657:
653:
646:
639:
634:
627:
622:
620:
603:
599:
593:
591:
583:
582:Strube (2015)
578:
576:
568:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
547:
542:
535:
530:
526:
523:
522:
509:
500:
496:
493:
492:
480:
479:Thule-Seminar
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
434:
431:
426:
422:
418:
417:Freedom House
415:According to
408:
406:
402:
399:
395:
390:
389:
384:
376:
372:
369:
364:
355:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
331:
328:In May 2022,
325:
323:
319:
312:
310:
305:
304:
298:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
258:Nazi swastika
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
235:
230:
226:
217:
208:
206:
202:
197:
196:
190:
185:
182:
177:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
136:
134:
129:
124:
122:
121:Nazi swastika
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
70:
66:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
39:
30:
26:
22:
1203:
1183:
1173:
1150:
1141:
1118:
1095:
1088:Bibliography
1087:
1086:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
984:. Retrieved
980:
971:
963:
956:. Retrieved
951:
942:
930:. Retrieved
926:the Guardian
925:
916:
886:
874:. Retrieved
869:
860:
851:
841:
829:. Retrieved
824:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:
790:
778:
752:
740:
727:
722:, p. 3.
715:
704:
689:. Retrieved
676:
664:
655:
645:
633:
606:. Retrieved
601:
541:
529:
520:
519:
508:
499:
490:
489:
425:modern pagan
420:
414:
386:
383:Azov Brigade
380:
371:
368:Azov Brigade
345:
334:
327:
314:
297:Armanen rune
292:
281:
266:
245:
241:
239:
228:
222:
195:Zierscheiben
186:
173:
150:
125:
109:pseudonymous
104:
92:
73:
65:Nazi Germany
37:
35:
25:
1066:"Black Sun"
986:2 September
825:Yahoo! News
805:3 September
685:"Sonnenrad"
598:"Sonnenrad"
419:initiative
159:, acquired
135:or racism.
1244:Categories
1075:17 October
1033:bellingcat
952:Franceinfo
638:Siepe 2022
608:17 October
486:References
411:Other uses
375:wolfsangel
299:, and the
286:Wolfsangel
262:Aryan race
169:Westphalia
161:Wewelsburg
107:), by the
84:Wewelsburg
1038:5 January
1012:5 January
753:Hatewatch
731:Sources:
680:Sources:
521:Citations
474:Sun cross
324:adopt it.
303:Totenkopf
234:Sonnenrad
229:sun wheel
165:Paderborn
69:neo-Nazis
60:Sonnenrad
57:(German:
55:sun wheel
43:‹See Tfd›
38:Black Sun
21:Sol niger
1174:Newsweek
1006:ABC News
895:BBC News
870:Newsweek
741:Newsweek
437:See also
309:Satanism
981:Krytyka
932:1 April
876:25 July
831:25 July
691:26 July
401:tweeted
388:Krytyka
352:Twitter
199:) from
191:discs (
111:author
1210:
1191:
1157:
1125:
1106:
958:16 May
290:, the
95:occult
47:German
852:Axios
176:runes
76:runes
1208:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1142:Vice
1123:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1077:2022
1040:2023
1014:2023
988:2022
960:2022
934:2022
878:2023
833:2023
807:2022
693:2019
610:2022
398:NATO
126:The
36:The
293:Sig
231:or
174:sig
74:sig
1246::
1172:.
1140:.
1102:.
1098:.
1068:.
1031:.
1004:.
979:.
962:.
950:.
924:.
901:^
868:.
850:.
823:.
798:.
763:^
751:.
739:.
703:.
654:.
618:^
600:.
589:^
574:^
553:^
396:,
343:.
264:.
237:.
157:SS
123:.
80:SS
49::
1216:.
1197:.
1176:.
1163:.
1144:.
1131:.
1112:.
1079:.
1055:.
1042:.
1016:.
990:.
936:.
880:.
854:.
835:.
809:.
785:.
743:.
695:.
658:.
612:.
244:(
103:(
40:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
