Black feminism - Knowledge

3707:(#BlackGirlMagic) is a movement that was popularized by CaShawn Thompson in 2013. The concept was born as a way to "celebrate the beauty, power and resilience of Black women". Thompson began to use the hashtag #BlackGirlsAreMagic in 2013 to speak about the positive achievements of Black women. It also emphasises the idea that black girls thrive and prevail while enduring blockages and structural walls daily. Although it was popularized on social media, the movement has inspired many organizations to host events using the title, along with support from celebrities and politicians globally. 4186:

must follow as doubly invisible. While White sexuality as the normative sexuality has been challenged by other writers, Hammonds frames her intervention as reaching beyond the limits of this familiar critique. To effectively challenge the hegemony of Whiteness within Queer theory, Hammonds charges lack feminists with the major projects of reclaiming sexuality so that Black women and their sexualities may register as present and power relations between White women and Black women's expression of gender and sexuality becomes a part of theory making within Queer studies (Hammonds, 131).

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Pennsylvania were Black women, and the ADC instituted midnight raids. During midnight raids, authorities inspected the homes of welfare recipients without a warrant, during the middle of the night. This resulted in it becoming harder for Black women to receive aid. Furthermore, Johnnie Tillmon writes about her intersecting experience of being a Black woman on welfare, and how welfare policies, such as the ADC program, are sexist. Tillmon mentions how she is a part of starting the Guaranteed Adequate Income (GAI) plan, under The National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO).

3412:. The group, including Eve and Kathe Sandler, Nsia Bandele, and Indigo Washington, worked successfully to stop the parade from happening, bringing attention to the struggle of Black women against sexism and domestic violence. A supporter of Mike Tyson, social worker Bill Jones, exclaimed "The man has paid his debt" (in regards to Tyson's rape conviction), and joined a large group of other Tyson supporters in heckling the African Americans Against Violence group, accusing them of "catering to white radical feminists". 3105:. While it is often argued that Black women in the SNCC were significantly subjugated during the Carmichael era, Carmichael appointed several women to posts as project directors during his tenure as chair. By the latter half of the 1960s, more women were in charge of SNCC projects than during the first half. Despite these improvements, the SNCC's leadership positions were occupied by men during the entirety of its existence, which ended in turmoil within a few years of Carmichael's resignation from the body in 1967. 49: 3109: 3323: 4182:

writers of color, articles written on Black women's sexuality by Black women that complexly examine race in representations of gender, and the visibility of Black lesbian experiences (Hammonds, 127). Hammonds articulates how Whiteness defines the canonical "categories, identities, and subject positions" of lesbian and gay studies and depends on maintaining and presupposing patterns of Black women and Black lesbian sexualities' invisibility and absence (Hammonds, 128).

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complexities of misogyny in hip-hop and any discrepancies in mainstream feminism. More than speaking out against misogyny in hip-hop, however, a key characteristic of hip-hop feminism has been said to be its mission to uplift black women and girls who partake in hip-hop culture in their everyday lives. Black women grapple with some of the complexities and influences of hip-hop culture within discourse and writing surrounding black feminists and hip-hop feminists.

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activist-driven image, the beautiful and outspoken "Fly Girl," characterized by fashionable clothes and a self-sufficient attitude, the rebellious "Sista with Attitude," an intensely assertive image that threatened patriarchal stereotypes, and the revolutionary "Lesbian," which openly defied heteronormative ideals. While the first three groups emerged throughout the '80s, the "Lesbian" category was not recognized until the '90s, popularized by the release of

3149:. Some Black women felt alienated by the main planks of the mainstream branches of the second-wave feminist movement, which largely advocated for women's rights to work outside the home and the expansion of reproductive rights. For example, earning the power to work outside the home was not seen as an accomplishment by Black women since many Black women had to work both inside and outside the home for generations due to poverty. Additionally, as 4386: 2067: 3234:. Black lesbian women were often unwelcome in male-dominated Black movements, and tended to be marginalized not only in mainstream second wave feminism (as exemplified by Betty Friedan who held off making lesbian rights part of her political agenda) but also within the lesbian feminist movement itself. Here the problem was perhaps one more of class than of race. Among lesbian feminism's largely White, middle class leadership, the 3432: 3090:) openly challenged the way women were treated when they issued the "SNCC Position Paper (Women in the Movement)". The paper listed 11 events in which women were treated as subordinate to men. According to the paper, women in SNCC did not have a chance to become the face of the organization, the top leaders, because they were assigned to clerical and housekeeping duties, whereas men were involved in decision-making. 2949:(1920) and the 1960s are not included among the "wave" periods of feminism, this was a particularly important moment in the development of Black feminist activism. During this period, a few radical Black female activists joined the Communist party or focused on union activism. Although they did not all identify as feminists, their theorizing included important works that are the foundation for theories of 2905:, set in motion the principles that would become the basis for Black feminism. These women accomplished things that were previously unheard of for Black women, such as giving public lectures, fighting for suffrage, and aiding those in need of help following Reconstruction. However, fissures soon developed between White feminists, even those who had been active in abolition, and pioneering Black feminists. 5701: 4138:, stated that "the Black woman is demanding a new set of female definitions and a recognition of herself of a citizen, companion, and confidant, not a matriarchal villain or a step stool baby-maker. Role integration advocates the complementary recognition of man and woman, not the competitive recognition of same." Additionally, Toni Cade Bambara edited the eclectic volume 2129: 3052:. Within the movement, men dominated the powerful positions. Black feminists did not want the movement to be the struggle only for Black men's rights, they wanted Black women's rights to be incorporated too. Black feminists also felt they needed to have their own movement because the complaints of White feminists sometimes differed from their own and favored White women. 4297:, a term coined by Bailey in 2008. In 2018, both these women wrote an article named "On Misogynoir: Citation, erasure and plagiarism", which talks about the works of Black feminists often being plagiarized or erased from most literary works, also implicitly and sometimes explicitly linked to gender oppression, particularly for women of color. 4260:“The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action” (speech) (1977). Lorde discusses that speaking is a way to reclaim the racism that has been imposed upon Black women. This acknowledges the topic of direct activism, as Lorde advocates that when we actively communicate with different groups of people, we are actively fighting oppression. 3847:

oppression. As a result of White feminists excluding Black women from their discourse, Black feminists expressed their own experiences of marginalization and empowered Black consciousness in society. Due to the diverse experiences of Black women, it is imperative to Collins to speak for and of personal accounts of Black women's oppression.

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is that we are not just trying to fight oppression on one front or even two, but instead to address a whole range of oppressions. We do not have racial, sexual, heterosexual, or class privilege to rely upon, nor do we have even the minimal access to resources and power that groups who possess any one of these types of privilege have.”

3977:, who freed 750 slaves near the Combahee River in South Carolina in 1863. Smith said they wanted the name to mean something to African-American women and that "it was a way of talking about ourselves being on a continuum of Black struggle, of Black women's struggle". The Combahee River Collective opposed the practice of 3550:'s track, "Girlfriend;" until then, gay and lesbian hip-hop artists were alleged. Black female emcees used these categories, and various combinations of their respective images, to address issues that affected Black women and girls and push the boundaries of a historically misogynistic and homophobic industry. 4263:“Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power'' (1978). Lorde writes that channeling love and power within ourselves is important since this will allow individuals to better connect with other people. Then, this will in turn bring people together and fight oppression, such as the oppression facing Black women. 4300:

Misogynoir is grounded in the theory of intersectionality. Modern-day Black activists, such as Feminista Jones, claim that "Misogynoir provides a racialized nuance that mainstream feminism wasn't catching" and that "there is a specific misogyny that is aimed at Black women and is uniquely detrimental

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1994, Evelyn Hammonds: "Black (W)holes and The Geometry of Black Female Sexuality" Evelyn Hammonds begins her essay by reflecting, as a Black lesbian and feminist writer, on the "consistently exclusionary practices of lesbian and gay studies" that produce such problematic paucities as the presence of

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feminism, as white women need only to address one form of oppression versus many forms of oppression, like black women. Therefore, the black feminists of the Combahee River Collective aimed for an inclusive rather than exclusive movement because, “The major source of difficulty in our political work

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In the 21st century, New digital technologies have transformed black feminism, creating new pathways for activism. As stated by Catherine Steele in her book Digital Black Feminism (2021), the internet and social media platforms have provided Black feminists with the ability to amplify their voices to

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described hip-hop feminists as people who are "immersed in hip-hop culture" and actively advocate against gender discrimination within that culture. She asserts that hip-hop feminists share the same predecessors as black feminists and womanists, inherently connecting the missions and goals of the two

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was another artist who became an advocate of women empowerment in hip-hop. She was a legendary singer who influenced the Bad Boy Records label, although she was never signed by them. Together, these women shared a sense of freedom in the music business that allowed them to bring women together across

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is another female emcee who broke barriers in the hip-hop world. At just 21 years old, she was the first female artist signed to Bad Boy Records. Faith Evans spent more than 20 years in the music business fighting gender discrimination and harassment in an industry where men were the dominant content

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calls the "imperialist white supremacist, capitalist patriarchy." Due to their inter-dependency, they combine to create something more than experiencing racism and sexism independently. The experience of being a Black woman, then, cannot be grasped in terms of being Black or of being a woman but must

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by Cheryl Higashida looks at Black women writers and their contributions to the feminist movement. Higashida "illustrates how literature is a crucial lens for studying Black internationalist feminism because these authors were at the forefront of bringing the perspectives and problems of black women

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As an organization, they founded a local battered women's shelter and worked in partnership with all community activists, women and men, and gay and straight people, playing an active role in the reproductive rights movement. The Combahee River Collective ended their work together in 1980 and is now

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The Combahee River Collective articulated this interlocking system of oppression based on sexism, heterosexism, racism, and classism is due to the lack of basic human rights provided to black women in comparison to other groups, such as white women. White women fighting for feminism is distinct from

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advocated for a desegregation in institutions, Black women faced new issues of identity politics and looked for a new safe space to express their concerns. This was met with a lot of contention, as people saw these Black female groups as exclusive and separatist. Dominant groups, especially involved

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While Black Lives Matter has been critiqued for a failure to focus on Black women's treatment by the police, it has since been better about incorporating the interlocking systems of oppression that disadvantage Black women in particular. Activism of Black feminists in Black Lives Matter has included

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of that year, "nearly three-quarters of all characters were white", NPR reports, and only 17 of those 100 top movies featured non-White lead or co-lead actors. That number falls further when only looking at non-White women leads, considering only one-third of speaking roles were for women, according

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2000, Alice Walker: "In Search of Our Mothers Garden" This articulation is directly linked to Hammonds' concern about the visibility and audibility of Black queer sexualities, since Black women's sexualities are perceived as always invisible or absent, then lesbian and queer Black women and authors

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Social media served as a medium for Black feminists to express praise or discontent with organizations' r representations of Black women. Lizzo, for example, has been using social media, especially Instagram, to promote diverse black bodies. She often speaks against the racism and pushback she gets

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who was signed to Biggie Smalls' Junior M.A.F.I.A. Imprint, expressed her message. She achieved an image of fierce independence and comfort with her body. She defied the presumption in hip-hop that women are there to humble the presence of men. Lil' Kim's outspokenness and unprecedented lyrics were

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Conference was held again at BMCC, and the theme that year was "Sisters Remember Malcolm X: A Legacy to be Transformed". It featured plenary sessions, a workshop on "Sexual Harassment: Race, Gender and Power", and was held in a much larger theater that year. Black women were a central focus and not

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protesting what it saw as the museum's ignoring of Brooklyn's Black women artists. The demands brought forth changes, and years later, in 2017, the museum's exhibit "We Wanted a Revolution: Black Radical Women 1965-1985" celebrated the work of Black women artists who were part of the Black Arts and

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All women suffer oppression, even white women, particularly poor white women, and especially Indian, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Oriental and Black American women whose oppression is tripled by any of the above-mentioned. But we do have females' oppression in common. This means that we can begin to talk

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The members of this organization consisted of many former members of other political organizations that worked within The Civil Rights Movement, Anti-War movement, Labor Movement, and others. Demita Frazier, co-founder of the Combahee River Collective, says these women from other movements found

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was founded in 1973, and dissolved around 1977. This organization of women focused on the interconnectedness of the many prejudices faced by African-American women; stating that their mission was to define their self-image as Black women and not be rejected by White women. There were chapters in

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The 2010s saw a revitalization of Black feminism. As more influential figures began to identify themselves as feminist, social media saw a rise in young Black feminists willing to bring racist and sexist situations to light. One of the defining moment of the re-emergence of black feminism - and

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carved out space for later black female artists. Throughout the '80s and '90s, black female rappers were classified into four categories, often seamlessly traveling between or blending a number of labels together. The categories included the wise "Queen Mother," an intelligent, Afro-centric, and

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Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Several Black lesbian feminists confronted a group of White lesbian feminists about what they saw as a racially divisive agenda. Following this event, several groups began to include and organize around Black lesbian

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During the 1970s lesbian feminists created their own sector of feminism in response to the unwillingness of mainstream second wave feminism to embrace their cause. They developed a militant agenda, broadly challenging homophobia and demanding a respected place within feminism. Some advocated and

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As an organization, they were labeled as troublemakers, and many said they were brainwashed by the man-hating White feminist, that they didn't have their own mind, and that they were just following in the White woman's footsteps. Throughout the 1970s, the Combahee River Collective met weekly to

3969:(1974–1980) was one of the most important Black socialist feminist organizations of all time. This group began meeting in Boston in 1974, a time when socialist feminism was thriving in Boston. The name Combahee River Collective was suggested by the founder and African-American lesbian feminist, 3905:, uphold the notion of color-blindness and dismiss identity politics as a proper means of achieving social justice. To him, identity politics is an exclusionary device implemented in Black culture and history, like hip hop and jazz, that limit outsider comprehension and access. However, writer 3834:

while taking into consideration both personal experience as well as the experiences of those in history to help form a group of like-minded individuals who seek change in the political framework of society. It also can be defined as a rejection of oppressive measures taken against one's group,

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published in a special issue on conjure feminism in Hypatia Journal in 2021. The conjure feminism theory incorporates Black women's knowledges of African derived spiritualities to guide their methods of survival in the U.S. and the African diaspora more broadly. Black feminist scholars Kinitra

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target more people. Steele argues that digital spaces have created a "virtual commons" where Black women can gather to discuss and share experiences around issues of racial and gender justice. This digital activism has particularly influenced movements like #BlackLivesMatter and #SayHerName.

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Suffrage was one of the early areas of a schism between White and Black feminists. Though feminism as a movement was at a rise in the late 1800s and early 1900s, Black women were often left behind and disregarded by the White feminists of this movement. This, however, did not stop the Black

2873:, proposed "some of the most important questions of race, gender, and the work of Reconstruction in the nineteenth century". According to Harper, White women needed suffrage for education, but "Black women need the vote, not as a form of education, but as a form of protection". In the 1890s 4022:

Many Black women fought for their rights to public institutions and benefits, and many were members of The National Welfare Rights Organization. The Aid To Dependent Children Program (ADC) has received critiques. For example, in 1960s, eighty five percent of ADC recipients in Philadelphia,

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believes that this "outsider within" seclusion suffered by Black women was created through the domestic sphere, where Black women were considered separate from the perceived White elite who claimed their dominance over them. They also felt a disconnect between the Black men's suffering and

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Dr. Whitney A. Peoples argues that examples of Black women being sexually objectified in hip-hop are hyper prominent due to deep-seated racist ideologies and stereotypes that deem Black women as sexually and morally deviant. Hip-hop feminism explores hip-hop as a vehicle for addressing the

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as a hashtag to campaign against racism and police brutality against African Americans in the United States. The movement contributed to a revitalization and re-examining of the Black feminist movement. While the deaths of Black men played a major part in the Black Lives Matter movement,

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wrote that White people wearing certain hairstyles is a particularly touchy subject in Black feminism because of the perceived double standard that when White women wear Black hairstyles, they are deemed "trendy" or "edgy", while Black women are labelled "ghetto" or "unprofessional".

3075:'s SCLC executive secretary, she was exposed to the hierarchical structure of the organization. Baker disapproved of what she saw as sexism within both the NAACP and the SCLC and wanted to start her own organization with an egalitarian structure, allowing women to voice their needs. 4274:

In 1972, "Welfare Is a Women’s Issue" in Ms. Magazine. Johnnie Tillmon writes their experiences as being a Black woman on welfare and critiques the current welfare policies and welfare politics at the time, mentioning Ronald Reagan and the Aid to Dependent Children Program (ADC).

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for Black women. In the 1970s, increased literacy among Black women promoted writing and scholarship as an outlet for feminist discourse where they could have their voices heard. As a result, Black women sought solace in safe spaces that gave them the freedom to discuss issues of

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in 1989. Intersectionality indicates that each identity—being Black and being female—should be considered both independently and for their interaction effect, in which intersecting identities deepen, reinforce one another, and potentially lead to aggravated forms of inequality.

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wearing an afro sparked backlash on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. Some users claimed it was problematic and racist to have a non-Black model wear an afro and a fake tan to give the appearance of Blackness when the fashion magazine could have hired a Black model instead.

4142:(1970) which sought to "explore ourselves and set the record straight on the matriarch and the evil Black bitch." It featured now considered canonical essays, such as Frances Beal's "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female" and Toni Cade Bambara's "On the Issue of Roles." 3266:

was founded out of experiences and feelings of sexism in the Black Power movements and racism in the lesbian feminist movement. The primary focus of this collective was to fight what they saw as interlocking systems of oppression and raise awareness of these systems.

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were formed in the early 1970s. The "Where We At" group was formed in 1971 by artists Vivian E. Browne and Faith Ringgold. During the summer of that year, the group organized the first exhibition in history of only Black women artists to show the viewing public that

4195:, theorist and author Barbara Smith states her opinion that "to this day most Black women are unwilling to jeopardize their 'racial credibility' (as defined by Black men) to address the realities of sexism." Smith also notes that "even fewer are willing to bring up 3588:

Writers who were figureheads for Black feminism such as Joan Morgan, Denise Cooper, and others from the Third Wave of Black feminism blended their passions for hip-hop culture and Black feminism or womanism, ultimately leading to the inception of hip-hop feminism.

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In the second half of the 20th century, Black feminism as a political and social movement grew out of Black women's feelings of discontent with both the civil rights movement and the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s. One of the foundational statements of

3039:. Weathers states her belief that "women's liberation should be considered as a strategy for an eventual tie-up with the entire revolutionary movement consisting of women, men, and children", but she posits that "e women must start this thing rolling" because: 3617:

claimed the need for more intersectionality in feminist activism and the inclusion of Black and other ethnic minority women. Moreover, the advancement of technology fostered the development of a new digital feminism. This online activism involved the use of

3131:, starting with slavery". Despite this, Black feminism had reasons to become independent of Black nationalism, according to some critics, because it had achieved only a niche within the generally sexist and masculinist structure of Black nationalism. 3874:. Ignoring these differences only creates more of a divide between social movements and other feminist groups, especially in the case of violence against women where the caliber of violence is correlated with components such as race and class. 2972:. In 1944, Taylor was the victim of a gang rape; Parks and Cooper attempted to bring the culprits to justice. Black feminist activists focused on other similar cases, such as the 1949 arrest of and then death sentence issued to 4010:

discuss the different issues concerning Black feminists. They also held retreats throughout the Northeast from 1977 to 1979 to help "institutionalize Black feminism" and develop an "ideological separation from white feminism".

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as a powerful, fat, black woman musician She has stated: "I make Black music, period... I’m doing this sh*t for the big Black women in the future who just want to live their lives without being scrutinized or put into boxes".

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In the early 1990s, AWARE (African Woman's Action for Revolutionary Exchange) was formed in New York by Reena Walker and Laura Peoples after a plenary session on Black women's issues held at the Malcolm X Conference at the

2755:. Black feminism philosophy centers on the idea that "Black women are inherently valuable, that liberation is a necessity not as an adjunct to somebody else's but because of our need as human persons for autonomy." 3749:

Brooks, Kameelah Martin, and LaKisha Simmons co-wrote the Hypatia journal article on conjure feminism and co-edited the special issue. Other publications on conjure feminist themes include Kameelah Martin's (2012)

3000:, after being fired from her job as a cook and black-listed from other jobs in Montgomery due to her contributions to the boycott, organized the Club From Nowhere, a group that cooked and baked to fund the effort. 4565: 2983:

Despite often initiating protests, organizing and fundraising events, communicating to the community, and formulating strategies, women in positions of leadership are often overlooked by historians covering the

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in the political sphere, found these safe spaces threatening because they were away from the public eye and were therefore unable to be regulated by the higher and more powerful political groups.

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Black feminism has been around since the time of slavery. If defined as a way that Black women have sought to understand their position within systems of oppression, then this is exemplified in

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In 1995, Reena Walker went on to put out the call to various women and organized the group African Americans Against Violence that effectively stopped a parade that a group of reverends led by

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most widely remembered for developing the Combahee River Collective Statement, a key document in the history of contemporary Black feminism and the development of the concepts of identity.

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largely focused its agenda on issues that predominately impacted middle-class White women. From the 1970s to 1980s, Black feminists formed groups that addressed the role of Black women in

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as isolated categories as a means of excluding those who aren't perceived as part of the dominant group. These constructed biases formed from race, class, and gender are what feminist

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Black feminists also voiced the importance of increasing "representation" of Black women in television and movies. According to a 2014 study by the University of Southern California,

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Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1989). "Demarginalizing The Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics".

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by Angela Davis (2015) discusses the significance of prison abolition intersecting with feminism and racism. Davis explains the importance in being an active, lifelong activist.

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Despite the growth in feminist discourse regarding Black identity politics, some men disagree with the Black feminist identity politics movement. Some Black novelists, such as

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believes that identity politics serves as a foundation where such color-blindness can finally be achieved in the long run if implemented and understood within society.

3082:, the members discussed the role of women and addressed sexism that occurred within the group. A group of women in the SNCC (who were later identified as White allies 3048:

Not only did the civil rights movement primarily focus on the oppression of Black men, but many Black women faced severe sexism within civil rights groups such as the

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argued in 1974 that the liberation of Black women entails freedom for all people, since it would require the end of racism, sexism, and class oppression. Within the

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was founded. In addition to the multiple organizations that focused on Black lesbian feminism, there were many authors that contributed to this movement, such as

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to other women with this common factor and start building links with them and thereby build and transform the revolutionary force we are now beginning to amass.

3745: 2992:, were made successful due to the women who distributed information. During the Montgomery bus boycott, 35,000 leaflets were mimeographed and handed out after 2946: 2796: 4211:

to light against their marginalization and silencing." Included in her work are writers such as Rosa Guy, Lorraine Hansberry, Audre Lorde, and Maya Angelou.

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sexual style, fairly common among Black and working class lesbian pairings, was often deprecated as a degrading imitation of male dominate heterosexuality.

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experimented with as complete a social separation from men as possible. These separatist notions were off-putting to Black lesbian feminists involved in

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Black lesbian feminism, as a political identity and movement, arose out of a compound set of grievances involving race, gender, social class, as well as

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McDuffie, Eric (2008). "Esther V. Cooper's "The Negro Woman Domestic Worker in Relation to Trade Unionism": Black Left Feminism and the Popular Front".

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Critics of Black feminism argue that divisions along the lines of race or gender weaken the strength of the overall feminist and anti-racist movements.

4339:. Facing powerful male figures from the church, they established feminist protest models that they subsequently used to inform the establishment of the 6240: 3222:, which emphasized the degree of the oppression Black women faced when compared to White women and, for her, encompassed "the solidarity of humanity". 3212:

During the 20th century, Black feminism evolved quite differently from mainstream feminism. In the late 1900s it was influenced by new writers such as

278: 6098:"Lizzo speaks out about the risk of Black women being erased in the music industry: 'We are the ones who do suffer from the marginalisation the most'" 4544:"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics" 3681:" in order to create a more representative and revolutionary critique of social categories. An example of queer of color critique can be seen in the 3388: 3376: 6440: 6122: 5677: 4314:

Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics

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has been credited as one of the first pieces of literature that expresses a Black feminist perspective. Cooper's contemporary writer and activist,

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rejected by many people who believed in the traditional sound of hip-hop. Lil' Kim stood behind her words and never apologized for who she is.

3533:. A number of female emcees can be credited for having expanded Black womanhood in music during this time; notable artists in the '80s such as 3380: 1427: 3929:

major cities, and the organization fought for political influence and raised consciousness about the abuse facing their communities. In 1975,

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the world. There was a new perspective in the spot light that swung the pendulum in a different direction and gave women in hip-hop a voice.

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interacted to inform the particular experiences of enslaved Black women. Black activists and intellectuals formed organizations such as the

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Barrnet, Bernice. "Invisible Southern Black Women Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement: The Triple Constraints of Gender, Race, and Class".

2936:(1940), Terrell chronicled her experiences with both racism and sexism. Hurston's substantial number of published works include the novel 5834:""Under Construction": Identifying Foundations of Hip-Hop Feminism and Exploring Bridges between Black Second-Wave and Hip-Hop Feminisms" 3894: 2849: 3697:

feminism in general - was Beyoncé's 2013 self-identification as a feminist, and her decision to devote her statues to promote feminism.

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Weibaum, Alys Eve. "Gendering the General Strike: W.E.B. Du Bois's Black Reconstruction and Black Feminism's "Propaganda of History"".

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have emerged as leading academics on Black feminism, while Black celebrities have encouraged mainstream discussion of Black feminism.

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Other feminist activism and organizing happened around different cases of racial and sexual violence. For example, Esther Cooper and

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by Angela Davis (1981) writes about the history of Black women in the United States, and the intersection of women, race, and class.

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Crenshaw, Kimberlé (July 1991). "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color".

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stated, "When the shooting starts any Black is fair game. the bullets don't give a damn whether I sleep with a woman or a man".

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later wrote, while Afro-American women and White women were subjected to multiple unwilled pregnancies and had to clandestinely

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Fighting against racism and sexism across the White dominated second wave feminist movement and male dominated Black Power and

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The unofficial symbol of Black feminism in the late 60s, a combination of the raised fist of Black Power, and the astrological

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in the Black feminist movement was reflected in her writings as a poet. Her work inspired other Black feminist poets such as

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Some argue hip-hop feminism does not simply overlap with Black feminism but is an extension or expansion of Black feminism.

5445:. Brooklyn: Brooklyn Museum, 2017, Please note the original article written by Kay Brown was published as "Where We At" in 3925: 3472: 3259: 2918: 2758:

According to Black feminism, race, gender, and class discrimination are all aspects of the same system of hierarchy, which

2013: 1943: 1253: 226: 6397: 3127:, denoted an intersection of ideals of Black Power and militant feminism. Some ideals were shared, such as a "critique on 7367: 3686: 2357: 2272: 2023: 2018: 1713: 1437: 1038: 5737: 5360: 4049:

believes that there is continuity "in the written work of many African American Women, ... you can draw a line from the

3985:

themselves "in conflict with the lack of a feminist analysis and in many cases were left feeling divided against ." The

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Urban, Dennis J. (2002). "The Women of SNCC: Struggle, Sexism, and the Emergence of Feminist Consciousness, 1960–66".

3479: 396: 6994: 6969: 6936: 6914: 6851: 6537: 5607: 5416: 5395: 5035: 4501: 3673:. Queer of color critiques seeks an intersectional approach to misidentifying with the larger themes of "radicalized 2716: 2571: 2397: 2049: 2028: 1963: 1931: 913: 736: 6674:

Breines, Wini. 2002. "What's Love got to do with it? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years".

4749: 693: 6097: 4218:

by Kimberlé Crenshaw. A collection of essays and articles that expand on defining the concept of intersectionality.

3184:; and Patricia Robinson. These women "tried to show the connections between racism and male dominance" in society. 2629: 2367: 2312: 2176: 2172: 1368: 930: 196: 5164: 2856:. Truth addressed how the issues being discussed at the convention were ones that primarily impacted White women. 7569: 7402: 7383: 7359: 7313: 4340: 4119: 3651: 3083: 2788: 2377: 2362: 2322: 206: 151: 7331: 6615: 3486: 3457: 2909:

feminists, who would eventually create a separate path for themselves fighting for the cause. Out of this, the

2619: 2088: 1880: 1535: 1501: 1410: 878: 191: 6071: 7223: 6697: 5530: 5502: 5205:"The Object of History | Behind the Scenes with the Curators of the National Museum of American History" 4917: 4103:)." Cliff believes that all of these women, through their stories, "Work against the odds to claim the 'I'". 2392: 2317: 1993: 1983: 1885: 1415: 1233: 320: 221: 201: 7280: 6047: 4874:

Shaw, Esther Popel (January 1941). "Mary Church Terrell and H. G. Wells, A Colored Woman in a White World".

489: 330: 6147: 5003:

At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance—A New History of the Civil Rights Movement

4063: 3468: 2957:) wrote a M.A. thesis called "The Negro Woman Domestic Worker in Relation to Trade Unionism". And in 1949, 2938: 2902: 2709: 2624: 1973: 1948: 1773: 1042: 992: 985: 266: 216: 211: 7132: 3585:

communities and grounding them both in the examination of racial, class, and gender-based discrimination.

3521:

A particularly imminent medium of oppression for Black women in the 1980s and '90s was hip-hop music. The

472: 7501: 7260: 5560:"Lesbian Feminism – Dictionary definition of Lesbian Feminism | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary" 5117:

Weathers, Mary Ann (February 1969). "An Argument For Black Women's Liberation As a Revolutionary Force",

4424: 3851: 1978: 1968: 1938: 1820: 1805: 1795: 1383: 1248: 1243: 935: 508: 98: 7179:

Giardina (2018). "MOW to NOW: Black Feminism Resets the Chronology of the Founding of Modern Feminism".

7374: 2407: 1921: 1508: 796: 93: 6454:

Langford, Catherine (2016). "Blacklivesmatter: Epistemic Positioning, Challenges, And Possibilities".

298: 5257: 4697: 4492:(1978). "The Combahee River Collective: A Black Feminist Statement". In Eisenstein, Zillah R. (ed.). 4489: 3986: 3966: 3954: 3831: 3682: 3334: 3263: 2520: 2081: 1733: 1513: 950: 754: 700: 5101: 5069: 3525:

hip-hop scene was mainly dominated my men and most producers were focused on rap superstars such as

7564: 6641:

Smith, Barbara. Response to Adrienne Rich's "Notes from Magazine: What does Separatism Mean?" from

5761:"Empowering Self, Making Choices, Creating Spaces: Black Female Identity via Rap Music Performance" 5531:"Lesbian Feminism, 1960s and 1970s · Lesbians in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1999 · outhistory.org" 4517: 3158: 3023:

Black feminism is "An Argument for Black Women's Liberation as a Revolutionary Force," authored by

2224: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1955: 1835: 1631: 1393: 1047: 839: 715: 688: 601: 501: 7200: 2775:

A Black feminist lens in the United States was first employed by Black women to make sense of how

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All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, but Some of Us Are Brave: Black Women's Studies

6497: 5459:

Watts, J. (2006-06-01). "The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s".

5323: 4319:"Mow to Now: Black Feminism Resets the Chronology of the Founding of Modern Feminism" (2018) by 4293:, who both write about the anti-Black and/or racist misogyny against Black women, also known as 7267: 5968:

Valles-Morales, Jesus. "On Queer of Color Criticism, Communication Studies, and Corporeality".

5718: 5644: 4612: 4604: 3711: 3299: 3072: 2989: 2861: 2583: 2387: 2342: 2327: 2307: 2282: 2158: 1988: 1648: 1555: 1378: 1339: 1228: 1218: 1194: 1172: 1162: 1137: 1127: 786: 542: 430: 354: 4978:

Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism

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First-Gen Voices: Creative and Critical Narratives on the First-Generation College Experience

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Other theorists and writers who have contributed to the literature of Black feminism include

4155: 4123: 3843: 3421: 3307: 3116: 3079: 2985: 2954: 2828: 2792: 2674: 2590: 2297: 2292: 2277: 1738: 1698: 1688: 1643: 1474: 1449: 1358: 1223: 980: 940: 420: 337: 7395: 3493: 5165:"Cynthia Griggs Fleming. Soon We Will Not Cry: The Liberation of Ruby Doris Smith Robinson" 4465: 4336: 3902: 3751:

Conjuring Moments in African American literature: Women, Spirit Work, and Other Such Hoodoo

3243: 3165: 3140: 2953:—integrating race, gender, and class. In 1940, for example, Esther V. Cooper (married name 2808: 2697: 2153: 2112: 1860: 1815: 1785: 1768: 1758: 1606: 1518: 1496: 1388: 1363: 1298: 1142: 1122: 1072: 925: 861: 834: 574: 408: 133: 123: 6159: 5981:

Albertine, Susan. "Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique (Book Review)",

3863: 3097:

was elected chair of the SNCC in 1966, he reoriented the path of the organization towards

2820: 2768: 8: 7468: 4460: 3950: 3614: 3254: 3188: 2977: 2925: 2898: 2417: 2337: 2332: 2302: 2143: 1678: 1668: 1638: 1626: 1621: 1523: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1117: 1052: 1032: 965: 908: 866: 844: 810: 744: 496: 401: 180: 128: 118: 73: 4122:, argued for a specificity of oppression against Black women. Co-signed by Gayle Lynch, 3613:

The new century has brought about a shift in thinking away from "traditional" feminism.

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and tended to deepen their feelings of alienation from a largely White-led movement. As

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Black feminist thought : knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment

4068: 3978: 3942: 3887: 3774: 3581: 3393: 3231: 3094: 3020: 2929: 2659: 2614: 2540: 2530: 2510: 2460: 2148: 1865: 1855: 1845: 1830: 1825: 1810: 1763: 1743: 1718: 1683: 1673: 1653: 1550: 1432: 1422: 1323: 1077: 903: 769: 651: 364: 325: 78: 6289: 2976:, a victim of sexual violence. Defenders of Ingram included the famous Black feminist 7574: 7542: 7489: 7292: 7208: 7140: 7117: 7015: 6990: 6965: 6932: 6910: 6857: 6847: 6784: 6732: 6728: 6533: 6501: 6382: 6335: 5905: 5873: 5853: 5780: 5613: 5603: 5476: 5412: 5391: 5031: 5006: 4981: 4962: 4891: 4860: 4840: 4791: 4781: 4729: 4626: 4616: 4497: 4470: 4419: 4092: 4058: 3946: 3827: 3755:

Envisioning Black Feminist Voodoo Aesthetics: African Spirituality in American Cinema

3690: 3674: 3128: 3102: 3024: 2950: 2924:

Black writers of the early 1900s who undertook themes included educator and activist

2866: 2800: 2764: 2744: 2654: 2545: 2470: 2229: 2199: 2194: 1926: 1790: 1753: 1748: 1728: 1723: 1693: 1658: 1611: 1601: 1565: 1560: 1545: 1540: 1454: 1189: 1182: 1157: 1147: 1132: 997: 970: 856: 815: 791: 666: 646: 633: 594: 589: 584: 557: 457: 32: 7410: 7391: 6347: 6266:"'Hidden Figures' Story Of Black Women's Success Is Necessary In More Ways Than One" 4823:

Taylor, Ula (1998). "The Historical Evolution of Black Feminist Theory and Praxis".

7522: 7485: 7447: 7284: 7188: 7105: 6946: 6752:

Reigh, Charles A. (1963). "Midnight Welfare Searches and the Social Security Act".

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Steele, Catherine Knight (2021). Digital Black Feminism. New York University Press.

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2000, in her introduction to the 2000 reissue of the 1983 Black feminist anthology

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was "the first widely distributed collection of Black feminist writing in the U.S."

3938: 3786: 3704: 3678: 3573: 3526: 3169: 3032: 2564: 2455: 2287: 2249: 2239: 1875: 1870: 1780: 1708: 1703: 1663: 1616: 1591: 1528: 1400: 1328: 1177: 1062: 1027: 945: 851: 805: 781: 705: 678: 641: 484: 477: 467: 447: 391: 374: 315: 68: 20: 7418: 7109: 6418: 6374: 6331: 3761:(2019) edited by Kinitra Brooks and Kameelah Martin; and Patricia Coloma Peñate's 7513: 7406: 7387: 7363: 7335: 7317: 6643: 5684: 4391: 4171: 4150: 4127: 4050: 3815: 3795: 3643: 3235: 3205: 2997: 2973: 2886: 2845: 2776: 2679: 2505: 2445: 2412: 2372: 2244: 2214: 2071: 1479: 1288: 1276: 1082: 1022: 1002: 960: 898: 820: 710: 656: 614: 552: 547: 513: 425: 379: 7311:

Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment

7096:

Bailey, Moya; Trudy (2018). "On misogynoir: citation, erasure, and plagiarism".

6316:"(Re)Imagining Intersectional Democracy from Black Feminism to Hashtag Activism" 6216:"Dear Khloe: Cultural Appropriation Of Black Hairstyles Does Matter. Here's Why" 7497: 7289:

Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia

5952: 4836: 4351: 4328: 4320: 4100: 4046: 3974: 3906: 3890:

that ultimately promoted unity as well as a means of achieving social justice.

3855: 3807: 3647: 3291: 3247: 3177: 3161:

programs that were not widely included in dialogue about reproductive justice.

2890: 2870: 2804: 2480: 2254: 1850: 1293: 1258: 1067: 873: 825: 619: 579: 7534: 7474:

Harnois, Catherine E (2010). "Race, Gender and the Black women's Standpoint".

6861: 4954: 2885:

In the post-slavery period, Black female intellectuals and activists, such as

7553: 7452: 7433: 7144: 6927:

Higashida, Cheryl (1945–1995). "Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945-1995".

6788: 6339: 5955:. "Punks, Bulldaggers, and Queens: The Radical Potential of Queer Politics?" 5909: 5857: 5784: 5617: 5480: 4895: 4844: 4795: 4600: 4455: 4146: 4084: 3970: 3953:

established, as an offshoot of the National Black Feminist Organization, the

3934: 3930: 3744:

A new form of Black feminism has emerged with the publication of the article

3566: 3538: 3522: 3368: 3303: 3279: 3146: 2958: 2495: 2440: 1152: 1112: 1107: 1017: 759: 722: 347: 342: 7398:(Persephone Press, 1981; 2nd edn 1984, Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press; 5849: 4630: 3995:“...difficult to separate race from class from sex oppression because in our 2743:

that focuses on the African-American woman's experiences and recognizes the

48: 7414: 7272: 4672:"Black Feminism Lite? More Like Beyoncé Has Taught Us Black Feminism Light" 4332: 4323:

explores Black women and their involvement with the organizing of the 1963

4208:

Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945-1995

4200: 4080: 3877:

Another issue of identity politics is the conflict of group formations and

3811: 3799: 3782: 3715: 3670: 3639: 3213: 3150: 3124: 3112: 3108: 3087: 2894: 2874: 2824: 2812: 2684: 2669: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2204: 1373: 1303: 1167: 1102: 1097: 1057: 1007: 764: 683: 661: 562: 437: 310: 6721:

African American Women and the Politics of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia

5941:

Spaces between Us: Queer Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Decolonization

5812:". Modern Black Feminism, Hip-Hop and the Bad Boy Women Who Paved the Way" 5028:

To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City

3866:

believes need to be used, not as a means of degradation, but as a form of

5051:

Jenkins and Perrow. "Insurgency of the powerless: Farmworkers movements".

4286: 4054: 3867: 3778: 3577: 3559: 3554: 3542: 3405: 3372: 3295: 3287: 3275: 3192: 3098: 2969: 2853: 2485: 2475: 2234: 2168: 2120: 776: 567: 6186:"The Jenners' Racist Tendencies Are Apparently Rubbing Off on their BFF" 5865: 5833: 5244: 4166:

1992, Black feminists mobilized "a remarkable national response" to the

3360:

Black Women and Black Liberation: Fighting Oppression and Building Unity

3322: 7255: 6579: 5970:

Kaleidoscope: A Graduate Journal of Qualitative Communication Research

5645:"Malcolm Remembered: 25 Years of Research and Retrospective Reflection" 5488: 4903: 4852: 4698:"Black feminism and intersectionality | International Socialist Review" 4347: 4294: 4196: 4191: 4167: 4135: 4076: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3791: 3719: 3530: 3409: 3398: 3283: 3253:

In 1970, a defining moment for Black lesbian feminists occurred at the

3060: 2993: 2965: 2816: 2780: 2759: 2644: 2535: 2525: 1333: 1318: 1012: 7399: 7380: 7356: 7310: 5792: 5760: 5296:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

3818:, and they have used hashtags such as #oscarssowhite and #sayhername. 3449: 7465: 7328: 3836: 3763:

The Erotic as a Marvelous Real Paradigm: Hurston and Conjure Feminism

3627: 3547: 3363: 2664: 2634: 2609: 2515: 2490: 1313: 1308: 386: 7324:

Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism

6571: 5600:

This bridge called my back : writings by radical women of color

5472: 4887: 4438:

Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism

3802:, and other women were also killed or assaulted by police officers. 3580:

in 1999, is considered to be a branch of Black feminism that Author

3431: 7526: 7273:

Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations

6602:

A Sense of Wonder: Samuel R. Delany, Race, Identity, and Difference

5776: 5678:"African-American women are beginning to define their own feminism" 4595: 4593: 4543: 4399: 3821: 3659: 3619: 3218: 3154: 2740: 2649: 2639: 1087: 955: 518: 40: 5443:

We Wanted a Revolution Black Radical Women 1965–1985: A Sourcebook

4203:, which are, of course, inextricably linked to gender oppression." 4017: 3794:, Michelle Cusseaux, Tanisha Anderson, Shelly Frey, Yvette Smith, 3665:

As an academic response to this shift, many scholars incorporated

3065:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

2961:

wrote "An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman".

6773:"From Widow to "Welfare Queen": Welfare and the Politics of Race" 3662:

can be called out and challenged immediately with relative ease.

3631: 3623: 3534: 3028: 2163: 749: 7511:

Springer, Kimberly (Summer 2002). "Third wave Black feminism?".

7279: 6163: 4590: 3945:, and other female activists tied to The Civil Rights Movement, 2988:, which began in earnest in the 1950s. Many events, such as the 2942:(1937) featuring a strong female protagonist in Janie Crawford. 7460:

Chapman, Erin D. "A historiography of black feminist activism"

6929:

Black Internationalist Feminism Women Writers of the Black Left

5736:

Chrisena Coleman, Jose Lambiet, Dick Sheridan, Frank Lombardi,

5597: 5191:

Organization for the Study of Communication Language and Gender

3859: 3655: 3635: 3145:

The second-wave feminist movement emerged in the 1960s, led by

2791:(NCNW). Black feminism rose to prominence in the 1960s, as the 2752: 2748: 7434:"Colonizing Black female bodies within patriarchal capitalism" 6694:"Combahee River Collective: A Black Feminist Statement – 1974" 4431:

From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism

6361:

Lindsey, Treva B. (2015). "A Love Letter to Black Feminism".

6007:

The Combahee River Collective. "A Black Feminist Statement."

5432:(New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers Inc., 2017), 111 5262:

The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute

5189:

Hickman, Mark S (1989). "Feminism: Black Women on the Edge".

4445: 3654:

Toronto, the internet created a "call-out" culture, in which

3172:, who co-authored one of the first books on abortion, 1971's 3064: 2795:

excluded women from leadership positions, and the mainstream

5894:"What It Do, Shorty?: Women, Hip-Hop, and a Feminist Agenda" 5140:"Dorothy Height and the Sexism of the Civil Rights Movement" 19:"Afro-feminism" redirects here. For feminism in Africa, see 5702:"A Candlelight Vigil Is Latest Round in a Clash Over Tyson" 6496:(Second ed.). New York, New York: Routledge. p. 6241:"Hollywood Has A Major Diversity Problem, USC Study Finds" 5428:

Mark Godfrey, "The Black Emergency Cultural Coalition" in

5113: 5111: 3998:

lives they are the most often experienced simultaneously".

3714:" of Black culture were commented on. For example, a 2015 2915:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

6023:"Has Social Media Sparked A New Black Feminist Movement?" 5667:— an international conference, December 13, 14, 15, 1991. 5582: 5503:"Feminists We Love: Kaila Adia Story – The Feminist Wire" 5030:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 198–199. 4494:

Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism

4488: 7037:"The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action" 5298:(University of North Carolina Press, 2003), pp. 310–311. 4726:

No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism

3262:

was founded and included a lesbian agenda. In 1975, the

3204:. In 1972, Where We At! issued a list of demands to the 7287:; Flores Niemann, Yolanda; González, Carmen G. (2012). 6604:. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 8. 6530:

Beyond Identity Politics: Feminism, Power, and Politics

5409:

Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975

5108: 4566:"Intersectionality: The Double Bind of Race and Gender" 2128: 6901: 6899: 6637: 6635: 5996:

Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique

3830:

can be defined as knowing and understanding one's own

2947:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6072:"Black Feminism Goes Viral [EXCERPT] – EBONY" 6048:"Flawless: 5 Lessons in Modern Feminism From Beyoncé" 5649:

MALCOLM X: Radical Tradition and a Legacy of Struggle

5119:

No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation

3037:

No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation

5998:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2004. Print. 5361:"Women and Class: What Has Happened in Forty Years?" 4381: 3991:

Black Feminisms: Combahee River Collective Statement

7291:. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. 6896: 6632: 6095: 6878:, Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983, p. 1. 6811:Women Warriors: Black Women Writers lead the Canon 6659: 6489: 6398:"Transcript of "The urgency of intersectionality"" 5162: 4365:(2006) list influential Black Feminist Literature. 3164:Some Black feminists who were active in the early 6841: 6616:"National Black Feminist Organization collection" 5310:Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000 4646:"Beyonce opens up on feminism, fame and marriage" 7551: 5324:"Black Power and the Gendered Imaginary – AAIHS" 3960: 3822:Black feminist identity politics and safe spaces 2945:Although the decades between the passage of the 6123:"Why everyone's saying 'Black Girls are Magic'" 5430:Soul of a Nation: Art in The Age of Black Power 4670:Tinsley, Omise’eke Natasha (November 7, 2014). 4018:The National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO) 3367:an aside as they were prior. Speakers included 3157:, Afro-American women were also suffering from 6926: 6676:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5806: 5804: 5802: 5050: 5005:. New York City: Random House. pp. 3–48. 4980:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 171. 4359:Encyclopedia of African-American Women Writers 4176:African American Women in Defense of Ourselves 3806:protests against political candidates such as 6931:. University of Illinois Press. p. 264. 6656:Duchess, Harris. Interview with Barbara Smith 6532:. London: Sage Publications. pp. 61–69. 4611:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. pp. 4518:"Monthly Review | A Black Feminist Statement" 4174:Senate Hearings in 1991, naming their effort 3272:National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays 2911:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs 2717: 2089: 7432:Benard, Akeia A.F. (October–December 2016). 6439:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4719: 4717: 4041: 4034:National Association of Colored Women (NACW) 3458:introducing citations to additional sources 3069:Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) 7095: 5943:. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 2011. Print. 5799: 5358: 4771: 4769: 4728:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 3191:, Black feminist groups of artists such as 7261:Ain't I a Woman?: Black Women and Feminism 7133:"Misogynoir: where racism and sexism meet" 7073:"Welfare Is a Women's Issue (Spring 1972)" 6718: 6045: 5665:Radical Tradition and a Legacy of Struggle 5630:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5598:Moraga, Cherríe; Anzaldúa, Gloria (2015). 5307: 5233:SNCC position paper: Women in the Movement 5133: 5131: 4808:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4496:. Monthly Review Press. pp. 362–372. 4405:African-American women's suffrage movement 4134:, the manifesto, opposing both racism and 2724: 2710: 2096: 2082: 976:African-American women's suffrage movement 7496: 7451: 7055:"Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power" 6419:"Black Lives Matter: Why Black Feminism?" 6096:Pantony, Ali; Charley Ross (2021-08-19). 5957:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 4714: 4306:More Topics in Black Feminist literature: 3850:Identity politics have often implemented 3225: 3057:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 3050:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 7510: 7224:"What Happened to the Women's Movement?" 7178: 7163: 7130: 6959: 6557: 6453: 6417:T., Bridewell, AnaLexicis (2016-01-01). 6396:Crenshaw, Kimberlé (November 14, 2016). 6395: 6183: 5441:Catherine Morris and Rujeko Hockley eds. 4975: 4940: 4775: 4766: 4695: 4541: 4325:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 3693:of oppressions faced by Black lesbians. 3448:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3107: 3013: 921:Discrimination against transgender women 7473: 7221: 7070: 6770: 6487: 6360: 6313: 6238: 5831: 5411:, University of Minnesota Press, 1990, 5359:Brenner, Mark; Luce, Stephanie (2006). 5245:Women & Men in the Freedom Movement 5220:The International Social Science Review 5188: 5137: 5128: 5000: 4669: 3669:into their discussions of feminism and 3168:include civil rights lawyer and author 3134: 2980:, who was an octogenarian at the time. 7552: 7431: 7352:Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology 6907:Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology 6876:Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology 6599: 6213: 6120: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5525: 5523: 5025: 4822: 4723: 4542:Crenshaw, Kimberlé (January 1, 1989). 4037:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 3746:"Conjure Feminism: Toward a Genealogy" 3408:were attempting to hold in Harlem for 3356:Borough of Manhattan Community College 3216:whose literary works spawned the term 7052: 7034: 7009: 6984: 6751: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6290:"Black Lives Matter: Our Co-Founders" 5891: 5758: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5732: 5730: 5458: 5217: 4599: 4548:The University of Chicago Legal Forum 3768: 2785:National Association of Colored Women 2353:League of Revolutionary Black Workers 7377:: Writings by Radical Women of Color 6263: 6145: 6020: 5651:, New York City, November 1–4, 1990. 4873: 4644:Hare, Breeanna (December 12, 2014). 4643: 3973:, and refers to the campaign led by 3957:, a radical lesbian feminist group. 3926:National Black Feminist Organization 3919:National Black Feminist Organization 3425: 3317: 3260:National Black Feminist Organization 3258:politics. For example, in 1973, the 3193:Where We At! Black Women Artists Inc 2919:National Association of Wage Earners 7439:Sexualization, Media, & Society 7368:Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press 6160:10.18574/nyu/9781479808373.003.0001 5880: 5818: 5576: 5547: 5520: 5495: 5343: 5082: 4363:Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature 2675:United States civil rights movement 2358:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 13: 7466:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12576 7244: 7201:10.15767/feministstudies.44.3.0736 7193:10.15767/feministstudies.44.3.0736 6909:, Rutgers University Press, 2000, 6681: 6586: 6546: 6514: 6466: 6416: 5747: 5727: 5583:Combahee River Collective (1978). 5211: 5076: 3993:of 1977, they spoke on how it is, 3415: 3313: 3027:and published in February 1969 in 3008: 14: 7586: 7166:University of Chicago Legal Forum 7014:(4th ed.). Haymarket Books. 6797:10.5406/blacwomegendfami.1.2.0052 6046:Dockterman, Eliana (2013-12-17). 5918:10.5406/blacwomegendfami.1.2.0078 5738:"Iron Mike skips rally and shops" 5163:Marilyn Dell Brady (March 2000). 4609:Encyclopedia of feminist theories 3835:especially in terms of political 2917:(NAACP) founded in 1909, and the 2767:, a term coined by legal scholar 2572:Black Power and the American Myth 2398:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 16:Black feminist identity practices 7490:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01157.x 7215: 7172: 7157: 7124: 7089: 7064: 7046: 7028: 7003: 6729:10.5149/9780807889985_levenstein 6456:Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric 6320:Women's Studies in Communication 6314:Jackson, Sarah J. (2016-10-01). 5959:, vol. 3, no. 4 (1997): 437–465. 5765:The Journal of American Folklore 5247:~ Civil Rights Movement Archive. 4696:Smith, Sharon (Winter 2013–14). 4384: 4153:edited the Autumn 1979 issue of 3912: 3441:relies largely or entirely on a 3430: 3321: 3003: 2934:A Colored Woman in a White World 2834: 2313:Black Revolutionary Assault Team 2273:African People's Socialist Party 2127: 2065: 1597:Democratic Republic of the Congo 931:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 47: 7071:Tillmon, Johnnie (2021-03-25). 6985:Davis, Angela (February 1983). 6978: 6953: 6920: 6881: 6868: 6835: 6820: 6803: 6764: 6745: 6712: 6650: 6608: 6488:Collins, Patricia Hill (2000). 6447: 6410: 6389: 6354: 6307: 6282: 6257: 6232: 6207: 6177: 6139: 6114: 6089: 6064: 6039: 6014: 6001: 5988: 5975: 5962: 5946: 5933: 5924: 5711: 5694: 5670: 5654: 5638: 5602:(Fourth ed.). Albany, NY. 5591: 5452: 5435: 5422: 5401: 5378: 5352: 5337: 5316: 5301: 5288: 5275: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5197: 5182: 5156: 5044: 5019: 4994: 4969: 4934: 4922:National Women's History Museum 4910: 4867: 4816: 4776:Patricia, Hill Collins (2009). 4754:National Women's History Museum 4742: 4341:National Organization for Women 3608: 3599: 2880: 2839: 2789:National Council of Negro Women 2378:National Joint Action Committee 2363:May 19th Communist Organization 7341:Third World Women's Alliance. 7131:Anyangwe, Eliza (2015-10-05). 7012:Freedom Is A Constant Struggle 6777:Black Women, Gender + Families 6009:WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 5898:Black Women, Gender + Families 5138:Delaney, Paul (May 12, 2010). 4689: 4663: 4637: 4558: 4535: 4510: 4482: 4248:Freedom Is A Constant Struggle 4236:Angela Davis: An Autobiography 3078:In 1964, at a SNNC retreat in 2029:Women's suffrage organizations 1: 7222:Epstein, Barbara (May 2001). 7110:10.1080/14680777.2018.1447395 6375:10.1080/00064246.2015.1080911 6332:10.1080/07491409.2016.1226654 6214:Daniel, Kearie (2016-08-17). 6121:Thomas, Dexter (2015-09-09). 4476: 4140:The Black Woman: An Anthology 3961:The Combahee River Collective 2913:(NACWC) founded in 1904, the 2393:Revolutionary Action Movement 2318:Black Riders Liberation Party 6844:The Black Woman An Anthology 6239:Deggans, Eric (2016-02-11). 6021:Peck, Patrice (2014-03-05). 5892:Pough, Gwendolyn D. (2007). 5832:Peoples, Whitney A. (2008). 4876:The Journal of Negro History 4120:Third World Women's Alliance 4073:Coming of Age in Mississippi 4064:Their Eyes were Watching God 3718:photo shoot involving model 3063:. Baker was a member of the 2939:Their Eyes Were Watching God 2921:founded in 1921, were born. 2871:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 2625:Black Power in the Caribbean 2323:Black Women's Defense League 2014:Suffragists and suffragettes 1944:American feminist literature 7: 7506:. Rutgers University Press. 7503:Black Feminist Anthropology 7425: 7281:Muhs, Gabriella Gutiérrez y 6960:Crenshaw, Kimberlé (2017). 6846:. Washington Square Press. 6827:"Black Woman's Manifesto". 5461:Journal of American History 4607:. In Code, Lorraine (ed.). 4425:Misogyny in hip hop culture 4377: 1254:Views on transgender topics 1244:Views on sexual orientation 10: 7591: 7375:This Bridge Called My Back 6842:Toni Cade Bambara (2010). 6771:Nadasen, Premilla (2007). 5585:A Black Feminist Statement 5001:McGuire, Danielle (2010). 4943:American Communist History 4837:10.1177/002193479802900206 4369: 3710:Alleged instances of the " 3419: 3310:, and a number of others. 3138: 2408:Symbionese Liberation Army 18: 7010:Davis, Angela Y. (2016). 6989:(1st ed.). Vintage. 6815:Voice Literary Supplement 6719:Levenstein, Lisa (2012). 5939:Morgensen, Scott Lauria. 5759:Keyes, Cheryl L. (2000). 5308:Fairclough, Adam (2002). 4955:10.1080/14743890802580040 4490:Combahee River Collective 4312:1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw, 4097:Praise Song for the Widow 4042:Black feminist literature 4001:black women fighting for 3987:Combahee River Collective 3967:Combahee River Collective 3955:Combahee River Collective 3683:Combahee River Collective 3264:Combahee River Collective 2045:Women's rights by country 951:Female genital mutilation 7453:10.1177/2374623816680622 7249: 6829:Duke Digital Collections 6600:Tucker, Jeffrey (2004). 6264:Beck, Lia (2016-12-27). 5346:South Atlantic Quarterly 4825:Journal of Black Studies 4242:Women, Race, & Class 3777:was initially formed by 3563:creators and producers. 3200:was not synonymous with 3159:compulsory sterilization 2932:. In her autobiography 2848:'s famous speech at the 2111:This article is part of 2050:Feminists by nationality 2024:Women's studies journals 2019:Women's rights activists 737:Movements and ideologies 7405:March 11, 2021, at the 7400:translated into Spanish 7386:March 11, 2021, at the 7362:March 11, 2021, at the 7344:Black Women's Manifesto 7334:March 11, 2021, at the 7316:March 11, 2021, at the 6184:Teen.com (2015-11-11). 5850:10.2979/MER.2008.8.1.19 5661:"Brother Malcolm: 1991" 5026:Biondi, Martha (2006). 4976:McDuffie, Eric (2009). 4780:( ed.). New York. 4116:Black Woman's Manifesto 3667:queer of color critique 3397:to stand in support of 3209:Black Power movements. 3182:Stanton-Anthony Brigade 3071:. When Baker served as 2850:1851 Women's Convention 2630:Black Power in Montreal 2501:Martin Luther King, Jr. 2383:New Black Panther Party 2348:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 1438:International relations 299:Intersectional variants 7570:Multicultural feminism 7446:(4): 237462381668062. 7268:Molara Ogundipe-Leslie 7098:Feminist Media Studies 6987:Women, Race, and Class 6760:(7) – via JSTOR. 6492:Black Feminist Thought 6011:42.3–4 (2014): 271–80. 5994:Ferguson, Roderick A. 5121:, Cambridge, Mass, by 5096:Cite journal requires 5064:Cite journal requires 4750:"Ida B. Wells-Barnett" 4724:Hewitt, Nancy (2010). 4291:Trudy of Gradient Lair 3842:Black feminist writer 3773:The activist movement 3689:, which addresses the 3226:Black lesbian feminism 3120: 3073:Martin Luther King Jr. 3046: 2990:Montgomery bus boycott 2862:A Voice from the South 2584:The Diary of Malcolm X 2388:Republic of New Afrika 2343:George Jackson Brigade 2328:British Black Panthers 2308:Black Radical Congress 2283:Black Guerrilla Family 2159:Black Power Revolution 1964:Conservative feminisms 1219:Bicycling and feminism 1195:Women in the workforce 1163:Violence against women 1138:Sexual objectification 1098:Opposition to feminism 355:Vegetarian ecofeminism 7306:Patricia Hill Collins 7053:Lorde, Audre (1978). 7035:Lorde, Audre (1977). 6620:bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu 5387:Women, Race and Class 5258:"Carmichael, Stokely" 4451:Postcolonial feminism 4124:Eleanor Holmes Norton 3844:Patricia Hill Collins 3787:Patrisse Kahn-Cullors 3638:, and other forms of 3422:Misogyny in rap music 3420:Further information: 3308:Margaret Sloan-Hunter 3244:Black Power movements 3139:Further information: 3117:University of Alberta 3111: 3080:Waveland, Mississippi 3041: 3014:Civil rights movement 2986:civil rights movement 2955:Esther Cooper Jackson 2829:Patricia Hill Collins 2793:civil rights movement 2591:Revolutionary Suicide 2298:Black Panther Militia 2293:Black Liberation Army 1994:Feminist rhetoricians 1984:Feminist philosophers 1536:Revisionist mythology 1239:Views on prostitution 1224:Criticism of marriage 914:Children's literature 6962:On Intersectionality 6887:Hull, Smith, Scott. 6754:The Yale Law Journal 6528:Lloyd, Moya (2005). 6152:chooser.crossref.org 5719:"What Kind Of Hero?" 5564:www.encyclopedia.com 5447:Feminist Art Journal 5281:Stokely Carmichael, 5169:archive.mith.umd.edu 4918:"Zora Neale Hurston" 4466:Third World feminism 4337:Anna Arnold Hedgeman 4216:On Intersectionality 3903:Kwame Anthony Appiah 3733:of the 100 top films 3454:improve this article 3387:(Asha Bandele), and 3166:second-wave feminism 3141:Second-wave feminism 3135:Second-wave feminism 2809:second-wave feminism 2154:Black power movement 1974:Feminist art critics 1949:Feminist comic books 1906:Lists and categories 1585:By continent/country 1416:Pathways perspective 1299:Gender mainstreaming 1234:Views on pornography 1143:Substantive equality 1123:Reproductive justice 1073:Matriarchal religion 926:Diversity (politics) 862:Political lesbianism 172:Other women's rights 7338:) (Routledge, 2005) 6947:10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg 6560:Stanford Law Review 5983:American Literature 5814:. October 26, 2020. 4676:The Huffington Post 4605:"Black feminism(s)" 4578:on January 18, 2012 4461:Separatist feminism 4346:The involvement of 4126:, Maxine Williams, 4118:, published by the 3951:Black Panther Party 3759:The Lemonade Reader 3736:to the same study. 3615:Third-wave feminism 3189:Black Arts Movement 2978:Mary Church Terrell 2926:Mary Church Terrell 2899:Mary Church Terrell 2763:be illuminated via 2418:Weather Underground 2338:Five-Percent Nation 2333:Conscious Community 2303:Black Panther Party 2144:Black Arts Movement 2072:Feminism portal 1979:Feminist economists 1969:Ecofeminist authors 1774:Trinidad and Tobago 1714:Republic of Ireland 1406:Composition studies 1173:Women's empowerment 1128:Sex workers' rights 1053:Feminist capitalism 1033:Internalized sexism 966:Feminism in culture 74:History of feminism 7477:Sociological Forum 7396:Gloria E. Anzaldúa 7370:, 1983; Reed. 2000 6723:. pp. 31–35. 6294:Black Lives Matter 5706:The New York Times 5683:2015-04-02 at the 4238:Random House; 1974 4069:Zora Neale Hurston 4028:More Organizations 3979:lesbian separatism 3943:Akasha Gloria Hull 3775:Black Lives Matter 3769:Black Lives Matter 3582:Gwendolyn D. Pough 3576:, first coined by 3531:Sean "Diddy" Combs 3394:The New York Times 3333:. You can help by 3232:sexual orientation 3121: 3095:Stokely Carmichael 3055:In the 1960s, the 2968:organized to help 2930:Zora Neale Hurston 2660:Red Power movement 2615:Black Lives Matter 2541:Stokely Carmichael 2531:Robert F. Williams 2511:Malik Zulu Shabazz 2461:Fay Bellamy Powell 2278:Assata's Daughters 2149:Black is beautiful 1384:Literary criticism 1249:Views on sexuality 936:Effects on society 904:Complementarianism 879:Women's liberation 634:Religious variants 608:trans-exclusionary 326:Radical lesbianism 7298:978-0-87421-922-7 7285:Harris, Angela P. 6964:. The New Press. 6809:Cliff, Michelle. 6738:978-0-8078-3272-1 6700:on March 26, 2016 6647:, Issue 20, 1982. 6507:978-0-415-92483-2 6363:The Black Scholar 6196:on April 14, 2017 6127:Los Angeles Times 5689:The Baltimore Sun 5507:The Feminist Wire 4622:978-0-415-13274-9 4601:James, Stanlie M. 4471:Triple oppression 4420:Intersectionality 4301:to Black women." 4269:Welfare Activism: 4093:Toni Cade Bambara 4059:Elizabeth Keckley 3947:Black nationalism 3907:Jeffery A. Tucker 3893:As the notion of 3864:Kimberlé Crenshaw 3828:identity politics 3691:intersectionality 3675:heteronormativity 3519: 3518: 3504: 3351: 3350: 3202:Black male artist 3129:racial capitalism 3119:on March 28, 2006 3103:Black nationalism 3025:Mary Ann Weathers 2951:intersectionality 2891:Anna Julia Cooper 2867:Anna Julia Cooper 2821:Kimberlé Crenshaw 2801:Black nationalism 2797:feminist movement 2769:Kimberlé Crenshaw 2765:intersectionality 2745:intersectionality 2734: 2733: 2655:Political hip hop 2578:Ten-Point Program 2546:Wadsworth Jarrell 2471:Gloria Richardson 2230:Black nationalism 2200:Africana womanism 2195:African socialism 2106: 2105: 2057: 2056: 1576: 1575: 1566:womanist theology 1509:Political ecology 1340:Écriture féminine 1267: 1266: 1158:Triple oppression 1148:Toxic masculinity 1133:Sexual harassment 993:Feminist stripper 971:Feminist movement 527: 526: 458:Africana womanism 289: 288: 7582: 7546: 7521:(4): 1059–1082. 7507: 7493: 7457: 7455: 7302: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7181:Feminist Studies 7176: 7170: 7169: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6924: 6918: 6905:Smith, Barbara. 6903: 6894: 6885: 6879: 6874:Smith, Barbara. 6872: 6866: 6865: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6824: 6818: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6696:. 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Archived from 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5889: 5878: 5877: 5829: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5797: 5796: 5771:(449): 255–269. 5756: 5745: 5744:, June 20, 1995. 5734: 5725: 5724:, June 25, 1995. 5715: 5709: 5708:, June 15, 1995. 5700:Charisse Jones, 5698: 5692: 5674: 5668: 5658: 5652: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5629: 5621: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5556: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5456: 5450: 5449:(Apr. 1972): 25. 5439: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5405: 5399: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326:. April 26, 2018 5320: 5314: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5294:Barbara Ransby, 5292: 5286: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5135: 5126: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4799: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4597: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4571:. Archived from 4570: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4486: 4415:Black matriarchy 4410:Black Girl Magic 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 3939:Cheryl L. Clarke 3740:Conjure Feminism 3705:Black Girl Magic 3679:heteropatriarchy 3574:Hip-hop feminism 3527:Notorious B.I.G. 3514: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3469:"Black feminism" 3462: 3434: 3426: 3358:(BMCC) entitled 3346: 3343: 3325: 3318: 3180:, of New York's 3170:Florynce Kennedy 3125:symbol for Venus 3115:speaking at the 3033:radical feminist 2726: 2719: 2712: 2620:Black Power gang 2565:A Taste of Power 2456:Eldridge Cleaver 2288:Black Liberators 2250:Intercommunalism 2240:Black separatism 2210:Anti-Americanism 2131: 2108: 2107: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2009:Feminist parties 2004:Muslim feminists 1999:Jewish feminists 1910: 1909: 1891:History of women 1514:Political theory 1282: 1281: 1212: 1211: 1185: 1178:Women-only space 1063:Likeability trap 1028:Invisible labour 946:Female education 755:Anti-pornography 610: 609: 605: 321:Lesbian of color 304: 303: 181:Women's suffrage 157:Muslim countries 152:Women's suffrage 69:Feminist history 62: 61: 51: 28: 27: 21:African feminism 7590: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7565:Feminist theory 7550: 7549: 7498:McClaurin, Irma 7462:History Compass 7428: 7407:Wayback Machine 7388:Wayback Machine 7364:Wayback Machine 7336:Wayback Machine 7318:Wayback Machine 7299: 7252: 7247: 7245:Further reading 7242: 7232: 7230: 7220: 7216: 7177: 7173: 7162: 7158: 7149: 7147: 7129: 7125: 7094: 7090: 7081: 7079: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6958: 6954: 6939: 6925: 6921: 6904: 6897: 6886: 6882: 6873: 6869: 6854: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6808: 6804: 6769: 6765: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6692: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6644:Sinister Wisdom 6640: 6633: 6624: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6598: 6587: 6572:10.2307/1229039 6556: 6547: 6540: 6526: 6515: 6508: 6486: 6467: 6452: 6448: 6432: 6431: 6415: 6411: 6402: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6359: 6355: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6262: 6258: 6249: 6247: 6237: 6233: 6224: 6222: 6220:Huffington Post 6212: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6182: 6178: 6169: 6167: 6144: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6119: 6115: 6106: 6104: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6056: 6054: 6044: 6040: 6031: 6029: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5963: 5951: 5947: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5890: 5881: 5830: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5800: 5757: 5748: 5735: 5728: 5722:Chicago Tribune 5717:Clarence Page, 5716: 5712: 5699: 5695: 5691:, May 27, 1992. 5685:Wayback Machine 5675: 5671: 5659: 5655: 5643: 5639: 5623: 5622: 5610: 5596: 5592: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5558: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5537: 5529: 5528: 5521: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5473:10.2307/4486205 5457: 5453: 5440: 5436: 5427: 5423: 5419:, pp. 291, 383. 5407:Echols, Alice. 5406: 5402: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5357: 5353: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5306: 5302: 5293: 5289: 5280: 5276: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5161: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5136: 5129: 5116: 5109: 5097: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5024: 5020: 5013: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4974: 4970: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4888:10.2307/2715052 4872: 4868: 4821: 4817: 4801: 4800: 4788: 4774: 4767: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4642: 4638: 4623: 4598: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4392:Feminism portal 4390: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4372: 4361:(2007) and the 4307: 4282: 4270: 4225: 4224:Call to Action: 4172:Clarence Thomas 4151:Lorraine Bethel 4128:Frances M. Beal 4109: 4051:slave narrative 4044: 4030: 4020: 3963: 3920: 3915: 3895:color-blindness 3826:Black feminist 3824: 3816:Hillary Clinton 3796:Eleanor Bumpurs 3771: 3650:. According to 3644:gender equality 3611: 3602: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3463: 3461: 3447: 3435: 3424: 3418: 3416:Hip-hop culture 3389:Vivian Morrison 3377:Verniece Miller 3362:. In 1991, the 3347: 3341: 3338: 3331:needs expansion 3316: 3314:1980s and 1990s 3300:Doris Davenport 3255:Black Panther's 3228: 3206:Brooklyn Museum 3178:Cellestine Ware 3143: 3137: 3016: 3011: 3009:1960s and 1970s 3006: 2998:Georgia Gilmore 2974:Rosa Lee Ingram 2887:Sojourner Truth 2883: 2846:Sojourner Truth 2842: 2837: 2787:(NACW) and the 2777:white supremacy 2739:is a branch of 2730: 2690: 2689: 2605: 2597: 2596: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2506:Maulana Karenga 2446:Donald DeFreeze 2431: 2423: 2422: 2413:US Organization 2373:Nation of Islam 2268: 2260: 2259: 2245:Black supremacy 2215:Black anarchism 2190: 2182: 2181: 2139: 2102: 2066: 2064: 2059: 2058: 1960: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1806:Northern Cyprus 1586: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1394:Science fiction 1345: 1324:Women's studies 1289:Feminist method 1279: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1209: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1183: 1093:Oedipus complex 1083:Men in feminism 1048:Language reform 1023:Ideal womanhood 1003:Gender equality 998:Formal equality 961:Feminationalism 899:Cognitive labor 893: 885: 884: 883: 840:Post-structural 739: 729: 728: 727: 636: 626: 625: 624: 607: 604:Gender-critical 603: 602: 553:Femonationalism 537: 529: 528: 523: 502:Native American 442: 397:Critical theory 359: 301: 291: 290: 285: 240:Second Republic 168: 138: 105: 79:Women's history 59: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7588: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7560:Black feminism 7548: 7547: 7535:10.1086/339636 7527:10.1086/339636 7508: 7500:, ed. (2001). 7494: 7471: 7458: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7411:Cherríe Moraga 7392:Cherríe Moraga 7371: 7348: 7339: 7303: 7297: 7277: 7265: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7228:Monthly Review 7214: 7187:(3): 736–765. 7171: 7156: 7123: 7104:(4): 762–768. 7088: 7063: 7045: 7027: 7021:978-1608465644 7020: 7002: 6995: 6977: 6970: 6952: 6937: 6919: 6895: 6880: 6867: 6852: 6834: 6819: 6802: 6763: 6744: 6737: 6711: 6680: 6678:27: 1095–1133. 6658: 6649: 6631: 6607: 6585: 6545: 6538: 6513: 6506: 6465: 6446: 6409: 6388: 6353: 6326:(4): 375–379. 6306: 6281: 6256: 6231: 6206: 6176: 6138: 6113: 6088: 6063: 6038: 6027:HelloBeautiful 6013: 6000: 5987: 5974: 5961: 5945: 5932: 5923: 5879: 5817: 5798: 5777:10.2307/542102 5746: 5726: 5710: 5693: 5669: 5653: 5637: 5608: 5590: 5575: 5546: 5535:outhistory.org 5519: 5494: 5467:(1): 288–289. 5451: 5434: 5421: 5400: 5384:Angela Davis, 5377: 5365:Monthly Review 5351: 5336: 5315: 5300: 5287: 5274: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5210: 5196: 5181: 5155: 5127: 5125:vol. 1, no. 2. 5107: 5098:|journal= 5075: 5066:|journal= 5043: 5036: 5018: 5012:978-0307389244 5011: 4993: 4987:978-0822350507 4986: 4968: 4949:(2): 203–209. 4933: 4909: 4882:(1): 108–110. 4866: 4831:(2): 234–253. 4815: 4787:978-0415964722 4786: 4765: 4741: 4735:978-0813547251 4734: 4713: 4688: 4662: 4636: 4621: 4589: 4557: 4534: 4522:Monthly Review 4509: 4502: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4434: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4355: 4352:Hattie Gossett 4344: 4329:Dorothy Height 4321:Carol Giardina 4317: 4305: 4278: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4204: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4164: 4143: 4107: 4101:Paule Marshall 4047:Michelle Cliff 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4026: 4019: 4016: 3975:Harriet Tubman 3962: 3959: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3823: 3820: 3808:Bernie Sanders 3770: 3767: 3648:social justice 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3553:In the 1990s, 3517: 3516: 3452:. Please help 3438: 3436: 3429: 3417: 3414: 3349: 3348: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3312: 3292:Darlene Pagano 3248:Anita Cornwell 3227: 3224: 3203: 3199: 3136: 3133: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2903:Frances Harper 2882: 2879: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2805:gay liberation 2737:Black feminism 2732: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2521:Muhammad Ahmad 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2481:Huey P. Newton 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255:Pan-Africanism 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2220:Black feminism 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1989:Feminist poets 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1958: 1956:Feminist songs 1953: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1932:by nationality 1924: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1881:United Kingdom 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1492:Existentialism 1489: 1488: 1487: 1485:Justice ethics 1477: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1443:Constructivism 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1350:Areas of study 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1294:Gender studies 1291: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1259:SCUM Manifesto 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1190:Women's rights 1187: 1184:Women's health 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1068:Male privilege 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1037:International 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 917: 916: 906: 901: 895: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 882: 881: 876: 874:Technofeminism 871: 870: 869: 864: 859: 849: 848: 847: 837: 832: 831: 830: 829: 828: 818: 813: 803: 802: 801: 800: 799: 784: 779: 774: 773: 772: 767: 757: 752: 747: 741: 740: 735: 734: 731: 730: 726: 725: 720: 719: 718: 708: 703: 698: 697: 696: 691: 686: 676: 675: 674: 669: 664: 659: 649: 644: 638: 637: 632: 631: 628: 627: 623: 622: 617: 612: 599: 598: 597: 592: 587: 577: 572: 571: 570: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 538: 536:Other variants 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 524: 522: 521: 516: 511: 506: 505: 504: 494: 493: 492: 482: 481: 480: 475: 470: 460: 454: 451: 450: 444: 443: 441: 440: 435: 434: 433: 428: 418: 417: 416: 406: 405: 404: 399: 389: 384: 383: 382: 371: 368: 367: 361: 360: 358: 357: 352: 351: 350: 340: 335: 334: 333: 328: 323: 313: 307: 302: 297: 296: 293: 292: 287: 286: 284: 283: 282: 281: 271: 270: 269: 264: 262:Cayman Islands 257:United Kingdom 254: 249: 248: 247: 242: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 188: 185: 184: 177: 176: 175: 174: 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 148: 145: 144: 140: 139: 137: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 112: 111: 107: 106: 104: 103: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 76: 71: 65: 60: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7587: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7429: 7420: 7419:Norma Alarcón 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7160: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7056: 7049: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6998: 6996:9780394713519 6992: 6988: 6981: 6973: 6971:9781620972700 6967: 6963: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6938:9780252036507 6934: 6930: 6923: 6916: 6915:0-8135-2753-8 6912: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6892: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6853:9781451604498 6849: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6653: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6636: 6621: 6617: 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4783: 4779: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4503:9780853454199 4499: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456:Purplewashing 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4382: 4375: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4147:Barbara Smith 4144: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085:Toni Morrison 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971:Barbara Smith 3968: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935:Beverly Smith 3932: 3931:Barbara Smith 3927: 3922: 3921: 3913:Organizations 3910: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3725:Kearie Daniel 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:appropriation 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3606: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3567:Mary J. Blige 3564: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3539:Queen Latifah 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3513: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3471: – 3470: 3466: 3465:Find sources: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3443:single source 3439:This section 3437: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3385:Carol Bullard 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369:Sonia Sanchez 3365: 3361: 3357: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3329:This section 3327: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3304:Cheryl Clarke 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280:Barbara Smith 3277: 3273: 3270:In 1978, the 3268: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147:Betty Friedan 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3004:Later history 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2959:Claudia Jones 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2835:Early history 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2496:Marcus Garvey 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2441:Assata Shakur 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267:Organizations 2264: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2225:Black leftism 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2063: 2062: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886:United States 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734:Latin America 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1581: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1556:Technoscience 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1379:Art criticism 1377: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Men's studies 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229:Views on BDSM 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1153:Transmisogyny 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113:Purplewashing 1111: 1109: 1108:Protofeminism 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1018:Honor killing 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 915: 912: 911: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 896: 889: 888: 880: 877: 875: 872: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 853: 850: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 836: 833: 827: 824: 823: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 804: 798: 795: 794: 793: 790: 789: 788: 787:Individualist 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 760:Cyberfeminism 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 738: 733: 732: 724: 721: 717: 714: 713: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 635: 630: 629: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 600: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 581: 578: 576: 573: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Anti-abortion 541: 540: 533: 532: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 453: 452: 449: 448:Multicultural 446: 445: 439: 436: 432: 431:Transnational 429: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 415: 412: 411: 410: 407: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 388: 385: 381: 378: 377: 376: 373: 372: 370: 369: 366: 363: 362: 356: 353: 349: 348:Postgenderism 346: 345: 344: 343:Transfeminism 341: 339: 336: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 306: 305: 300: 295: 294: 280: 277: 276: 275: 274:United States 272: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 255: 253: 250: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 235: 233: 230: 228: 227:Liechtenstein 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 187: 186: 182: 179: 178: 173: 170: 169: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 147: 146: 142: 141: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 114: 113: 109: 108: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 64: 63: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 7518: 7512: 7502: 7484:(1): 68–85. 7481: 7475: 7461: 7443: 7437: 7415:Ana Castillo 7390:) edited by 7373: 7350: 7342: 7322: 7309: 7288: 7271: 7259: 7231:. Retrieved 7227: 7217: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7165: 7159: 7148:. Retrieved 7137:The Guardian 7136: 7126: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7080:. Retrieved 7077:Ms. Magazine 7076: 7066: 7048: 7030: 7011: 7005: 6986: 6980: 6961: 6955: 6928: 6922: 6906: 6888: 6883: 6875: 6870: 6843: 6837: 6828: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6783:(2): 52–77. 6780: 6776: 6766: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6720: 6714: 6702:. Retrieved 6698:the original 6675: 6652: 6642: 6623:. Retrieved 6619: 6610: 6601: 6563: 6559: 6529: 6491: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6435:cite journal 6426: 6422: 6412: 6401:. Retrieved 6391: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6323: 6319: 6309: 6297:. Retrieved 6293: 6284: 6273:. Retrieved 6269: 6259: 6248:. Retrieved 6244: 6234: 6223:. Retrieved 6219: 6209: 6198:. Retrieved 6194:the original 6189: 6179: 6168:. Retrieved 6164:the original 6151: 6141: 6130:. Retrieved 6126: 6116: 6105:. Retrieved 6101: 6091: 6080:. Retrieved 6078:. 2016-07-22 6075: 6066: 6055:. Retrieved 6051: 6041: 6030:. Retrieved 6026: 6016: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5985:77.3 (2005). 5982: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5953:Cohen, Cathy 5948: 5940: 5935: 5926: 5904:(2): 78–99. 5901: 5897: 5844:(1): 19–52. 5841: 5837: 5768: 5764: 5741: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5696: 5688: 5676:Janita Poe, 5672: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5640: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5578: 5567:. Retrieved 5563: 5538:. Retrieved 5534: 5511:. Retrieved 5509:. 2013-03-29 5506: 5497: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5429: 5424: 5408: 5403: 5385: 5380: 5368:. Retrieved 5364: 5354: 5345: 5339: 5328:. Retrieved 5318: 5309: 5303: 5295: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5266:. Retrieved 5264:. 2017-04-25 5261: 5252: 5240: 5235:, Anonymous. 5228: 5219: 5213: 5199: 5190: 5184: 5173:. Retrieved 5168: 5158: 5147:. Retrieved 5143: 5122: 5118: 5089:cite journal 5078: 5057:cite journal 5046: 5027: 5021: 5002: 4996: 4977: 4971: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4925:. Retrieved 4921: 4912: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4777: 4757:. Retrieved 4753: 4744: 4725: 4705:. 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Retrieved 4524:. 2019-01-01 4521: 4512: 4493: 4484: 4436: 4429: 4373: 4362: 4358: 4333:Pauli Murray 4313: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4230:Angela Davis 4229: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4215: 4207: 4201:heterosexism 4190: 4175: 4161:Conditions 5 4160: 4154: 4139: 4132:Linda La Rue 4115: 4106: 4105: 4096: 4088: 4072: 4062: 4061:'s life, to 4045: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3964: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3900: 3892: 3876: 3849: 3841: 3825: 3812:Donald Trump 3804: 3800:Sandra Bland 3783:Alicia Garza 3772: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3730: 3716:Vogue Italia 3709: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3671:queer theory 3664: 3640:social media 3612: 3609:Social media 3603: 3600:21st century 3594: 3591: 3587: 3572: 3565: 3552: 3520: 3507: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3464: 3440: 3403: 3392: 3381:Reena Walker 3359: 3352: 3342:October 2020 3339: 3335:adding to it 3330: 3269: 3252: 3240: 3229: 3217: 3214:Alice Walker 3211: 3198:Black artist 3186: 3174:Abortion Rap 3173: 3163: 3151:Angela Davis 3144: 3122: 3113:Angela Davis 3092: 3088:Casey Hayden 3077: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3017: 2982: 2963: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2907: 2895:Ida B. Wells 2884: 2881:1900 to 1960 2875:Ida B. Wells 2860: 2858: 2843: 2840:19th century 2825:Angela Davis 2813:Alice Walker 2774: 2757: 2736: 2735: 2685:Youth rights 2670:The Troubles 2589: 2582: 2570: 2563: 2466:Fred Hampton 2451:Elaine Brown 2436:Angela Davis 2219: 2205:Afrocentrism 1836:Saudi Arabia 1632:South Africa 1475:Epistemology 1450:Legal theory 1369:Architecture 1359:Anthropology 1338: 1304:Gynocentrism 1168:War on women 1103:Pro-feminism 1058:Gender-blind 1008:Gender quota 981:Art movement 750:Anti-fascist 684:Dianic Wicca 563:Postfeminism 462: 438:Xenofeminism 421:Postcolonial 338:Sex-positive 25: 7409:in 2002 by 7321:(1990) and 6817:, May 1990. 5283:Black Power 4582:December 9, 4287:Moya Bailey 4280:Misogynoir: 4255:Audre Lorde 4089:Salt Eaters 4055:Linda Brent 3888:segregation 3879:safe spaces 3868:empowerment 3779:Opal Tometi 3642:to discuss 3578:Joan Morgan 3560:Faith Evans 3543:Salt-N-Pepa 3406:Al Sharpton 3373:Audre Lorde 3296:Kate Rushin 3288:June Jordan 3276:Audre Lorde 3236:butch/femme 3099:Black Power 2970:Recy Taylor 2865:(1892), by 2854:Akron, Ohio 2680:White power 2486:John Africa 2476:Hakim Jamal 2235:Black pride 2169:Raised fist 2121:Black power 1841:South Korea 1821:Philippines 1801:New Zealand 1796:Netherlands 1519:Pornography 1497:Metaphysics 1411:Criminology 1389:Film theory 1364:Archaeology 1043:Women's Day 835:Libertarian 777:Ecofeminism 694:Ecofeminist 575:Reactionary 568:Neofeminism 509:Multiracial 414:Ecofeminist 409:Materialist 252:Switzerland 232:New Zealand 7554:Categories 7256:bell hooks 7233:August 12, 7150:2020-01-03 7082:2024-03-15 6862:1085178505 6625:2024-03-09 6462:(3/4): 78. 6403:2018-10-18 6369:(4): 1–6. 6299:October 8, 6275:2017-04-20 6250:2019-04-03 6225:2017-04-13 6200:2017-04-13 6170:2024-02-15 6146:crossref. 6132:2020-01-03 6107:2023-01-29 6102:Glamour UK 6082:2017-04-13 6057:2023-01-29 6032:2017-04-13 5972:14 (2015). 5742:Daily News 5569:2018-04-19 5540:2018-04-18 5513:2018-04-16 5370:August 13, 5330:2019-04-30 5312:. 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