465:
he said despite those corrections, the agency still fails to address cumulative impacts to deer, especially on Prince of Wales Island, as is being challenged in the Logjam timber sale lawsuit, by ignoring substantial logging on nonfederal lands. In
September 2013, under the same litigation, the U.S. District Court in Anchorage made a second remand to the Forest Service because the agency's further work under the first remand had not resolved the modeling issues. Activity on the four timber sales involved in the litigation has been suspended since 2008.
64:
42:
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conversion factor, known as the "deer multiplier" (used in calculating carrying capacity) was incorrectly applied, causing — by itself – a 30% overestimation of carrying capacity and corresponding underestimation of impacts. The combined effect of the two errors is variable because Vol-Strata is not correlated to habitat quality. Regarding the
Traitors Cove Timber Sales project, in 2011 the plaintiffs noted in oral arguments before the
297:(among several others), two or three subspecies of black-tailed deer can be found with overlapping ranges. Within the county of Siskiyou, a north-central county on the California-Oregon border, one may find populations of Columbian black-tailed deer in the majority of the county. However, the range of this population of deer begins to overlap with the Rocky Mountain subspecies (as well as with
377:
385:
mating or 'rutting' season occurs during
November and early December. Bucks can be observed running back and forth across the roads in the pursuit of does. After the rut, the bucks tend to hide and rest, often nursing wounds. They suffer broken antlers, and have lost weight. They drop their antlers between January and March. Antlers on the
393:
mother to leave the fawn hidden while she goes off to browse and replenish her body after giving birth. She must also eat enough to produce enough milk to feed her fawns. Although does are excellent mothers, fawn mortality rate is 45 to 70%. Does are very protective of their young and humans are viewed as predators.
384:
Deer are browsers. During the winter and early spring, they feed on
Douglas fir, western red cedar, red huckleberry, salal, deer fern, and lichens growing on trees. Late spring to fall, they consume grasses, blackberries, apples, fireweed, pearly everlasting, forbs, salmonberry, salal, and maple. The
453:
We do not think that USFS has adequately explained its decision to approve the four logging projects in the
Tongass. ... USFS has failed to explain how it ended up with a table that identifies 100 deer per square mile as a maximum carrying capacity, but allows 130 deer per square mile as a potential
464:
In a statement to the press, a spokesman for the plaintiffs said the errors in this lawsuit apply to every significant
Tongass timber sale decision between 1996 and 2008, before the Forest Service corrected errors in the deer model when the agency issued its revised Tongass Forest Plan in 2008. But
396:
Deer communicate with the aid of scent and pheromones from several glands located on the lower legs. The metatarsal (outside of lower leg) produces an alarm scent, the tarsal (inside of hock) serves for mutual recognition and the interdigital (between the toes) leave a scent trail when deer travel.
392:
The gestation period for does is 6–7 months, with fawns being born in late May and into June. Twins are the rule, although young does often have only single fawns. Triplets can also occur. Fawns weigh 2.7 to 4 kg (6.0 to 8.8 lb) and have no scent for the first week or so. This enables the
459:
We have similar questions about USFS's use of VolStrata data, which identifies total timber volume and not forest structure, to approve the projects, where forest structure—and not total timber volume—is relevant to the habitability of a piece of land. USFS itself has recognized the limitations in
439:
the Forest
Service was using in the deer model was known through the agency's own study (done in 2000) to generally overestimate the carrying capacity for deer and underestimate the impacts of logging. The study showed the data set (called Vol-Strata) is not correlated to habitat quality. Also, a
280:
The black-tailed deer lives along the
Pacific coast from northern and western California and north to southeastern Alaska. East of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges in Oregon and California, black-tailed deer are replaced by mule deer which have a different tail pattern. In several northern
430:
for deer in winter to assure the viability of the
Alexander Archipelago wolf and an adequate supply of deer for hunters. The needed carrying capacity was originally specified as 13 deer per square mile, but was corrected in 2000 to 18. Use of a deer model is specified for determining carrying
400:
At dawn, dusk, and moonlit nights, deer are seen browsing on the roadside. Wooded areas with forests on both sides of the road and open, grassy areas, i.e. golf courses, attract deer. Caution when driving is prudent because often as one deer crosses, another one or two follow.
460:
the VolStrata data. ... Because we must remand to the agency to re-examine its Deer Model, we need not decide whether the use of the VolStrata data was arbitrary and capricious. We anticipate that, in reviewing the proposed projects, USFS will use the best available data ...
454:
carrying capacity. 'The agency is obligated to articulate a rational connection between the facts found and the choices made,' which the agency has not done here. Pac. Coast Fed'n of
Fisherman's Ass'ns v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 426 F.3d 1082, 1091 (9th Cir. 2005)...
426:, adopted three months earlier. The Tongass NF is important in wolf conservation because it includes about 80% of the region's land area. The protections for the wolf included a standard and guideline intended to retain, in the face of logging losses, enough habitat
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evaluated a petition to list this wolf subspecies as threatened, and decided a listing was not warranted in August 1997, largely on the basis of provisions the Forest Service had included to protect the viability of the wolf subspecies in its Forest Plan for the
948:, May 3, 2011. Hear: argument by Chris Winter (Crag Law Center) attorney for Greenpeace v. Cole plaintiffs generally, and at 13:20 concerning Traitors Cove. Recording includes arguments by Winters and federal attorney Charles Scott, and Winter's rebuttal.
448:
The 9th Circuit panel ruled unanimously on August 2, 2011, in favor of the plaintiffs, remanding the four timber sale decisions to the Forest Service and giving guidance for what is necessary during reanalysis of impacts to deer. The ruling says in part:
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that the difference is between a claimed 21 deer per square mile carrying capacity in the project EIS, and 9.5 deer per square mile (about half of the Tongass Forest Plan's requirement) according to unpublished corrections the agency made in 2008.
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However, the Forest Service's implementation of the deer provision in the Tongass wolf standard and guideline has been controversial for many years, and led to a lawsuit by Greenpeace and Cascadia Wildlands in 2008, over four logging projects. The
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and grasslands the deer prefer as food, and completely open areas lack the hiding spots and cover they prefer for harsh weather. One of the plants that black-tailed deer browse is
772:
Livezey KB. 1991. Home range, habitat use, disturbance, and mortality of Columbian black-tailed deer in Mendocino National Forest. California Fish and Game 77:201–209.
1200:
787:
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USF&WS. 1997 (August 28) 12-month finding, re: Petition to List the Alexander Archipelago Wolf under Provisions of the Endangered Species Act.
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Deer have excellent sight and smell. Their large ears can move independently of each other and pick up any unusual sounds that may signal danger.
1225:
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Person, D.K. (Univ. Alaska); Kirchhoff, M. (ADF&G); van Ballenberghe, V. (USFS-FSL); Iverson, G.C. (USFS); Grossman, E. (USF&WS). 1996.
312:; north into western Oregon, Washington, and coastal and interior British Columbia; and north into the Alaskan panhandle. It is a very popular
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provide a source of calcium and other nutrients to other forest inhabitants. Bucks regrow their antlers beginning in April through to August.
1162:
870:
Tongass Forest Plan Implementation Clarification, 1998; and directive of Tom Puchlerz, Tongass Forest Supervisor, August 6, 2002. See also:
368:, despite its irritant content. This deer often is most active at dawn and dusk, and is frequently involved in collisions with automobiles.
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609:
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861:. The 13 deer per square mile carrying capacity was an error, corrected in 1998 to 17, and in 2002 to 18 deer per square mile.
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Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-384. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
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of the white-tailed deer and mule deer are similar, but differ from that of the black-tailed deer. This may be the result of
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344:, although hybrids between the mule deer and white-tailed deer are rare in the wild (apparently more common locally in
229:). They have sometimes been treated as a species, but virtually all recent authorities maintain they are subspecies.
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Memorandum. Issued unanimously by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals panel of Judges Alarcon, Graber and Bybee
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1997 TLMP Wolf standard and guideline: reproduced at Wildlife Habitat Planning: WILD112, XI.A.3 in
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B.C. Ministry of Env., Lands & Parks. (Undated) Mule and black-tailed deer in British Columbia.
508:
298:
1154:
332:). Strictly speaking, the black-tailed deer group consists of two subspecies, as it also includes
1023:
741:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. Last updated: April 6, 2011.
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These two subspecies thrive on the edge of the forest, as the dark forest lacks the
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The black-tailed deer is currently common in California, ranging as far south as
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894:"Suit Filed to Stop Four Timber Sales on Largest National Forest" – Sit News
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2008 Final Environmental Impact Statement for Tongass Land Management Plan
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Tails with a dark side: The truth about whitetail – mule deer hybrids.
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Feldhamer, G. A., B. C. Thompson, and J. A. Chapman, editors (2003).
325:
222:
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75:
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Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation
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In Southeast Alaska, the Sitka deer is the primary prey of the rare
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436:
95:
996:
Court Decision Stops Four Tongass National Forest Logging Projects
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Audio recording of oral arguments before 9th Circ. Ct. of Appeals
541:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
105:
85:
337:
831:"The Alexander Archipelago Wolf: A Conservation Assessment,"
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into the Pacific Northwest of the United States and coastal
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Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology.
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capacity, and is the only tool available for the purpose.
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All recent authorities maintain it as a subspecies of the
417:), which is endemic to the region. In the mid-1990s, the
404:
301:), in the central and eastern portions of the county.
1009:
Court sends four timber sale plans back for reworking
896:. Sitnews.us (2008-07-11). Retrieved on 2012-06-10.
976:Appeals court overturns 4 Tongass logging projects
1182:
1201:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
881:. USDA Forest Service – Tongass National Forest
823:
651:
649:
647:
645:
484:Sanchez-Rojas, G.; Gallina-Tessaro, S. (2016).
784:Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum
509:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42393A22162113.en
958:
956:
954:
905:Caouette, J.; Kramer, M.; Nowacki, G. 2000.
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642:
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936:. Vol. 1 (January 2008) pp. 3–265 to 3–266.
706:
951:
907:Deconstructing the Tongass Timber Paradigm
727:Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska
260:) is found coastally in British Columbia,
242:) is found in western North America, from
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604:Heffelfinger, J. (version 2 March 2011).
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899:
794:, GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg.
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806:"What Do Deer Eat? All About Deer Diet"
419:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
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1226:Endemic fauna of the Pacific Northwest
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712:B.C. Ministry of Forests. 1996–1998.
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213:that occupy coastal woodlands in the
336:(the Sitka deer). Despite this, the
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754:. Solano County Office of Education
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619:
523:
495:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
474:
405:Controversy over habitat management
24:
1206:Fauna of the Western United States
852:
804:Zahid, Azrub (February 14, 2023).
725:MacDonald, S. and Cook, J. (2007)
25:
1237:
1017:
1011:, by Joe Viechnicki. 2 Oct. 2014.
985:. Juneau Empire, August 3, 2011.
62:
1076:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
1046:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
1026:Black-tailed Deer of California
1001:
988:
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714:Coastal Black-Tailed Deer Study
281:California counties, including
239:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
192:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
581:Walker's Mammals of the World.
546:Johns Hopkins University Press
538:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
49:Young male black-tailed deer (
13:
1:
752:"Columbian Black-tailed Deer"
468:
442:9th Circuit Court of Appeals
7:
319:
234:Columbian black-tailed deer
10:
1242:
877:December 15, 2013, at the
716:, linking to five reports.
612:November 22, 2010, at the
411:Alexander Archipelago wolf
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352:is low even in captivity.
1191:Mammals described in 1829
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781:Hogan, C. Michael (2008)
630:Mammals of North America.
380:Characteristic black tail
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59:Scientific classification
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48:
39:
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1196:Mammals of North America
299:Rocky Mountain mule deer
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1024:Excerpts from the book
424:Tongass National Forest
932:July 24, 2011, at the
916:. USDA Forest Service.
790:July 21, 2009, at the
462:
456:
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174:O. h. columbianus
579:Novak, R. M. (1999).
502:: e.T42393A22162113.
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379:
372:Diet and reproduction
217:of North America are
51:Olympic National Park
628:Reid, F. A. (2006).
310:Santa Barbara County
925:US Forest Service,
488:Odocoileus hemionus
266:southcentral Alaska
244:Northern California
227:Odocoileus hemionus
981:2011-08-10 at the
912:2011-10-16 at the
836:2014-04-07 at the
655:Geist, V. (1998).
415:Canis lupus ligoni
382:
366:western poison oak
348:), and the hybrid
198:(Richardson, 1829)
35:Black-tailed deer
27:Subspecies of deer
1211:Mammals of Canada
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1038:Taxon identifiers
965:. August 2, 2011.
690:978-0-8018-7416-1
664:978-0-8117-0496-0
638:978-0-395-93596-5
555:978-0-8018-8221-0
428:carrying capacity
215:Pacific Northwest
207:black-tailed deer
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515:12 November
330:O. hemionus
314:game animal
268:(as far as
136:Capreolinae
132:Subfamily:
1221:Subspecies
1216:Odocoileus
1185:Categories
872:Background
469:References
362:underbrush
346:West Texas
253:Sitka deer
219:subspecies
147:Odocoileus
758:1 January
326:mule deer
223:mule deer
154:Species:
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
1155:2.972162
1142:14200271
1061:Q3880944
1055:Wikidata
979:Archived
930:Archived
910:Archived
875:Archived
834:Archived
788:Archived
739:Wildlife
610:Archived
564:62265494
437:data set
320:Taxonomy
283:Siskiyou
126:Cervidae
122:Family:
106:Mammalia
96:Chordata
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
1103:4262326
356:Ecology
221:of the
142:Genus:
112:Order:
102:Class:
1129:898457
688:
662:
636:
587:
562:
552:
293:, and
291:Shasta
287:Tehama
264:, and
1116:42221
1090:5JYBF
338:mtDNA
276:Range
1168:9873
1163:NCBI
1124:ITIS
1098:GBIF
817:2023
760:2023
686:ISBN
660:ISBN
634:ISBN
585:ISBN
560:OCLC
550:ISBN
517:2021
500:2016
308:and
232:The
1137:MSW
1085:CoL
504:doi
272:).
209:or
1187::
1165::
1152::
1139::
1126::
1113::
1100::
1087::
1072::
1057::
953:^
886:^
808:.
696:^
670:^
644:^
621:^
595:^
572:^
558:.
548:.
525:^
498:.
492:.
476:^
316:.
289:,
285:,
53:)
819:.
762:.
729:.
682:.
566:.
519:.
506::
490:"
486:"
413:(
328:(
256:(
236:(
225:(
20:)
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