Hemodynamics - Knowledge

1268: 3119: 2112: 2357: 2646: 2140:), the larger the surface area, the lesser the pressure when an external force acts on it. Though the radii of the capillaries are very small, the network of capillaries has the largest surface area in the vascular network. They are known to have the largest surface area (485 mm^2) in the human vascular network. The larger the total cross-sectional area, the lower the mean velocity as well as the pressure. 3172: 233:. Deformation in red blood cells is induced by shear stress. When a suspension is sheared, the red blood cells deform and spin because of the velocity gradient, with the rate of deformation and spin depending on the shear rate and the concentration. This can influence the mechanics of the circulation and may complicate the measurement of blood 3094:

resistance to the blood flow. In the arteries, with the absence of diseases, there is very little or no resistance to blood. The vessel diameter is the most principal determinant to control resistance. Compared to other smaller vessels in the body, the artery has a much bigger diameter (4 mm), therefore the resistance is low.

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measure pressure, is <120/80 mmHg. Other major arteries have similar levels of blood pressure recordings indicating very low disparities among major arteries. In the innominate artery, the average reading is 110/70 mmHg, the right subclavian artery averages 120/80 and the abdominal aorta

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The Reynolds number is directly proportional to the velocity and diameter of the tube. Note that NR is directly proportional to the mean velocity as well as the diameter. A Reynolds number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over

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In a normal circulatory system, the volume of blood returning to the heart each minute is approximately equal to the volume that is pumped out each minute (the cardiac output). Because of this, the velocity of blood flow across each level of the circulatory system is primarily determined by the total

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Circulatory system of species subjected to orthostatic blood pressure (such as arboreal snakes) has evolved with physiological and morphological features to overcome the circulatory disturbance. For instance, in arboreal snakes the heart is closer to the head, in comparison with aquatic snakes. This

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In summary, the efficacy of ANH has been described mathematically by means of measurements of surgical blood loss and blood volume flow measurement. This form of analysis permits accurate estimation of the potential efficiency of the techniques and shows the application of measurement in the medical

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On the other hand, hypervolemic hemodilution (HVH) uses acute preoperative volume expansion without any blood removal. In choosing a fluid, however, it must be assured that when mixed, the remaining blood behaves in the microcirculation as in the original blood fluid, retaining all its properties of

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Hemodilution can be normovolemic, which implies the dilution of normal blood constituents by the use of expanders. During acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH), blood subsequently lost during surgery contains proportionally fewer red blood cells per milliliter, thus minimizing intraoperative loss of

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affects the mechanics of the circulation in several ways. An alteration of the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane of a blood cell causes a shift of water and a change of cell volume. The changes in shape and flexibility affect the mechanical properties of whole blood. A change in plasma

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and coming from experimental observations on blood flows, according to Thurston, there is a plasma release-cell layering at the walls surrounding a plugged flow. It is a fluid layer in which at a distance δ, viscosity η is a function of δ written as η(δ), and these surrounding layers do not meet at

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Under normal conditions, to avoid atherogenesis, thrombosis, smooth muscle proliferation and endothelial apoptosis, shear stress maintains its magnitude and direction within an acceptable range. In some cases occurring due to blood hammer, shear stress reaches larger values. While the direction of

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When force is applied to a material it starts to deform or move. As the force needed to deform a material (e.g. to make a fluid flow) increases with the size of the surface of the material A., the magnitude of this force F is proportional to the area A of the portion of the surface. Therefore, the

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Blood resistance varies depending on blood viscosity and its plugged flow (or sheath flow since they are complementary across the vessel section) size as well, and on the size of the vessels. Assuming steady, laminar flow in the vessel, the blood vessels behavior is similar to that of a pipe. For

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The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. The pumping action of the heart generates pulsatile blood flow, which is conducted into the arteries, across the micro-circulation and eventually, back via the venous system to the heart. During each

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Pressure drops gradually as blood flows from the major arteries, through the arterioles, the capillaries until blood is pushed up back into the heart via the venules, the veins through the vena cava with the help of the muscles. At any given pressure drop, the flow rate is determined by the

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In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries. This is due to bifurcations, which cause a drop in pressure. The more bifurcations, the higher the total cross-sectional area, therefore the pressure across the surface drops. This is why the arterioles have the highest

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the vessel centre in real blood flow. Instead, there is the plugged flow which is hyperviscous because holding high concentration of RBCs. Thurston assembled this layer to the flow resistance to describe blood flow by means of a viscosity η(δ) and thickness δ from the wall layer.

1603:. For this reason, the blood flow velocity is the fastest in the middle of the vessel and slowest at the vessel wall. In most cases, the mean velocity is used. There are many ways to measure blood flow velocity, like videocapillary microscoping with frame-to-frame analysis, or 719:

This is based on the assumption that each unit removed by hemodilution has a volume of 450 mL (the actual volume of a unit will vary somewhat since completion of collection is dependent on weight and not volume). The model assumes that the hemodilute value is equal to the

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of normal human plasma at 37 °C is 1.4 mN·s/m. The viscosity of normal plasma varies with temperature in the same way as does that of its solvent water;a 3°C change in temperature in the physiological range (36.5°C to 39.5°C)reduces plasma viscosity by about 10%.

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Otto CM, Stoddard M, Waggoner A, Zoghbi WA. Recommendations for Quantification of Doppler Echocardiography: A Report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr

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Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the

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and the greater the number of units removed during hemodilution, the more effective ANH is for preventing homologous blood transfusion. The model here is designed to allow doctors to determine where ANH may be beneficial for a patient based on their knowledge of the

2687:. Friction between the fluid and the moving boundaries causes the fluid to shear (flow). The force required for this action per unit area is the stress. The relation between the stress (force) and the shear rate (flow velocity) determines the viscosity. 2127:

Immediately following the arterioles are the capillaries. Following the logic observed in the arterioles, we expect the blood pressure to be lower in the capillaries compared to the arterioles. Since pressure is a function of force per unit area,

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is a fluid containing particles that are large enough to exert an oncotic pressure across the micro-vascular membrane. When debating the use of colloid or crystalloid, it is imperative to think about all the components of the starling equation:

1211:. Though the model used a 70 kg patient, the result can be applied to any patient. To apply these result to any body weight, any of the values BLs, BLH and ANHH or PRBC given in the table need to be multiplied by the factor we will call T 817:

The maximum SBL that is possible when ANH is used without falling below Hm(BLH) is found by assuming that all the blood removed during ANH is returned to the patient at a rate sufficient to maintain the hematocrit at the minimum safe level

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changes) with high flow rates that generate only small drops in pressure. The smaller arteries and arterioles have higher resistance, and confer the main blood pressure drop across major arteries to capillaries in the circulatory system.

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Markham LW, Knecht SK, Daniels SR, Mays WA, Khoury PR, Knilans TK (November 2004). "Development of exercise-induced arm-leg blood pressure gradient and abnormal arterial compliance in patients with repaired coarctation of the aorta".

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Stücker, M.; Bailer, V.; Reuther, T.; Hoffman, K.; Kellam, K.; Altmeyer, P. (1996). "Capillary Blood Cell Velocity in Human Skin Capillaries Located Perpendicularly to the Skin Surface: Measured by a New Laser Doppler Anemometer".

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To maintain the normovolemia, the withdrawal of autologous blood must be simultaneously replaced by a suitable hemodilute. Ideally, this is achieved by isovolemia exchange transfusion of a plasma substitute with a colloid

3149:. Blood pressure can be monitored either invasively through an inserted blood pressure transducer assembly (providing continuous monitoring), or noninvasively by repeatedly measuring the blood pressure with an inflatable 1489:

The normal human cardiac output is 5-6 L/min at rest. Not all blood that enters the left ventricle exits the heart. What is left at the end of diastole (EDV) minus the stroke volume make up the end systolic volume (ESV).

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alters the hematocrit, that is, the volume concentration of red cells in the whole blood by redistributing water between the intravascular and extravascular spaces. This in turn affects the mechanics of the whole blood.

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Puyo, Léo, Michel Paques, Mathias Fink, José-Alain Sahel, and Michael Atlan. "Waveform analysis of human retinal and choroidal blood flow with laser Doppler holography." Biomedical Optics Express 10, no. 10 (2019):

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In normal blood, at levels of shear rate such that equation 15 is applicable, i.e., Newtonian flow, it has been shown that the temperature coefficient of viscosity is identical with that for water over the range of

3804:"Association of Primary Hemodilution and Retrograde Autologous Priming with Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery: Analysis of the Perfusion Case Database of the Japanese Society of Extra-Corporeal Technology in Medicine" 1283:

The heart is the driver of the circulatory system, pumping blood through rhythmic contraction and relaxation. The rate of blood flow out of the heart (often expressed in L/min) is known as the cardiac output (CO).

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4000, is represented as turbulent flow. Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynolds number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.

1144:, although five units of blood must be removed during hemodilution. Under these conditions, to achieve the maximum benefit from the technique if ANH is used, no homologous blood will be required to maintain the 3968: 2702:

Veins are described as the "capacitance vessels" of the body because over 70% of the blood volume resides in the venous system. Veins are more compliant than arteries and expand to accommodate changing volume.

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Blood flow is also affected by the smoothness of the vessels, resulting in either turbulent (chaotic) or laminar (smooth) flow. Smoothness is reduced by the buildup of fatty deposits on the arterial walls.

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Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring of eye fundus vessels can be performed by Laser Doppler holography, with near infrared light. The eye offers a unique opportunity for the non-invasive exploration of

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prior to surgery, therefore, the re-transfusion of blood obtained by hemodilution must begin when SBL begins. The RCM available for retransfusion after ANH (RCMm) can be calculated from the patient's

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rather than hydrodynamics. Because blood vessels are not rigid tubes, classic hydrodynamics and fluids mechanics based on the use of classical viscometers are not capable of explaining haemodynamics.

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Often expressed in cm/s. This value is inversely related to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessel and also differs per cross-section, because in normal condition the blood flow has

662:. How much blood is to be removed is usually based on the weight, not the volume. The number of units that need to be removed to hemodilute to the maximum safe hematocrit (ANH) can be found by 2094: 1071: 2120:

pressure-drop. The pressure drop of the arterioles is the product of flow rate and resistance: ∆P=Q xresistance. The high resistance observed in the arterioles, which factor largely in the ∆

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if blood loss does not exceed 2940 ml. In such a case, ANH can save a maximum of 1.1 packed red blood cell unit equivalent, and homologous blood transfusion is necessary to maintain

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In presenting what volume of ANH should be applied one study suggests a mathematical model of ANH which calculates the maximum possible RCM savings using ANH, given the patients weight

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drive the flow of blood throughout the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the hemodynamic resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels.

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is 110/70 mmHg. The relatively uniform pressure in the arteries indicate that these blood vessels act as a pressure reservoir for fluids that are transported within them.

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the whole blood. Therefore, blood lost by the patient during surgery is not actually lost by the patient, for this volume is purified and redirected into the patient.

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is the difference between the blood pressure measured in the arms and that measured in the legs. It is normally less than 10 mm Hg, but may be increased in e.g.

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Puyo, L., M. Paques, M. Fink, J-A. Sahel, and M. Atlan. "In vivo laser Doppler holography of the human retina." Biomedical optics express 9, no. 9 (2018): 4113-4129.

254: 166:. The presence of these formed elements and their interaction with plasma molecules are the main reasons why blood differs so much from ideal Newtonian fluids. 3444: 2493:

For the thin-walled assumption to be valid the vessel must have a wall thickness of no more than about one-tenth (often cited as one twentieth) of its radius.

33: 1158:, even if ANH is used. This model can be used to identify when ANH may be used for a given patient and the degree of ANH necessary to maximize that benefit. 1311:. The micro-circulation — the arterioles, capillaries, and venules —constitutes most of the area of the vascular system and is the site of the transfer of O 4598:

Tazraei, P.; Riasi, A.; Takabi, B. (2015). "The influence of the non-Newtonian properties of blood on blood-hammer through the posterior cerebral artery".

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the stress may also change by the reverse flow, depending on the hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, this situation can lead to atherosclerosis disease.

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by high-contrast measurement of Doppler responses from endoluminal blood flow profiles in vessels in the posterior segment of the eye. Differences in

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and other gaseous wastes exchanged and expelled during breathing. Blood then returns to the left side of the heart where it begins the process again.

648:(initial hematocrit) is the patient's initial hematocrit. From the equation above it is clear that the volume of blood removed during the ANH to the 1511:

The Reynolds number (denoted NR or Re) is a relationship that helps determine the behavior of a fluid in a tube, in this case blood in the vessel.

1627:), which is equal to the difference between the peak systolic velocity and the minimum diastolic velocity divided by the mean velocity during the 1425:

The other thermodilution method is to sense the temperature change from a liquid injected in the proximal port of a Swan-Ganz to the distal port.

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molecules per liter of that substance and at 0 °C it has an osmotic pressure of 2.27 MPa (22.4 atm). The osmotic pressure of the

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is 0.30 or less it is not possible to save a red cell mass equivalent to two units of homologous PRBC even if the patient is hemodiluted to an

3745:"Evaluation of Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution and Autotransfusion in Neurosurgical Patients Undergoing Excision of Intracranial Meningioma" 2504:

exerted circumferentially (perpendicular both to the axis and to the radius of the object) in the cylinder wall, and can be described as:

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at the wall that is associated with blood flow through an artery depends on the artery size and geometry and can range between 0.5 and 4

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losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and

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Hemodilution is the dilution of the concentration of red blood cells and plasma constituents by partially substituting the blood with

237:. It is true that in a steady state flow of a viscous fluid through a rigid spherical body immersed in the fluid, where we assume the 67:. The hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Hemodynamics explains the 5774: 1637: 1093:

The model used assumes ANH used for a 70 kg patient with an estimated blood volume of 70 ml/kg (4900 ml). A range of

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Claude Franceschi; Paolo Zamboni Principles of Venous Hemodynamics Nova Science Publishers 2009-01 ISBN Nr 1606924850/9781606924853

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force of the particle is balanced by the viscous drag force. From this force balance the speed of fall can be shown to be given by

6046: 5544: 2174:" drugs decreased the viscosity of blood, but instead studies found that they act by reducing the tendency of the blood to clot. 2124:

is a result of a smaller radius of about 30 μm. The smaller the radius of a tube, the larger the resistance to fluid flow.

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concentration) reduces viscosity, whereas increased red blood cell concentration increases viscosity. It had been thought that

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Naqash, Imtiaz A.; Draboo, M. A.; Lone, Abdul Qayoom; Nengroo, Showkat H.; Kirmani, Altaf; Bhat, Abdul Rashid (2011).

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Siderman S, Beyar R, Kleber AG. Cardiac Electrophysiology, Circulation and Transport. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1991

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GB Thurston, Viscosity and viscoelasticity of blood in small diameter tubes, Microvasular Research 11, 133 146, 1976

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Hypertension is diagnosed by the presence of arterial blood pressures of 140/90 or greater for two clinical visits.

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Saito, Chihiro; Kamei, Tetsuya; Kubota, Shoji; Yoshida, Kiyoshi; Hibiya, Makoto; Hashimoto, Shuji (December 2018).

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Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure can show if there is congestive heart failure, mitral and aortic valve disorders,

1343: 931: 4943: 1904:: length of tube. In the case of vessels with infinitely long lengths, l is replaced with diameter of the vessel. 1323:

into the cells. The venous system returns the de-oxygenated blood to the right heart where it is pumped into the

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Nasoori, Alireza; Taghipour, Ali; Shahbazzadeh, Delavar; Aminirissehei, Abdolhossein; Moghaddam, Sharif (2014).

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The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics, and the study of the properties of the blood flow is called

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of 0.15. That is because from the RCM equation the patient RCM falls short from the equation giving above. If

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is assumed to be 0.25.then from the equation above the RCM count is still high and ANH is not necessary, if BL

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Claude Franceschi L'investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie Doppler Masson 1979 ISBN Nr 2-225-63679-6

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Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan (2012). "The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics".

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Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan (2012). "The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics".

2697: 1291:, the largest artery of the body. It then proceeds to divide into smaller and smaller arteries, then into 6059: 5804: 4530: 3019: 2460: 2158:

If the blood viscosity increases (gets thicker), the result is an increase in arterial pressure. Certain

3997:. Board Review Series (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 73–113. 2177:

To determine the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) the formula for calculating all resistance is used.

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To identify the minimum safe hematocrit desirable for a given patient the following equation is useful:

5885: 3032: 2652: 2373: 17: 4052:"Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii" 2938: 2571:

exerted circumferentially on an area of the cylinder wall that has the following two lengths as sides:

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Braunwald E (Editor). Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th Ed. W.B.Saunders 1997

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Fung, Yuan-cheng; Zweifach, B.W. (1971). "Microcirculation: Mechanics of Blood Flow in Capillaries".

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The larger arteries, including all large enough to see without magnification, are conduits with low

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The result of the model calculations are presented in a table given in the appendix for a range of

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of the particle depends on the square of the radius. If the particle is released from rest in the

6173: 6094: 6026: 5971: 5872: 5792: 5676: 5654: 5448: 5373: 4980: 4861: 3183: 2376:(assuming that the thickness of the vessel wall is very small as compared to the diameter of the 5672: 2835:

The relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance is expressed in the following equation:

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instance if p1 and p2 are pressures are at the ends of the tube, the pressure drop/gradient is:

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Basically, the model considered above is designed to predict the maximum RCM that can save ANH.

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RAP = right atrial pressure (in mmHg), the average pressure of blood as it returns to the heart

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Illustration demonstrating how vessel narrowing, or vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure.

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was evaluated to understand conditions where hemodilution is necessary to benefit the patient.

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is the red cell mass that would have to be administered using homologous blood to maintain the

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B Bo Sramek: Systemic Hemodynamics and Hemodynamic Management, 4th Edition, ESBN 1-59196-046-0

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increases until it attains the steady value called the terminal velocity (U), as shown above.

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The osmotic pressure of solution is determined by the number of particles present and by the

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MAP = mean arterial pressure (in mmHg), the average pressure of blood as it leaves the heart

338:{\displaystyle U_{s}={\frac {2}{9}}{\frac {\left(\rho _{p}-\rho _{f}\right)}{\mu }}g\,a^{2}} 5629: 5612: 5331: 5326: 5283: 5233: 5124: 5103: 4179: 3427: 2832:, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins. 5529: 3581: 3244:

Maximum Blood Loss Possible When ANH Is Used Before Homologous Blood Transfusion Is Needed

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there will not be any need for blood transfusion. We can conclude from the foregoing that

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and temperature of the whole body, and the protection from microbial and mechanical harm.

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Lillywhite, Harvey B.; Albert, James S.; Sheehy, Coleman M.; Seymour, Roger S. (2012).

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from 0.30 to 0.50 with ANH performed to minimum hematocrits from 0.30 to 0.15. Given a

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behaves like a Newtonian fluid at physiological rates of shear. Typical values for the

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Potters (13 February 2014). "Measuring Wall Shear Stress Using Velocity-Encoded MRI".

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Fieldman, Joel S.; Phong, Duong H.; Saint-Aubin, Yvan; Vinet, Luc (2007). "Rheology".

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Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan (2012). "The Cardiovascular System: The Blood".

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Naderi, Nasim (2022-01-01), Maleki, Majid; Alizadehasl, Azin; Haghjoo, Majid (eds.),

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A simplified form of this equation assumes right atrial pressure is approximately 0:

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with integrated systems for monitoring of several hemodynamic parameters, including

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Marieb, Elaine N.; Hoehn, Katja (2013). "The Cardiovascular System:Blood Vessels".

4240: 4187: 4112: 4104: 4063: 3942: 3893: 3860:"Efficacy of Acute Normovolemic hemodilution, Accessed as a Function of Blood lost" 3831: 3815: 3774: 3756: 3685: 3640: 3596: 3352: 3207: 3118: 1320: 443: 209: 159: 103: 4785: 3644: 5919: 5649: 5511: 5341: 5321: 3082: 2497: 2486: 2377: 2361: 2144: 2111: 2104: 1817:

Resistance is also related to vessel radius, vessel length, and blood viscosity.

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is 0.40 one must remove at least 7.5 units of blood during ANH, resulting in an

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is the gravitational acceleration. From the above equation we can see that the

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Venous Insufficiency of the pelvis and lower extremities-Hemodynamic Rationale

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Maximum blood loss without ANH before homologous blood transfusion is required

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Cardiac output is determined by two methods. One is to use the Fick equation:

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Kaya, M.; Li, J.K.-J. (2001). "Hemodilution: Modeling and clinical aspects".

3827: 3819: 3770: 3417: 3166: 2825: 2598: 2171: 2152: 1628: 405:. It is a strategy to avoid exposure of patients to the potential hazards of 242: 230: 4902:

Peterson LH, The Dynamics of Pulsatile Blood Flow, Circ. Res. 1954;2;127-139

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Biology and Mechanics of Blood Flows, Part II: Mechanics and Medical Aspects

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Normal systemic vascular resistance is between 900 and 1440 dynes/sec/cm−5.

2155:) increase the size of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure. 6111: 6101: 6074: 5751: 5725: 5389: 5348: 5178: 5154: 5144: 5049: 5030: 4793: 4724: 4619: 4510: 4480: 4384: 4244: 4126: 4077: 4031: 3929:

Feldman, Jeffrey M.; Roth, Jonathan V.; Bjoraker, David G. (January 1995).

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The blood resistance law appears as R adapted to blood flow profile :

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Relation between blood flow velocity and total cross-section area in human

1600: 204: 175: 143: 121: 72: 68: 4252: 3956: 3652: 2720:) pressure. In physiology, these are often simplified into one value, the 147: 6116: 6106: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5735: 5336: 5202: 5083: 5078: 5054: 4049: 3206:-shaped profile with time This technique enables non invasive functional 2813: 2593:

quantity (F/A) that is the force per unit area is called the stress. The

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can reduce the size of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure.

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PP = Pulse pressure which is systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure.

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does not exceed 2303 ml, since the hemotocrit will not fall below H

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heartbeat, systemic arterial blood pressure varies between a maximum (

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Cardiac output is mathematically expressed by the following equation:

1303:, and the blood then travels back through the network of veins to the 5986: 5757: 5624: 5420: 5223: 5166: 5088: 5015: 4996: 4884:

Rowell LB. Human Cardiovascular Control. Oxford University press 1993

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Hemodynamic Monitoring: Evolving technologies and clinical practice

4453:

Rosenson RS, Wolff D, Green D, Boss AH, Kensey KR (February 2004).

4093:"Gravity and the evolution of cardiopulmonary morphology in snakes" 1616: 1608: 155: 151: 114: 79: 6009: 5251: 5216: 5196: 5073: 5010: 3199: 2167: 2162:

can change the viscosity of the blood. For instance, anemia (low

1316: 1300: 447: 398: 238: 83: 3141:

is the observation of hemodynamic parameters over time, such as

2645: 1997:{\displaystyle R={\frac {cL\eta (\delta )}{(\pi \delta r^{3})}}} 1514:

The equation for this dimensionless relationship is written as:

1189:

of 0.20 to save two units equivalence. Clearly, the greater the

5849: 5844: 4893: 4881:

Berne RM, Levy MN. Cardiovascular physiology. 7th Ed Mosby 1997

4855: 4637:(1 ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. p. 25. 3195: 1740:{\displaystyle PI={\frac {v_{systole}-v_{diastole}}{v_{mean}}}} 1578:: characteristic dimension of the vessel, in this case diameter 241:

is negligible in such a flow, it is believed that the downward

87: 3361: 225:

is highly flexible and biconcave in shape. Its membrane has a

5981: 5568: 4090: 3718:

Caro, C.G.; Pedley, T.J.; Schroter, R.C.; Seed, W.A. (1978).

3554: 3436: 3203: 2809: 2568: 2501: 1324: 1288: 1240:{\displaystyle T={\frac {\text{patient's weight in kg}}{70}}} 638: 379: 139: 133: 4965: 3670:

Cinar, Yildirim; Senyol, A. Mete; Duman, Kamber (May 2001).

5559: 4229: 3582:"Human blood under normothermic and hypothermic conditions" 3403: 3373: 3367: 1299:, where oxygen transfer occurs. The capillaries connect to 3931:"maximum blood savings by acute Normovolemic hemodilution" 3862:. the journal of American society of anesthsiologist inc. 3534:(13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 729–732. 3167:

Remote, indirect monitoring of blood flow by laser Doppler

2345:

To get this in Wood units the answer is multiplied by 80.

195:. For example, a 1 molar solution of a substance contains 4144: 3388: 3382: 1820:

In a first approach based on fluids, as indicated by the

4770: 4455:"Aspirin. Aspirin does not alter native blood viscosity" 3801: 3742: 3629:

Errill, Edward W. (October 1969). "Rheology of Blood".

99: 4452: 3717: 627:{\displaystyle \ BL_{s}=EBV\ln {\frac {H_{i}}{H_{m}}}} 4923:

WR Milnor: Hemodynamics, Williams & Wilkins, 1982

4747:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 93–94. 4270:(13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 817. 4209:(13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 816. 3394: 3391: 3379: 3355: 3035: 2941: 2844: 2828:

forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins,

2732: 2655: 2610: 2528: 2513: 2463: 2404: 2389: 2368:

Regardless of site, blood pressure is related to the

2265: 2185: 2044: 1939: 1879:{\displaystyle \Delta P={\frac {8\mu lQ}{\pi r^{4}}}} 1833: 1640: 1631:. This value decreases with distance from the heart. 1523: 1437: 1346: 1287:

Blood being pumped out of the heart first enters the

1220: 1011: 934: 827: 750: 671: 565: 460: 257: 4145:

Munson BR, Young DF, Okiishi TH, Huebsch WW (2009).

3370: 2550:{\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta }={\dfrac {F}{tl}}\ } 2426:{\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta }={\dfrac {Pr}{t}}\ } 3928: 3722:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–60, 151–176. 3400: 3385: 3376: 3364: 3358: 1619:. One parameter to quantify this difference is the 4597: 4169: 4140: 4138: 4136: 3070: 2994: 2921: 2779: 2679: 2629: 2549: 2477: 2425: 2318: 2247: 2088: 1996: 1878: 1739: 1553: 1464: 1415: 1239: 1065: 991: 918:therefore is the incremental surgical blood loss ( 878: 806: 708: 626: 545: 337: 4736: 4265: 4204: 4198: 3883: 3881: 3529: 2474: 2089:{\displaystyle {\frac {p_{1}-p_{2}}{l}}=\Delta P} 2024:of blood in the wall plasma release-cell layering 641:volume; 70 mL/kg was used in this model and 6135: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4316:(9th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 712. 3749:Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 3713: 3711: 3709: 3669: 2932:When applied to the circulatory system, we get: 1204:, the potential for SBL, and an estimate of the 1066:{\displaystyle {RCM_{i}}={BL_{i}}\times {H_{m}}} 366:are the respectively particle and fluid density 154:and 1.5% other solutes. The formed elements are 4719:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 4505:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 4133: 4026:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 3443:syllable is variously written according to the 3282:Haematocrit Always Expressed Here As A Fraction 2332:SVR = systemic vascular resistance (mmHg/L/min) 879:{\displaystyle BL_{H}={\frac {RCM_{H}}{H_{m}}}} 4660: 3878: 3340: 1090:if ANH is not used and blood loss equals BLH. 889:If ANH is used as long as SBL does not exceed 5545: 5405: 4981: 4689:. Health and Life. 2010-06-07. Archived from 4416: 4335: 4333: 3706: 3321:Cell Mass Available For Transfusion after ANH 3306:Packed Red Blood Cell Equivalent Saved by ANH 2030:δ = distance in the plasma release-cell layer 1271:Diagram of the circulatory system. SVC/IVC - 186: 5419: 4808:"RHC | Vanderbilt University Medical Center" 4499:"Physiology, Peripheral Vascular Resistance" 4496: 4348: 3890:Hemodilution:Modelling and clinincal Aspects 3253:Incremental Blood Loss Possible with ANH.(BL 1922:In a second approach, more realistic of the 1416:{\displaystyle CO=VO2/C_{a}O_{2}-C_{v}O_{2}} 992:{\displaystyle \ {BL_{i}}={BL_{H}}-{BL_{s}}} 734:and the final hematocrit after hemodilution( 4710: 4311: 2649:Laminar shear of fluid between two plates. 807:{\displaystyle RCM=EVB\times (H_{i}-H_{m})} 94:throughout the body to maintain cell-level 5552: 5538: 5412: 5398: 4988: 4974: 4766: 4764: 4330: 4056:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 4017: 1554:{\displaystyle NR={\frac {\rho vL}{\mu }}} 1499:facilitates blood perfusion to the brain. 4470: 4374: 4116: 4067: 3946: 3835: 3808:The Journal of Extra-corporeal Technology 3778: 3760: 3689: 2248:{\displaystyle R=(\Delta pressure)/flow.} 709:{\displaystyle ANH={\frac {BL_{s}}{450}}} 324: 78:Blood flow ensures the transportation of 4742: 4497:Delong, Claire; Sharma, Sandeep (2022), 3992: 3170: 3117: 3108: 2922:{\displaystyle Flow=Pressure/Resistance} 2644: 2355: 2110: 1266: 113:, and is most efficiently studied using 5561:Physiology of the cardiovascular system 4761: 4656: 4654: 4562: 4492: 4490: 4097:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 4018:King, Jordan; Lowery, David R. (2022), 3892:. Vol. 1. IEEE. pp. 177–179. 3514: 2577:is the radial thickness of the cylinder 14: 6136: 4711:DeMers, Daniel; Wachs, Daliah (2022), 4565:Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 4528: 4397: 4268:Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 4207:Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 3988: 3986: 3887: 3628: 3532:Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 3468:Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society 3113: 2630:{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {F}{A}}} 1910:: flow rate of the blood in the vessel 1806: 1493: 169: 150:. The plasma contains 91.5% water, 7% 5533: 5393: 4969: 4632: 4535:Practical Cardiology (Second Edition) 3971:from the original on 23 February 2022 3622: 3508:Functional near-infrared spectroscopy 3276:Estimated Blood Volume(70 mL/kg) 2824:. Gravity affects blood pressure via 2455:is the inside radius of the cylinder. 71:that govern the flow of blood in the 4713:"Physiology, Mean Arterial Pressure" 4687:"Normal Blood Pressure Range Adults" 4665:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 4651: 4487: 4427: 3579: 3421:(which comes from the ancient Greek 3202:, whose Doppler responses exhibit a 2338:CVP = central venous pressure (mmHg) 2335:MAP = mean arterial pressure (mmHg) 1335:cross-sectional area of that level. 4432:. New York: Springer. p. 571. 4192:10.1146/annurev.fl.03.010171.001201 3983: 2583:is the axial length of the cylinder 2478:{\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta }\!} 1002:When expressed in terms of the RCM 24: 5299:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 4745:Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts 2724:, which is calculated as follows: 2195: 2080: 1834: 216: 25: 6185: 4930: 4472:10.1111/j.1538-79333.2004.0615f.x 3866:from the original on 29 June 2012 3099:arm–leg (blood pressure) gradient 3071:{\displaystyle CO\approx MAP/TPR} 2706: 2680:{\displaystyle v=u,\tau =\sigma } 1262: 5267:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 4663:The Mechanics of The Circulation 4531:"Chapter 11 - Hemodynamic Study" 4400:Principles of Medical Physiology 4172:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 3948:10.1097/00000539-199501000-00019 3677:American Journal of Hypertension 3351: 3163:, shunts, or cardiac tamponade. 3081:The ideal blood pressure in the 2995:{\displaystyle CO=(MAP-RAP)/TPR} 2319:{\displaystyle SVR=(MAP-CVP)/CO} 2014:c = constant coefficient of flow 1801: 1789:Vena cavae inferior and superior 4875: 4843: 4833: 4824: 4800: 4704: 4679: 4626: 4591: 4556: 4522: 4446: 4391: 4342: 4305: 4259: 4223: 4163: 4147:Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 4084: 4043: 4011: 3922: 3226:Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution 2372:of the vessel according to the 2351: 392: 4537:, Elsevier, pp. 201–216, 4402:. India: vistasta Publishing. 4367:10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005276 4314:Human anatomy & physiology 3852: 3795: 3736: 3663: 3573: 3559:. Springer. pp. 119–123. 3548: 3194:can measure blood flow in the 3009:CO = cardiac output (in L/min) 2975: 2951: 2780:{\displaystyle MAP=DP+1/3(PP)} 2774: 2765: 2691: 2302: 2278: 2257:This translates for SVR into: 2222: 2192: 2027:r = radius of the blood vessel 1988: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1824:. The equation is as follows: 1465:{\displaystyle CO=SV\times HR} 801: 775: 540: 537: 511: 502: 476: 473: 13: 1: 5688:Aortic valve area calculation 4995: 4786:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.07.097 4069:10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60220-0 3691:10.1016/S0895-7061(00)01260-7 3645:10.1152/physrev.1969.49.4.863 3589:Journal of Applied Physiology 2796:DP = Diastolic blood pressure 1502: 1257: 904:. The difference between the 382:, its sedimentation velocity 6149:Computational fluid dynamics 4020:"Physiology, Cardiac Output" 3720:The Mechanics of Circulation 2793:MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure 2722:mean arterial pressure (MAP) 2698:Capacitance of blood vessels 2011:R = resistance to blood flow 1572:: mean velocity of the blood 900:should therefore not exceed 86:, metabolic waste products, 7: 5805:Effective refractory period 5684:) / End-diastolic dimension 3993:Costanzo, Linda S. (2003). 3601:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.1.117 3580:Rand, Peter (31 May 1963). 3341:Etymology and pronunciation 3217: 3020:total peripheral resistance 2341:CO = cardiac output (L/min) 1594: 1479:CO = cardiac output (L/sec) 1327:to become oxygenated and CO 925:) possible when using ANH. 637:where EBV is the estimated 138:Blood is a complex liquid. 10: 6190: 4894:American Heart Association 4743:Klabunde, Richard (2005). 4633:Lough, Mary (2015-04-15). 4398:Sircar, Sabyasach (2008). 4109:10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.10.029 3935:Anesthesia & Analgesia 3898:10.1109/IEMBS.2001.1018881 3330:Red Cell Mass Saved by ANH 3235:Number of Units During ANH 3178:reveals retinal blood flow 2695: 2500:, in turn, is the average 1810: 229:in the region of 106 187:Osmotic pressure of plasma 131: 6154:Cardiovascular physiology 6090:Tubuloglomerular feedback 6045: 6037:Critical closing pressure 5995: 5962: 5948: 5928: 5865: 5857:Hexaxial reference system 5780:Cardiac electrophysiology 5767: 5711: 5663: 5576: 5567: 5469: 5431: 5307: 5232: 5003: 4958:Resources in your library 4612:10.1016/j.mbs.2015.03.013 4577:10.1007/s12410-014-9257-1 4428:Fung, Yuan-cheng (1997). 3483:Hemodynamics of the aorta 2587: 1822:Hagen–Poiseuille equation 1759:Total cross-section area 1110: 546:{\displaystyle \ Q=K(S-)} 6065:Renin–angiotensin system 4600:Mathematical Biosciences 4430:Biomechanics:Circulation 3300:Minimum Safe Haematocrit 3103:coarctation of the aorta 2017:L = length of the vessel 1892:: pressure drop/gradient 1605:laser Doppler anemometry 370:is the fluid viscosity, 352:is the particle radius, 127: 98:, the regulation of the 6169:Mathematics in medicine 6095:Cerebral autoregulation 6060:Kinin–kallikrein system 6027:Jugular venous pressure 5677:End-diastolic dimension 5655:Pressure volume diagram 5374:Microbiological culture 5004:Principles of pathology 4862:Oxford University Press 4661:Caro, Colin G. (1978). 3762:10.4103/0970-9185.76645 3184:cardiovascular diseases 1762:Blood velocity in cm/s 1601:laminar characteristics 1482:SV = stroke volume (ml) 6032:Portal venous pressure 6022:Mean arterial pressure 5936:Ventricular remodeling 5682:End-systolic dimension 5640:Cardiac function curve 4906:Hemodynamic Monitoring 4245:10.1006/mvre.1996.0054 4233:Microvascular Research 3820:10.1051/ject/201850231 3488:Impedance cardiography 3473:Electrical cardiometry 3179: 3134: 3072: 2996: 2923: 2781: 2688: 2681: 2631: 2551: 2479: 2427: 2374:Young–Laplace equation 2365: 2320: 2249: 2116: 2103:(assuming no advanced 2090: 1998: 1916:: radius of the vessel 1880: 1756:Type of blood vessels 1741: 1607:. Blood velocities in 1566:: density of the blood 1555: 1466: 1417: 1280: 1241: 1230:patient's weight in kg 1067: 993: 880: 808: 710: 628: 547: 376:sedimentation velocity 339: 27:Dynamics of blood flow 5673:Fractional shortening 5337:Diagnostic immunology 5162:Programmed cell death 5130:Liquefactive necrosis 4858:UK English Dictionary 4355:Journal of Physiology 4349:Womersley JR (1955). 3632:Physiological Reviews 3498:Laser Doppler imaging 3425:, meaning blood) and 3188:Laser Doppler imaging 3176:Laser Doppler imaging 3174: 3121: 3109:Clinical significance 3073: 2997: 2924: 2812:through arteries and 2782: 2682: 2648: 2632: 2552: 2480: 2449:is the wall thickness 2443:is the blood pressure 2428: 2359: 2321: 2250: 2114: 2091: 1999: 1881: 1742: 1556: 1485:HR = heart rate (bpm) 1467: 1418: 1270: 1242: 1068: 994: 881: 809: 711: 629: 548: 340: 5613:End-diastolic volume 5332:Medical microbiology 5327:Transfusion medicine 5284:Immunohistochemistry 5234:Anatomical pathology 5125:Coagulative necrosis 3515:Notes and references 3439:". The vowel of the 3087:blood pressure cuffs 3033: 2939: 2842: 2808:moves away from the 2730: 2653: 2608: 2511: 2461: 2387: 2263: 2183: 2042: 1937: 1831: 1638: 1584:: viscosity of blood 1521: 1435: 1344: 1218: 1009: 932: 825: 748: 669: 563: 458: 409:blood transfusions. 255: 6159:Exercise physiology 5977:Vascular resistance 5815:Electrocardiography 5810:Pacemaker potential 5740:Conduction velocity 5645:Venous return curve 5618:End-systolic volume 5289:Electron microscopy 5257:Molecular pathology 5135:Gangrenous necrosis 5067:Cellular adaptation 4184:1971AnRFM...3..189F 3336:Surgical Blood Loss 3291:Initial Haematocrit 3151:blood pressure cuff 3114:Pressure monitoring 2101:vascular resistance 1924:vascular resistance 1813:Vascular resistance 1807:Vascular resistance 1752: 1494:Anatomical features 655:is the same as the 170:Viscosity of plasma 111:non-Newtonian fluid 6085:Myogenic mechanism 5703:Left atrial volume 5635:Frank–Starling law 5317:Clinical chemistry 5309:Clinical pathology 5294:Immunofluorescence 5262:Forensic pathology 5242:Surgical pathology 5150:Fibrinoid necrosis 4937:Learn hemodynamics 4917:Claude Franceschi 4459:J. Thromb. Haemost 4293:Unknown parameter 3493:Photoplethysmogram 3478:Esophogeal doppler 3192:digital holography 3180: 3135: 3124:anesthetic machine 3068: 2992: 2919: 2777: 2689: 2677: 2627: 2547: 2542: 2475: 2423: 2418: 2366: 2316: 2245: 2160:medical conditions 2143:Substances called 2117: 2086: 1994: 1876: 1750: 1737: 1611:are higher during 1551: 1462: 1413: 1281: 1237: 1063: 989: 876: 804: 706: 624: 543: 335: 63:are controlled by 61:hydraulic circuits 49:circulatory system 6131: 6130: 6127: 6126: 5944: 5943: 5784:Action potential 5775:Conduction system 5721:Cardiac pacemaker 5693:Ejection fraction 5527: 5526: 5387: 5386: 5354:Mass spectrometry 4944:Library resources 4812:medsites.vumc.org 4754:978-0-7817-5030-1 4672:978-0-19-263323-1 4644:978-0-323-08512-0 4544:978-0-323-80915-3 4439:978-0-387-94384-8 4409:978-1-58890-572-7 4323:978-0-321-74326-8 4156:978-0-470-26284-9 3907:978-0-7803-7211-5 3729:978-0-19-263323-1 3566:978-0-387-74848-1 3541:978-0-470-56510-0 3503:Windkessel effect 3085:, where standard 3022:(in mmHg * min/L) 2806:circulating blood 2716:) and a minimum ( 2625: 2546: 2541: 2489:or "hoop stress". 2422: 2417: 2075: 1992: 1874: 1799: 1798: 1781:4500–6000 cm 1735: 1621:pulsatility index 1549: 1321:enzyme substrates 1295:, and eventually 1235: 1231: 937: 874: 704: 622: 568: 463: 319: 279: 160:white blood cells 51:is controlled by 16:(Redirected from 6181: 6070:Vasoconstrictors 6047:Regulation of BP 5960: 5959: 5893:pulmonary artery 5866:Chamber pressure 5574: 5573: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5274:Gross processing 5140:Caseous necrosis 4990: 4983: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4870: 4869: 4864:. Archived from 4847: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4780:(9): 1200–1202. 4768: 4759: 4758: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4425: 4414: 4413: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4281: 4277:978-0470-56510-0 4263: 4257: 4256: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4216:978-0470-56510-0 4202: 4196: 4195: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4142: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3950: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3839: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3782: 3764: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3693: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3586: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3527: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3208:microangiography 3077: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3058: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2982: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2888: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2761: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2309: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2229: 2145:vasoconstrictors 2095: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1967: 1947: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1858: 1844: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1680: 1679: 1651: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1534: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1402: 1401: 1389: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1369: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1229: 1228: 1161:For example, if 1129:of 0.40, if the 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1029: 1028: 1027: 998: 996: 995: 990: 988: 987: 986: 970: 969: 968: 952: 951: 950: 935: 885: 883: 882: 877: 875: 873: 872: 863: 862: 861: 845: 840: 839: 813: 811: 810: 805: 800: 799: 787: 786: 715: 713: 712: 707: 705: 700: 699: 698: 685: 633: 631: 630: 625: 623: 621: 620: 611: 610: 601: 581: 580: 566: 552: 550: 549: 544: 536: 535: 523: 522: 501: 500: 488: 487: 461: 444:osmotic pressure 344: 342: 341: 336: 334: 333: 320: 315: 311: 310: 309: 297: 296: 282: 280: 272: 267: 266: 210:osmotic pressure 202: 200: 104:osmotic pressure 21: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6144:Fluid mechanics 6134: 6133: 6132: 6123: 6041: 5991: 5953: 5950:Vascular system 5940: 5924: 5861: 5763: 5748:(Contractility) 5707: 5659: 5650:Wiggers diagram 5563: 5558: 5528: 5523: 5465: 5459:Small intestine 5454:Large intestine 5427: 5418: 5388: 5383: 5342:Immunopathology 5322:Hematopathology 5303: 5228: 4999: 4994: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4933: 4899:2002;15:167-184 4878: 4873: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4727: 4709: 4705: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4631: 4627: 4596: 4592: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4513: 4495: 4488: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4426: 4417: 4410: 4396: 4392: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4264: 4260: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4203: 4199: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4143: 4134: 4089: 4085: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4034: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3991: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3927: 3923: 3908: 3886: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3800: 3796: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3716: 3707: 3668: 3664: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3413:combining forms 3399: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3327: 3318: 3297: 3288: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3220: 3169: 3116: 3111: 3083:brachial artery 3054: 3034: 3031: 3030: 2978: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2884: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2757: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2590: 2533: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2498:cylinder stress 2487:cylinder stress 2468: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2406: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2362:cylinder stress 2354: 2305: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2225: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2105:atherosclerotic 2065: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 1982: 1978: 1968: 1948: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1845: 1843: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1815: 1809: 1804: 1784:0.03 cm/s 1720: 1716: 1688: 1684: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1597: 1535: 1533: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1505: 1496: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1330: 1314: 1265: 1260: 1227: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1105: 1098: 1088: 1081: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 982: 978: 974: 964: 960: 956: 946: 942: 938: 933: 930: 929: 923: 916: 909: 894: 868: 864: 857: 853: 846: 844: 835: 831: 826: 823: 822: 795: 791: 782: 778: 749: 746: 745: 739: 732: 725: 694: 690: 686: 684: 670: 667: 666: 660: 653: 646: 616: 612: 606: 602: 600: 576: 572: 564: 561: 560: 531: 527: 518: 514: 496: 492: 483: 479: 459: 456: 455: 436: 429: 395: 387: 364: 357: 329: 325: 305: 301: 292: 288: 287: 283: 281: 271: 262: 258: 256: 253: 252: 227:Young's modulus 219: 217:Red blood cells 198: 196: 189: 172: 164:red blood cells 148:formed elements 142:is composed of 136: 130: 65:control systems 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6187: 6177: 6176: 6174:Fluid dynamics 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6080:Autoregulation 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6005:Pulse pressure 6001: 5999: 5997:Blood pressure 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5873:Central venous 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5755: 5754:(Excitability) 5749: 5743: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5591:Cardiac output 5588: 5582: 5580: 5578:Cardiac output 5571: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5364:Flow cytometry 5361: 5359:Chromatography 5356: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:Histopathology 5276: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5205: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5169: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4931:External links 4929: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4868:on 2020-03-22. 4851:"haemodynamic" 4842: 4832: 4823: 4799: 4774:Am. J. Cardiol 4760: 4753: 4735: 4703: 4678: 4671: 4650: 4643: 4625: 4590: 4555: 4543: 4521: 4486: 4465:(2): 340–341. 4445: 4438: 4415: 4408: 4390: 4361:(3): 553–563. 4341: 4329: 4322: 4304: 4276: 4258: 4239:(2): 188–192. 4222: 4215: 4197: 4162: 4155: 4132: 4103:(2): 230–242. 4083: 4042: 4010: 4004:978-0781739191 4003: 3982: 3941:(1): 108–113. 3921: 3906: 3877: 3851: 3814:(4): 231–236. 3794: 3735: 3728: 3705: 3684:(5): 433–438. 3662: 3639:(4): 863–888. 3621: 3572: 3565: 3547: 3540: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3463:Cardiac output 3460: 3458:Blood pressure 3455: 3449: 3445:ae/e variation 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3312:Red cell mass. 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212:blood pressure 3168: 3165: 3143:blood pressure 3128:blood pressure 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3079: 3078: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2930: 2929: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2708: 2707:Blood pressure 2705: 2696:Main article: 2693: 2690: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2639: 2638: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2558: 2557: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2491: 2490: 2471: 2467: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2434: 2433: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2360:Components of 2353: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2164:red blood cell 2097: 2096: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2005: 2004: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1811:Main article: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1473: 1472: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1328: 1312: 1264: 1263:Cardiac output 1261: 1259: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1234: 1226: 1223: 1207: 1200: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1154: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1096: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1000: 999: 985: 981: 977: 973: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 945: 941: 921: 914: 907: 892: 887: 886: 871: 867: 860: 856: 852: 849: 843: 838: 834: 830: 815: 814: 803: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 737: 730: 723: 717: 716: 703: 697: 693: 689: 683: 680: 677: 674: 658: 651: 644: 635: 634: 619: 615: 609: 605: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 579: 575: 571: 554: 553: 542: 539: 534: 530: 526: 521: 517: 513: 510: 507: 504: 499: 495: 491: 486: 482: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 434: 427: 394: 391: 385: 362: 355: 346: 345: 332: 328: 323: 318: 314: 308: 304: 300: 295: 291: 286: 278: 275: 270: 265: 261: 223:red blood cell 218: 215: 188: 185: 171: 168: 132:Main article: 129: 126: 92:carbon dioxide 57:autoregulation 55:mechanisms of 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6186: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Cardiac index 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5608:Stroke volume 5606: 5602: 5601:Stroke volume 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:Cardiac cycle 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5247:Cytopathology 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5191:Accumulations 5189: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5060:Wound healing 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4836: 4827: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4765: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4693:on 2016-03-18 4692: 4688: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4491: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4295:|agency= 4287: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4062:: S137–S142. 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3348: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2704: 2699: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2488: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2258: 2255: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2189: 2186: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2172:blood thinner 2170:and related " 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2153:nitroglycerin 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2132: = 2131: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1802:Blood vessels 1795:15 cm/s 1794: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773:40 cm/s 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1629:cardiac cycle 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1255: 1251: 1232: 1224: 1221: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1203: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1150: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1108: 1106: 1099: 1091: 1089: 1082: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1005: 1004: 1003: 983: 979: 975: 971: 965: 961: 957: 953: 947: 943: 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5955:hemodynamics 5954: 5760:(Relaxation) 5752:Bathmotropic 5726:Chronotropic 5349:Enzyme assay 5195: 5190: 5179:Karyorrhexis 5155:Myocytolysis 5145:Fat necrosis 5050:Inflammation 5038:Hemodynamics 5037: 5031:Pathogenesis 4949:Hemodynamics 4948: 4876:Bibliography 4866:the original 4854: 4845: 4835: 4826: 4815:. Retrieved 4811: 4802: 4777: 4773: 4744: 4738: 4728:, retrieved 4716: 4706: 4695:. Retrieved 4691:the original 4681: 4662: 4634: 4628: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4548:, retrieved 4534: 4524: 4514:, retrieved 4502: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4429: 4399: 4393: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4313: 4307: 4267: 4261: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4206: 4200: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4146: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4035:, retrieved 4023: 4013: 3994: 3973:. Retrieved 3938: 3934: 3924: 3889: 3868:. Retrieved 3854: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3755:(1): 54–58. 3752: 3748: 3738: 3719: 3681: 3675: 3665: 3656: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3614:16 September 3612:. 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A 399:colloids 152:proteins 115:rheology 84:hormones 41:dynamics 39:are the 5630:Preload 5252:Autopsy 5217:Melanin 5197:pigment 5074:Atrophy 5011:Disease 4376:1365740 4253:8901447 4180:Bibcode 4118:3242868 3975:5 April 3957:7802266 3870:5 April 3837:6296452 3780:3146160 3658:10-37°C 3653:4898603 3411:) uses 3200:choroid 2818:viscous 2816:due to 2789:where: 2567:is the 2560:where: 2485:is the 2168:aspirin 2020:η(δ) = 1613:systole 1317:glucose 1301:venules 1254:field. 448:colloid 239:inertia 174:Normal 5920:Aortic 5908:atrial 5881:atrial 5877:Right 5850:U wave 5845:T wave 5820:P wave 5793:atrial 5507:Spleen 5482:Anemic 5478:Types 4946:about 4856:Lexico 4792: 4751: 4723: 4669: 4641: 4618: 4583: 4541: 4509: 4479: 4436: 4406: 4383: 4373: 4320: 4274: 4251: 4213: 4153: 4125: 4115: 4076: 4030: 4001: 3963: 3955: 3914: 3904: 3844: 3834: 3826: 3787: 3777: 3769: 3726: 3698: 3651: 3607: 3563: 3538: 3196:retina 3018:TPR = 3005:where 2588:Stress 2545: 2436:where 2421: 2328:Where 2007:where 1475:where 1319:, and 1111:Result 1076:Where 936: 567: 462: 348:Where 205:plasma 162:, and 144:plasma 90:, and 88:oxygen 47:. The 6164:Blood 5982:Pulse 5929:Other 5904:Left 5898:wedge 5569:Heart 5502:Brain 5497:Heart 5449:Heart 5444:Brain 5026:Cause 4581:S2CID 4571:(4). 3961:S2CID 3912:S2CID 3585:(PDF) 3441:hemo- 3437:blood 3423:haima 3418:hemo- 3204:pulse 2810:heart 2569:force 2502:force 2378:lumen 1767:Aorta 1325:lungs 1289:aorta 639:blood 380:fluid 197:6.022 140:Blood 134:Blood 128:Blood 5512:Limb 5423:and 4790:PMID 4749:ISBN 4721:PMID 4667:ISBN 4639:ISBN 4616:PMID 4539:ISBN 4507:PMID 4477:PMID 4434:ISBN 4404:ISBN 4381:PMID 4318:ISBN 4299:help 4272:ISBN 4249:PMID 4211:ISBN 4151:ISBN 4123:PMID 4074:PMID 4028:PMID 3999:ISBN 3977:2011 3953:PMID 3902:ISBN 3872:2011 3842:PMID 3824:ISSN 3785:PMID 3767:ISSN 3724:ISBN 3696:PMID 3649:PMID 3616:2014 3605:PMID 3561:ISBN 3536:ISBN 3303:PRBC 3257:– BL 3198:and 3145:and 3130:and 3097:The 2496:The 1100:and 431:and 221:The 146:and 5675:= ( 4782:doi 4608:doi 4604:264 4573:doi 4467:doi 4371:PMC 4363:doi 4359:127 4241:doi 4188:doi 4113:PMC 4105:doi 4101:161 4064:doi 3943:doi 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