450:
refers to the percent of arterial hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen. The constant 0.0031 represents the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma per mm Hg of partial pressure. The dissolved-oxygen term is generally small relative to the term for hemoglobin-bound oxygen, but becomes significant at
433:
594:
311:
913:
Adrogué HJ, Rashad MN, Gorin AB, Yacoub J, Madias NE (1989). "Assessing acid-base status in circulatory failure. Differences between arterial and central venous blood".
847:, Hsiue TR (2003). "Prediction of arterial blood gas values from venous blood gas values in patients with acute respiratory failure receiving mechanical ventilation".
478:
241:– Partial pressure of CO at sea level in arterial blood is approximately 0.02. It can be slightly higher in smokers and people living in dense urban areas.
717:"Correlation of simultaneously obtained capillary, venous, and arterial blood gases of patients in a paediatric intensive care unit"
428:{\displaystyle C_{a}{\ce {O2}}=1.36\cdot {\ce {Hgb}}\cdot {\frac {S_{a}{\ce {O2}}}{100}}+0.0031\cdot P_{a}{\ce {O2}}}
442:. The exact value of this constant varies from 1.34 to 1.39, depending on the reference and the way it is derived. S
34:. There are several significant purposes for measuring gas tension. The most common gas tensions measured are
599:
This is an estimation and does not account for differences in temperature, pH and concentrations of 2,3 DPG.
793:"Comparison of arterial and venous pH, bicarbonate, PCO2 and PO2 in initial emergency department assessment"
1143:
262:
618:
613:
203:– Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg.
171:
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including:
221:– Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in venous blood is between 40 mmHg and 50 mmHg.
589:{\displaystyle {\ce {SO2}}=\left({\frac {23,400}{{\ce {PO2}}^{3}+150{\ce {PO2}}}}+1\right)^{-1}}
1065:
1087:
675:"Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring in critically ill adults: clinical evaluation of a new sensor"
638:
Severinghaus JW, Astrup P, Murray JF (1998). "Blood gas analysis and critical care medicine".
608:
258:
254:
180:
1148:
8:
1138:
977:
952:
817:
792:
741:
716:
690:
460:
295:) suggest to the health care practitioner which interventions, if any, should be made.
107:
83:
953:"ABC of oxygen: assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid-base balance"
249:
The partial pressure of gas in blood is significant because it is directly related to
1114:
1047:
1012:
982:
930:
895:
856:
822:
773:
746:
694:
655:
1106:
1039:
972:
964:
922:
887:
812:
804:
736:
728:
686:
647:
438:
The constant, 1.36, is the amount of oxygen (ml at 1 atmosphere) bound per gram of
23:
844:
651:
59:
1110:
1043:
926:
138:
103:
47:
968:
874:
Walkey AJ, Farber HW, O'Donnell C, Cabral H, Eagan JS, Philippides GJ (2010).
1132:
891:
137:
in the atmosphere, 21% of standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg) in
808:
732:
899:
875:
860:
826:
750:
698:
674:
250:
160:
1051:
1016:
986:
934:
777:
659:
292:
1118:
876:"The accuracy of the central venous blood gas for acid-base monitoring"
439:
1030:
Tobin MJ (1988). "Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit".
673:
Bendjelid K, SchĂĽtz N, Stotz M, Gerard I, Suter PM, Romand JA (2005).
99:
176:
714:
764:
Shapiro BA (1995). "Temperature correction of blood gas values".
172:
70:
in each symbol represents the source of the gas being measured: "
873:
464:
75:
35:
278:
31:
791:
Malatesha G, Singh NK, Bharija A, Rehani B, Goel A (2007).
790:
192:
134:
91:
715:
YildizdaĹź D, YapicioÄźlu H, Yilmaz HL, Sertdemir Y (2004).
672:
559:
532:
493:
421:
381:
336:
27:
912:
637:
266:
163:
at sea level is between 30 mmHg and 40 mmHg.
481:
314:
133:– Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level (160
1085:
588:
427:
1130:
998:
996:
842:
838:
836:
710:
708:
1088:"Simple, accurate equations for human blood O
946:
944:
1023:
993:
950:
867:
833:
784:
705:
666:
141:is between 75 mmHg and 100 mmHg.
1003:Hansen JE (1989). "Arterial blood gases".
941:
906:
763:
757:
631:
224:
1002:
976:
816:
740:
230:Arterial carbon monoxide tension (normal)
166:
1029:
110:tests) measure these partial pressures.
1131:
119:Arterial blood oxygen tension (normal)
187:Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension
470:
145:Venous blood oxygen tension (normal)
207:Venous blood carbon dioxide tension
13:
843:Chu YC, Chen CZ, Lee CH, Chen CW,
691:10.1097/01.ccm.0000181734.26070.26
14:
1160:
303:
113:
1079:
1058:
244:
16:Partial pressure of blood gases
1:
624:
1086:Severinghaus, J. W. (1979).
652:10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.nhlb1-9
298:
7:
1111:10.1152/jappl.1979.46.3.599
927:10.1056/NEJM198905183202004
619:Fraction of inspired oxygen
602:
269:balance of the blood, the P
265:. When used alongside the
10:
1165:
1092:dissociation computations"
253:, as the driving force of
1044:10.1164/ajrccm/138.6.1625
969:10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1213
640:Am J Respir Crit Care Med
892:10.1177/0885066609356164
614:Fick's laws of diffusion
809:10.1136/emj.2007.046979
733:10.1136/adc.2002.016261
225:Carbon monoxide tension
590:
429:
167:Carbon dioxide tension
766:Respir Care Clin N Am
609:Alveolar air equation
591:
430:
181:altered consciousness
951:Williams AJ (1998).
880:J Intensive Care Med
479:
312:
159:– Oxygen tension in
1144:Respiratory therapy
646:(4 Pt 2): S114-22.
561:
534:
495:
423:
383:
338:
66:CO). The subscript
849:J Formos Med Assoc
586:
549:
522:
483:
461:hyperbaric chamber
425:
411:
371:
326:
108:arterial blood gas
1032:Am Rev Respir Dis
564:
552:
525:
486:
471:Oxygen saturation
414:
389:
374:
352:
329:
259:blood gas barrier
20:Blood gas tension
1156:
1123:
1122:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1066:"Oxygen Content"
1062:
1056:
1055:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1000:
991:
990:
980:
963:(7167): 1213–6.
948:
939:
938:
910:
904:
903:
871:
865:
864:
840:
831:
830:
820:
788:
782:
781:
761:
755:
754:
744:
712:
703:
702:
670:
664:
663:
635:
595:
593:
592:
587:
585:
584:
576:
572:
565:
563:
562:
560:
557:
550:
541:
540:
535:
533:
530:
523:
518:
507:
496:
494:
491:
484:
434:
432:
431:
426:
424:
422:
419:
412:
409:
408:
390:
385:
384:
382:
379:
372:
369:
368:
358:
353:
350:
339:
337:
334:
327:
324:
323:
289:
288:
287:
24:partial pressure
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1028:
1024:
1001:
994:
949:
942:
911:
907:
872:
868:
841:
834:
789:
785:
762:
758:
713:
706:
671:
667:
636:
632:
627:
605:
577:
558:
553:
548:
536:
531:
526:
521:
520:
519:
508:
506:
505:
501:
500:
492:
487:
482:
480:
477:
476:
473:
463:) or in severe
458:
454:
449:
445:
420:
415:
410:
404:
400:
380:
375:
370:
364:
360:
359:
357:
349:
335:
330:
325:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
306:
301:
286:
283:
282:
281:
279:
276:
272:
261:and thus blood
247:
238:
227:
219:
215:
200:
196:
169:
157:
153:
131:
127:
116:
104:Blood gas tests
65:
60:carbon monoxide
57:
53:
45:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1125:
1124:
1105:(3): 599–602.
1099:J Appl Physiol
1089:
1078:
1057:
1038:(6): 1625–42.
1022:
1005:Clin Chest Med
992:
940:
921:(20): 1312–6.
905:
866:
832:
783:
756:
721:Arch Dis Child
704:
685:(10): 2203–6.
665:
629:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
604:
601:
597:
596:
583:
580:
575:
571:
568:
556:
547:
544:
539:
529:
517:
514:
511:
504:
499:
490:
472:
469:
456:
452:
447:
443:
436:
435:
418:
407:
403:
399:
396:
393:
388:
378:
367:
363:
356:
348:
345:
342:
333:
322:
318:
305:
304:Oxygen content
302:
300:
297:
284:
274:
270:
246:
243:
236:
232:
231:
226:
223:
217:
213:
209:
208:
198:
194:
189:
188:
168:
165:
155:
151:
147:
146:
139:arterial blood
129:
125:
121:
120:
115:
114:Oxygen tension
112:
63:
55:
51:
48:carbon dioxide
43:
39:
22:refers to the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1161:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1011:(2): 227–37.
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
988:
984:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
947:
945:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:(2): 104–10.
885:
881:
877:
870:
862:
858:
855:(8): 539–43.
854:
850:
846:
839:
837:
828:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
803:(8): 569–71.
802:
798:
794:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
752:
748:
743:
738:
734:
730:
727:(2): 176–80.
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Crit Care Med
676:
669:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
630:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
600:
581:
578:
573:
569:
566:
554:
545:
542:
537:
527:
515:
512:
509:
502:
497:
488:
475:
474:
468:
466:
462:
441:
416:
405:
401:
397:
394:
391:
386:
376:
365:
361:
354:
346:
343:
340:
331:
320:
316:
308:
307:
296:
294:
290:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
242:
240:
229:
228:
222:
220:
206:
205:
204:
202:
201:
186:
185:
184:
182:
178:
174:
164:
162:
158:
144:
143:
142:
140:
136:
132:
118:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
49:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1102:
1098:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1060:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1008:
1004:
960:
956:
918:
915:N Engl J Med
914:
908:
883:
879:
869:
852:
848:
800:
796:
786:
772:(1): 69–76.
769:
765:
759:
724:
720:
682:
678:
668:
643:
639:
633:
598:
437:
251:gas exchange
248:
245:Significance
234:
233:
211:
210:
191:
190:
170:
161:venous blood
149:
148:
123:
122:
95:
87:
79:
71:
67:
19:
18:
1149:Pulmonology
797:Emerg Med J
451:very high P
263:oxygenation
257:across the
1139:Hematology
1133:Categories
1071:October 7,
625:References
440:hemoglobin
74:" meaning
62:tension (P
50:tension (P
38:tension (P
579:−
459:(as in a
398:⋅
355:⋅
347:⋅
299:Equations
255:diffusion
106:(such as
100:capillary
900:20018607
861:14569318
845:Chang HY
827:17652681
751:14736638
699:16215371
603:See also
177:acidosis
98:" being
90:" being
84:alveolar
82:" being
76:arterial
1052:3144222
1017:2661120
987:9794863
978:1114160
935:2535633
818:2660085
778:9390851
742:1719810
660:9563770
293:lactate
173:dyspnea
94:, and "
1117:
1050:
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985:
975:
933:
898:
859:
825:
815:
776:
749:
739:
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658:
465:anemia
395:0.0031
92:venous
58:) and
36:oxygen
1119:35496
1095:(PDF)
291:(and
32:blood
28:gases
1115:PMID
1073:2014
1048:PMID
1013:PMID
983:PMID
931:PMID
896:PMID
857:PMID
823:PMID
774:PMID
747:PMID
695:PMID
656:PMID
344:1.36
277:and
179:and
135:mmHg
1107:doi
1040:doi
1036:138
973:PMC
965:doi
961:317
957:BMJ
923:doi
919:320
888:doi
853:102
813:PMC
805:doi
737:PMC
729:doi
687:doi
648:doi
644:157
546:150
516:400
387:100
351:Hgb
280:HCO
86:, "
78:, "
46:),
30:in
26:of
1135::
1113:.
1103:46
1101:.
1097:.
1046:.
1034:.
1009:10
1007:.
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981:.
971:.
959:.
955:.
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929:.
917:.
894:.
884:25
882:.
878:.
851:.
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821:.
811:.
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768:.
745:.
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725:89
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719:.
707:^
693:.
683:33
681:.
677:.
654:.
642:.
551:PO
524:PO
510:23
485:SO
467:.
273:CO
267:pH
239:CO
216:CO
197:CO
183:.
175:,
102:.
54:CO
1121:.
1109::
1090:2
1075:.
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1042::
1019:.
989:.
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937:.
925::
902:.
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807::
780:.
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731::
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498:=
489:2
457:2
455:O
453:a
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406:a
402:P
392:+
377:2
373:O
366:a
362:S
341:=
332:2
328:O
321:a
317:C
285:3
275:2
271:a
237:a
235:P
218:2
214:v
212:P
199:2
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193:P
156:2
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152:v
150:P
130:2
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40:x
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