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749:, faith in the autocracy, and indifference to political life. The workers of St. Petersburg wished to receive fair treatment and better working conditions; they decided, therefore, to petition the tsar in hopes he would act on it. In their eyes, the tsar was their representative who would help them if he was made aware of their situation. God appointed the tsar, therefore the tsar had an obligation to protect the people and do what was best for them. Their petition was written in subservient terms and ended with a reminder to the tsar of his obligation to the people of Russia and their resolve to do what it took to ensure their pleas were met. It concluded: "And if Thou dost not so order and dost not respond to our pleas we will die here in this square before Thy palace". Gapon, who had an ambiguous relationship with the Tsarist authorities, sent a copy of the petition to the Minister of the Interior together with a notification of his intention to lead a procession of members of his workers' movement to the Winter Palace on the following Sunday.
582:, which created a strain on traditional Russian society. Peasants "were confronted by unfamiliar social relationships, a frustrating regime of factory discipline, and the distressing conditions of urban life." This new group of peasant workers made up the majority of workers in urban areas. Generally unskilled, these peasants received low wages, were employed in unsafe working environments, and worked up to fifteen hours a day. Although some workers still had a paternalistic relationship with their employer, factory employers were more present and active than the noble landowners that previously had ownership of the serfs. Under serfdom, peasants had little, if any, contact with their landowner. In the new urban setting, however, factory employers often used their absolute authority in abusive and arbitrary manners. Their abuse of power, made evident by the long
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they reached a peak between 1884 and 1885 when 4,000 workers went on strike at
Morozov's cotton mill. This large strike prompted officials to consider regulations that would restrain the abuses of employers and ensure safety in the workplace. A new law was passed in 1886 that required employers to specify working conditions in their factories in writing. This included the treatment of workers, workers' hours and the safety precautions taken by the employer. This new law also created factory inspectors who were charged with preserving industrial peace. Despite these changes, strike activity again reached high proportions during the 1890s, resulting in the restriction of the workday to eleven and a half hours in 1897.
845:. The troops, who now numbered about 10,000, had been ordered to halt the columns of marchers before they reached the palace square but the reaction of government forces was inconsistent and confused. Individual policemen did salute the religious banners and portraits of the Tsar carried by the crowd or joined the procession. Army officers variously told the marchers that they could proceed in smaller groups, called on them to disperse or ordered their troops to fire into the marchers without warning. When the crowds continued to press forward, Cossacks and regular cavalry made charges using their sabres or trampling the people.
610:- to conspire for a criminal act." As such, Russian laws viewed strikes as criminal acts of conspiracy and potential catalysts for rebellion. The governmental response to strikes, however, supported the efforts of the workers and promoted strikes as an effective tool that could be used by the workers to help improve their working conditions. Tsarist authorities usually intervened with harsh punishment, especially for the leaders and spokesmen of the strike, but often the complaints of the strikers were reviewed and seen as justified and the employers were required to correct the abuses about which the strikers protested.
810:, the Tsar's official residence. The crowd, whose mood was quiet, did not know that the Tsar was not in residence. Insofar as there was firm planning, the intention was for the various columns of marchers to converge in front of the palace at about 2 pm. Estimates of the total numbers involved range wildly from police figures of 3,000 to organizers' claims of 50,000. Initially, it was intended that women, children and elderly workers should lead, to emphasize the united nature of the demonstration.
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them, his absence from the city, against at least some advice, reflects a lack of imagination and perception that he was to show on other occasions. The killing of people, many of whom had seen the Tsar as their "Little Father", resulted in a surge of bitterness towards
Nicholas and his autocratic rule. A widely quoted reaction was "we no longer have a Tsar".
663:…a noble endeavor, under the guidance of truly Russian educated laymen and clergy, to foster among the workers a sober, Christian view of life and to instill the principle of mutual aid, thereby helping to improve the lives and working conditions of laborers without violent disruption of law and order in their relations with employers and the government.
870:, previously stationed in the Palace Square where about 2,300 soldiers were being held in reserve, now made its way onto the Nevsky and formed two ranks opposite the Alexander Gardens. Following a single shouted warning a bugle sounded and four volleys were fired into the panicked crowd, many of whom had not been participants in the organized marches.
659:(secret police); during 1904 the membership of the association had grown rapidly, although more radical groups saw it as being a "police union" – under government influence. The Assembly's objectives were to defend workers' rights and to elevate their moral and religious status. In the words of Fr. Gapon, this organization served as:
960:; however, the autocracy eventually resorted to brute force near the end of 1905 in order to curtail the burgeoning strike movement that continued to spread. Between October 1905 and April 1906, an estimated 15,000 peasants and workers were either hanged or shot; 20,000 were injured and 45,000 sent into exile.
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working in the cities to supplement their incomes retained their ties to the land and their masters. Although the working conditions in the cities were horrific, they were only employed for short periods of time and returned to their village when their work was complete, or when it was time to resume
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The total number killed in the day's clashes is uncertain. The Tsar's officials recorded 96 dead and 333 injured; anti-government sources claimed more than 4,000 dead; moderate estimates still average around 1,000 killed or wounded, both from shots and being trampled during the panic. Another source
687:
in St. Petersburg were fired because of their membership in the
Assembly, although the plant manager asserted that they were fired for unrelated reasons. Virtually the entire workforce of the Putilov Ironworks went on strike when the plant manager refused to accede to their requests that the workers
613:
These corrections did not address a grossly unbalanced system that clearly favoured employers. This caused the continuation of strikes and the first major industrial strike in Russia in 1870 in St. Petersburg. This new phenomenon was a catalyst of many more strikes in Russia, which increased until
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Although the Tsar was not at the Winter Palace and did not give the order for the troops to fire, he was widely blamed for the inefficiency and callousness with which the crisis had been handled. While it was unrealistic for the marchers to expect
Nicholas to ride out into the Palace Square to meet
963:
Perhaps the most significant effect of Bloody Sunday was the drastic change in the attitude of the
Russian peasants and workers. Previously the tsar had been seen as the champion of the people: in dire situations, the masses would appeal to the tsar, traditionally through a petition, and the tsar
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A report had been made to the Tsar at
Tsarskoe Selo on Saturday night on the measures being taken to contain the marchers. Substantial military forces were deployed in and around the environs of the Winter Palace. These comprised units of the Imperial Guard, who provided the permanent garrison of
853:
The first instance of shooting occurred between 10 and 11 am. There was no single encounter directly before the Winter Palace, as often portrayed, but rather a series of separate collisions at the bridges or other entry points to the central city. The column led by Gapon was fired upon near the
717:. The idea of a petition resonated with the traditionally minded working masses. From the 15th to the early 18th centuries individual or collective petitions were an established means of bringing grievances to the attention of the Tsar's administration. They could be submitted to the Petitions
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6 January] 1905, at the headquarters of Gapon's movement – the "Gapon Hall" on the
Shlisselburg Trakt in Saint Petersburg. The petition, as drafted in respectful terms by Gapon himself, made clear the problems and opinions of the workers and called for improved working
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governing
Imperial Russia: the events in St. Petersburg provoked public outrage and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly to the industrial centres of the Russian Empire. The massacre on Bloody Sunday is considered to be the start of the active phase of the
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disapproved of the procession due to its lack of political demands. Fr. Gapon even encouraged his followers to tear up leaflets that supported revolutionary aims. The majority of
Russian workers retained their traditional conservative values of
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The "Assembly of the
Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St. Petersburg", otherwise known as "the Assembly", had been headed by Fr. Gapon since 1903. The Assembly was patronized by the Department of the Police and the St. Petersburg
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as was customary on Sunday afternoons, mostly unaware of the extent of the violence elsewhere in the city. Amongst them were parties of workers still making their way to the Winter Palace as originally intended by Gapon. A detachment of the
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760:. A cabinet meeting, held without any particular sense of urgency that same evening, concluded that the police would publicize his absence and that the workers would accordingly probably abandon their plans for a march.
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Troops had been deployed around the Winter Palace and at other key points. Despite the urging of various members of the imperial family to stay in St. Petersburg, the Tsar left on Saturday 21 January [
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814:, who was one of Gapon's inner circle, had encouraged women to take part although she expected that there would be casualties. On reflection, younger men moved to the front to make up the leading ranks.
417:
1489:"Maxim Gorky: A Political Biography. By Tovah Yedlin. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1999. xiv, 260 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Chronology. Glossary. Index. Photographs. $ 59.95, hard bound"
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1024:(whose music the symphony quotes) is also called "The Ninth of January". Shostakovich's father and uncle were both present at the march that day, a year before the composer's birth.
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would respond to his people promising to set things right. The lower classes placed their faith in the tsar. Any problems that the lower classes faced were associated with the
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The immediate consequence of Bloody Sunday was a strike movement that spread throughout the country. Strikes began to erupt outside of St. Petersburg in places such as Moscow,
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of Russia; however, after Bloody Sunday the tsar was no longer distinguished from the bureaucrats and was held personally responsible for the tragedy that occurred.
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9 January] 1905, striking workers and their families began to gather at six points in the industrial outskirts of St Petersburg. Holding religious
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centered on Bloody Sunday. The second movement, entitled "The Ninth of January", is a forceful depiction of the massacre. The sixth of Shostakovich's 1951
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be rehired. Sympathy strikes in other parts of the city raised the number of strikers up to 150,000 workers in 382 factories. By 21 January [
102:, calling for reforms such as: limitations on state officials' power, improvements to working conditions and hours, and the introduction of a national
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956:. In all, about 414,000 people participated in the work stoppage during January 1905. Tsar Nicholas II attempted to appease the people with a
906:. Media commentary in Britain and the United States was overwhelmingly negative towards the actions of an already unpopular regime. The writer
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did not put forward a precise figure but claimed that hundreds were killed and that many of the dead were secretly buried by the authorities.
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was not a revolutionary or rebellious act, though it was done against the permission of public authorities. Political groups, such as the
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broke out. Gapon's Assembly was closed down that day, and Gapon quickly left Russia with the assistance of writer and political activist
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was emotionally affected by the event, reflecting the revulsion of liberal, socialist and intellectual opinion within Russia itself.
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8 January] 1905, the city had no electricity and no newspapers whatsoever and all public areas were declared closed.
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1034:(1908) portrays the effects of Bloody Sunday on the Russian working class and operations of the spies employed by the Tsar.
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This event was seen by the British ambassador as inflaming revolutionary activities in Russia and contributing to the
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630:, a Russian Orthodox priest, led the workers' procession to present a petition to the Tsar on January 22 [
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conditions, fairer wages, and a reduction in the working day to eight hours. Other demands included an end to the
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in Russia's industrializing cities. Prior to emancipation, no working class could be established because
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782:("9th of January") (1925) showing a line of armed soldiers facing demonstrators at the approaches to the
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725:, or directly to the Tsar or his courtiers when the tsar was making an appearance outside the palace.
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Nicholas II described the day as "painful and sad". As reports spread across the city, disorder and
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858:. Around forty people were killed or wounded there, although Gapon himself was not injured.
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The emancipation of the serfs resulted in the establishment of a permanent working class in
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643:. Fr. Gapon was a charismatic speaker and effective organizer who took an interest in the
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Cossacks and more of the Tsar's forces killing and whipping men, women and children (
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was made in the course of discussions during the evening of 19 January [
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The Road to Bloody Sunday: Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre of 1905
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In the pre-dawn winter darkness of the morning of Sunday, 22 January [
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view the events of Bloody Sunday to be one of the key events which led to the
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Dispersal of the workers' procession; beginning of the 1905 Russian Revolution
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1000:(1881-1933) told the story of Bloody Sunday in his 1925 silent feature film
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Phillip Blom, The Vertigo Years: Europe (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 140.
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The St. Petersburg workmen's petition to the Tsar (9 January 1905)
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Soviet painting of the Bloody Sunday massacre in St Petersburg
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G.A. Gapon, quoted in Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 89
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As late as 2 pm large family groups were promenading on the
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Symphony No. 11 in G minor, "The Year 1905," Op. 103 (1957)
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492:) was the series of events on Sunday, 22 January [
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noted that the official estimate was 132 people killed.
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Gapon, Address to the Tsar, February 1905, in Ascher,
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A leading role in these events was played by a Priest
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and singing hymns and patriotic songs (particularly "
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Assembly of Russian Factory Workers of St. Petersburg
1393:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford UP, 1988. p. 91. Print
1229:Petition Prepared for Presentation to Nicholas II
1077:(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 4.
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1147:(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), 22.
634:January 9] 1905, known as Bloody Sunday
526:Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the
1194:(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964), 68–71.
1475:Tsar: the Lost World of Nicholas and Alexandra
1434:, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, 1984,
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996:Soviet actor, film director and screenwriter
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504:, when unarmed demonstrators, led by Father
1192:First Blood: The Russian Revolution of 1905
606:, was derived from an old colloquial term,
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1579:Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 274.
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1258:Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 15.
1095:Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 20.
1022:Ten Poems on Texts by Revolutionary Poets
590:, and lack of safety precautions, led to
1086:Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 3.
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1551:. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 212.
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1145:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History
19:For other events of the same name, see
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700:The decision to prepare and present a
696:Petition and preparation for the march
16:1905 protest in St. Petersburg, Russia
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683:In December 1904, six workers at the
508:, were fired upon by soldiers of the
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1745:Military history of Saint Petersburg
1730:1905 disasters in the Russian Empire
1062:A History of Modern Europe 1789–1968
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1561:Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, 28.
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1369:. Da Capo Press. pp. 122–123.
1281:. Da Capo Press. pp. 119–120.
1170:. Da Capo Press. pp. 104–105.
1156:Ascher, The Revolution of 1905, 23.
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13:
1740:1905 murders in the Russian Empire
1240:Ascher, The Revolution of 1907 25.
489:[krɐˈvavəɪvəskrʲɪˈsʲenʲjɪ]
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1695:Massacres of protesters in Europe
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1735:Massacres in the Russian Empire
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1589:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
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1477:. Boston: Back Bay, 1998. p. 81
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1406:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
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1277:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
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1231:, Documents in Russian History.
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1204:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
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1166:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
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218: 439–800
1690:Political repression in Russia
1593:. Da Capo Press. p. 128.
1410:. Da Capo Press. p. 125.
1344:. Da Capo Press. p. 121.
1306:. Da Capo Press. p. 110.
1208:. Da Capo Press. p. 117.
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602:"The Russian term for strike,
541:Russia in Revolution 1890–1918
21:Bloody Sunday (disambiguation)
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1637:Shostakovich: Symphony No. 11
1570:Blom, The Vertigo Years, 148.
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756:8 January] 1905 for
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223: 6,831
185:3,000 to 50,000 demonstrators
48:Crowd of petitioners, led by
1715:Saint Petersburg Governorate
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778:Still from the Soviet movie
512:as they marched towards the
496:9 January] 1905 in
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1624:American Symphony Orchestra
1487:Steinberg, Mark D. (2001).
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764:Events of Sunday 22 January
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1705:Russian Revolution of 1905
1665:1905 in the Russian Empire
1064:by Herbert L. Peacock m.a.
1004:("The Ninth of January").
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18:
1710:1900s in Saint Petersburg
1642:December 7, 2013, at the
1430:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky,
1249:Harcave, First Blood, 73.
1132:The Road to Bloody Sunday
1119:The Road to Bloody Sunday
1106:The Road to Bloody Sunday
1031:The Life of a Useless Man
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1542:Rolland, Romain (1911).
713:and the introduction of
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70:9 January] 1905
29:Bloody Sunday/Red Sunday
651:of the Russian cities.
269:1905 Russian Revolution
36:1905 Russian Revolution
1591:Black Night White Snow
1408:Black Night White Snow
1391:The Revolution of 1905
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1342:Black Night White Snow
1328:The Revolution of 1905
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1206:Black Night White Snow
1168:Black Night White Snow
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992:, nº 128, 25/02/1905).
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1680:Mass murder in Russia
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521:Nicholas II of Russia
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200:Casualties and losses
66:22 January [
998:Vyacheslav Viskovsky
468:Кровавое воскресенье
1720:January 1905 events
1700:Mass murder in 1905
1675:Massacres in Russia
1432:A History of Russia
1006:Dmitri Shostakovich
818:Government measures
575:agricultural work.
114:Demonstration march
1073:Walter Sablinsky,
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804:God Save the Tsar!
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769:Beginning of march
715:universal suffrage
711:Russo-Japanese War
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1389:Ascher, Abraham.
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1499:(2): 433–434.
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1473:Kurth, Peter.
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758:Tsarskoye Selo
697:
694:
680:
677:
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672:
665:
626:
619:
616:
599:
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552:
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510:Imperial Guard
465:(Russian:
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81:St. Petersburg
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1626:Program Notes
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1459:Ninth January
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1014:The Year 1905
1011:
1010:11th Symphony
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788:St Petersburg
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784:Winter Palace
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649:lower classes
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598:Early strikes
595:
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584:working hours
581:
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568:working class
566:
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537:Lionel Kochan
534:
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514:Winter Palace
511:
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498:St Petersburg
495:
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459:Bloody Sunday
448:
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430:2nd Kronstadt
428:
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385:
384:Tikhoretskaya
382:
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379:1st Kronstadt
377:
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365:
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360:
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327:Verkhneudinsk
325:
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316:
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282:Bloody Sunday
280:
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1091:
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1061:
1057:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1012:, subtitled
1001:
995:
989:
970:
962:
923:
914:Consequences
901:
885:
881:Leon Trotsky
877:
860:
852:
831:
793:
779:
751:
727:
721:(office) in
699:
682:
662:
653:
641:Georgy Gapon
638:
628:Georgy Gapon
618:Priest Gapon
612:
607:
603:
601:
577:
554:
540:
539:in his book
525:
506:Georgy Gapon
462:
458:
457:
339:
281:
220:
215:
210:
166:Georgy Gapon
163:
156:Lead figures
50:Father Gapon
34:Part of the
1457:Chapter 6,
1130:Sablinsky,
1117:Sablinsky,
1104:Sablinsky,
1026:Maxim Gorky
908:Leo Tolstoy
892:Maxim Gorky
594:in Russia.
580:urban areas
433: [
421: [
418:Motovilikha
404: [
387: [
370: [
367:Vladivostok
330: [
318: [
302: [
120:Resulted in
100:Nicholas II
1670:1905 riots
1659:Categories
1050:References
976:In culture
874:Casualties
856:Narva Gate
740:, and the
738:Mensheviks
734:Bolsheviks
608:stakat’sia
555:After the
551:Background
463:Red Sunday
357:Sevastopol
104:parliament
54:Narva Gate
1529:155975708
1513:0037-6779
1028:'s novel
898:Reactions
849:Shootings
747:Orthodoxy
547:of 1917.
474:romanized
413:Shuliavka
1640:Archived
1330:, Vol. 1
1038:See also
1008:'s 1957
835:Cossacks
702:petition
666:—
442:Sveaborg
401:Gorlovka
352:Peasants
340:Potemkin
216:Injuries
76:Location
1521:2697315
1016:, is a
990:O Malho
888:looting
674:Prelude
657:Okhrana
645:working
604:stachka
592:strikes
565:peasant
221:Arrests
213:143–234
164:Father
128:Parties
110:Methods
52:, near
1597:
1548:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1438:
1414:
1373:
1348:
1310:
1285:
1212:
1174:
966:boyars
946:Tiflis
926:Warsaw
723:Moscow
719:Prikaz
586:, low
502:Russia
396:Moscow
342:mutiny
299:Latvia
287:Poland
211:Deaths
175:Number
1525:S2CID
1517:JSTOR
1134:, 25.
1121:, 22.
1108:, 21.
954:Batum
942:Reval
938:Kovno
934:Vilna
843:Pskov
839:Reval
800:icons
588:wages
572:serfs
437:]
425:]
408:]
391:]
374:]
334:]
322:]
310:]
92:Goals
1595:ISBN
1509:ISSN
1455:1905
1436:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1172:ISBN
958:duma
952:and
950:Baku
930:Riga
841:and
796:O.S.
754:O.S.
706:O.S.
690:O.S.
647:and
632:O.S.
518:Tsar
494:O.S.
485:IPA:
447:Coup
362:Kiev
315:Riga
292:Łódź
97:Tsar
68:O.S.
62:Date
1501:doi
786:in
461:or
1661::
1622:,
1609:^
1523:.
1515:.
1507:.
1497:60
1495:.
1491:.
1398:^
988:,
948:,
944:,
940:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
894:.
736:,
523:.
500:,
483:,
471:,
435:ru
423:ru
406:ru
389:ru
372:ru
332:ru
320:ru
308:lv
306:;
304:ru
83:,
1603:.
1531:.
1503::
1463:.
1461:"
1453:"
1420:.
1379:.
1354:.
1316:.
1291:.
1218:.
1180:.
476::
259:e
252:t
245:v
23:.
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