Nicholas II - Knowledge

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St. Petersburg, but there may have been others. I felt at the time that all those arrangements were hideously wrong. Nicky's ministers and the Chief of Police had it all their way. My mother and I wanted him to stay in St. Petersburg and to face the crowd. I am positive that, for all the ugly mood of some of the workmen, Nicky's appearance would have calmed them. They would have presented their petition and gone back to their homes. But that wretched Epiphany incident had left all the senior officials in a state of panic. They kept on telling Nicky that he had no right to run such a risk, that he owed it to the country to leave the capital, that even with the utmost precautions taken there might always be some loophole left. My mother and I did all we could to persuade him that the ministers' advice was wrong, but Nicky preferred to follow it and he was the first to repent when he heard of the tragic outcome.

1418: 4303: 13042: 3969: 1216: 2480: 3605:, which described him as a bloodthirsty tyrant. Pavel Bykov, who wrote the first full account of the downfall of the tsar for the new Soviet government, denounced Nicholas as a "tyrant, who paid with his life for the age-old repression and arbitrary rule of his ancestors over the Russian people, over the impoverished and blood-soaked country". Soviet-era historians described Nicholas II as unfit for rule, arguing that he had a weak will and was manipulated by adventurist forces. He was also criticised for fanning nationalism and chauvinism, and his regime was condemned for its extensive use of the army, police, and courts to destroy the revolutionary movement. During his reign, Nicholas had become known as "Nicholas the Bloody" for his role in the 4496: 3634:... there still are those who for political or other reasons continue to insist that Nicholas was "Bloody Nicholas". Most commonly, he is described as shallow, weak, stupid—a one-dimensional figure presiding feebly over the last days of a corrupt and crumbling system. This, certainly, is the prevailing public image of the last Tsar. Historians admit that Nicholas was a "good man"—the historical evidence of personal charm, gentleness, love of family, deep religious faith and strong Russian patriotism is too overwhelming to be denied—but they argue that personal factors are irrelevant; what matters is that Nicholas was a bad tsar .... Essentially, the tragedy of Nicholas II was that he appeared in the wrong place in history. 5203: 4955: 3297:—said years later that Mikhail Medvedev had fired the shot that killed Nicholas. "He fired the first shot. He killed the Tsar," he said in 1964 in a tape-recorded statement for the radio. Nicholas was shot several times in the chest (sometimes erroneously said to have been shot in his head, but his skull bore no bullet wounds when it was discovered in 1991). Anastasia, Tatiana, Olga, and Maria survived the first hail of bullets; the sisters were wearing over 1.3 kilograms of diamonds and precious gems sewn into their clothing, which provided some initial protection from the bullets and bayonets. They were then stabbed with bayonets and finally shot at close range in their heads. 4362: 1601:

the Japanese. Throughout the war, the tsar demonstrated total confidence in Russia's ultimate triumph. His advisors never gave him a clear picture of Russia's weaknesses. Despite the continuous military disasters Nicholas believed victory was near at hand. Losing his navy at Tsushima finally persuaded him to agree to peace negotiations. Even then he insisted on the option of reopening hostilities if peace conditions were unfavorable. He forbade his chief negotiator Count Witte to agree to either indemnity payments or loss of territory. Nicholas remained adamantly opposed to any concessions. Peace was made, but Witte did so by disobeying the tsar and ceding southern

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the national purse strings. The Duma had the right to question ministers behind closed doors as to their proposed expenditures. These sessions, endorsed by Stolypin, were educational for both sides, and, in time, mutual antagonism was replaced by mutual respect. Even the sensitive area of military expenditure, where the October Manifesto clearly had reserved decisions to the throne, a Duma commission began to operate. Composed of aggressive patriots no less anxious than Nicholas to restore the fallen honour of Russian arms, the Duma commission frequently recommended expenditures even larger than those proposed.

4977: 4455: 2519:, the famous 'Russian steamroller'. Its pre-war regular strength was 1,400,000; mobilization added 3,100,000 reserves and millions more stood ready behind them. In every other respect, however, Russia was unprepared for war. Germany had ten times as much railway track per square mile, and whereas Russian soldiers travelled an average of 1,290 kilometres (800 mi) to reach the front, German soldiers traveled less than a quarter of that distance. Russian heavy industry was still too small to equip the massive armies the Tsar could raise, and her reserves of munitions were pitifully small; while the 4730: 3451: 2083: 3918: 2693:

Alexandra's relationship with Grigori Rasputin, and her German background, further discredited the dynasty's authority. Nicholas had been repeatedly warned about the destructive influence of Rasputin but had failed to remove him. Rumors and accusations about Alexandra and Rasputin appeared one after another; Alexandra was even accused of harboring treasonous sympathies towards Germany. Anger at Nicholas's failure to act and the extreme damage that Rasputin's influence was doing to Russia's war effort and to the monarchy led to Rasputin's eventual murder by a group of nobles, led by Prince

4819: 4281: 1007:, Russia's finance minister, saw things differently and suggested to the Tsar that Nicholas be appointed to the Siberian Railway Committee. Alexander argued that Nicholas was not mature enough to take on serious responsibilities, having once stated "Nikki is a good boy, but he has a poet's soul...God help him!" Witte stated that if Nicholas was not introduced to state affairs, he would never be ready to understand them. Alexander's assumptions that he would live a long life and had years to prepare Nicholas for becoming Tsar proved wrong, as by 1894, Alexander's health was failing. 4537: 4325: 2677: 2182: 5224: 4904: 4140: 4580: 74: 4654: 4848: 5080: 2265: 11664: 3668: 723: 4092: 608: 4714: 1635:(rioting). The government of Nicholas II formally condemned the rioting and dismissed the regional governor, with the perpetrators arrested and punished by the court. Leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church also condemned anti-Semitic pogroms. Appeals to the faithful condemning the pogroms were read publicly in all churches of Russia. In private Nicholas expressed his admiration for the mobs, viewing anti-Semitism as a useful tool for unifying the people behind the government; however in 1911, following the assassination of 4161: 4399: 4803: 3248: 4119: 353: 4475: 1176: 1153:. Alix arrived on 22 October; the Tsar insisted on receiving her in full uniform. From his deathbed, he told his son to heed the advice of Witte, his most capable minister. Ten days later, Alexander III died at the age of forty-nine, leaving twenty-six-year-old Nicholas as Emperor of Russia. That evening, Nicholas was consecrated by his father's priest as Tsar Nicholas II and, the following day, Alix was received into the Russian Orthodox Church, taking the name Alexandra Feodorovna with the title of 2584: 5182: 2988: 4067: 1302: 5003: 4934: 4747: 1924: 3623:, describing his sole focus as sovereign as being "to preserve intact the absolute monarchy bequeathed to him by his father", and writing that, "lacking the intellect, energy or training for his job", Nicholas "fell back on personal favorites, whim, simple mulishness, and other devices of the empty-headed autocrat ... when a telegram was brought to him announcing the annihilation of the Russian fleet at Tsushima, he read it, stuffed it in his pocket, and went on playing tennis". 1687: 1370:

public appearances. His old-fashioned belief made for a very stubborn ruler who rejected constitutional limitations on his power. It put the tsar at variance with the emerging political consensus among the Russian elite. It was further belied by the subordinate position of the Church in the bureaucracy. The result was a new distrust between the tsar and the church hierarchy and between those hierarchs and the people. Thereby the tsar's base of support was conflicted.

14425: 12910: 2610:, retreating from Galicia wrote, "The German heavy artillery swept away whole lines of trenches, and their defenders with them. We hardly replied. There was nothing with which we could reply. Our regiments, although completely exhausted, were beating off one attack after another by bayonet ... Blood flowed unendingly, the ranks became thinner and thinner and thinner. The number of graves multiplied." On 5 August, with the Russian army in retreat, 13917: 1381:. The previous year, it had been suggested that if he were canonised, the imperial couple would beget a son and heir to throne. While Alexandra demanded in July 1902 that Seraphim be canonised in less than a week, Nicholas demanded that he be canonised within a year. Despite a public outcry, the Church bowed to the intense imperial pressure, declaring Seraphim worthy of canonisation in January 1903. That summer, the imperial family travelled to 4198: 3042: 5161: 4869: 4232: 1142: 3102:'s importance. In the meantime he and his family occupied themselves with reading books, exercising and playing games; Nicholas particularly enjoyed chopping firewood. However, in January 1918, the guard detachment's committee grew more assertive, restricting the hours that the family could spend in the grounds and banning them from walking to church on a Sunday as they had done since October. In a later incident, the soldiers tore the 1027: 2127:

Stolypin. Although Stolypin had had nothing to do with Witte's fall, Witte blamed him. Stolypin had unwittingly angered the tsaritsa. He had ordered an investigation into Rasputin and presented it to the tsar, who read it but did nothing. Stolypin, on his own authority, ordered Rasputin to leave St. Petersburg. Alexandra protested vehemently but Nicholas refused to overrule his prime minister, who had more influence with the emperor.

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at the same time everybody knew that something was going to happen—the troops were waiting for the signal, but the other side would not begin. One had the same feeling, as before a thunderstorm in summer! Everybody was on edge and extremely nervous and of course, that sort of strain could not go on for long.... We are in the midst of a revolution with an administrative apparatus entirely disorganized, and in this lies the main danger.

4693: 1967: 2890:, as the next Emperor of all the Russias. He issued a statement but it was suppressed by the Provisional Government. Michael declined to accept the throne until the people were allowed to vote through a Constituent Assembly for the continuance of the monarchy or a republic. The abdication of Nicholas II and Michael's deferment of accepting the throne brought three centuries of the Romanov dynasty's rule to an end. The fall of 2773:

For this task, the Petrograd garrison was quite unsuitable. The cream of the old regular army had been destroyed in Poland and Galicia. In Petrograd, 170,000 recruits, country boys or older men from the working-class suburbs of the capital itself, were available under the command of officers at the front and cadets not yet graduated from the military academies. The units in the capital, although many bore the names of famous

1955: 1854:, Witte wrote to the Tsar stressing the urgent need for political reforms at home. The Tsar remained quite impassive and indulgent; he spent most of that autumn hunting. With the defeat of Russia by a non-Western power, the prestige and authority of the autocratic regime fell significantly. Tsar Nicholas II, taken by surprise by the events, reacted with anger and bewilderment. He wrote to his mother after months of disorder: 5810: 12998: 3347: 12972: 3177:(four-wheeled carriages), as the river was still partly frozen which prevented the use of the ferry. After an arduous journey which included two overnight stops, fording rivers, frequent changes of horses and a foiled plot by the Yekaterinburg Red Guards to abduct and kill the prisoners, the party arrived at Tyumen and boarded a requisitioned train. Yakovlev was able to communicate securely with Moscow by means of a 3339: 3034: 3125:. What kept the family's spirits up was the belief that help was at hand. The Romanovs believed that various plots were underway to break them out of captivity and smuggle them to safety. The Western Allies lost interest in the fate of the Romanovs after Russia left the war. The German government wanted the monarchy restored in Russia to crush the Bolsheviks and maintain good relations with the Central Powers. 1472: 1722:, and his colleagues decided to bring additional troops to reinforce the city. That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary, "Troops have been brought from the outskirts to reinforce the garrison. Up to now the workers have been calm. Their number is estimated at 120,000. At the head of their union is a kind of socialist priest named Gapon. Mirsky came this evening to present his report on the measures taken." 2041:, many of whom wished to push through legislation that would abolish private property ownership, among other things. Witte, unable to grasp the seemingly insurmountable problems of reforming Russia and the monarchy, wrote to Nicholas on 14 April 1906 resigning his office (however, other accounts have said that Witte was forced to resign by the emperor). Nicholas was not ungracious to Witte and an Imperial 913: 2141: 3193:; telegraph messages were sent, two thousand armed men were mobilized and a train was dispatched to arrest Yakovlev and the Romanovs. The Romanovs' train was halted at Omsk station and after a frantic exchange of cables with Moscow, it was agreed that they should go to Yekaterinburg in return for a guarantee of safety for the imperial family; they finally arrived there on the morning of 30 April. 3593:

that Nicholas, though intelligent and well-educated, never adopted a definite, energetic attitude and loathed making a decision in the presence of others. Sergei Witte, who served Nicholas and his father for eleven years as Minister of Finance, commented that the tsar was a well-intentioned child, but his actions were entirely dependent upon the character of his counselors, most of whom were bad.

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year, the Tsar was usually penniless; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn". According to the Grand Marshal of the Court, Count Paul Benckendorff, the family's total financial resources amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles. As a comparison, Prince Felix Yusupov estimated his family's worth in real estate holdings alone as amounting to 50 million gold roubles.

5125: 1437:, and setting up machinery for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The results of the conference were less than expected due to the mutual distrust existing between great powers. Nevertheless, the Hague conventions were among the first formal statements of the laws of war. Nicholas II became the hero of the dedicated disciples of peace. In 1901 he and the Russian diplomat 1278:... it has come to my knowledge that during the last months there have been heard in some assemblies of the zemstvos the voices of those who have indulged in a senseless dream that the zemstvos be called upon to participate in the government of the country. I want everyone to know that I will devote all my strength to maintain, for the good of the whole nation, the principle of absolute 3576:

incompetence led to the revolution and the suffering of his people and made him partially responsible for his own assassination and those of his wife, children and servants. For these opponents, the fact that the tsar was, in private life, a kind man and a good husband and father or a leader who showed genuine concern for the peasantry did not override his poor governance of Russia.

2717: 3113:(abbreviated to "Sovnarkom") in Moscow, the new capital, announced that the state subsidy for the family would be drastically reduced, starting on 1 March. This meant parting with twelve devoted servants and giving up butter and coffee as luxuries, even though Nicholas added to the funds from his own resources. Nicholas and Alexandra were appalled by news of the 1992:, initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the October Manifesto, the Tsar pledged to introduce basic civil liberties, provide for broad participation in the State Duma, and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. He was determined, however, to preserve his autocracy even in the context of reform. This was signalled in the text of the 2338:. When Russia protested about the annexation, the Austrians threatened to leak secret communications between Izvolsky and Aehrenthal, prompting Nicholas to complain in a letter to Emperor Franz Joseph, about a breach of confidence. In 1909, in the wake of the Anglo-Russian convention, the Russian imperial family made a visit to England, staying on the 3366:. In January 1998, the remains excavated from underneath the dirt road near Yekaterinburg were officially identified as those of Nicholas II and his family, excluding one daughter (either Maria or Anastasia) and Alexei. The identifications—including comparisons to a living relative, performed by separate Russian, British and American scientists using 3263:(the chief executioner), in the early hours of 17 July 1918, the royal family was awakened around 2:00 am, got dressed, and were led down into a half-basement room at the back of the Ipatiev house. The pretext for this move was the family's safety, i.e. that anti-Bolshevik forces were approaching Yekaterinburg, and the house might be fired upon. 2169:, younger brother of Alexander III and the Tsar's only surviving uncle, was deputed to beg Nicholas to grant a constitution and a government responsible to the Duma. Nicholas sternly and adamantly refused, reproaching his uncle for asking him to break his coronation oath to maintain autocratic power for his successors. In the Duma on 2 December 1916, 1572:

on fighting until the Japanese were driven from Manchuria. It was not until 27–28 May 1905 and the annihilation of the Russian fleet by the Japanese, that Nicholas finally decided to sue for peace. Nicholas II accepted American mediation, appointing Sergei Witte chief plenipotentiary for the peace talks. The war was ended by the signing of the

2512:, asked three times if Russia would reconsider, and then with shaking hands, delivered the note accepting Russia's war challenge and declaring war on 1 August. Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August and its ally France on 3 August. Less than a week later, on 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Russia. 3074:, since it was remote from any large city and 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest rail station. Some sources state that there was an intention to send the family abroad in the spring of 1918 via Japan, but more recent work suggests that this was just a Bolshevik rumour. The family left the Alexander Palace late on 13 August, reached 2252:. In desperation, Alexandra called upon Rasputin, to which he replied, "God has seen your tears and heard your prayers. Do not grieve. The Little One will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much." The hemorrhage stopped the very next day and the boy began to recover. Alexandra took this as a sign that Rasputin was a 2508:

partial mobilization ordered on 25 July, announced its own pre-mobilization posture, the Imminent Danger of War. Germany requested that Russia demobilize within the next twelve hours. In Saint Petersburg, at 7 pm, with the ultimatum to Russia having expired, the German ambassador to Russia met with the Russian Foreign Minister

2943:. However, later the king defied his secretary and went to the Romanov memorial service at the Russian Church in London. In the early summer of 1917, the Russian government approached the British government on the issue of asylum and was informed the offer had been withdrawn due to the considerations of British internal politics. 1691: 3200:, the home of the military engineer Nikolay Nikolayevich Ipatiev, which ominously became referred to as the "house of special purpose". Here the Romanovs were kept under even stricter conditions; their retinue was further reduced and their possessions were searched. Following allegations of pilfering from the royal household, 3189:, where it was thought that the leadership were less likely to harm the Romanovs. Leaving Tyumen early on 28 April, the train left towards Yekaterinburg, but quickly changed direction towards Omsk. This led the Yekaterinburg leaders to believe that Yakovlev was a traitor who was trying to take Nicholas to exile by way of 2749:. The sense of failure and imminent disaster was everywhere. The army had taken 15 million men from the farms and food prices had soared. An egg cost four times what it had in 1914, butter five times as much. The severe winter dealt the railways, overburdened by emergency shipments of coal and supplies, a crippling blow. 1715:. On Saturday, 8 (21) January, the ministers convened to consider the situation. There was never any thought that the tsar, who had left the capital for Tsarskoye Selo on the advice of the ministers, would actually meet Gapon; the suggestion that some other member of the imperial family receive the petition was rejected. 1689: 2886:) 1917. He first abdicated in favor of Alexei, but a few hours later changed his mind after advice from doctors that Alexei would not live long enough while separated from his parents, who would be forced into exile. Nicholas thus abdicated on behalf of his son, and drew up a new manifesto naming his brother, Grand Duke 2110:. Stolypin, a skilful politician, had ambitious plans for reform. These included making loans available to the lower classes to enable them to buy land, with the intent of forming a farming class loyal to the crown. Nevertheless, when the Duma remained hostile, Stolypin had no qualms about invoking Article 87 of the 829:(1882–1960). Nicholas often referred to his father nostalgically in letters after Alexander's death in 1894. He was also very close to his mother, as revealed in their published letters to each other. In his childhood, Nicholas, his parents and siblings made annual visits to the Danish royal palaces of 3309:

plot with the goal of abducting the former tsar and his family… In light of the approach of counterrevolutionary bands toward the Red capital of the Urals and the possibility of the crowned executioner escaping trial by the people (a plot among the White Guards to try to abduct him and his family was

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began to publicly equivocate about the possible fate of the former tsar. On 16 July, the Yekaterinburg leadership informed Yurovsky that it had been decided to execute the Romanovs as soon as approval arrived from Moscow, because the Czechs were expected to reach the city imminently. A coded telegram

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secret police, was appointed to command the guard detachment, a number of whom were replaced with trusted Latvian members of the Yekaterinburg "special-service detachment". The remaining Romanovs left Tobolsk by river steamer on 20 May and arrived in Yekaterinburg three days later. By the first weeks

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The tsar's Cabinet begged Nicholas to return to the capital and offered to resign completely. The tsar, 800 kilometres (500 mi) away, misinformed by the Minister of the Interior Alexander Protopopov that the situation was under control, ordered that firm steps be taken against the demonstrators.

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Police shot at the populace which incited riots. The troops in the capital were poorly motivated and their officers had no reason to be loyal to the regime, with the bulk of the tsar's loyalists away fighting World War I. In contrast, the soldiers in Petrograd were angry, full of revolutionary fervor

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Before Rasputin's arrival, the tsarina and the tsar had consulted numerous mystics, charlatans, "holy fools", and miracle workers. The royal behavior was not some odd aberration, but a deliberate retreat from the secular social and economic forces of his time—an act of faith and vote of confidence in

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Alexandra, believing that Stolypin had severed the bonds that her son depended on for life, hated the prime minister. In March 1911, in a fit of anger stating that he no longer commanded the imperial confidence, Stolypin asked to be relieved of his office. Two years earlier when Stolypin had casually

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and soldiers, riots, disorder, mutinies. But the ministers, instead of acting with quick decision, only assemble in council like a lot of frightened hens and cackle about providing united ministerial action... ominous quiet days began, quiet indeed because there was complete order in the streets, but

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Before the Japanese attack on Port Arthur, Nicholas held firm to the belief that there would be no war. Despite the onset of the war and the many defeats Russia suffered, Nicholas still believed in, and expected, a final victory, maintaining an image of the racial inferiority and military weakness of

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Nicholas's stance on the war was so at variance with the obvious facts that many observers were baffled. He saw the war as an easy God-given victory that would raise Russian morale and patriotism. He ignored the financial repercussions of a long-distance war. Rotem Kowner argues that during his visit

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Nicholas may have felt unprepared for the duties of the crown, for he asked his cousin and brother-in-law, Grand Duke Alexander, "What is going to happen to me and all of Russia?" Though perhaps under-prepared and unskilled, Nicholas was not altogether untrained for his duties as Tsar. Nicholas chose

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Despite the original opposition, the Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia ultimately recognised the family as "passion bearers", or people who met their deaths with Christian humility. Since the late 20th century, believers have attributed healing from illnesses or conversion to the Orthodox Church

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Ideologically the tsar's greatest support came from the right-wing monarchists, who had recently gained strength. However they were increasingly alienated by the tsar's support of Stolypin's Westernizing reforms taken early in the Revolution of 1905 and especially by the political power the tsar had

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that from Russia's point of view the war was madness, Slav solidarity was simply nonsense and Russia could hope for nothing from the war. On 30 July, Russia ordered general mobilization, but still maintained that it would not attack if peace talks were to begin. Germany, reacting to the discovery of

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as they were called in Russian). One of these starets, an illiterate Siberian named Grigori Rasputin, gained amazing success. Rasputin's influence over Empress Alexandra, and consequently the tsar himself, grew even stronger after 1912 when the tsarevich nearly died from an injury. His bleeding grew

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Because of the fragility of the autocracy at this time, Nicholas and Alexandra chose to keep secret Alexei's condition. Even within the household, many were unaware of the exact nature of the tsarevich's illness. At first Alexandra turned to Russian doctors and medics to treat Alexei; however, their

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By the time of Stolypin's assassination in September 1911, Stolypin had grown weary of the burdens of office. For a man who preferred clear decisive action, working with a sovereign who believed in fatalism and mysticism was frustrating. As an example, Nicholas once returned a document unsigned with

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From his hiding place Gapon issued a letter, stating "Nicholas Romanov, formerly Tsar and at present soul-murderer of the Russian empire. The innocent blood of workers, their wives and children lies forever between you and the Russian people ... May all the blood which must be spilled fall upon you,

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for the initiative to convene the Hague Peace Conference and contributing to its implementation. However historian Dan L. Morrill states that "most scholars" agree that the invitation was "conceived in fear, brought forth in deceit, and swaddled in humanitarian ideals...Not from humanitarianism, not

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Nicholas was carrying his son. When the family arrived in the basement, the former tsar asked if chairs could be brought in for his wife and son to sit on. Yurovsky ordered two chairs brought in, and when the empress and the heir were seated, the executioners filed into the room. Yurovsky announced

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As the government failed to produce supplies, mounting hardship resulted in massive riots and rebellions. With Nicholas away at the front from 1915 through 1916, authority appeared to collapse and the capital was left in the hands of strikers and mutineering soldiers. Despite efforts by the British

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With the passage of time, Nicholas also began to have confidence in the Duma. "This Duma cannot be reproached with an attempt to seize power and there is no need at all to quarrel with it," he said to Stolypin in 1909. Nevertheless, Stolypin's plans were undercut by conservatives at court. Although

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All would be well if everything said in the Duma remained within its walls. Every word spoken, however, comes out in the next day's papers which are avidly read by everyone. In many places the populace is getting restive again. They begin to talk about land once more and are waiting to see what the

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and instigated a period of censorship and political repression. A petition of protest signed by more than 500,000 Finns was collected against the manifesto and delivered to St. Petersburg by a delegation of 500 people, but they were not received by Nicholas. Russification measures were reintroduced

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As Russia faced imminent defeat by the Japanese, the call for peace grew. Nicholas's mother, as well as his cousin Emperor Wilhelm II, urged Nicholas to negotiate for peace. Despite the efforts, Nicholas remained evasive, sending a telegram to the Kaiser on 10 October that it was his intent to keep

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was seen as an ill omen and Nicholas found gaining popular trust difficult from the beginning of his reign. The French ambassador's gala was planned for that night. The Tsar wanted to stay in his chambers and pray for the lives lost, but his uncles believed that his absence at the ball would strain

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In the last Orthodox Russian monarch and members of his family we see people who sincerely strove to incarnate in their lives the commands of the Gospel. In the suffering borne by the Royal Family in prison with humility, patience, and meekness, and in their martyrs' deaths in Yekaterinburg in the

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An announcement from the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet of the Workers' and Peasants' Government emphasized that conspiracies had been exposed to free the ex-tsar, that counter-revolutionary forces were pressing in on Soviet Russian territory, and that the ex-tsar was guilty of unforgivable

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arrived in Moscow from Yekaterinburg that evening; after Lenin and Sverdlov had conferred a reply was sent, although no trace of that document has ever been found. In the meantime, Yurovsky had organized his firing squad and they waited through the night at the Ipatiev House for the signal to act.

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the guard detachment, and placed further restrictions on the Romanovs. The next day, Yakovlev informed Kobylinsky that Nicholas was to be transferred to Yekaterinburg. Alexei was too ill to travel, so Alexandra elected to go with Nicholas along with Maria, while the other daughters would remain at

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The Duma was still calling for political reforms and political unrest continued throughout the war. Cut off from public opinion, Nicholas could not see that the dynasty was tottering. With Nicholas at the front, domestic issues and control of the capital were left with his wife Alexandra. However,

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fell. Defeat at the front bred disorder at home. At first, the targets were German, and for three days in June shops, bakeries, factories, private houses and country estates belonging to people with German names were looted and burned. The inflamed mobs then turned on the government, declaring the

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Despite most convincing arguments in favour of adopting a positive decision in this matter, an inner voice keeps on insisting more and more that I do not accept responsibility for it. So far my conscience has not deceived me. Therefore I intend in this case to follow its dictates. I know that you,

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The third Duma remained an independent body. This time the members proceeded cautiously. Instead of hurling themselves at the government, opposing parties within the Duma worked to develop the body as a whole. In the classic manner of the British Parliament, the Duma reached for power grasping for

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There was such gloom at Tsarskoye Selo. I did not understand anything about politics. I just felt everything was going wrong with the country and all of us. The October Constitution did not seem to satisfy anyone. I went with my mother to the first Duma. I remember the large group of deputies from

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Nicky had the police report a few days before. That Saturday he telephoned my mother at the Anitchkov and said that she and I were to leave for Gatchina at once. He and Alicky went to Tsarskoye Selo. Insofar as I remember, my Uncles Vladimir and Nicholas were the only members of the family left in

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The contemporary assessments of Nicholas are remarkably uniform. He was described as shy, charming, gentle in disposition, fearful of controversy, indecisive, indulgent to his relatives, and deeply devoted to his family. Aleksandr Mosolov, who headed his Court Chancellery for sixteen years, wrote

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In July 2007, an amateur historian discovered bones near Yekaterinburg belonging to a boy and young woman. Prosecutors reopened the investigation into the deaths of the imperial family and, in April 2008, DNA tests performed by an American laboratory proved that bone fragments exhumed in the Ural

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Nicholas always believed God chose him to be the tsar and therefore the decisions of the tsar reflected the will of God and could not be disputed. He was convinced that the simple people of Russia understood this and loved him, as demonstrated by the display of affection he perceived when he made

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outside Moscow. Khodynka was chosen as the location as it was the only place near Moscow large enough to hold all of the Moscow citizens. Khodynka was primarily used as a military training ground and the field was uneven with trenches. Before the food and drink was handed out, rumours spread that

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per annum: this derived from a yearly allowance from the treasury, and from the profits of crown farmland. From this income, he had to fund staff, the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres, annuities for the royal family, pensions, bequests, and other outgoings. "Before the end of the

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However, Nicholas' canonization was controversial. The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad was split on the issue back in 1981, some members suggesting that the emperor was a weak ruler and had failed to thwart the rise of the Bolsheviks. It was pointed out by one priest that martyrdom in the Russian

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Russia entered the war with 20,000 locomotives; by 1917, 9,000 were in service, while the number of serviceable railway wagons had dwindled from half a million to 170,000. In February 1917, 1,200 locomotives burst their boilers and nearly 60,000 wagons were immobilized. In Petrograd, supplies of

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there would not be enough for everyone. As a result, the crowd rushed to get their share and individuals were tripped and trampled upon, suffocating in the dirt of the field. Of the approximate 100,000 in attendance, it is estimated that 1,389 individuals died and roughly 1,300 were injured. The

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On 25 July 1914, at his council of ministers, Nicholas decided to intervene in the Austro-Serbian conflict, a step toward general war. He put the Russian army on "alert" on 25 July. Although this was not general mobilization, it threatened the German and Austro-Hungarian borders and looked like

1690: 1118:

Once in Coburg Nicholas proposed to Alix, but she rejected his proposal, being reluctant to convert to Orthodoxy. But the Kaiser later informed her she had a duty to marry Nicholas and to convert, as her sister Elizabeth had done in 1892. Thus once she changed her mind, Nicholas and Alix became

3612:

The majority view among historians is that Nicholas was a well-intentioned yet poor ruler who proved incapable of handling the challenges facing his nation. For most of the 20th century, Nicholas was generally considered by historians to have been incompetent at the colossal task of ruling the

593:

as a "callous tyrant" who "persecuted his own people while sending countless soldiers to their deaths in pointless conflicts". Despite being viewed more positively in recent years, the majority view among historians is that Nicholas was a well-intentioned yet poor ruler who proved incapable of

3575:

The Russian Orthodox Church inside Russia rejected the family's classification as martyrs because they were not killed on account of their religious faith. Religious leaders in both churches also had objections to canonising the tsar's family because they perceived him as a weak emperor whose

2126:

never tired of telling the tsar that the very existence of the Duma was a blot on the autocracy. Stolypin, they whispered, was a traitor and secret revolutionary who was conniving with the Duma to steal the prerogatives assigned the tsar by God. Witte also engaged in constant intrigue against

1747:

The official number of victims was 92 dead and several hundred wounded. Gapon vanished and the other leaders of the march were seized. Expelled from the capital, they circulated through the empire, increasing the casualties. As bullets riddled their icons, their banners and their portraits of

2850:

to try to restore order. They issued a demand that Nicholas must abdicate. Faced with this demand, which was echoed by his generals, deprived of loyal troops, with his family firmly in the hands of the Provisional Government, and fearful of unleashing civil war and opening the way for German

2760:

On 23 February 1917 in Petrograd, a combination of very severe cold weather and acute food shortages caused people to break into shops and bakeries to get bread and other necessities. In the streets, red banners appeared and the crowds chanted "Down with the German woman! Down with

2032:

commented, "The Deputies, they give one the impression of a gang of criminals who are only waiting for the signal to throw themselves upon the ministers and cut their throats. I will never again set foot among those people." The Dowager Empress noticed "incomprehensible hatred."

2615:

empress should be shut up in a convent, the tsar deposed and Rasputin hanged. Nicholas was by no means deaf to these discontents. An emergency session of the Duma was summoned and a Special Defense Council established, its members drawn from the Duma and the tsar's ministers.

2036:

Although Nicholas initially had a good relationship with his prime minister, Sergei Witte, Alexandra distrusted him as he had instigated an investigation of Grigori Rasputin and, as the political situation deteriorated, Nicholas dissolved the Duma. The Duma was populated with

2661:, Nicholas assumed the role of commander-in-chief after dismissing his cousin, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich, in September 1915. This was a mistake, as the tsar came to be personally associated with the continuing losses at the front. He was also away at the remote HQ at 2151:

mentioned resigning to Nicholas he was informed: "This is not a question of confidence or lack of it. It is my will. Remember that we live in Russia, not abroad...and therefore I shall not consider the possibility of any resignation." He was assassinated in September 1911.

1202:

Nicholas and Alix's wedding was originally scheduled for the spring of 1895, but it was moved forward at Nicholas's insistence. Staggering under the weight of his new office, he had no intention of allowing the one person who gave him confidence to leave his side. Instead,

1352:

by Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance, completed the series of financial reforms, initiated fifteen years earlier. By 1902 the Trans-Siberian Railway was nearing completion; this helped the Russians trade in the Far East but the railway still required huge amounts of work.

909:. Those feelings of admiration blossomed into love following her visit to St. Petersburg five years later in 1889. Alix had feelings for him in turn. As a devout Lutheran, she was initially reluctant to convert to Russian Orthodoxy to marry Nicholas, but later relented. 3310:

exposed and the compromising documents will be published), the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet, fulfilling the will of the Revolution, resolved to shoot the former Tsar, Nikolai Romanov, who is guilty of countless, bloody, violent acts against the Russian people.

3144:, sent 400 Red Guards to exert their influence on the town. Disturbances between these rival groups and the lack of funds to pay the guard detachment caused them to send a delegation to Moscow to plead their case. The result was that Sovnarkom appointed their own 1739:

pm all of the converging processions were scheduled to arrive at the Winter Palace. There was no single confrontation with the troops. Throughout the city, at bridges on strategic boulevards, the marchers found their way blocked by lines of infantry, backed by

2784:

attempted to put the tsar's instructions into effect on the morning of Sunday, 11 March 1917. Despite huge posters ordering people to keep off the streets, vast crowds gathered and were only dispersed after some 200 had been shot dead, though a company of the

2173:, a fervent patriot, monarchist and war worker, denounced the dark forces which surrounded the throne in a thunderous two-hour speech which was tumultuously applauded. "Revolution threatens," he warned, "and an obscure peasant shall govern Russia no longer!". 1119:

officially engaged on 20 April 1894. Nicholas's parents initially hesitated to give the engagement their blessing, as Alix had made poor impressions during her visits to Russia. They gave their consent only when they saw Tsar Alexander's health deteriorating.

3381:

ruled that Nicholas II and his family were victims of political persecution and should be rehabilitated. In March 2009, results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Alexei and one of his sisters.

1560:, combat took place in east Asian ports with only the Trans-Siberian Railway for transport of supplies as well as troops both ways. The 9,200-kilometre (5,700 mi) rail line between St. Petersburg and Port Arthur was single-track, with no track around 9146:

Parsons, T.J.; Muniec, D.S.; Sullivan, K.; Woodyatt, N.; Alliston-Greiner, R.; Wilson, M.R.; Berry, D.L.; Holland, K.A.; Weedn, V.W.; Gill, P.; Holland, M.M. (1997). "A high observed substitution rate in the human mitochondrial DNA control region".

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military preparation for war. However, his army had no contingency plans for a partial mobilization, and on 30 July 1914 Nicholas took the fateful step of confirming the order for general mobilization, despite being strongly counselled against it.

2068:

informed us that they were very sorry but were unable to take action to stop their coming. Their famous "liberty", of course. How angry they would be if a deputation went from us to the Irish to wish them success in their struggle against their

5067:. The Imperial Russian anthem is still played at dinner nights in the Officers' Mess, where there remains a portrait of the Tsar in Scots Greys uniform. Since his death, the Regiment has worn a black backing behind its cap badge as a symbol of 5047:

Nicholas II was granted honorary senior rank in a number of foreign armies, reciprocating by extending similar distinctions to a number of his fellow monarchs. These included the Imperial German, Spanish, Italian, Danish and British armies.

1397:

His tolerance if not preference for charlatans and adventurers extended to grave matters of external policy, and his vacillating conduct and erratic decisions aroused misgivings and occasional alarm among his more conventional advisers. The

2665:, far from the direct governance of the empire, and when revolution broke out in Petrograd he was unable to halt it. In reality the move was largely symbolic, since all important military decisions were made by his chief of staff, General 2575:

armies from the very beginning of the war, but they never succeeded against the might of the German Army. In September 1914, to relieve pressure on France, the Russians were forced to halt a successful offensive against Austria-Hungary in

2078:

Duma is going to say on the question. I am getting telegrams from everywhere, petitioning me to order a dissolution, but it is too early for that. One has to let them do something manifestly stupid or mean and then—slap! And they are gone!

2225:". Through Alexandra, the disease had passed on to her son. As all of Nicholas and Alexandra's daughters were assassinated with their parents and brother in Yekaterinburg in 1918, it is not known whether any of them inherited the gene as 14664: 9504: 1759:

Difficult day! In St. Petersburg there were serious disturbances due to the desire of workers to get to the Winter Palace. The troops had to shoot in different places of the city, there were many dead and wounded. Lord, how painful and

8243: 2970:

had to be abandoned when it was realised that the railway workers and the soldiers guarding them were loyal to the Petrograd Soviet, which opposed the escape of the tsar; a later proposal to send the Romanovs to a neutral port in the

1341:. While Alexandra enjoyed her reunion with her grandmother, Nicholas complained in a letter to his mother about being forced to go shooting with his uncle, the Prince of Wales, in bad weather, and was suffering from a bad toothache. 1824:

was killed in February by a revolutionary's bomb in Moscow as he left the Kremlin. On 3 March the tsar condemned the revolutionaries. Meanwhile, Witte recommended that a manifesto be issued. Schemes of reform would be elaborated by

976:. Nicholas was left with a 9 centimeter long scar on the right side of his forehead, but his wound was not life-threatening. The incident cut his trip short. Returning overland to St. Petersburg, he was present at the ceremonies in 2818: 869:

of his grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas became heir apparent or tsarevich upon his father's accession as Alexander III. Nicholas and his other family members bore witness to Alexander II's death, having been present at the

3286:

to them that the Ural Soviet of Workers' Deputies had decided to execute them. A stunned Nicholas asked, "What? What did you say?" and turned toward his family. Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and Nicholas said, according to

2114:, which empowered the tsar to issue 'urgent and extraordinary' emergency decrees 'during the recess of the State Duma'. Stolypin's most famous legislative act, the change in peasant land tenure, was promulgated under Article 87. 1172:

to maintain the conservative policies favoured by his father throughout his reign. While Alexander III had concentrated on the formulation of general policy, Nicholas devoted much more attention to the details of administration.

3385:

In late 2015, at the insistence of the Russian Orthodox Church, Russian investigators exhumed the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, for additional DNA testing, which confirmed that the bones were of the couple.

2060:, who had boycotted the First Duma—had won 200 seats in the Second, more than a third of the membership. Again Nicholas waited impatiently to rid himself of the Duma. In two letters to his mother he let his bitterness flow: 1996:. He was described as the supreme autocrat, and retained sweeping executive powers, also in church affairs. His cabinet ministers were not allowed to interfere with nor assist one another; they were responsible only to him. 1134:. Along with being present at the christening, Nicholas and Alix were listed among the child's godparents. After several weeks in England, Nicholas returned home for the wedding of his sister, Xenia, to a cousin, Grand Duke 13337: 577:, the remains of the imperial family were exhumed, identified by DNA analysis, and re-interred with an elaborate state and church ceremony in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998, exactly 80 years after their deaths. They were 2906:

Both the Provisional Government and Nicholas wanted the royal family to go into exile following his abdication, with the United Kingdom being the preferred option. The British government reluctantly offered the family

2476:") the two proclaimed their desire for peace, and each attempted to get the other to back down. Nicholas desired that Russia's mobilization be only against Austria-Hungary, in the hopes of preventing war with Germany. 8565: 3016:. The family had total privacy inside the palace, but walks in the grounds were strictly regulated. Members of their domestic staff were allowed to stay if they wished and culinary standards were maintained. Colonel 1688: 1207:

took place on 26 November 1894, which was the birthday of the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna, and court mourning could be slightly relaxed. Alexandra wore the traditional dress of Romanov brides, and Nicholas a

1871:

which paralysed the country. In a city without electricity, Witte told Nicholas II "that the country was at the verge of a cataclysmic revolution". The Tsar accepted the draft, hurriedly outlined by Aleksei D.

2946:

The French government declined to accept the Romanovs in view of increasing unrest on the Western Front and on the home front as a result of the ongoing war with Germany. The British ambassador in Paris, Lord

2927:, preferred that the family went to a neutral country, and wanted the offer to be announced as at the request of the Russian government. The offer of asylum was withdrawn in April following objections by King 2102:(whom Witte described as "reactionary") unilaterally dissolved it, and changed the electoral laws to allow for future Dumas to have a more conservative content, and to be dominated by the liberal-conservative 7001: 3094:, attempted to organize a rescue with monarchical factions, but it came to nothing. Rumors persist that Soloviev was working for the Bolsheviks or the Germans, or both. Separate preparations for a rescue by 2213:, a hereditary disease that prevents blood from clotting properly, which at that time was untreatable and usually led to an untimely death. As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Alexandra carried the same 992:. Queen Victoria was struck by the physical resemblance between the two cousins, and their appearances confused some at the wedding. During this time, Nicholas had an affair with St. Petersburg ballerina 478:

to promote disarmament and peacefully solve international disputes. Domestically, he was criticised for his government's repression of political opponents and his perceived fault or inaction during the

13384: 12944: 7537:, p. 7. This was especially true among the illiterate peasantry or 'dark masses' who although they followed their own (almost pagan) rituals, had until this point held complete naive faith in the Tsar. 2777:

regiments, were in reality rear or reserve battalions of these regiments, the regular units being away at the front. Many units, lacking both officers and rifles, had never undergone formal training.

2638:. Andersen told her they should conclude peace. Nicholas chose to turn down King Christian's offer of mediation, as he felt it would be a betrayal for Russia to form a separate peace treaty with the 1888:, and to give up part of his unlimited autocracy. The freedom of religion clause outraged the Church because it allowed people to switch to evangelical Protestantism, which they denounced as heresy. 14584: 14569: 14634: 3282:. A firing squad had been assembled and was waiting in an adjoining room, composed of seven Communist soldiers from Central Europe, and three local Bolsheviks, all under the command of Yurovsky. 853:. In 1873, Nicholas also accompanied his parents and younger brother, two-year-old George, on a two-month, semi-official visit to the United Kingdom. In London, Nicholas and his family stayed at 9512: 2136:

too, believe that 'a Tsar's heart is in God's hands.' Let it be so. For all laws established by me I bear a great responsibility before God, and I am ready to answer for my decision at any time.

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Contemporary evaluations of Nicholas portrayed him as a well-meaning but indecisive leader, whose actions as monarch were heavily influenced by his advisors. Historian Raymond Esthus states:

1267:) came to the Winter Palace proposing court reforms, such as the adoption of a constitutional monarchy, and reform that would improve the political and economic life of the peasantry, in the 5525: 14509: 13849: 2958:

Even if an offer of asylum had been forthcoming, there would have been other obstacles to be overcome. The Provisional Government only remained in power through an uneasy alliance with the

2306:

to Russia, being the first reigning British monarchs to do so. However, they did not set foot on Russian soil. Instead, they stayed aboard their yachts, meeting off the coast of modern-day

9061:

Coble, M.D.; Loreille, O.M.; Wadhams, M.J.; Edson, S. M.; Maynard, K.; Meyer, C.E.; Niederstätter, H.; Berger, C.; Berger, B.; Falsetti, A.B.; Gill, P.; Parson, W.; Finelli, L.N. (2009).

3117:, whereby Russia agreed to give up Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, most of Belarus, Ukraine, the Crimea, most of the Caucasus, and small parts of Russia proper including areas around 2831:. The arsenal was pillaged and the Ministry of the Interior, Military Government building, police headquarters, Law Courts and a score of police buildings were set on fire. By noon, the 1718:

Finally informed by the Prefect of Police that he lacked the men to pluck Gapon from among his followers and place him under arrest, the newly appointed Minister of the Interior, Prince

1410:

paid a state visit in April 1897 that was a success. It produced a "gentlemen's agreement" to keep the status quo in the Balkans, and a somewhat similar commitment became applicable to

3374:

Mountains belonged to two children of Nicholas II, Alexei and a daughter. That same day it was announced by Russian authorities that remains from the entire family had been recovered.

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Present with Nicholas, Alexandra and their children were their doctor and three of their servants, who had voluntarily chosen to remain with the family: the Tsar's personal physician

2495:

On 28 July, Austria-Hungary formally declared war against Serbia. On 29 July 1914, Nicholas sent a telegram to Wilhelm with the suggestion to submit the Austro-Serbian problem to the

6876: 2468:

networks were set before the war. Nicholas wanted neither to abandon Serbia to the ultimatum of Austria-Hungary, nor to provoke a general war. In a series of letters exchanged with

2154:

In 1912, a fourth Duma was elected with almost the same membership as the third. "The Duma started too fast. Now it is slower, but better, and more lasting", stated Nicholas to Sir

1491:

was almost inevitable by the turn of the 20th century. Russia had expanded in the Far East, and the growth of its settlement and territorial ambitions, as its southward path to the

2898:

to recognize the Provisional government. In Russia, the announcement of the tsar's abdication was greeted with many emotions, including delight, relief, fear, anger and confusion.

2049:

with diamonds (the last two words were written in the emperor's own hand, followed by "I remain unalterably well-disposed to you and sincerely grateful, for ever more Nicholas.").

11500: 3953:. Still incompletely surveyed, the new territory was officially named in the Emperor's honour by order of the Secretary of the Imperial Navy in 1914. The archipelago was renamed " 10282: 3293:

The executioners drew handguns and began shooting; Nicholas was the first to die. Yurovsky took credit afterwards for firing the first shot that killed the tsar, but his protege—

1274:

Although the addresses they had sent in beforehand were couched in mild and loyal terms, Nicholas was angry and ignored advice from an Imperial Family Council by saying to them:

14614: 14604: 12937: 2358:. However, the Bulgarians rejected his offer. Also in 1913, Nicholas, albeit without Alexandra, made a visit to Berlin for the wedding of Kaiser Wilhelm II's daughter, Princess 6836: 14639: 9482: 1429:

Nicholas followed the policies of his father, strengthening the Franco-Russian Alliance and pursuing a policy of general European pacification, which culminated in the famous

14519: 10257: 8555: 10182: 10123: 1942:– On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor Nikolas II in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Imperial family, right 14559: 11124: 1532:; it was half a world away, but the decision was made to send the fleet on a nine-month voyage to the east. The United Kingdom would not allow the Russian navy to use the 674: 7297: 6203:

The letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie: being confidential correspondence between Nicholas II, last of the Tsars, and his mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna

801:. To distinguish between them, the Grand Duke was often known within the imperial family as "Nikolasha" and "Nicholas the Tall", while the Tsar was "Nicholas the Short". 14574: 9606: 1183:

Leaving Livadia on 7 November, Tsar Alexander's funeral procession—which included Nicholas's maternal aunt through marriage and paternal first cousin once removed Queen

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in 1914 was better equipped than any other, man-for-man, the Russians were severely short on artillery pieces, shells, motorized transports, and even boots. With the

1903:

Master of the Palace (without consulting Witte), and had daily contact with the emperor; his influence at court was paramount. On 14 November 1905 (1 November O.S.),

13842: 12983: 12411: 12340: 11814: 7454: 7420: 6993: 2556: 3062:. The government feared that further disturbances in the city could easily reach Tsarskoye Selo and it was decided to move the imperial family to a safer location. 885:

In 1884, Nicholas's coming-of-age ceremony was held at the Winter Palace, where he pledged his loyalty to his father. Later that year, Nicholas's uncle, Grand Duke

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was enacted by Nicholas to boost patriotism and productivity, but instead damaged the funding of the war, due to the treasury now being deprived of alcohol taxes.

1589:

by a Japanese policeman, he regarded the Japanese as small of stature, feminine, weak, and inferior. He ignored reports of the prowess of Japanese soldiers in the

1548:. The Baltic Fleet traversed the world to lift the blockade on Port Arthur, but after many misadventures on the way, was nearly annihilated by the Japanese in the 798: 9624: 6525: 3358:

In 1979, the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, three of their daughters, and those of four non-family members killed with them, were discovered near

2923:, advised the government that the extreme left would use the ex-tsar's presence "as an excuse for rousing public opinion against us". The Liberal Prime Minister, 693:

Vasily Borisovich Bazhanov. His godparents were Emperor Alexander II (his paternal grandfather), Queen Louise of Denmark (his maternal grandmother), Crown Prince

14649: 14629: 14564: 9426: 3642:, present-day Russian historians give Nicholas a more positive assessment, particularly when evaluating the reforms made by the Russian state during his reign. 3259:

There are several accounts of what happened and historians have not agreed on a solid, confirmed scope of events. According to the account of Bolshevik officer

14779: 14704: 11271: 2809: 2448:. The outbreak of war was not inevitable, but leaders, diplomats and nineteenth-century alliances created a climate for large-scale conflict. The concept of 10619: 10538: 6175: 2911:

on 19 March 1917, although it was suggested that it would be better for the Romanovs to go to a neutral country. News of the offer provoked uproar from the

14669: 14319: 13835: 13285: 11172: 5823: 2020:

among peasants and factory people. The peasants looked sullen. But the workmen were worse: they looked as though they hated us. I remember the distress in

9854: 9229: 6938: 13327: 2402:, and a state reception at the Winter Palace. In May, Nicholas and the imperial family made a pilgrimage across the empire, retracing the route down the 2302:. The following year, in May 1908, Nicholas and Alexandra's shared "Uncle Bertie" and "Aunt Alix", Britain's King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, made a 2015:

and the dismissal of ministers appointed by the Tsar in favour of ministers acceptable to the Duma. Grand Duchess Olga, Nicholas's sister, later wrote:

1729:

through the streets. Some carried religious icons and banners, as well as national flags and portraits of the tsar. As they walked, they sang hymns and

905:. At the wedding in St. Petersburg, the sixteen-year-old Tsarevich met with and admired the bride's youngest surviving sister, twelve-year-old Princess 140: 14749: 6180: 1495:

was frustrated, conflicted with Japan's own territorial ambitions on the Asian mainland. Nicholas pursued an aggressive foreign policy with regards to

1344:

The first years of his reign saw little more than continuation and development of the policy pursued by Alexander III. Nicholas allotted money for the

1244: 874:

in Saint Petersburg, where he was brought after the attack. For security reasons, the new Tsar and his family relocated their primary residence to the

102: 7164: 3558:. This time they were not named as martyrs, since their deaths did not result immediately from their Christian faith; instead, they were canonized as 3213:, whose forces were approaching the city from the east. This prompted a wave of executions and murders of those in the region who were believed to be 14744: 14719: 14380: 8276: 3395: 1399: 1096: 11636: 1778:

you Hangman. I call upon all the socialist parties of Russia to come to an immediate agreement among themselves and bring an armed uprising against

1668:

in 1908 after a temporary suspension in the aftermath of the 1905 Revolution, and Nicholas received an icy reception when he made his only visit to

14020: 6154:Высочайше утверждённый церемониал о святом крещении его императорскаго высочества государя великаго князя Николая Александровича // Русский инвалид 1212:'s uniform. Nicholas and Alexandra, each holding a lit candle, faced the palace priest and were married a few minutes before one in the afternoon. 878:

outside the city, only entering the capital for various ceremonial functions. On such occasions, Alexander III and his family occupied the nearby

14734: 14659: 12609: 12406: 12396: 10221: 10210: 9285:

Rogaev, E.I.; Grigorenko, A.P.; Moliaka, I.K.; Faskhutdinova, G.; Goltsov, A.; Lahti, A.; Hildebrandt, C.; Kittler, E.L.W.; Morozova, I. (2009).

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and that God was with him; for the rest of her life she would fervently defend him and turn her wrath against anyone who dared to question him.

14794: 14624: 14589: 14554: 11551: 11389:

The Secret Letters of the Last Czar: Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and his Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna

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was appointed to command the military garrison at Tsarskoye Selo, which increasingly had to be done through negotiation with the committees or

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to warn the Tsar that he should grant constitutional reforms to fend off revolution, Nicholas continued to bury himself away at the Staff HQ (

12391: 12361: 12213: 11506: 9944: 7442: 4252: 2606:, where the Russians were facing the combined forces of the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, and they suffered staggering losses. General 716: 10440: 9878: 3402:, who said, "Today is a historic day for Russia. For many years, we kept quiet about this monstrous crime, but the truth has to be spoken." 1514:"I do not want to seize Korea but under no circumstances can I allow Japan to become firmly established there. That will be a casus belli." 837:

to visit his grandparents, the king and queen. The visits also served as family reunions, as his mother's siblings would also come from the

14789: 14619: 14079: 13280: 13252: 13108: 13047: 12697: 12467: 12335: 11844: 11200:

Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigations (Fourth edition).

9374: 7677: 7314:

IS: Tuskallinen verilöyly päätti vuosisatoja kestäneen hallitsijuuden: Netflix-uutuus nostaa pinnalle Venäjän tsaariperheen julman kohtalon

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At 3 am on 25 April, the three Romanovs, their retinue, and the escort of Yakovlev's detachment, left Tobolsk in a convoy of nineteen

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Though Nicholas was heir-apparent to the throne, his father failed to prepare him for his future role as Tsar. He attended meetings of the

810: 405: 11348:

Wade, Rex A. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917."

3630:

provides a similar indictment of his incompetence, although he emphasises Nicholas' personal morality, describing him as a tragic figure:

1330:, the Kaiser of Germany, and Nicholas's Danish grandparents and relatives, Nicholas and Alexandra took possession of their new yacht, the 14759: 14599: 14529: 13827: 12436: 12401: 12371: 10579: 5341: 5008: 4591: 3398:, Saint Petersburg, on 17 July 1998, on the eightieth anniversary of their assassination. The ceremony was attended by Russian President 1417: 1135: 957: 838: 1326:

During the autumn after the coronation, Nicholas and Alexandra made a tour of Europe. After making visits to the emperor and empress of

14739: 14534: 14069: 13899: 13357: 12477: 12421: 11543: 11433: 10279: 5403: 3351: 2887: 2567:, where an entire Russian army was annihilated, cast an ominous shadow over Russia's future. Russia had great success against both the 2194: 1112: 1003:; however, as his father was only in his forties, it was expected that it would be many years before Nicholas succeeded to the throne. 822: 818: 397: 263: 209: 9742: 6833: 14799: 14724: 14714: 14709: 13893: 13887: 12526: 12492: 12482: 12472: 12426: 12381: 12376: 12304: 10704: 3968: 3547: 1821: 1614: 1257:, Nicholas turned his back on any notion of giving away any power to elected representatives in Russia. Shortly after he came to the 1149:

By that autumn, Alexander III lay dying. Upon learning that he would live only a fortnight, the Tsar had Nicholas summon Alix to the

886: 826: 814: 278: 10748: 9474: 8056: 7635: 14074: 13906: 12562: 12487: 12446: 12441: 12345: 10178: 10174: 5583: 3327: 3086:

seized power from Kerensky's Provisional Government; Nicholas followed the events in October with interest but not yet with alarm.

2198: 401: 268: 10368: 10305: 10251: 10119: 3314:

The bodies were driven to nearby woodland, searched and burned. The remains were soaked in acid and finally thrown down a disused

14484: 14084: 14064: 13982: 13369: 13312: 12631: 12520: 12386: 10162: 10111: 6328: 5828: 5130: 3079: 3012:

at Tsarskoye Selo. Nicholas joined the rest of the family there two days later, having traveled from the wartime headquarters at

2895: 2503:). Wilhelm did not address the question of the Hague Conference in his subsequent reply. Count Witte told the French Ambassador, 2206: 2190: 1511: 850: 409: 393: 258: 11130: 10834: 14804: 14729: 14674: 14579: 14494: 14479: 14474: 14400: 13424: 13215: 12416: 12314: 10483: 7294: 7241: 5250: 4441: 3224:

Although the Bolshevik leadership in Moscow still intended to bring Nicholas to trial, as the military situation deteriorated,

2559:

who commanded the armies in the field. In spite of all of this, an immediate attack was ordered against the German province of

2053: 1970:

One ruble silver coin of Nicholas II, dated 1898, with the Imperial coat-of-arms on the reverse. The Russian inscription reads:

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with their respective families. It was there in 1883, that he had a flirtation with one of his British first cousins, Princess

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Further complicating domestic matters was the matter of the succession. Alexandra bore Nicholas four daughters, Grand Duchess

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The Highest Approved Ceremonial of the Holy Baptism of His Imperial Highness the Sovereign Grand Duke Nicholas Alexandrovich

5765:, the resources under his command were virtually incalculable. However, the vast majority of this was owned by the state as 3148:

to take charge of Tobolsk and remove the Romanovs to Yekaterinburg, with the intention of eventually bringing Nicholas to a

14514: 14499: 14059: 14013: 10056:. Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3, 6. 9352: 7389: 5609: 5429: 3942: 3078:

by rail four days later and then by two river ferries finally reached Tobolsk on 19 August. There they lived in the former

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Nicholas with his family (left to right): Olga, Maria, Nicholas II, Alexandra Fyodorovna, Anastasia, Alexei, and Tatiana.

2563:. The Germans mobilised there with great efficiency and completely defeated the two Russian armies which had invaded. The 1808:

Confronted with growing opposition and after consulting with Witte and Prince Sviatopolk-Mirsky, the Tsar issued a reform

738:

descent and was related to several monarchs in Europe. His mother's siblings included Kings Frederick VIII of Denmark and

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in a 1915 map of the Russian Empire. At the time it was believed that what is now Severnaya Zemlya was a single landmass.

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Orthodox Church has nothing to do with the martyr's personal actions but is instead related to why he or she was killed.

3516: 3026: 2835:, with its heavy artillery, was in the hands of the insurgents. By nightfall, 60,000 soldiers had joined the revolution. 2433: 2359: 1719: 1402:

itself was not a bastion of diplomatic expertise. Patronage and "connections" were the keys to appointment and promotion.

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Omelchenko, Ulyana D.; Karpenko, Arina A.; Volkodav, Tatiana V. (2019). "Tattoo or Taboo? The Social Stigma of Tatoos".

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from Kobylinsky's uniform, and he asked Nicholas not to wear his uniform outside for fear of provoking a similar event.

2814: 2479: 857:, as guests of his "Uncle Bertie" and "Aunt Alix", the Prince and Princess of Wales, where he was spoiled by his uncle. 14679: 14549: 13776: 11092: 11037: 9621: 9584: 8976: 8916: 7062: 6537: 6519: 4942: 3160:, Yakovlev arrived in Tobolsk on 22 April; he imposed his authority on the competing Red Guards factions, paid-off and 2496: 2460:

and France and between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, and as a consequence alliance networks developed across Europe. The

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which had been built in Denmark. From there, they made a journey to Scotland to spend some time with Queen Victoria at

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Paul Robinson, Paul. "A Study of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich as Supreme Commander of the Russian Army, 1914–1915."

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of Germany in 1905. Nicholas is wearing a German Army uniform, while Wilhelm wears that of a Russian hussar regiment.

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Nicholas, the people shrieked, "The Tsar will not help us!" Outside Russia, the future British Labour Prime Minister

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Rotem Kowner, "Nicholas II and the Japanese body: Images and decision-making on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War."

3037:

The Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk, where the Romanov family was held in captivity between August 1917 and April 1918

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a spiritual past. They had set themselves up for the greatest spiritual advisor and manipulator in Russian history.

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By early 1917, Russia was on the verge of total collapse of morale. An estimated 1.7 million Russian soldiers

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on 25 December 1904 with vague promises. In hopes of cutting the rebellion short, many demonstrators were shot on

1122:

That summer, Nicholas travelled to England to visit both Alix and the Queen. The visit coincided with the birth of

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The outbreak of war on 1 August 1914 found Russia grossly unprepared. Russia and her allies placed their faith in

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a. Grand Duke Nicholas briefly became the commander before Alekseyev was appointed by the Provisional Government.

12953: 10611: 10534: 9775: 6189: 6032: 5671: 5202: 4107: 2539:, which was over 6,400 kilometres (4,000 mi) from the front line. By 1915, a rail line was built north from 2046: 2000: 791: 9963:Депутаты Законодательного собрания Красноярского края против переименования островов архипелага "Северная Земля" 9124: 3058:

against Austro-Hungarian and German forces in Galicia led to anti-government rioting in Petrograd, known as the

1899:: "That government was almost paralyzed from the beginning." On 8 November (26 October O.S.) the tsar appointed 14694: 14454: 13970: 13796: 13693: 13665: 13493: 13446: 13394: 13317: 13002: 11963: 11365:

The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Czar Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, April 1914 – March 1917

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During his reign, Nicholas gave support to the economic and political reforms promoted by his prime ministers,

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on 30 July. In response, Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August and its ally France on 3 August, starting

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Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Czar

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enormous Russian Empire, although the influence of Soviet propaganda on general opinion must be considered.

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to the Kola Gulf and this connection laid the foundation of the ice-free port of what eventually was called

352: 14365: 14255: 14029: 13771: 13352: 13247: 13232: 12199: 11627: 9971: 7168: 5866:. Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1 February (O.S.) / 14 February (N.S.) 1918. 5461: 5229: 5142: 4880: 4290: 3950: 3702: 3639: 3430: 3242: 2572: 2111: 1993: 1696: 1044: 787: 578: 559: 31: 13857: 12665: 8268: 3601:, Nicholas II's legacy was widely criticised within Russia, although discussion was heavily influenced by 573:. Their gravesite was discovered in 1979, but this was not acknowledged until 1989. After the fall of the 14769: 14689: 13237: 13094: 12680: 12624: 11830: 11633: 7382:"State Archive of the Russian Federation, ф.601.ОП.1, д.248. Diary of Nickolas Romanov. 9 January 1905. ( 4986: 4629: 4384: 4350: 4149: 3989: 3985: 3562:. According to a statement by the Moscow synod, they were glorified as saints for the following reasons: 3095: 2781: 2603: 2123: 1834: 1291: 428: 11484: 1976:

The English translation is: "By the grace of God, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias".

1796: 1433:. This conference, suggested and promoted by Nicholas II, was convened with the view of terminating the 1079: 14524: 14395: 14265: 13987: 13816: 13791: 13458: 13389: 11913: 11148:

The Imperial Tea Party: Family, Politics and Betrayal; The Ill-fated British and Russian Royal Alliance

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Nicholas and Alexandra: An Intimate Account of the Last of the Romanovs and the Fall of Imperial Russia

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to Tsarskoye Selo with an offer to act as a mediator. He made several trips between London, Berlin and

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In 1907, to end longstanding controversies over central Asia, Russia and the United Kingdom signed the

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to their prayers to the children of Nicholas, Maria and Alexei, as well as to the rest of the family.

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the tsar at first supported him, he finally sided with the arch critics. Reactionaries such as Prince

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History of the USSR in Three Parts: From the earliest times to the Great October Socialist Revolution

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It makes me sick to read the news! Nothing but strikes in schools and factories, murdered policemen,

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In a celebration on 30 May 1896, a large festival with food, free beer and souvenir cups was held in

790:, Nicholas and Alexandra were also third cousins once-removed, as they were both descendants of King 539: 385: 192: 11563:

detailed site on the historical context, circumstances and drama surrounding the Romanov's execution

11548: 4542: 972:, one of his escorting policemen, swung at the Tsarevich's face with a sabre, an event known as the 14699: 13801: 13781: 13203: 13193: 12702: 12670: 12660: 11861: 11853: 11527: 11428: 11256:

International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations

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On 20 March 1917, the Provisional Government decreed that the imperial family should be held under

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Trans. from Russian translations from the original English. E. L. Hynes. London and New York: 1929

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After the DNA testing of 1998, the remains of the tsar and his immediate family were interred at

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from 1894 until his death. On becoming Colonel-in-Chief he presented the Regiment with a white

4828: 4702: 4525: 4243: 4209: 3450: 3410: 3406: 2976: 2774: 2754: 2746: 2654: 2465: 2327: 2270: 2003:, almost immediately came into conflict with him. Scarcely had the 524 members sat down at the 1801: 1652: 1594: 1518: 1332: 1199:, the body of the Tsar was taken to St. Petersburg, where the funeral was held on 19 November. 981: 948:(Thailand), receiving honors as a distinguished guest in each country. During his trip through 767: 667: 636: 12599:

title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne

12592:

title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne

11485:

Nicholas II and the Royal Family Newsreels // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive

11254:

Multatuli, P. "Emperor Nicholas II and His Foreign Policy: Stages, Achievements and Results."

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Klein, Ira (1971). "The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Problem of Central Asia, 1907–1914".

7446: 7412: 3917: 1503:, and strongly supported the scheme for timber concessions in these areas as developed by the 730:

of the United Kingdom (right), wearing German military uniforms in Berlin before the war; 1913

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History is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American history

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In view of the enemy's proximity to Yekaterinburg and the exposure by the Cheka of a serious

2955:

that the Romanovs would be unwelcome in France as the ex-empress was regarded as pro-German.

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With the Russian Far East fleet trapped at Port Arthur, the only other Russian Fleet was the

1522: 993: 989: 519: 424: 381: 10503:[Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia]. 10334: 10088:

Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers

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developed badly for Russia. By late 1916, Romanov family desperation reached the point that

14464: 14459: 14179: 13066: 12872: 12796: 12775: 12725: 12309: 12165: 12085: 12008: 11898: 10319: 10237: 9942:Архипелаг Северная Земля – один из наиболее крупных районов оледенения на территории России 9908: 9734: 9298: 9074: 9063:"Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis" 5283: 4501: 4420: 4367: 4075: 3680: 3319: 2805: 2793:

shot the officer who gave the command to open fire. Nicholas, informed of the situation by

2762: 2588: 2564: 2548: 2520: 2389: 2383: 2082: 2038: 1813: 1681: 1573: 1565: 1541: 1192: 960:. His cousin George V of the United Kingdom had also received a dragon tattoo from Hori in 743: 488: 10701: 8340:. Accessed 19 November 2016. Originally published in 1967 by Artheneum (United States) as 8052: 5773:

was only a small fraction of this. As monarch, the income of Nicholas was 24 million gold

5223: 3098:

were frustrated by Soloviev's ineffectual activities. Nicholas continued to underestimate

2935:, was worried that Nicholas's presence might provoke an uprising like the previous year's 2797:, ordered reinforcements to the capital and suspended the Duma. However, it was too late. 2181: 1179:

Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra with their first child, Grand Duchess Olga, 1896

8: 13870: 13703: 13453: 13379: 13272: 13142: 12267: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12063: 12051: 11998: 11938: 11903: 11893: 11883: 11806: 11308:

The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution

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A second Duma met for the first time in February 1907. The leftist parties—including the

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The coronation of Emperor Nicholas II. 26 (14, old style), may, 1896. Historical photos.

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brought joy to liberals and socialists in Britain and France. The United States was the

2547:. The Russian High Command was moreover greatly weakened by the mutual contempt between 2314:, had entered into a secret agreement with the Austro-Hungarian foreign minister, Count 14299: 14295: 14199: 13721: 13645: 13157: 13117: 13070: 13027: 12675: 12262: 12125: 12036: 12023: 12003: 11993: 11943: 11933: 11878: 11686: 11663: 11407: 10976: 10926: 10914: 10365: 9924: 9823: 9321: 9286: 9172: 9097: 9062: 9020: 8993: 8235: 7897: 7889: 6266: 6084: 5863: 4874: 4425: 4404: 4165: 4098: 3906: 3894: 3742: 3619: 3567:

night of 17 July 1918 was revealed the light of the faith of Christ that conquers evil.

3524: 3063: 3055: 2924: 2916: 2871: 2790: 2311: 2310:. Later that year, Nicholas was taken off guard by the news that his foreign minister, 2264: 2029: 2012: 2008: 1984:, on 5 August of that year Nicholas II issued a manifesto about the convocation of the 1851: 1731: 1660: 1549: 1480: 1466: 1414:

and the Straits. The result was years of peace that allowed for rapid economic growth.

937: 830: 739: 719:, who had died young in 1865. Informally, he was known as "Nicky" throughout his life. 551: 500: 436: 11429:"The Personality of the Czar: An Explanation, By A Russian Official of High Authority" 8030: 7846:

Robert D. Warth, "Before Rasputin: Piety and the Occult at the Court of Nicholas II."

6325: 1103:(Kaiser Wilhelm's mother and Queen Victoria's eldest daughter), Nicholas's uncle, the 662:(née Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine). Maria Feodorovna was the daughter of King 495:. His popularity was further damaged by the Russo-Japanese War, which saw the Russian 435:, strong aristocratic opposition and defeats sustained by the Russian military in the 14410: 14390: 14305: 14174: 13688: 13617: 13534: 13511: 13210: 13183: 13121: 13015: 12765: 12135: 12107: 12075: 12031: 12013: 11978: 11873: 11793: 11722: 11299: 11289: 11267: 11237: 11217: 11184: 11151: 11088: 11064: 11033: 11009: 10990: 10946: 10824: 10796: 10139: 10091: 9802: 9326: 9164: 9102: 9025: 8994:"The identification of the Romanovs: Can we (finally) put the controversies to rest?" 8972: 8912: 8856: 8468: 8367: 8345: 8333: 8166: 8145: 7967: 7919: 7901: 7704: 7667: 7551: 7530: 7264: 7144: 7098: 7058: 7028: 6994:"The Last Tsar – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia: Protect us Lord, for We Reign Too Young" 6961: 6533: 6232: 6133: 6111: 6076: 5079: 5056: 5034: 4915: 4909: 4791: 4564: 4521: 4516: 4029: 3746: 3667: 3363: 3128:

The situation in Tobolsk changed for the worse on 26 March, when 250 ill-disciplined

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Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

12877: 12687: 9176: 7238: 3318:. On the following day, other members of the Romanov family including Grand Duchess 1820:

was ordered to take drastic measures to stop the revolutionary activity. Grand Duke

607: 14214: 14209: 14044: 13866: 13716: 13612: 13582: 13549: 13332: 13262: 13257: 13086: 13053: 13031: 13019: 13008: 12755: 12283: 12155: 12094: 12080: 11983: 11973: 11968: 11928: 11923: 11678: 11332: 11281: 10982: 10776: 10723: 9916: 9316: 9306: 9156: 9092: 9082: 9015: 9005: 8225: 8217: 7881: 7587:

Features And Figures Of The Past Covernment And Opinion In The Reign Of Nicholas II

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During the traditional Blessing of the Waters on the Neva River on January 6 (19),

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In April 1894, Nicholas joined his uncle Sergei and aunt Elizabeth on a journey to

779: 678: 632: 624: 612: 480: 341: 161: 11521: 10475: 7313: 4261:

Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise,

2334:. When Austria-Hungary did annex this territory that October, it precipitated the 2298:

with France in 1904, and the Anglo-Russian Convention led to the formation of the

2064:

A grotesque deputation is coming from England to see liberal members of the Duma.

1586: 973: 658:

throne as the second but eldest surviving son of Emperor Alexander II and Empress

565:

In 1981, Nicholas, his wife, and their children were recognised as martyrs by the

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Photos of the last visit of Tsar Nicholas and family to France, to Cherbourg 1909

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The Court of the Last Czar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II

10708: 10487: 10372: 10286: 10225: 10214: 10002: 9948: 9882: 9718: 9692: 9661: 9628: 9610: 9588: 9448: 9087: 8932: 8906: 8203:"Monarchists Against Their Monarch: The Rightists' Criticism of Tsar Nicholas II" 8104: 7619: 7574: 7320: 7301: 7245: 6955: 6942: 6864: 6840: 6805: 6529: 6332: 6262: 5856: 4659: 4103: 4091: 3946: 3822: 3734: 3718: 3710: 3614: 3275: 3153: 3071: 2908: 2828: 2658: 2650: 2407: 2323: 2226: 2162: 1999:

Nicholas's relations with the Duma were poor. The First Duma, with a majority of

1937: 1912: 1840: 1752:

attacked the Tsar, calling him a "blood-stained creature and a common murderer".

1725:

On Sunday, 9 (22) January 1905, Gapon began his march. Locking arms, the workers

1703:

A few days prior to Bloody Sunday (9 (22) January 1905), priest and labor leader

1695:

Tsar Nicholas of Russia mounts his horse (1905?), unknown cinematographer of the

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policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries

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Lesser Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire and Lesser Coat of Arms of the Emperor

2527:

barred by German U-boats and the Dardanelles by the guns of Germany's ally, the

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with Nicholas II in Saint Petersburg, during the king's visit to Europe in 1897

3898: 3559: 3462: 3306: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3229: 3201: 3091: 3087: 2992: 2670: 2639: 2583: 2528: 2509: 2461: 2445: 2335: 2299: 2291: 2099: 2004: 1868: 1826: 1636: 1557: 1411: 1310: 1237: 1175: 1150: 921: 902: 763: 690: 655: 628: 582: 527: 503:, together with the loss of Russian influence over Manchuria and Korea and the 467: 463: 431:) major roles. Ultimately, progress was undermined by Nicholas's commitment to 420: 11569: 10641: 10043: 7612: 7607:

Paul W. Werth, "The emergence of" freedom of conscience" in imperial Russia."

7567: 6731:

Twilight of Splendor: the Court of Queen Victoria in Her Diamond Jubilee Year

4066: 3326:, were taken to another mine shaft and thrown in alive, except for Grand Duke 1958:

Nicholas II's opening speech before the two chambers of the State Duma in the

969: 14443: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14245: 14105: 14100: 13741: 13711: 13683: 13673: 13597: 13554: 13544: 13539: 13529: 13167: 13023: 12952: 12841: 12816: 12760: 12740: 12640: 12046: 11491: 11445: 11261: 10902: 9192:"Bones found by Russian builder finally solve riddle of the missing Romanovs" 6080: 5815: 5148: 4330: 4071: 3414: 3399: 3359: 3287: 3271: 3267: 3197: 3137: 3122: 2936: 2694: 2607: 2457: 2339: 2214: 2155: 1959: 1885: 1833:

and municipal councils under the presidency of Witte. In June the battleship

1708: 1640: 1500: 1349: 1301: 1261:, a deputation of peasants and workers from various towns' local assemblies ( 1154: 871: 842: 651: 570: 555: 455: 178: 9581: 9475:"New DNA tests establish remains of Tsar Nicholas II and wife are authentic" 9311: 8221: 5757:

Estimates of Nicholas II's personal wealth have been vastly exaggerated. As

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Nicholas and Alexei sawing wood at Tobolsk in late 1917; a favourite pastime

2800:

On 12 March, the Volinsky Regiment mutinied and was quickly followed by the

1923: 1517:

War began in February 1904 with a preemptive Japanese attack on the Russian

1373:

In 1903, Nicholas threw himself into an ecclesiastical crisis regarding the

778:, as well as third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandsons of Tsar 14204: 14110: 13736: 13678: 13622: 13587: 13385:

Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia

13374: 13364: 12826: 12821: 12801: 11822: 11611: 11412:

The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Fedorovna, Empress of Russia: A Biography

10938: 10820: 9330: 9287:"Genomic identification in historical case of the Nicholas II royal family" 9106: 9029: 9010: 7983: 4853: 4432: 3902: 3810: 3598: 3536: 3483: 3434: 3367: 3279: 3225: 3218: 3005: 2701:, a cousin of the tsar, in the early morning of Saturday 17 December 1916 ( 2653:, which failed to improve the strategic situation. In the aftermath of the 2560: 2540: 2371: 2210: 2098:

After the Second Duma resulted in similar problems, the new prime minister

1704: 1529: 1476: 1374: 1268: 1127: 1004: 663: 574: 496: 416: 182: 11621: 10501:"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia" 9505:"Russia says DNA tests confirm remains of country's last tsar are genuine" 9168: 7453:. Vol. 31. New York: The Review of Reviews Company. pp. 303–08. 7419:. Vol. 31. New York: The Review of Reviews Company. pp. 154–56. 6852:

Dan L. Morrill, "Nicholas II and the Call for the First Hague Conference'

3988:. The Chevalier Guard Lieutenant marching in front to the Tsar's right is 2987: 1597:, as well as negative reports on the lack of readiness of Russian forces. 14349: 13746: 13726: 13577: 13501: 12961: 11367:. Edited by Joseph T. Furhmann Fuhrmann. Westport, Conn. and London: 1999 11317: 9412: 5792:

Several films about Nicholas II and his family have been made, including

4752: 4459: 3190: 3182: 3161: 3141: 2619: 2536: 2532: 2449: 2403: 2347: 2319: 2303: 1927: 1561: 1131: 977: 941: 711:

and was named in memory of his father's older brother and mother's first

640: 542:

and on behalf of his son, Nicholas and his family were imprisoned by the

523: 511: 440: 12191: 11343:

The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy: Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution

10406: 9685:"A Miracle Through the Prayers of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis" 9556: 8239: 8097: 7295:

Elävä Arkisto: Vihattu tsaari Nikolai II vieraili Helsingissä 1915 – YLE

6798: 1544:

where the Baltic Fleet mistakenly fired on British fishing boats in the

423:. He advocated modernisation based on foreign loans and close ties with 73: 14370: 14329: 14309: 13564: 13434: 13429: 13222: 11532: 11383:

Nicky-Sunny Letters: correspondence of the Czar and Czaritsa, 1914–1917

11264:, "The Fall of the Russian Monarchy" London: 1939, reprint London: 1988 9928: 9160: 8464:

The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War

8230: 7413:"Record of Current Events (From December 21, 1904 to January 20, 1905)" 7268: 6857: 6821: 5152: 4807: 3881:

lands and Armenian province: hereditary Sovereign and Possessor of the

3701:

Nicholas II's full title as Emperor, as set forth in Article 59 of the

3323: 3149: 3083: 2972: 2966:". An initial plan to send the imperial family to the northern port of 2963: 2681: 2524: 2343: 2275: 2249: 2065: 1933: 1556:

experienced logistical problems. While commands and supplies came from

1533: 1188: 1104: 1099:. Other guests included Queen Victoria, Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Empress 1083:

Official engagement photograph of Nicholas II and Alexandra, April 1894

1051: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 759: 747: 547: 459: 42: 11196:

Chapter III: Time of Death and Changes after Death. Part 4: Exhumation

10280:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

9767: 9120: 9044:"Экспертиза подтвердила, что найденные останки принадлежат Николаю II" 7893: 6559: 6088: 6024: 2452:

and shared religion created strong public sympathy between Russia and

928:

In 1890 Nicholas, his younger brother George, and their cousin Prince

14137: 13858: 13147: 12887: 12585:

of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar

11769: 8853:

Nicholas & Alexandra – The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia

6265:

then in use in Russia, which is the same day as 13 March 1881 in the

6059:

Esthus, Raymond A. (1981). "Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War".

5963: 5860: 5853: 5160: 3958: 3886: 3882: 3846: 3842: 3826: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3758: 3730: 3315: 3174: 3145: 3103: 3059: 3041: 2883: 2879: 2827:

of the Imperial Guard, the oldest and staunchest regiment founded by

2706: 2702: 2631: 2238: 2103: 1911:

to Tsar Nicholas and his wife (who by then had a hemophiliac son) at

1873: 1643:, he approved of government efforts to prevent anti-Semitic pogroms. 1545: 1496: 1434: 1279: 1249:

Despite a visit to the United Kingdom in 1893, where he observed the

917: 758:

of the United Kingdom. Nicholas was also a first cousin of both King

686: 531: 392:(becoming known as Alexandra Feodorovna) in 1894 and had as children 13916: 11423:

A. A. Mossolov (Mosolov), At the Court of the Last Czar London: 1935

10500: 9920: 9899:

Barr, William (1975). "Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery".

9284: 9283:

Details on further testing of the Imperial remains are contained in

1850:

Around August/September, after his diplomatic success on ending the

1457:

to promote disarmament and peacefully solve international disputes.

1141: 1026: 712: 14285: 13342: 12867: 11560: 7885: 7054:

The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd

6072: 5762: 5526:

Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg

5068: 5060: 4625: 3782: 3762: 3754: 3722: 3706: 2967: 2928: 2544: 2441: 2415: 2367: 2217:

that afflicted several of the major European royal houses, such as

2042: 1966: 1859: 1844: 1830: 1669: 1664: 1620: 1602: 1263: 1123: 985: 961: 755: 727: 707: 11327:

Tereshchuk, Andrei V. "The Last Autocrat Reassessing Nicholas II"

7568:История России в портретах. В 2-х тт. Т.1. с. 285–308 Сергей Витте 6816:

Thomas K. Ford, "The Genesis of the First Hague Peace Conference"

2789:

fired into the air rather than into the mob, and a company of the

2248:

steadily worse as doctors despaired, and priests administered the

2237:

treatments generally failed, and Alexandra increasingly turned to

1954: 1631:, Minister of the Interior. These publications served to fuel the 1223:) and his family on a boat trip in the Finnish archipelago in 1909 726:

Emperor Nicholas II of Russia with his physically similar cousin,

12882: 10854: 10852: 10332: 9995: 9876:"On the Title of His Imperial Majesty and the State Coat of Arms" 8406: 8404: 6054: 6052: 6050: 5852:

Over the course of Nicholas's life, two calendars were used: the

5774: 4237: 4124: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3834: 3798: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3738: 3346: 3067: 3013: 2940: 2662: 2623: 2394: 2307: 2243: 2218: 1779: 1741: 1492: 1295: 1196: 797:

Tsar Nicholas II was the first cousin once-removed of Grand Duke

702: 306: 55: 50: 14585:

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers

14570:

Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class

9961: 7916:

King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War

7589:. Internet Archive (21 July 2010). Retrieved on 5 December 2018. 6229:

King, Kaiser, Tsar: Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War

3338: 3033: 1950:. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament. 1510:

Before the war in 1901, Nicholas told his brother-in-law Prince

14635:

Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog

12997: 11615: 11510: 11205:

Emmerson, Charles. "The Future's Bright, the Future's Russian"

10743: 10741: 10739: 10737: 7046: 7044: 6834:

The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace, 1901–1956

5118:(6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918, married on 26 November 1894) 4982: 4698: 4559: 3890: 3878: 3874: 3858: 3850: 3830: 3540: 3510: 3075: 3024:

elected by the soldiers. During his imprisonment Nicholas read

2735: 2722: 2685: 2611: 1816:

as they tried to march to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.

1471: 1258: 1209: 1088: 912: 458:'s attempts to gain influence in the Middle East; it ended the 14610:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

11579:, Nicolay Sokolov. Investigation of execution of the Romanovs. 11537: 10849: 10562:

Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima

9427:"Russia readies to exhume Tsar Alexander III in Romanov probe" 8401: 7655: 7653: 6047: 2209:

was born on 12 August 1904. The young heir was afflicted with

2140: 1663:

proclaimed by Nicholas II in 1899, which restricted Finland's

1627:, which published anti-Semitic materials, received funds from 1091:, Germany, for the wedding of Elizabeth's and Alix's brother, 650:(née Princess Dagmar of Denmark). Alexander Alexandrovich was 14324: 13419: 12582: 11084:

The Last of the Tsars: Nicholas II and the Russian Revolution

10574: 9449:"Russia exhumes bones of assassinated Tsar Nicholas and wife" 9405:"DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian Tsar's children" 9145: 6930:

Raymond A. Esthus, "Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War."

5063:, now worn by the bass drummer of the Pipes and Drums of the 3818: 3806: 3750: 3726: 3551: 3543: 3458: 3205: 3118: 3099: 3066:, who had taken over as prime minister, selected the town of 2318:, agreeing that, in exchange for Russian naval access to the 2279: 2007:

when they formulated an 'Address to the Throne'. It demanded

1829:

and a committee consisting of elected representatives of the

1809: 1707:

informed the government of the forthcoming procession to the

1564:, allowing only gradual build-up of the forces on the front. 1382: 735: 14510:

Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

10734: 9887:

Russian Imperial House: Official site of the Romanov Dynasty

7792:

Mikhail F. Florinskii, "Nicholas II and Stolypin's Cabinet"

7041: 6742:

Sergei L. Firsov, "Emperor Nicholas II as an Orthodox Tsar"

6552:

The House of Morgan and Its Investments in Russia, 1905–1918

5124: 3617:

provides a damning evaluation of his reign in her 1962 book

3409:, and more than twenty ambassadors to Russia, including Sir 3342:

The Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, (later Sverdlovsk) in 1928

2290:

that resolved most of the problems generated for decades by

615:

at two years old, with his mother, Maria Feodorovna, in 1870

585:. In the years following his death, Nicholas was reviled by 10256:(in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, pp. 3, 5, 8417: 7663:

Russia:The Once and Future Empire From Pre-History to Putin

7650: 7527:

A History of the Soviet Union From the Beginning to the End

6795:

The Hague Conferences and International Politics, 1898–1915

6205:. Edward J. Bing (ed.). London: Nicholson and Watson, 1937. 6178:[The Romanov dynasty: genealogy and anthroponymy]. 5966:

loaded in a cannon firing a salute landed near the Emperor.

4938: 3802: 3714: 3466: 3405:

The British Royal Family was represented at the funeral by

3322:, the empress's sister, who were being held in a school at 3186: 3133: 2669:, and Nicholas did little more than review troops, inspect 2091: 1282:, as firmly and as strongly as did my late lamented father. 965: 782:. In addition to being second cousins through descent from 10886:

Les Princes Youssoupoff & les comtes Soumarkoff Elston

7577:. Peoples.ru (9 April 2006). Retrieved on 5 December 2018. 7088: 7086: 6302: 2440:

throne, was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb nationalist in

2176: 1253:

in debate and was seemingly impressed by the machinery of

538:

and the disintegration of the monarchy's authority. After

9060: 2874:

only four days before his abdication. At the end of the "

2418:

to Moscow in 1613 when he finally agreed to become tsar.

2268:

Nicholas II and his son Alexei aboard the Imperial yacht

2045:

was published on 22 April creating Witte a Knight of the

701:(his great-great-aunt). The boy received the traditional 12863:

Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

11427:

Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (October 1904).

11126:

Nicholas II, The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch

10499:

Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017).

10050:

State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1912

9046:(in Russian). ITAR-TASS. 5 December 2008. Archived from 6769:

Nicholas II: The Life and Reign of Russia's Last Monarch

2642:

when its allies Britain and France were still fighting.

1744:

and Hussars; and the soldiers opened fire on the crowd.

956:

tattooed on his right forearm by Japanese tattoo artist

635:, during the reign of his paternal grandfather, Emperor 9433:. Agence France-Presse. 3 November 2015. Archived from 8330:

Nicholas and Alexandra: The Fall of the Romanov Dynasty

7083: 4485:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

3354:", built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood 3082:

in considerable comfort. In October 1917, however, the

1655:, Nicholas had become associated with deeply unpopular 1568:

fell to the Japanese, after nine months of resistance.

809:

Grand Duke Nicholas was to have five younger siblings:

14615:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

14605:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

11202:

Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 174–183, Springfield, IL: 2006

10875:, St. Martin's Griffin; Reprint edition, 1996, p. 101. 10580:"การรับฮิสอิมปีเรียลไฮเนสแกรนด์ดุกซารวิตส์กรุงรุสเซีย" 9631:. Churchmotherofgod.org. Retrieved on 5 December 2018. 3185:

and obtained agreement to change their destination to

3156:, a veteran Bolshevik, Recruiting a body of loyal men 14640:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

11618:. No complete English translations are available yet. 10326: 9996:

Russian Imperial Army – Emperor Nicholas II of Russia

8429: 8364:

A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924

7701:

A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924

7609:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

7050: 5988: 5929: 3209:

of June, the Bolsheviks were becoming alarmed by the

2326:, Russia would not oppose the Austrian annexation of 14520:

Eastern Orthodox people executed by the Soviet Union

14320:

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

13116: 11471:

My Mission to Russia & Other Diplomatic Memories

11420:, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court New York: 1921 11350:

Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography

11173:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

10907:

A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924

10719: 10717: 8449:

Nicholas and Alexandra: The Last Tsar and His Family

8412:

Nicholas and Alexandra: The Last Tsar and His Family

8117:

Nicholas and Alexandra: The Last Tsar and His Family

7346: 7344: 5824:

Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War

5805: 3217:, including Grand Duke Michael, who was murdered in 2851:

conquest, Nicholas had little choice but to submit.

14560:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

11630:

Articles about the Romanovs from Atlantis magazine.

10772: 10770: 10377:

Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica

10320:

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg

10045:

Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1912

10035: 9622:"Orthodox Terminology", Church of the Mother of God 7331: 7329: 7138: 7022: 5940:[nʲɪkɐˈlajftɐˈrojɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪtɕrɐˈmanəf] 3645: 2350:, Nicholas personally offered to arbitrate between 2221:

and Spain. Hemophilia, therefore, became known as "

1608: 505:

Japanese annexation of the south of Sakhalin Island

14575:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class 11588:, Edvard Radzinski. Later published in English as 11209:(2013) 63#10 pp 10–18. Optimism prevailed in 1913. 10612:"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro" 10042:Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1912) . 9527:"DNA Testing Verifies Bones of Russia's Last Tsar" 9375:"Russia's Last Tsar Declared Victim of Repression" 7999:Hamilton, Richard F. and Herwig, Holger H. (2003) 7659: 7258: 6573: 6478: 6432: 6386: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6058: 3165:Tobolsk until they were able to make the journey. 1245:Coronation of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna 368:6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) or 14655:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania 14381:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 11622:New Russian Martyrs. Czar Nicholas and His Family 11286:The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II 10714: 10041: 9682: 9658:"Miracle of the Child Martyr Grand Duchess Maria" 9655: 9261:. Associated Press. 30 April 2008. Archived from 8904: 8848: 8846: 7341: 6689: 6687: 6554:(Thesis). Texas Tech University. pp. 21–85. 3885:and Mountain Princes and of others; Sovereign of 3550:. On 14 August 2000, they were recognised by the 2753:flour and fuel had all but disappeared. War-time 2456:. Territorial conflict created rivalries between 2390:tercentenary celebrations for the Romanov Dynasty 1593:(1894–95) and reports on the capabilities of the 1388: 1097:Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 14441: 14028: 12577:born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by 11590:The Last Czar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II 11391:. Ed. Edward J. Bing. New York and Toronto: 1938 11183:, St. Petersburg, Ivan Fiodorov Art Publishers ( 10767: 10535:"Image: carol-i-nicholas-ii.jpg, (500 × 315 px)" 10204:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 10118:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 9951:. My.krskstate.ru. Retrieved on 5 December 2018. 8964: 7371:p. 125. – Massie's translation is not authentic. 7326: 6957:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 6176:"Династия Романовых: генеалогия и антропонимика" 4999: 3535:In 1981, Nicholas and his immediate family were 2602:Gradually a war of attrition set in on the vast 1195:—arrived in Moscow. After lying in state in the 1166: 14645:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 14595:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 10943:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War 10792: 10790: 10498: 10014: 9716: 9603:The Icons that Canonized the Holy Royal Martyrs 9291:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8291: 7374: 6916:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War 6480:"The Czar and Princess Alix. Another Manifesto" 6095: 3963:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union 2531:, Russia initially could receive help only via 2366:. Nicholas was also joined by his cousin, King 1973:B M Nikolay Imperator i Samoderzhets Vse Ross.. 1579: 1017:Wedding of Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna 901:(who had died in 1878), and a granddaughter of 14650:Recipients of the Gold Medal of Military Valor 14630:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog 14565:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class 11540:A Media Library to Nicholas II and his Family. 11377:Letters of the Czar to the Czaritsa, 1914–1917 10815: 10813: 10702:Russian honours: Emperor Nicholas II of Russia 10414:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. pp. 143, 149. 10238:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern 10090:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 516. 8843: 8460: 8361: 7958: 7956: 7698: 7143:. Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 176. 7097:. Dorling Kindersley Publishing. p. 147. 7092: 7027:. Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 176. 6684: 4630:Grand Cross of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem 2931:, who, acting on the advice of his secretary, 602: 427:, but resisted giving the new parliament (the 14780:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 14705:Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church 14014: 13843: 13102: 12938: 12625: 12207: 11838: 9898: 9796: 9737:[The tragedy on the Khodynka Field]. 9712: 9710: 9591:at romanovfamily.org, accessed 11 August 2016 9582:17 July 1998: The funeral of Tsar Nicholas II 6674: 6672: 6368: 6366: 6127: 5976: 5944: 5917: 4253:Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog 3936: 3909:, and so forth, and so forth, and so forth." 2878:", Nicholas II chose to abdicate on 2 March ( 2388:In February 1913, Nicholas presided over the 1918: 1867:In October a railway strike developed into a 1319:relations with France, particularly the 1894 14080:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia 11852: 11624:. A story of life, canonisation. Photoalbum. 11249:A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra 10787: 10293: 8269:"World War I – Killed, wounded, and missing" 7806: 7804: 7802: 7776: 7774: 7761: 7759: 7734: 7732: 7474: 7472: 7363: 7361: 7359: 5999:[svʲɪˈtojstrəstɐˈtʲerpʲɪtsnʲɪkɐˈlaj] 4648:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion 4181:Order of the Crown of Bukhara, in Diamonds, 3609:and the suppression of the 1905 Revolution. 619:Grand Duke Nicholas was born on 18 May [ 364:(Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 18 May [ 14670:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 11656:Portraits of Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia 11236:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974 11198:, In: Spitz, W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): 11029:Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs 10987:The Fate of the Romanovs: The Final Chapter 10810: 10527: 10163:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.)" 9935: 8958: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8076: 8074: 7953: 7165:"Beyond the Pale: The Pogroms of 1903–1906" 5147:Assassinated, along with their parents, at 2535:, which was frozen solid in winter, or via 1646: 980:commemorating the beginning of work on the 594:handling the challenges facing his nation. 14070:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia 14021: 14007: 13850: 13836: 13109: 13095: 12945: 12931: 12632: 12618: 12214: 12200: 11845: 11831: 11662: 11371:Letters of Czar Nicholas and Empress Marie 10564:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 128. 10144:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9768:"Восстановим историческую справедливость!" 9707: 9639: 9637: 8200: 8024: 7871: 7261:An Armchair Traveller's History of Finland 7141:The Road to 1914: The War That Ended Peace 7025:The Road to 1914: The War That Ended Peace 6843:. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 1 May 2014. 6669: 6363: 6025:"Восстановим историческую справедливость!" 5781: 5404:Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 3821:and others; Sovereign and Grand Prince of 3449: 2991:Nicholas II under guard in the grounds at 2765:! Down with the war! Down with the Tsar!" 2011:, radical land reform, the release of all 1755:That evening Nicholas wrote in his diary: 581:in 2000 by the Russian Orthodox Church as 210:Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 72: 14750:People executed by Russia by firing squad 12221: 11614:. It was originally published in 1922 in 11310:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. 11058: 11022: 11003: 10359: 10302:Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen 10290:(1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16 10017:"Visits of the Slavic Monarchs to Russia" 9892: 9320: 9310: 9255:"DNA Confirms Remains of Tsar's Children" 9096: 9086: 9019: 9009: 8908:The Kitchen Boy: A Novel of the Last Tsar 8423: 8229: 7799: 7771: 7756: 7729: 7469: 7445:(January–June 1905). Shaw, Albert (ed.). 7356: 6926: 6924: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6316: 6314: 4601:Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus 4395: 3984:After his coronation, Nicholas II leaves 3548:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 3370:—concur and were found to be conclusive. 3362:(Yekaterinburg) by amateur archaeologist 1615:Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 1540:with the Empire of Japan, and due to the 1356: 1067:Learn how and when to remove this message 964:years before. It was during his visit to 14745:People of the Russian Revolution of 1905 14720:Russian people of the Russo-Japanese War 14075:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia 13065:b. Kerensky took the post himself after 11518:from contemporary Magazine, Illustration 11426: 11247:Maylunas, Andrei, and Sergei Mironenko, 10476:"The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I" 10157: 10155: 9991: 9989: 9954: 9851:"The main merits of Emperor Nicholas II" 9222:"Remains of Tsar missing children found" 8332:. New York, The Modern Library, p. 433. 8303: 8175: 8122: 8071: 7252: 7230: 6856:(1974) 46#2 pp. 296–313, quoting p. 297 6666:, London: Cassell and Co., Ltd., p. 100. 5584:Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel 5078: 4299: 4065: 3979: 3967: 3916: 3345: 3337: 3246: 3040: 3032: 2986: 2716: 2675: 2582: 2478: 2263: 2180: 2139: 2081: 1965: 1953: 1922: 1795: 1685: 1525:, prior to a formal declaration of war. 1470: 1416: 1360: 1300: 1231: 1214: 1174: 1140: 1078: 911: 742:, as well as the United Kingdom's Queen 721: 697:(his maternal uncle), and Grand Duchess 606: 447:'s 304-year rule of Russia (1613–1917). 239: 14085:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 14065:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia 13983:Branches of the Russian Imperial Family 13370:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine 13313:Provisional Committee of the State Duma 11522:The Execution of Czar Nicholas II, 1918 11434:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 11397:. Ed. Herman Bernstein. New York: 1917. 11227:Nicholas II: Emperor of All the Russias 11077: 10965:Nicholas II, Emperor of all the Russias 10299: 9634: 9189: 7411:Shaw, Albert, ed. (January–June 1905). 6549: 6170: 5829:Emperor railway station in Pushkin town 5016:Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter 4951: 2901: 2673:, and preside over military luncheons. 2177:Tsarevich Alexei's illness and Rasputin 2073:A little while later he further wrote: 1891:For the next six months, Witte was the 1878:Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias 1675: 1479:was annihilated by the Japanese at the 454:of 1907, which was designed to counter 14: 14735:Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia 14660:Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava 14442: 14401:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 13425:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 13073:, and several others refused the post. 12397:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich 11599:Memoirs: The reign of Nicholas II 1–12 11570:The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family 11101:from the original on 15 September 2024 11046:from the original on 15 September 2024 10959: 10937: 10819: 10559: 10457:from the original on 15 September 2024 10382: 10347:from the original on 15 September 2024 10336:Calendario generale del regno d'Italia 10333:Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1916). 10244: 9828:New York: Presidio Press, 1962, p. 71. 9249: 9247: 7457:from the original on 15 September 2024 7451:The American Monthly Review of Reviews 7441: 7423:from the original on 15 September 2024 7417:The American Monthly Review of Reviews 6974:from the original on 15 September 2024 6921: 6895: 6311: 6035:from the original on 15 September 2024 5625: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5383: 5273: 5269: 5251:Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark 3330:who was shot when he tried to resist. 3196:They were imprisoned in the two-story 2842:resigned; members of the Duma and the 2294:. The UK had already entered into the 2090:delegation during the Tsar's visit to 567:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 14795:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s 14625:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 14590:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 14555:Executed people from Saint Petersburg 14002: 13831: 13090: 12926: 12858:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 12613: 12407:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 12195: 11826: 11561:Ipatiev House – Romanov Memorial 11145: 10837:from the original on 23 February 2012 10801:Heiligenberg: Our Ardently Loved Hill 10751:. The Danish Monarchy. Archived from 10622:from the original on 22 December 2019 10515:from the original on 23 November 2021 10260:from the original on 6 September 2021 10152: 10063:from the original on 29 November 2020 9986: 9778:from the original on 26 February 2021 9485:from the original on 22 November 2018 8991: 8435: 7964:A History of Modern Europe Volume Two 7482:, London, Finedawn Publishers, p. 121 7071:from the original on 27 February 2024 7004:from the original on 10 November 2022 6953: 6550:Buesing, Penelope Cottingham (1974). 6110:. New York: Oxford University Press, 5997: 5938: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5701: 5691: 5687: 5675: 5669: 5659: 5643: 5633: 5629: 5613: 5607: 5597: 5581: 5571: 5567: 5555: 5549: 5539: 5523: 5513: 5509: 5485: 5475: 5459: 5449: 5445: 5433: 5427: 5417: 5401: 5391: 5387: 5371: 5365: 5355: 5339: 5329: 5325: 5313: 5307: 5297: 5281: 5277: 4349:Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal 1884:agreeing to the establishment of the 1585:to Japan in 1891, where Nicholas was 1460: 1425:attended by Nicholas II and Alexandra 750:). Nicholas, his wife Alexandra, and 734:Nicholas was of primarily German and 518:and approved the mobilisation of the 13253:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 11008:. New York: Doubleday. p. 431. 10662: 10537:. royalromania.files.wordpress.com. 10404: 10253:Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste 10085: 9857:from the original on 29 October 2020 9745:from the original on 1 November 2004 9202:from the original on 4 December 2019 9127:from the original on 15 October 2015 8366:. Penguin Books US. pp. 22–23. 8249:from the original on 26 October 2019 8161:King, Greg and Wilson, Penny (2003) 7703:. Penguin Books US. pp. 22–23. 7638:from the original on 25 January 2008 7410: 6160:] (in Russian). 1868. p. 1. 5430:Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 4921:Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe 4547:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 4219:Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius 4108:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen 3943:Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition 3696: 2859: 2838:Order broke down and Prime Minister 2645:The energetic and efficient General 2634:and in July saw the Dowager Empress 2362:, to a maternal cousin of Nicholas, 1049:adding citations to reliable sources 1020: 899:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 14790:Children of Alexander III of Russia 14620:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 14386:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg 13216:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 12392:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich 10650:from the original on 5 October 2017 10300:Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". 10126:from the original on 18 August 2021 9600:A Reader's Guide to Orthodox Icons 9355:from the original on 16 August 2019 9244: 8279:from the original on 22 August 2023 8059:from the original on 27 August 2019 7988:The First World War, Vol I: To Arms 7666:. St. Martin's Press. p. 233. 7392:from the original on 7 January 2012 6733:, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 173–75 5115:Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine 4759:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 4314:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 4039:Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class 3136:. Not to be outdone, the soviet in 3132:arrived from the regional capital, 3027:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 2434:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 2259: 491:and the violent suppression of the 27:Emperor of Russia from 1894 to 1917 24: 14760:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 14600:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz 14530:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 13338:Council of the People's Commissars 12468:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich 12336:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich 12231:The generations are numbered from 11357: 11166: 10421:from the original on 28 March 2021 10366:"Romanov Nicola II Czar di Russia" 10185:from the original on 21 March 2023 9801:. Thames And Hudson. p. 163. 9511:. 11 November 2015. Archived from 9411:. 22 December 2008. Archived from 9345:"Russia's last Tsar rehabilitated" 8937:by Robert Alexander (unpaginated). 8568:from the original on 8 March 2023. 7680:from the original on 23 April 2023 7632:"Nicolas' diary 1905 (in Russian)" 6960:. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 176. 6664:Nicholas II, The Last of the Tsars 6132:. Thames And Hudson. p. 163. 5845: 5209:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna 4943:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 4881:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania 4291:Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon 3140:, the capital of the neighbouring 2919:, and the British ambassador, Sir 2421: 2364:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 1980:Under pressure from the attempted 1785: 1764:His younger sister, Grand Duchess 1286:On 26 May 1896, Nicholas's formal 639:. He was the eldest child of then- 25: 14816: 14740:20th-century executions by Russia 14535:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 12437:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 12402:Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich 12372:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich 11679:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 11660:National Portrait Gallery, London 11533:Nicholas and Alexandra Exhibition 11478: 10862:, New York, Atheneum, 1967, p. 64 10646:(in Swedish), 1909, p. 613, 10618:(in Spanish). 1887. p. 147. 10541:from the original on 4 March 2016 10116:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste 10023:from the original on 7 April 2020 9974:from the original on 4 March 2016 9537:from the original on 28 June 2018 9232:from the original on 29 July 2021 8855:, Booth-Clibborn Editions, 1998, 7285:, p. 84, WSOY, 1990. (in Finnish) 7192:pp. 94–95, 122 in Russian edition 5931:Nikolay II Aleksandrovich Romanov 4150:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 3865:, Mstislav, and Ruler of all the 3333: 3211:Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion 2999: 2626:, first cousin of the tsar, sent 2555:, and the incompetent Grand Duke 1449:Nicholas aimed to strengthen the 1093:Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse 681:at Tsarskoye Selo on 1 June [ 546:and exiled to Siberia. After the 14800:Assassinated Russian politicians 14725:People of the Russian Revolution 14715:Russian people of German descent 14710:Russian people of Danish descent 14424: 14423: 13915: 13348:Military Revolutionary Committee 13040: 12996: 12970: 12909: 12908: 12478:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 12422:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich 12362:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich 12305:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich 11586:Nikolay II – Life and Death 11373:Ed. Edward J. Bing. London: 1937 10878: 10865: 10724:Alexander III, Emperor of Russia 10694: 10682: 10634: 10604: 10568: 10553: 10492: 10469: 10433: 10398: 10323:(1896), "Königliche Orden" p. 28 10312: 10272: 10230: 10206:(1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" 10197: 10104: 10079: 10008: 9869: 9843: 9831: 9815: 9790: 9760: 9727: 9676: 9649: 9615: 9594: 9575: 9563:from the original on 29 May 2020 9549: 9519: 9497: 9467: 9455:from the original on 29 May 2022 9441: 9419: 9397: 9367: 9337: 9277: 9214: 9190:Harding, Luke (25 August 2007). 9183: 9139: 9113: 9054: 9036: 8985: 8949: 8940: 8925: 8898: 8886: 8874: 8865: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8789: 8780: 8771: 8762: 8753: 8744: 8735: 8726: 8717: 8704: 8692: 8679: 8670: 8661: 8652: 8643: 8634: 8621: 8612: 8603: 8590: 8581: 8572: 8548: 8539: 8530: 8521: 8512: 8503: 8494: 8481: 8454: 8441: 8392: 8380: 8355: 8322: 8261: 8194: 8155: 8134: 8109: 8086: 8045: 8018: 8006: 7993: 7977: 7941: 7929: 7908: 7865: 7853: 7840: 7828: 7239:The Americanization of the Finns 5969: 5919:Николай II Александрович Романов 5808: 5788:List of films about the Romanovs 5222: 5201: 5180: 5167:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna 5159: 5123: 5035:Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath 5001: 4975: 4953: 4932: 4902: 4867: 4846: 4817: 4810:: Order of the August Portrait, 4801: 4780: 4745: 4728: 4712: 4691: 4652: 4639: 4620: 4578: 4558: 4535: 4515: 4494: 4473: 4464:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown 4453: 4419: 4397: 4360: 4323: 4301: 4279: 4268:Grand Commander of the Dannebrog 4230: 4196: 4159: 4138: 4117: 4097: 4090: 3941:) was discovered in 1913 by the 3666: 3646:Titles, styles, honours and arms 3168: 3152:in Moscow. The man selected was 3054:That summer, the failure of the 2446:annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 2444:, who opposed Austria-Hungary's 1609:Anti-Jewish pogroms of 1903–1906 1130:'s first child, the future King 1113:Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1025: 776:Frederick William III of Prussia 717:Nicholas Alexandrovich of Russia 530:and a mutiny of the garrison in 351: 164:, Tsarskoye Selo, Russian Empire 13243:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 13077:Stavka of the Supreme Commander 12527:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 12504:Grand Duke John Konstantinovich 12493:Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich 12483:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich 12473:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich 12427:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich 12412:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 12382:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 12377:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 12341:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 11063:. New York: St Martin’s Press. 10981: 10894: 10777:Alexander II, Emperor of Russia 10241:(1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 7 9837: 9643: 9451:. BBC News. 24 September 2015. 8968:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter 8892: 8880: 8556:"Five myths about the Romanovs" 7859: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7786: 7780: 7765: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7723: 7717: 7692: 7624: 7601: 7592: 7580: 7561: 7540: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7485: 7447:"The Doom of Russian Autocracy" 7435: 7404: 7368: 7350: 7335: 7307: 7288: 7275: 7217: 7208: 7201:Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (2001) 7195: 7189: 7183: 7157: 7132: 7123: 7111: 7016: 6986: 6947: 6869: 6846: 6826: 6810: 6787: 6774: 6761: 6749: 6736: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6693: 6656: 6643: 6634: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6566: 6543: 6512: 6503: 6471: 6459: 6425: 6413: 6379: 6357: 6351: 6338: 6296: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6255: 6242: 6221: 6208: 6196: 6164: 6011: 5956: 5672:Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel 4860:, Class I Grade I in Diamonds, 4506:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 4187:Order of the Sun of Alexander, 3869:country; Sovereign and Lord of 2982: 2962:, an arrangement known as "The 2680:Nicholas II with his family in 2580:to attack German-held Silesia. 2377: 2047:Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky 1487:A clash between Russia and the 1305:Nicholas as Tsesarevich in 1892 1107:, and the bride's parents, the 1095:, to their mutual first cousin 1036:needs additional citations for 865:On 1 March 1881, following the 792:Frederick William II of Prussia 754:were all first cousins of King 673:Nicholas was christened in the 562:in a basement on 17 July 1918. 235: 14485:20th-century murdered monarchs 13777:German Revolution of 1918–1919 13318:Russian Provisional Government 12878:Russification in modern Russia 12563:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 12521:Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 12488:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich 12447:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 12442:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 12432:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 12346:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 11802:Reason for succession failure: 11549:Scientists Reopen Czar Mystery 11061:The Race to save the Romanoffs 9799:Chronicle of the Russian Tsars 8971:. Modern Library. p. 34. 8500:Service 2018, pp. 51–52, 68–69 8027:"Germany during World War One" 7550:, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 7529:, Cambridge University Press, 7051:Alexander Rabinowitch (2008). 6252:, E.P. Dutton & Co, p. 126 6146: 6130:Chronicle of the Russian Tsars 6121: 6108:Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars 6017: 5990:Svyatoy strastoterpets Nikolay 5907: 5847: 5646:Prince William of Hesse-Kassel 5188:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna 4680:Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun 4012:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky 3972:Nicholas II in the uniform of 3493:Russian Orthodox Church Abroad 3290:, "You know not what you do." 3111:Council of People's Commissars 2428:Russian entry into World War I 2086:Nicholas II, Stolypin and the 1453:and proposed the unsuccessful 1389:Initiatives in foreign affairs 1145:Nicholas II and family in 1904 544:Russian Provisional Government 474:and proposed the unsuccessful 13: 1: 14805:World War I political leaders 14730:Russian people of World War I 14675:Eastern Orthodox royal saints 14580:Knights of the Holy Sepulchre 14495:20th-century Russian monarchs 14480:20th-century Christian saints 14475:19th-century Russian monarchs 13926:Nikolayevichi → Mikhaylovichi 13442:Socialist Revolutionary Party 13189:Ukrainian War of Independence 12893:Ukrainian orthography of 1933 12387:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 11459:New York & Toronto: 1921 11450:Memories of the Russian Court 10925: 10913: 10873:The Lost Fortune of the Tsars 10711:". Received 26 November 2018. 10576:Royal Thai Government Gazette 10304:. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 8467:. Amberley. pp. 164–65. 7966:, W.W. Norton & Company, 7947: 7935: 7794:Russian Social Science Review 6755: 6717: 6651:Journal Intime de Nicholas II 6465: 6419: 6374:Journal Intime de Nicholas II 6290: 5834: 5704:Princess Charlotte of Denmark 5342:Princess Charlotte of Prussia 5131:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna 4769:Second Hague Peace Conference 4721:: Order of the Precious Rod, 4610:Gold Medal of Military Valour 4030:Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class 3992:, later President of Finland. 3938:Zemlya Imperatora Nikolaya II 3705:, was: "By the Grace of God, 2854: 2769:and sided with the populace. 2721:Nicholas with members of the 2406:that was made by the teenage 2167:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 1905:Princess Milica of Montenegro 1393:According to his biographer: 1348:. In 1897 restoration of the 1346:All-Russia exhibition of 1896 1236:Coronation of Nicholas II by 1227: 1167:Accession, reign and marriage 1010: 895:Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse 784:Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse 597: 470:. He aimed to strengthen the 388:on 15 March 1917. He married 297:Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov 39:Eastern Slavic naming customs 14490:20th-century Polish monarchs 14470:19th-century Polish monarchs 14030:Murder of the Romanov family 13353:Russian Constituent Assembly 13248:Red Army invasion of Georgia 13233:Estonian War of Independence 13014:Grand Duke Nicholas • 12790:Anti-Russification activists 12545:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 12417:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich 12315:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 10086:M. & B. Wattel. (2009). 9735:"Трагедия на Ходынском поле" 9088:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 7139:MacMillan, Margaret (2014). 7023:MacMillan, Margaret (2014). 6662:Radziwill, Catherine (1931) 6269:used elsewhere at that time. 5978:Святой страстотерпец Николай 5462:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden 5230:Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 4210:Grand Cross of St. Alexander 3951:Russian Hydrographic Service 3640:collapse of the Soviet Union 3431:Canonization of the Romanovs 3424: 3396:St. Peter and Paul Cathedral 3243:Murder of the Romanov family 3236: 2979:faced similar difficulties. 2587:Russian prisoners after the 2278:'s state visit to Russia in 2028:Minister of the Court Count 1697:Edison Manufacturing Company 1639:by the Jewish revolutionary 1580:Tsar's confidence in victory 860: 804: 788:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden 514:of 1914, Nicholas supported 32:Nicholas II (disambiguation) 7: 14515:Deaths by firearm in Russia 14500:Assassinated Russian people 13797:Workers' Councils in Poland 13395:Ukrainian People's Republic 13238:Latvian War of Independence 12719:Organizers of Russification 12681:Great Russification program 12498:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 10975:, London: Pan Books, 1967. 10308:– via hathitrust.org. 9970:(in Russian). 27 May 2007. 9689:The Royal Martyrs of Russia 8201:Podbolotov, Sergei (2004). 8055:. The Library of Congress. 7660:Longworth, Phillip (2006). 7259:Clements, Jonathan (2014). 6954:Clark, Christopher (2012). 6818:Political Science Quarterly 6580:Sheffield Evening Telegraph 6485:Exeter and Plymouth Gazette 6218:, Sutton Publishing, p. 151 6214:Van Der Kiste, John (2003) 6004:Saint Nicholas II of Russia 5989: 5930: 5801: 5244: 5091: 5087: 4966:Knight of the Golden Fleece 4767:Commemorative Medal of the 4569:Grand Cross of the Redeemer 4385:Order of Berthold the First 4351:House Order of Hohenzollern 3937: 3933:Земля Императора Николая II 3443:Saint Nicholas II of Russia 3421:, were also in attendance. 3301:crimes against the nation. 3096:Nikolai Yevgenyevich Markov 2712: 2201:in 1899, and Grand Duchess 2124:Vladimir Nikolayevich Orlov 603:Birth and family background 384:from 1 November 1894 until 10: 14821: 14396:Romanov Family Association 13988:Romanov Family Association 13817:Belarusian-Soviet conflict 13459:General Jewish Labour Bund 13328:Pro-independence movements 12247:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich 11914:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir 11457:The Memoirs of Count Witte 11402:Last Days at Czarskoe Selo 11385:. Hattiesburg, Miss: 1970. 11337:10.2753/RSH1061-1983500400 11331:50#4 (2012) pp. 3–6. 11329:Russian Studies in History 11276:The Flight of the Romanovs 11214:Nicholas II: The Last Tsar 11170: 11122: 11113: 11032:. London: Windmill Books. 11004:Radzinsky, Edvard (1992). 10901: 10450:(in French). 26 May 1896. 10379:. Retrieved 5 August 2018. 10268:– via hathitrust.org 10193:– via hathitrust.org 10134:– via hathitrust.org 9889:. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 9683:Serfes, Demetrios (2000). 9656:Serfes, Demetrios (2000). 9559:. BBC News. 17 July 1998. 8905:Alexander, Robert (2003). 8698: 8386: 8328:Massie, Robert K. (2012), 8316: 8297: 8188: 8128: 8080: 8053:"World War I Declarations" 8012: 7874:Journal of British Studies 7834: 7548:Nicholas II, The Last Tsar 7203:Two hundred years together 7117: 6744:Russian Studies in History 6705: 6678: 6628: 6575:"Czar Alexander's Funeral" 6518:Feinstein, Elaine (2006). 5785: 5759:Emperor of All The Russias 5619: 5610:Princess Dagmar of Denmark 5503: 5377: 5271: 5248: 5065:Royal Scots Dragoon Guards 4858:Order of the Double Dragon 4736:Principality of Montenegro 4703:Grand Cross of St. Charles 4682:, with Paulownia Flowers, 4667:Order of the Chrysanthemum 4592:Knight of the Annunciation 3912: 3709:, Emperor and Autocrat of 3428: 3389: 3240: 3049: 2863: 2747:were killed in World War I 2474:Willy–Nicky correspondence 2425: 2381: 2205:in 1901, before their son 1919:Relationship with the Duma 1789: 1679: 1612: 1464: 1242: 1205:Nicholas's wedding to Alix 1014: 752:Wilhelm II, German Emperor 675:Chapel of the Resurrection 224:Alix of Hesse and by Rhine 37:In this name that follows 36: 29: 14680:Heads of state of Finland 14550:Murdered Russian monarchs 14419: 14358: 14278: 14228: 14157: 14150: 14124: 14093: 14043: 14036: 13978: 13965: 13924: 13913: 13877: 13787:Hungarian Soviet Republic 13764: 13702: 13664: 13631: 13563: 13520: 13492: 13474: 13467: 13405: 13305: 13176: 13163:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising 13135: 13128: 13060: 13038: 12994: 12968: 12906: 12850: 12789: 12736:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky 12718: 12648: 12572: 12554: 12536: 12513: 12455: 12354: 12323: 12292: 12276: 12255: 12239: 12229: 12106: 12022: 11862:Grand princes of Vladimir 11860: 11811: 11784: 11775: 11768: 11745: 11736: 11720: 11712: 11707: 11672: 11234:Nicholas II The Last Czar 11129:. Praeger. Archived from 11123:Warth, Robert D. (1997). 11059:Rappaport, Helen (2018). 10830:Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 10585:(in Thai). Archived from 10560:Acović, Dragomir (2012). 9741:. Omsk State University. 8965:Robert K. Massie (2012). 8165:, John Wiley & Sons, 7465:– via Google Books. 7431:– via Google Books. 7057:. Indiana UP. p. 1. 6854:Journal of Modern History 6804:15 September 2024 at the 6592:British Newspaper Archive 6528:29 September 2007 at the 6497:British Newspaper Archive 6453:British Newspaper Archive 6407:British Newspaper Archive 6348:. London, transl Haskell. 5977: 5945: 5918: 5752: 5689: 5681: 5653: 5631: 5627: 5591: 5569: 5561: 5533: 5511: 5507: 5469: 5447: 5439: 5411: 5389: 5385: 5349: 5327: 5319: 5291: 5275: 5146: 5141: 5139:3 November] 1895 5111: 4442:Knight of the Golden Lion 4337:Knight of the Black Eagle 4021:Knight of the White Eagle 3932: 3686: 3674: 3665: 3652: 3583: 3523: 3507: 3482: 3472: 3457: 3448: 3441: 3274:, and the family's chef, 3204:, a former member of the 2866:Abdication of Nicholas II 2483:Nicholas II (right) with 2330:, a revision of the 1878 2058:Socialist Revolutionaries 1901:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov 1818:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov 1800:Nicholas II visiting the 1421:Souvenir postcard of the 1408:Franz Joseph I of Austria 646:and his wife, Tsesarevna 554:, the family was held in 462:of confrontation between 408:(1901) and the tsarevich 347: 337: 327: 317: 305: 296: 291: 287: 249: 217: 202: 198: 193:Execution by firing squad 188: 168: 151: 147: 133: 121: 111: 101: 90: 83: 71: 66: 14540:Leaders ousted by a coup 13865:throne and heads of the 13782:Bavarian Soviet Republic 13772:Revolutions of 1917–1923 11959:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes 11854:List of Russian monarchs 11807:Empire abolished in 1917 11639:28 December 2013 at the 11628:Russian History Magazine 11524:, EyeWitness to History. 11455:A. Yarmolinsky, editor, 11118:. London: Pan Books Ltd. 10933:. John Wiley & Sons. 10707:23 November 2021 at the 10658:– via runeberg.org 10285:6 September 2020 at the 10224:30 November 2020 at the 10167:Preussische Ordens-Liste 10015:Alexei Popovkin (2012). 10001:17 December 2018 at the 9962: 9947:24 November 2016 at the 9717:Kallistov, D.P. (1977). 9587:16 December 2015 at the 8840:Service 2018, pp. 250–54 8804:Service 2018, pp. 228–29 8795:Service 2018, pp. 203–04 8786:Service 2018, pp. 179–82 8777:Service 2018, pp. 170–74 8759:Service 2018, pp. 163–65 8750:Service 2018, pp. 160–61 8732:Service 2018, pp. 152–53 8723:Service 2018, pp. 145–48 8676:Service 2018, pp. 128–29 8640:Service 2018, pp. 132–33 8163:The Fate of the Romanovs 8103:10 November 2022 at the 8001:Origins of World War One 7918:, Walker & Company, 6388:"The Health of the Czar" 6324:(1998) 26#3 pp. 211–52. 6250:King Edward the Seventh 6231:, Walker & Company, 5951:pre-revolutionary script 5839: 5259:Ancestors of Nicholas II 4740:Order of Prince Danilo I 4204:Principality of Bulgaria 4171:Order of Noble Bukhara, 3974:Chevalier Guard Regiment 3929:Emperor Nicholas II Land 3922:Emperor Nicholas II Land 2896:first foreign government 2870:Nicholas had suffered a 2725:at Mogilev in April 1916 2649:replaced Sukhomlinov as 2288:Anglo-Russian Convention 1880:was forced to sign the 1647:Russification of Finland 1455:Hague Convention of 1899 1446:from love for mankind." 1423:French maneuvers of 1901 916:Nicholas Alexandrovich, 689:of the imperial family, 685:20 May] 1868 by the 623:6 May] 1868, in the 476:Hague Convention of 1899 452:Anglo-Russian Convention 312:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 14755:Executed Russian people 14685:Russian anti-communists 14251:Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin 13199:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising 11909:Yaroslav II of Vladimir 11501:considered for deletion 11473:(2 vols, Cassell, 1923) 11150:. London: Short Books. 11146:Welch, Frances (2018). 11114:Tames, Richard (1972). 10945:. The Scarecrow Press. 10782:Encyclopædia Britannica 10729:Encyclopædia Britannica 10112:"Schwarzer Adler-orden" 9723:. Progress Publishers.. 9627:19 January 2015 at the 9557:"Romanovs laid to rest" 9312:10.1073/pnas.0811190106 8618:Service 2018, pp. 76–78 8578:Service 2018, pp. 70–71 8527:Service 2018, pp. 54–56 8461:Gareth Russell (2014). 8362:Figes, Orlando (1998). 8273:Encyclopædia Britannica 8222:10.1163/187633104X00043 8142:Little Mother of Russia 7699:Figes, Orlando (1998). 7598:Witte's Memoirs, p. 241 7283:Kansalaiskalenteri 1991 7244:7 February 2017 at the 7093:Willmott, H.P. (2003). 6820:(1936) 51#3 pp. 354–82 6522:Anna of All the Russias 6331:21 October 2020 at the 6216:The Romanovs: 1818–1959 6188:: 76–83. Archived from 5946:Александровичъ Романовъ 5782:Documentaries and films 5769:; the Romanov family's 5552:Christian IX of Denmark 5368:Alexander III of Russia 5238:30 July] 1904 5196:14 June] 1899 5074: 4916:Grand Cross of St. Sava 4646:Military Order of Malta 4526:Knight of the Rue Crown 4375:House Order of Fidelity 3556:Russian Orthodox Church 3519:, Yekaterinburg, Russia 3499:Russian Orthodox Church 3477:Eastern Orthodox Church 3419:Ernst-Jörg von Studnitz 3379:Supreme Court of Russia 3377:On 1 October 2008, the 3215:counter-revolutionaries 3115:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2833:Peter and Paul Fortress 2825:Preobrazhensky Regiment 2823:and even the legendary 2595:was annihilated by the 2197:in 1897, Grand Duchess 2193:in 1895, Grand Duchess 1982:1905 Russian Revolution 1792:1905 Russian Revolution 1659:. These began with the 1591:First Sino-Japanese War 1451:Franco-Russian Alliance 1441:were nominated for the 1321:Franco-Russian Alliance 1255:constitutional monarchy 952:, Nicholas had a large 772:Constantine I of Greece 644:Alexander Alexandrovich 493:1905 Russian Revolution 472:Franco-Russian Alliance 378:King of Congress Poland 322:Alexander III of Russia 274:Grand Duchess Anastasia 14775:Tsesarevichs of Russia 14765:Antisemitism in Russia 14545:Monarchs who abdicated 14505:British field marshals 14376:List of Russian saints 14220:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 13812:Slovak Soviet Republic 13792:Hungarian–Romanian War 13494:Provisional Government 12649:By annexed territories 12108:Emperors of all Russia 11554:7 October 2008 at the 11304:Vladimir M. Khrustalev 10973:Nicholas and Alexandra 10860:Nicholas and Alexandra 10670:The Knights of England 10616:Guía Oficial de España 10486:9 October 2010 at the 9797:Warnes, David (1999). 9011:10.1186/2041-2223-2-20 8712:Nicholas and Alexandra 8687:Nicholas and Alexandra 8629:Nicholas and Alexandra 8598:Nicholas and Alexandra 7962:Merriman, John (2009) 7914:Clay, Catarine (2006) 7611:13.3 (2012): 585–610. 7480:The Last Grand Duchess 7225:Nicholas and Alexandra 6934:40.4 (1981): 396–411. 6653:, Paris: Payot, p. 127 6248:Magnus, Philip (1964) 6227:Clay, Catarine (2006) 6128:Warnes, David (1999). 5795:Nicholas and Alexandra 5310:Alexander II of Russia 5217:5 June] 1901 5175:29 May] 1897 5135:15 November [ 5084: 4987:Knight of the Seraphim 4829:Sash of the Two Orders 4244:Knight of the Elephant 4127:: Grand Cordon of the 4079: 4048:Knight of St. Vladimir 3993: 3990:Carl Gustaf Mannerheim 3977: 3925: 3753:, and Grand Prince of 3636: 3595: 3569: 3407:Prince Michael of Kent 3355: 3343: 3312: 3256: 3109:In February 1918, the 3046: 3038: 2996: 2977:Grand Duchy of Finland 2848:Provisional Government 2755:prohibition of alcohol 2742:bestowed on Rasputin. 2726: 2705:) / 30 December 1916 ( 2689: 2599: 2488: 2346:. In 1913, during the 2328:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2283: 2186: 2147: 2138: 2095: 2080: 2071: 2026: 1977: 1963: 1951: 1865: 1805: 1802:Finland Guard Regiment 1775: 1762: 1700: 1657:Russification measures 1595:Imperial Japanese Navy 1484: 1431:Hague peace conference 1426: 1385:for the canonisation. 1366: 1357:Ecclesiastical affairs 1306: 1284: 1240: 1224: 1180: 1146: 1136:Alexander Mikhailovich 1084: 982:Trans-Siberian Railway 925: 768:Christian X of Denmark 731: 616: 372:was the last reigning 14695:Grand dukes of Russia 14455:Nicholas II of Russia 14185:Alexander Beloborodov 14054:Nicholas II of Russia 13484:Nicholas II of Russia 12812:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 12223:Grand Dukes of Russia 11919:Andrey II of Vladimir 11889:Vsevolod the Big Nest 11787:— TITULAR — 11739:Grand Duke of Finland 11634:Resurrecting the Czar 11575:22 March 2007 at the 11528:Brief Summary of Czar 11469:(British Ambassador) 11258:(2017) 63#3 pp 258–67 11218:online free to borrow 11087:. London: Pan Books. 10977:online free to borrow 10213:4 August 2020 at the 9881:9 August 2018 at the 8822:Rappaport 2009, p. 38 8096:75.3 (2013): 475–98. 7236:John Wargelin, A.M.: 6649:Pierre, Andre (1925) 6376:, Paris: Payot, p. 45 6372:Pierre, Andre (1925) 6346:Dancing in Petersburg 5488:Nicholas II of Russia 5082: 5026:Royal Victorian Chain 4827:: Grand Cross of the 4738:: Grand Cross of the 4487:, with Golden Crown, 4466:, with Crown in Ore, 4106:: Grand Cross of the 4069: 3983: 3971: 3920: 3690:Your Imperial Majesty 3659:Nicholas II of Russia 3632: 3590: 3564: 3349: 3341: 3303: 3250: 3044: 3036: 2995:in the summer of 1917 2990: 2791:Pavlovsky Life Guards 2720: 2679: 2586: 2557:Nicholas Nikolayevich 2482: 2426:Further information: 2267: 2184: 2171:Vladimir Purishkevich 2143: 2133: 2085: 2075: 2062: 2017: 1969: 1957: 1926: 1856: 1799: 1770: 1757: 1694: 1554:Imperial Russian Army 1474: 1420: 1364: 1304: 1276: 1235: 1218: 1178: 1144: 1082: 994:Mathilde Kschessinska 990:Princess Mary of Teck 915: 725: 610: 382:Grand Duke of Finland 264:Grand Duchess Tatiana 18:Nicholas II of Russia 14180:Filipp Goloshchyokin 14060:Alexandra Feodorovna 13802:Polish–Ukrainian War 13204:Polish–Ukrainian War 13194:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12873:Lithuanian press ban 12776:Alexander Lukashenko 12032:Ivan IV the Terrible 11899:Konstantin of Rostov 11879:Andrei I Bogolyubsky 11684:Cadet branch of the 11322:The File on the Czar 11272:Konstantin Pleshakov 10825:"Louise (1817–1898)" 10668:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) 10371:23 July 2018 at the 9901:Geographical Journal 9853:(in Russian). 2017. 9821:Tuchman, Barbara W. 9739:ИМПЕРАТОР НИКОЛАЙ II 9481:. 15 November 2015. 8992:Coble, M.D. (2011). 8931:Telegraph quoted in 8911:. Penguin Group US. 8831:Service 2018, p. 238 8813:Service 2018, p. 201 8768:Service 2018, p. 167 8741:Service 2018, p. 158 8667:Service 2018, p. 157 8658:Service 2018, p. 125 8649:Service 2018, p. 150 8609:Service 2018, p. 145 8144:, Holmes and Meier, 7850:47.3 (1985): 323–37. 7618:29 July 2019 at the 7525:Kenez, Peter (1999) 7319:16 July 2021 at the 7300:16 July 2021 at the 6941:27 July 2019 at the 6863:29 July 2019 at the 6322:Psychohistory Review 6305:Форум молодых ученых 6261:1 March 1881 in the 5284:Nicholas I of Russia 5234:12 August [ 4665:Grand Cordon of the 4502:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 4410:Knight of St. Hubert 4057:Knight of St. George 4003:Knight of St. Andrew 3681:His Imperial Majesty 3320:Elizabeth Feodorovna 2902:Possibility of exile 2810:Litovsky Life Guards 2657:and the loss of the 2589:Battle of Tannenberg 2565:Battle of Tannenberg 2549:Vladimir Sukhomlinov 2521:Imperial German Army 2392:. On 21 February, a 2384:Romanov Tercentenary 2370:and his wife, Queen 2316:Alois von Aehrenthal 1814:Bloody Sunday (1905) 1768:, wrote afterwards: 1713:petition to the tsar 1682:Bloody Sunday (1905) 1676:Bloody Sunday (1905) 1574:Treaty of Portsmouth 1566:Besieged Port Arthur 1542:Dogger Bank incident 1290:as Tsar was held in 1045:improve this article 897:, and his late wife 887:Sergei Alexandrovich 799:Nicholas Nikolaevich 550:seized power in the 450:Nicholas signed the 212:, Russian Federation 30:For other uses, see 13454:Union of October 17 13273:Kronstadt rebellion 13268:Workers' Opposition 13143:February Revolution 13003:Russian Provisional 12984:Grand Duke Nicholas 12024:Tsars of all Russia 11999:Vasily II the Blind 11939:Dmitry of Pereslavl 11904:Yuri II of Vladimir 11894:Yuri II of Vladimir 11884:Mikhail of Vladimir 11815:Nikolai Nikolaevich 11731:Monarchy abolished 11400:Paul Benckendorff, 10921:. Birch Lane Press. 10807:. No 49. July 1995. 10643:Svensk Rikskalender 10441:"Partie Officielle" 9913:1975GeogJ.141...59B 9609:17 May 2013 at the 9437:on 9 November 2015. 9303:2009PNAS..106.5258R 9079:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 8587:Service 2018, p. 80 8564:. 26 October 2018. 8561:The Washington Post 8545:Service 2018, p. 74 8536:Service 2018, p. 35 8518:Service 2018, p. 36 8509:Service 2018, p. 34 8398:Service 2018, p. 49 7573:7 June 2022 at the 7496:Shadow of Democracy 7478:Vorres, Ian (1985) 7388:. Militera.lib.ru. 7281:Kimmo Pietiläinen: 7263:. Haus Publishing. 7000:. 4 December 2018. 6839:30 May 2013 at the 6793:Maartje Abbenhuis. 6746:50.4 (2012): 79–90. 6394:Western Daily Press 6106:Ferro, Marc (1995) 4825:Kingdom of Portugal 4431:Grand Cross of the 3986:Dormition Cathedral 3352:Church on the Blood 3328:Sergei Mikhailovich 2876:February Revolution 2628:Hans Niels Andersen 2618:In July 1915, King 2593:Russian Second Army 2013:political prisoners 1946:in Royal robes and 1711:to hand a workers' 1294:located within the 889:, married Princess 695:Frederik of Denmark 536:February Revolution 499:annihilated at the 485:anti-Jewish pogroms 269:Grand Duchess Maria 189:Cause of death 78:Nicholas II in 1912 14770:Dethroned monarchs 14690:Emperors of Russia 14300:October Revolution 14296:Russian Revolution 14200:Nikolay Tolmachyov 13722:Stepan Petrichenko 13646:Alexander Kerensky 13158:October Revolution 13118:Russian Revolution 13028:Alexander Kerensky 12954:Supreme Commanders 12676:February Manifesto 12666:Bessarabia/Moldova 12004:Ivan III the Great 11944:Andrey of Gorodets 11934:Vasily of Kostroma 11770:Titles in pretence 11750:Title next held by 11687:House of Oldenburg 11408:Sophie Buxhoeveden 11341:Verner, Andrew M. 11194:Baden, Michael M. 10967:. London: Pimlico. 10909:. The Bodley Head. 10858:Massie, Robert K. 10797:Zeepvat, Charlotte 9824:The Guns of August 9695:on 6 February 2007 9385:on 14 January 2009 9228:. 24 August 2007. 9161:10.1038/ng0497-363 8955:Service pp. 263–64 8946:Service pp. 256–57 8447:Massie, Robert K. 8410:Massie, Robert K. 8115:Massie, Robert K. 8033:on 18 October 2009 7796:53.4 (2012): 4–14. 7507:H. Williams, p. 77 7223:Massie, Robert K. 6932:The Russian Review 6729:King, Greg (2007) 6582:. 20 November 1894 6440:St James's Gazette 6397:. 15 February 1894 6344:Kshessinska 1960. 6267:Gregorian calendar 5864:Gregorian Calendar 5213:18 June [ 5192:26 June [ 5171:10 June [ 5085: 4875:Kingdom of Romania 4426:Hesse and by Rhine 4166:Emirate of Bukhara 4080: 3994: 3978: 3926: 3895:Schleswig-Holstein 3743:Tauric Chersonesus 3620:The Guns of August 3356: 3344: 3270:, his wife's maid 3257: 3080:Governor's Mansion 3064:Alexander Kerensky 3056:Kerensky Offensive 3047: 3039: 2997: 2925:David Lloyd George 2872:coronary occlusion 2727: 2690: 2600: 2597:German Eighth Army 2505:Maurice Paléologue 2489: 2312:Alexander Izvolsky 2284: 2187: 2148: 2096: 2030:Vladimir Frederiks 2009:universal suffrage 1978: 1964: 1952: 1852:Russo-Japanese War 1806: 1727:marched peacefully 1701: 1672:on 10 March 1915. 1661:February Manifesto 1550:Battle of Tsushima 1485: 1481:Battle of Tsushima 1467:Russo-Japanese War 1461:Russo-Japanese War 1427: 1367: 1307: 1292:Uspensky Cathedral 1241: 1225: 1181: 1147: 1085: 926: 766:, as well as King 740:George I of Greece 732: 660:Maria Alexandrovna 617: 560:they were executed 552:October Revolution 540:abdicating himself 501:Battle of Tsushima 437:Russo-Japanese War 410:Alexei Nikolaevich 279:Tsesarevich Alexei 259:Grand Duchess Olga 127:Monarchy abolished 94:1 November 1894 – 14525:Executed monarchs 14437: 14436: 14411:Romanov impostors 14306:Russian Civil War 14274: 14273: 14175:Felix Dzerzhinsky 14146: 14145: 13996: 13995: 13825: 13824: 13807:Polish–Soviet War 13760: 13759: 13694:Alexander Antonov 13689:Maria Spiridonova 13618:Felix Dzerzhinsky 13535:Alexander Kolchak 13512:Alexander Guchkov 13301: 13300: 13228:Polish–Soviet War 13211:Finnish Civil War 13184:Russian Civil War 13084: 13083: 13016:Mikhail Alekseyev 12920: 12919: 12797:Kastus Kalinouski 12766:Nikita Khrushchev 12607: 12606: 12233:Peter I of Russia 12189: 12188: 11989:Dmitry of the Don 11964:Alexander of Tver 11874:Yuri I Dolgorukiy 11821: 11820: 11812:Succeeded by 11794:Emperor of Russia 11789: 11764: 11754:Frederick Charles 11723:Emperor of Russia 11643:– November 2010 ( 11352:9.1 (2016): 9–38. 11300:Mark D. Steinberg 11268:John Curtis Perry 11157:978-1-78072-306-8 11116:Last of the Tsars 11070:978-1-250-15121-6 11015:978-0-385-42371-7 10996:978-0-394-58048-7 10983:Massie, Robert K. 10952:978-0-8108-4927-3 10884:Ferrand, Jacques 10578:(29 March 1891). 10507:(in Portuguese). 10480:orderofdanilo.org 10448:Journal de Monaco 10390:Almanach de Gotha 10097:978-2-35077-135-9 9297:(13): 5258–5263. 9050:on 7 August 2011. 8714:(1967) pp. 502–05 8689:(1967) pp. 493–94 8631:(1967) pp. 488–92 8426:, pp. 62–63. 8373:978-0-14-024364-2 8350:978-0-679-64561-0 8119:(1967) pp. 309–10 7710:978-0-14-024364-2 7673:978-0-312-36041-2 7214:Figes, pp. 197–98 7150:978-0-8129-8066-0 7034:978-0-8129-8066-0 6967:978-0-7181-9295-2 6767:Robert D. Warth, 6487:. 5 November 1894 6192:on 15 April 2019. 5987: 5928: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5242: 5241: 5057:Royal Scots Greys 5024:Recipient of the 4910:Kingdom of Serbia 4792:Order of Osmanieh 4684:16 September 1882 4565:Kingdom of Greece 4257:11 September 1891 4052:11 September 1890 3957:" in 1926 by the 3949:on behalf of the 3703:1906 Constitution 3697:Titles and styles 3694: 3693: 3533: 3532: 3473:Venerated in 3364:Alexander Avdonin 3350:Yekaterinburg's " 3090:, the husband of 3018:Eugene Kobylinsky 2953:Foreign Secretary 2892:Tsarist autocracy 2860:Abdication (1917) 2795:Mikhail Rodzianko 2787:Volinsky Regiment 2659:Kingdom of Poland 2485:Kaiser Wilhelm II 2472:of Germany (the " 2412:Ipatiev Monastery 2241:and holy men (or 2223:the royal disease 2108:Alexander Guchkov 1994:1906 constitution 1882:October Manifesto 1766:Olga Alexandrovna 1732:God Save The Tsar 1720:Sviatopolk-Mirsky 1692: 1629:Viacheslav Plehve 1443:Nobel Peace Prize 1439:Friedrich Martens 1379:Seraphim of Sarov 1365:Imperial monogram 1193:Princess of Wales 1160:Imperial Highness 1157:and the style of 1077: 1076: 1069: 944:, Singapore, and 855:Marlborough House 746:(consort of King 668:Louise of Denmark 587:Soviet historians 374:Emperor of Russia 359: 358: 332:Dagmar of Denmark 301: 300: 181:, Yekaterinburg, 85:Emperor of Russia 16:(Redirected from 14812: 14785:Sons of emperors 14427: 14426: 14215:Gavril Myasnikov 14210:Fyodor Lukoyanov 14155: 14154: 14041: 14040: 14023: 14016: 14009: 14000: 13999: 13919: 13867:House of Romanov 13863:Russian imperial 13852: 13845: 13838: 13829: 13828: 13717:Maria Nikiforova 13613:Nikolai Bukharin 13583:Grigory Zinoviev 13550:Nikolai Yudenich 13472: 13471: 13333:Petrograd Soviet 13263:Tambov Rebellion 13258:Left SR uprising 13133: 13132: 13111: 13104: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13054:Nikolai Krylenko 13046: 13044: 13043: 13032:Nikolay Dukhonin 13020:Aleksei Brusilov 13001: 13000: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12947: 12940: 12933: 12924: 12923: 12912: 12911: 12756:Nikolay Bobrikov 12634: 12627: 12620: 12611: 12610: 12600: 12593: 12586: 12216: 12209: 12202: 12193: 12192: 12099: 11984:Dmitry of Suzdal 11979:Ivan II the Fair 11974:Simeon the Proud 11929:Yaroslav of Tver 11924:Alexander Nevsky 11847: 11840: 11833: 11824: 11823: 11809: 11803: 11785: 11781:Empire abolished 11758: 11713:Preceded by 11703: 11696: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11597: 11584: 11568: 11504: 11442: 11282:Edvard Radzinsky 11179:Antonov, Boris. 11161: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11133:on 5 August 2020 11119: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11074: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11024:Rappaport, Helen 11019: 11000: 10989:. Random House. 10971:Massie, Robert, 10968: 10956: 10934: 10922: 10919:The Last Empress 10910: 10889: 10882: 10876: 10871:Clarke, William 10869: 10863: 10856: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10817: 10808: 10794: 10785: 10774: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10745: 10732: 10721: 10712: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10591: 10584: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10496: 10490: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10456: 10445: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10420: 10413: 10402: 10396: 10388:Justus Perthes, 10386: 10380: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10330: 10324: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10297: 10291: 10276: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10248: 10242: 10234: 10228: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10159: 10150: 10149: 10143: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10062: 10055: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10012: 10006: 9993: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9958: 9952: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9896: 9890: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9750: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9714: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9691:. Archived from 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9660:. Archived from 9653: 9647: 9641: 9632: 9619: 9613: 9598: 9592: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9531:The Moscow Times 9523: 9517: 9516: 9515:on 28 June 2018. 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9415:on 6 March 2014. 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9381:. 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Archived from 8025:Josef und Ulli. 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7981: 7975: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7797: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7769: 7763: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7628: 7622: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7565: 7559: 7546:Lyons, M (1974) 7544: 7538: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7508: 7505: 7499: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7354: 7348: 7339: 7333: 7324: 7311: 7305: 7292: 7286: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7256: 7250: 7234: 7228: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7206: 7205:. Moscow. p. 329 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7167:. Archived from 7161: 7155: 7154: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7048: 7039: 7038: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6951: 6945: 6928: 6919: 6912: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6879:. Archived from 6873: 6867: 6850: 6844: 6830: 6824: 6814: 6808: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6682: 6676: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6589: 6587: 6577: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6547: 6541: 6516: 6510: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6482: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6436: 6434:"The Czarewitch" 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6370: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6342: 6336: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6259: 6253: 6246: 6240: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6093: 6092: 6056: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6021: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5851: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5255: 5226: 5205: 5184: 5163: 5127: 5092: 5053:Colonel-in-Chief 5030:6 September 1904 5011: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4941:: Knight of the 4937: 4936: 4935: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4891:Order of Carol I 4873: 4871: 4870: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4644: 4643: 4624: 4614:4 September 1916 4586:Kingdom of Italy 4584: 4582: 4581: 4563: 4562: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4520: 4519: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4446:26 November 1894 4424: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4311: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4287:Ethiopian Empire 4285: 4283: 4282: 4272:26 November 1894 4236: 4234: 4233: 4223:23 February 1910 4202: 4200: 4199: 4173:14 November 1885 4164: 4163: 4162: 4146:Empire of Brazil 4144: 4142: 4141: 4129:Order of Leopold 4123: 4121: 4120: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4094: 3955:Severnaya Zemlya 3940: 3934: 3670: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3628:Robert K. Massie 3607:Khodynka Tragedy 3603:state propaganda 3513: 3453: 3439: 3438: 3010:Alexander Palace 2960:Petrograd Soviet 2933:Lord Stamfordham 2840:Nikolai Golitsyn 2822: 2699:Dmitri Pavlovich 2667:Michael Alexeiev 2647:Alexei Polivanov 2636:Maria Feodorovna 2569:Austro-Hungarian 2497:Hague Conference 2438:Austro-Hungarian 2432:On 28 June 1914 2332:Treaty of Berlin 2296:Entente Cordiale 2260:European affairs 2145:Grigori Rasputin 2112:Fundamental Laws 2054:Social Democrats 1909:Grigori Rasputin 1750:Ramsay MacDonald 1738: 1693: 1512:Henry of Prussia 1505:Bezobrazov group 1400:foreign ministry 1316:Khodynka Tragedy 1251:House of Commons 1072: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1029: 1021: 930:George of Greece 825:(1878–1918) and 780:Paul I of Russia 679:Catherine Palace 648:Maria Feodorovna 633:Saint Petersburg 625:Alexander Palace 591:state propaganda 481:Khodynka Tragedy 355: 342:Russian Orthodox 289: 288: 243: 241: 237: 175: 162:Alexander Palace 136: 97: 76: 64: 63: 21: 14820: 14819: 14815: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14809: 14700:Royal reburials 14440: 14439: 14438: 14433: 14415: 14406:Provender House 14354: 14270: 14241:Grigory Nikulin 14224: 14190:Boris Didkovsky 14142: 14120: 14116:Ivan Kharitonov 14089: 14032: 14027: 13997: 13992: 13974: 13961: 13920: 13911: 13873: 13856: 13826: 13821: 13756: 13752:Peter Kropotkin 13698: 13660: 13627: 13603:Semyon Budyonny 13559: 13516: 13488: 13463: 13401: 13390:Tsentralna Rada 13297: 13172: 13153:Kornilov affair 13124: 13115: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13074: 13064: 13056: 13041: 13039: 13034: 13004: 12995: 12990: 12971: 12969: 12964: 12951: 12921: 12916: 12902: 12898:Valuev Circular 12846: 12837:Atner Khuzangai 12785: 12771:Leonid Brezhnev 12714: 12644: 12638: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12591: 12576: 12568: 12555:10th generation 12550: 12532: 12509: 12451: 12350: 12319: 12288: 12272: 12251: 12235: 12225: 12220: 12190: 12185: 12102: 12097: 12018: 11949:Mikhail of Tver 11856: 11851: 11817: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11790: 11782: 11779: 11757: 11751: 11742: 11726: 11718: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11682: 11675: 11641:Wayback Machine 11595: 11582: 11577:Wayback Machine 11566: 11556:Wayback Machine 11544:Romanov sisters 11538:Frozentears.org 11489: 11481: 11476: 11467:George Buchanan 11418:Pierre Gilliard 11360: 11358:Primary sources 11355: 11314:Anthony Summers 11232:Lyons, Marvin. 11175: 11169: 11167:Further reading 11164: 11158: 11136: 11134: 11104: 11102: 11095: 11079:Service, Robert 11071: 11049: 11047: 11040: 11016: 10997: 10961:Lieven, Dominic 10953: 10897: 10892: 10883: 10879: 10870: 10866: 10857: 10850: 10840: 10838: 10823:(15 May 2003). 10818: 10811: 10803:. Published in 10795: 10788: 10775: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10755:on 3 April 2005 10747: 10746: 10735: 10722: 10715: 10709:Wayback Machine 10699: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10667: 10663: 10653: 10651: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10625: 10623: 10610: 10609: 10605: 10595: 10593: 10592:on 4 March 2016 10589: 10582: 10573: 10569: 10558: 10554: 10544: 10542: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10497: 10493: 10488:Wayback Machine 10474: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10387: 10383: 10373:Wayback Machine 10364: 10360: 10350: 10348: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10313: 10298: 10294: 10287:Wayback Machine 10277: 10273: 10263: 10261: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10235: 10231: 10226:Wayback Machine 10215:Wayback Machine 10202: 10198: 10188: 10186: 10161: 10160: 10153: 10137: 10136: 10129: 10127: 10110: 10109: 10105: 10098: 10084: 10080: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10040: 10036: 10026: 10024: 10013: 10009: 10003:Wayback Machine 9994: 9987: 9977: 9975: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9949:Wayback Machine 9940: 9936: 9921:10.2307/1796946 9897: 9893: 9883:Wayback Machine 9874: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9795: 9791: 9781: 9779: 9766: 9765: 9761: 9748: 9746: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9715: 9708: 9698: 9696: 9681: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9664:on 21 July 2011 9654: 9650: 9642: 9635: 9629:Wayback Machine 9620: 9616: 9611:Wayback Machine 9599: 9595: 9589:Wayback Machine 9580: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9540: 9538: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9488: 9486: 9473: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9388: 9386: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9358: 9356: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9266: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9205: 9203: 9188: 9184: 9149:Nature Genetics 9144: 9140: 9130: 9128: 9119: 9118: 9114: 9059: 9055: 9042: 9041: 9037: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8934:The Kitchen Boy 8930: 8926: 8919: 8903: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8870: 8866: 8851: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8718: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8595: 8591: 8586: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8459: 8455: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8409: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8360: 8356: 8327: 8323: 8315: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8282: 8280: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8216:(1/2): 105–20. 8210:Russian History 8205: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8176: 8160: 8156: 8140:Hall, C (2006) 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8114: 8110: 8105:Wayback Machine 8091: 8087: 8079: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8034: 8023: 8019: 8011: 8007: 7998: 7994: 7982: 7978: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7913: 7909: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7787: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7730: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7697: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7674: 7658: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7634:. Rus-sky.com. 7630: 7629: 7625: 7620:Wayback Machine 7606: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7575:Wayback Machine 7566: 7562: 7545: 7541: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7492:Harold Williams 7490: 7486: 7477: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7440: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7409: 7405: 7395: 7393: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7366: 7357: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7327: 7321:Wayback Machine 7312: 7308: 7302:Wayback Machine 7293: 7289: 7280: 7276: 7257: 7253: 7246:Wayback Machine 7235: 7231: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7091: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7065: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7021: 7017: 7007: 7005: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6968: 6952: 6948: 6943:Wayback Machine 6929: 6922: 6913: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6865:Wayback Machine 6851: 6847: 6841:Wayback Machine 6831: 6827: 6815: 6811: 6806:Wayback Machine 6792: 6788: 6779: 6775: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6741: 6737: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6670: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6585: 6583: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6548: 6544: 6530:Wayback Machine 6517: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6490: 6488: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6446: 6444: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6400: 6398: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6333:Wayback Machine 6319: 6312: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6263:Julian calendar 6260: 6256: 6247: 6243: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6181:Вопросы истории 6172:Pchelov, Evgeny 6169: 6165: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6126: 6122: 6105: 6096: 6057: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6009: 5994: 5974: 5970: 5961: 5957: 5935: 5912: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880:20 October 1894 5876: 5872: 5857:Julian Calendar 5842: 5837: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5790: 5784: 5771:personal wealth 5755: 5750: 5253: 5247: 5090: 5077: 5045: 5039:20 October 1916 5002: 5000: 4993:; with Collar, 4976: 4974: 4954: 4952: 4933: 4931: 4903: 4901: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4845: 4818: 4816: 4802: 4800: 4781: 4779: 4746: 4744: 4729: 4727: 4713: 4711: 4692: 4690: 4660:Empire of Japan 4653: 4651: 4638: 4579: 4577: 4557: 4536: 4534: 4514: 4495: 4493: 4474: 4472: 4468:21 January 1879 4454: 4452: 4444:, with Collar, 4418: 4398: 4396: 4361: 4359: 4345:25 January 1893 4343:; with Collar, 4324: 4322: 4302: 4300: 4280: 4278: 4231: 4229: 4197: 4195: 4183:3 December 1893 4175:; in Diamonds, 4160: 4158: 4139: 4137: 4118: 4116: 4104:Austria-Hungary 4096: 4089: 4061:7 November 1915 3947:Boris Vilkitsky 3915: 3823:Nizhni Novgorod 3711:All the Russias 3699: 3676:Reference style 3658: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3615:Barbara Tuchman 3586: 3560:passion bearers 3517:Church on Blood 3508: 3503: 3444: 3437: 3429:Main articles: 3427: 3392: 3336: 3295:Grigory Nikulin 3278:, and footman, 3276:Ivan Kharitonov 3245: 3239: 3171: 3154:Vasily Yakovlev 3072:Western Siberia 3052: 3030:to his family. 3002: 2985: 2921:George Buchanan 2904: 2868: 2862: 2857: 2829:Peter the Great 2812: 2732:George Buchanan 2730:Ambassador Sir 2715: 2697:and Grand Duke 2671:field hospitals 2651:Minister of War 2553:Minister of War 2466:Triple Alliance 2430: 2424: 2422:First World War 2408:Michael Romanov 2400:Kazan Cathedral 2386: 2380: 2360:Victoria Louise 2324:Bosporus Strait 2262: 2179: 2163:First World War 1988:, known as the 1975: 1971: 1938:Romanov Dynasty 1921: 1913:Peterhof Palace 1897:Harold Williams 1895:. According to 1841:Black Sea Fleet 1794: 1788: 1786:1905 Revolution 1736: 1686: 1684: 1678: 1649: 1633:Kishinev pogrom 1617: 1611: 1582: 1489:Empire of Japan 1469: 1463: 1391: 1359: 1339:Balmoral Castle 1328:Austria-Hungary 1247: 1230: 1169: 1128:Duchess of York 1105:Prince of Wales 1073: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1042: 1030: 1019: 1013: 932:, set out on a 880:Anichkov Palace 876:Gatchina Palace 863: 807: 786:, and his wife 605: 600: 583:passion bearers 445:Romanov dynasty 433:autocratic rule 283: 245: 233: 229: 226: 213: 207: 177: 173: 160: 159:6 May] 1868 135:Prime Ministers 134: 95: 79: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14818: 14808: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14431: 14420: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14362: 14360: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14303: 14293: 14291:Russian Empire 14288: 14282: 14280: 14276: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14268: 14266:Alexey Kabanov 14263: 14261:Stepan Vaganov 14258: 14256:Pavel Medvedev 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14236:Yakov Yurovsky 14232: 14230: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14195:Georgy Safarov 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14170:Yakov Sverdlov 14167: 14165:Vladimir Lenin 14161: 14159: 14152: 14148: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14140: 14135: 14132: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14056: 14049: 14047: 14038: 14034: 14033: 14026: 14025: 14018: 14011: 14003: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13985: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13969: 13967: 13966:Leiningen line 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13956: 13950: 13944: 13938: 13931: 13929: 13922: 13921: 13914: 13912: 13910: 13909: 13903: 13897: 13891: 13884: 13882: 13879:Vladimirovichi 13875: 13874: 13855: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13832: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13768: 13766: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13732:Semen Karetnyk 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13708: 13706: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13670: 13668: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13658: 13656:Boris Sokoloff 13653: 13651:Boris Savinkov 13648: 13643: 13641:Viktor Chernov 13637: 13635: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13608:Yakov Sverdlov 13605: 13600: 13595: 13593:Mikhail Frunze 13590: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13573:Vladimir Lenin 13569: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13526: 13524: 13522:White movement 13518: 13517: 13515: 13514: 13509: 13507:Pavel Milyukov 13504: 13498: 13496: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13486: 13480: 13478: 13469: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13422: 13417: 13411: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13399: 13398: 13397: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13323:White movement 13320: 13315: 13309: 13307: 13303: 13302: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13288: 13286:Central Powers 13283: 13277:Interventions 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13219: 13218: 13208: 13207: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13186: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13139: 13137: 13130: 13126: 13125: 13114: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13091: 13082: 13081: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13050: 13036: 13035: 13013: 13011: 12992: 12991: 12982: 12980: 12978:Russian Empire 12966: 12965: 12950: 12949: 12942: 12935: 12927: 12918: 12917: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12832:Zianon Pazniak 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12793: 12791: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12783: 12781:Vladimir Putin 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12722: 12720: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12710: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12652: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12637: 12636: 12629: 12622: 12614: 12605: 12604: 12602: 12601: 12595: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12573: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12558: 12556: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12540: 12538: 12537:9th generation 12534: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12523: 12517: 12515: 12514:8th generation 12511: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12459: 12457: 12456:7th generation 12453: 12452: 12450: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12358: 12356: 12355:6th generation 12352: 12351: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12324:5th generation 12321: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12296: 12294: 12293:4th generation 12290: 12289: 12287: 12286: 12280: 12278: 12277:3rd generation 12274: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12259: 12257: 12256:2nd generation 12253: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12243: 12241: 12240:1st generation 12237: 12236: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12219: 12218: 12211: 12204: 12196: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12112: 12110: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12100: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12066: 12061: 12058:False Dmitry I 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12028: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11954:Yuri of Moscow 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11870: 11868: 11858: 11857: 11850: 11849: 11842: 11835: 11827: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11810: 11783: 11780: 11773: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11761:as king-elect 11749: 11744: 11734: 11733: 11728: 11719: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11708:Regnal titles 11705: 11704: 11683: 11676: 11673: 11668: 11667: 11653: 11648: 11631: 11625: 11619: 11610:(incomplete), 11593: 11580: 11564: 11558: 11546: 11541: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11487: 11480: 11479:External links 11477: 11475: 11474: 11463: 11453: 11443: 11424: 11421: 11415: 11405: 11404:. London: 1927 11398: 11392: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11368: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11325: 11311: 11297: 11279: 11265: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11230: 11223:Dominic Lieven 11220: 11210: 11203: 11192: 11176: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11156: 11143: 11120: 11111: 11094:978-1447293101 11093: 11075: 11069: 11056: 11039:978-0099520092 11038: 11020: 11014: 11001: 10995: 10979: 10969: 10957: 10951: 10935: 10923: 10911: 10903:Figes, Orlando 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10877: 10864: 10848: 10809: 10805:Royalty Digest 10786: 10766: 10749:"Christian IX" 10733: 10713: 10693: 10681: 10661: 10633: 10603: 10567: 10552: 10526: 10491: 10468: 10432: 10397: 10381: 10375:(in Italian), 10358: 10325: 10311: 10292: 10271: 10243: 10229: 10196: 10151: 10103: 10096: 10078: 10073:da:DIS Danmark 10034: 10019:(in Russian). 10007: 9985: 9953: 9934: 9891: 9868: 9842: 9830: 9814: 9807: 9789: 9774:(in Russian). 9759: 9726: 9706: 9675: 9648: 9633: 9614: 9593: 9574: 9548: 9518: 9496: 9466: 9440: 9418: 9396: 9366: 9336: 9276: 9243: 9213: 9182: 9138: 9112: 9053: 9035: 8998:Investig Genet 8984: 8978:978-0679645634 8977: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8924: 8918:978-1101200360 8917: 8897: 8885: 8873: 8864: 8842: 8833: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8770: 8761: 8752: 8743: 8734: 8725: 8716: 8703: 8691: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8651: 8642: 8633: 8620: 8611: 8602: 8589: 8580: 8571: 8547: 8538: 8529: 8520: 8511: 8502: 8493: 8487:Rose, Kenneth 8480: 8473: 8453: 8440: 8438:, p. 246. 8428: 8424:Rappaport 2018 8416: 8400: 8391: 8379: 8372: 8354: 8321: 8302: 8290: 8260: 8193: 8174: 8154: 8133: 8121: 8108: 8085: 8070: 8044: 8017: 8005: 7992: 7976: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7907: 7886:10.1086/385621 7864: 7852: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7798: 7785: 7770: 7755: 7743: 7728: 7716: 7709: 7691: 7672: 7649: 7623: 7600: 7591: 7579: 7560: 7539: 7518: 7509: 7500: 7484: 7468: 7434: 7403: 7373: 7355: 7340: 7325: 7306: 7287: 7274: 7251: 7229: 7216: 7207: 7194: 7182: 7171:on 15 May 2008 7156: 7149: 7131: 7122: 7110: 7103: 7082: 7064:978-0253220424 7063: 7040: 7033: 7015: 6985: 6966: 6946: 6920: 6894: 6883:on 12 May 2021 6868: 6845: 6825: 6809: 6786: 6773: 6760: 6748: 6735: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6683: 6668: 6655: 6642: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6597: 6565: 6542: 6538:978-1400033782 6511: 6502: 6470: 6458: 6443:. 30 July 1894 6424: 6412: 6378: 6362: 6350: 6337: 6310: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6254: 6241: 6220: 6207: 6195: 6184:(in Russian). 6163: 6145: 6138: 6120: 6094: 6073:10.2307/129919 6067:(4): 396–411. 6061:Russian Review 6046: 6031:(in Russian). 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002:; also called 5968: 5955: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5803: 5800: 5783: 5780: 5767:crown property 5754: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5219: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5089: 5086: 5076: 5073: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5032: 5022: 5009:United Kingdom 4997: 4972: 4949: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4918: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4889:Collar of the 4887: 4864: 4843: 4814: 4808:Persian Empire 4798: 4788:Ottoman Empire 4777: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4742: 4725: 4709: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4677: 4649: 4636: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4575: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4532: 4512: 4491: 4470: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4439: 4416: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4383:Knight of the 4381: 4373:Knight of the 4357: 4355:31 August 1890 4347: 4320: 4297: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4265: 4259: 4250: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4216: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4156: 4154:1 October 1884 4135: 4114: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 3999: 3998: 3914: 3911: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3647: 3644: 3638:Following the 3585: 3582: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3463:Passion-Bearer 3455: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3426: 3423: 3391: 3388: 3335: 3334:Identification 3332: 3261:Yakov Yurovsky 3253:Livadia Palace 3241:Main article: 3238: 3235: 3230:Yakov Sverdlov 3202:Yakov Yurovsky 3170: 3167: 3092:Maria Rasputin 3088:Boris Soloviev 3051: 3048: 3001: 3000:Tsarskoye Selo 2998: 2993:Tsarskoye Selo 2984: 2981: 2951:, advised the 2903: 2900: 2882:) / 15 March ( 2864:Main article: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2775:Imperial Guard 2714: 2711: 2640:Central Powers 2529:Ottoman Empire 2510:Sergey Sazonov 2501:Hague tribunal 2462:Triple Entente 2436:, heir to the 2423: 2420: 2398:took place at 2382:Main article: 2379: 2376: 2336:Bosnian Crisis 2300:Triple Entente 2292:The Great Game 2274:, during King 2261: 2258: 2250:Last Sacrament 2185:Alexei in 1913 2178: 2175: 2100:Pyotr Stolypin 2005:Tauride Palace 1948:Monomakh's Cap 1920: 1917: 1893:Prime Minister 1869:general strike 1839:, part of the 1827:Ivan Goremykin 1790:Main article: 1787: 1784: 1680:Main article: 1677: 1674: 1648: 1645: 1637:Pyotr Stolypin 1613:Main article: 1610: 1607: 1581: 1578: 1558:St. Petersburg 1552:. On land the 1465:Main article: 1462: 1459: 1412:Constantinople 1404: 1403: 1390: 1387: 1358: 1355: 1311:Khodynka Field 1243:Main article: 1238:Valentin Serov 1229: 1226: 1185:Olga of Greece 1168: 1165: 1151:Livadia Palace 1075: 1074: 1033: 1031: 1024: 1012: 1009: 903:Queen Victoria 893:, daughter of 862: 859: 839:United Kingdom 806: 803: 764:Maud of Norway 715:, Tsesarevich 699:Elena Pavlovna 691:protopresbyter 629:Tsarskoye Selo 604: 601: 599: 596: 528:general strike 468:British Empire 421:Pyotr Stolypin 386:his abdication 357: 356: 349: 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 319: 315: 314: 309: 303: 302: 299: 298: 294: 293: 285: 284: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 255: 253: 247: 246: 231: 227: 222: 221: 219: 215: 214: 208: 204: 200: 199: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 176:(aged 50) 170: 166: 165: 153: 149: 148: 145: 144: 137: 131: 130: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 92: 88: 87: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14817: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14450:Russification 14448: 14447: 14445: 14430: 14422: 14421: 14418: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14345:Ipatiev House 14343: 14341: 14340:Yekaterinburg 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14301: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14277: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14246:Peter Ermakov 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14227: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14156: 14153: 14149: 14139: 14136: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14123: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14106:Anna Demidova 14104: 14102: 14101:Eugene Botkin 14099: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14057: 14055: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14024: 14019: 14017: 14012: 14010: 14005: 14004: 14001: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13980: 13977: 13972: 13968: 13964: 13957: 13954: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13942: 13939: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13923: 13918: 13908: 13904: 13901: 13898: 13895: 13892: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13864: 13860: 13853: 13848: 13846: 13841: 13839: 13834: 13833: 13830: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13765:International 13763: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13742:Viktor Bilash 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13712:Nestor Makhno 13710: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13701: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13684:Mark Natanson 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13674:Yakov Blumkin 13672: 13671: 13669: 13667: 13663: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13598:Joseph Stalin 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13562: 13556: 13555:Lavr Kornilov 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13545:Pyotr Krasnov 13543: 13541: 13540:Anton Denikin 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13530:Pyotr Wrangel 13528: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13491: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13473: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13443: 13440: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13308: 13304: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13209: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13169: 13168:Junker mutiny 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13112: 13107: 13105: 13100: 13098: 13093: 13092: 13089: 13078: 13072: 13068: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13049: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13024:Lavr Kornilov 13021: 13017: 13012: 13010: 13006: 12999: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12979: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12948: 12943: 12941: 12936: 12934: 12929: 12928: 12925: 12915: 12905: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12849: 12843: 12842:Romas Kalanta 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12817:Oleksa Hirnyk 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12788: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12761:Joseph Stalin 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12746:Alexander III 12744: 12742: 12741:Pyotr Valuyev 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12717: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12642: 12641:Russification 12635: 12630: 12628: 12623: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12612: 12597: 12596: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12580: 12579:Alexander III 12575: 12574: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12528: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12454: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12367:Alexander III 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12353: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12291: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12275: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12228: 12224: 12217: 12212: 12210: 12205: 12203: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12176:Alexander III 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12109: 12105: 12096: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12071: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12059: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11836: 11834: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11816: 11808: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11788: 11778: 11777:Loss of title 11774: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11762: 11756: 11755: 11748: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11732: 11729: 11725: 11724: 11717: 11716:Alexander III 11711: 11706: 11701: 11694: 11689: 11688: 11681: 11680: 11671: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11600: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11498: 11497: 11493: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11446:Anna Vyrubova 11444: 11440: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11295: 11294:0-385-42371-3 11291: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11262:Bernard Pares 11260: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11242:0-7100-7802-1 11239: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212:Ferro, Marc. 11211: 11208: 11207:History Today 11204: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189:5-93893-109-6 11186: 11182: 11181:Russian Czars 11178: 11177: 11174: 11159: 11153: 11149: 11144: 11132: 11128: 11127: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11066: 11062: 11057: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11007: 11006:The Last Tsar 11002: 10998: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10939:Kowner, Rotem 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10887: 10881: 10874: 10868: 10861: 10855: 10853: 10836: 10833:(in Danish). 10832: 10831: 10826: 10822: 10821:Vammen, Tinne 10816: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10791: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10771: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10718: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10649: 10645: 10644: 10637: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10588: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10563: 10556: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10472: 10453: 10449: 10442: 10436: 10417: 10410: 10409: 10405:刑部芳則 (2017). 10401: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10362: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10329: 10322: 10321: 10315: 10307: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10275: 10259: 10255: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10169:(in German), 10168: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10147: 10141: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10099: 10093: 10089: 10082: 10074: 10059: 10051: 10047: 10046: 10038: 10022: 10018: 10011: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9992: 9990: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9957: 9950: 9946: 9943: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9872: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9839: 9838:Massie (1967) 9834: 9827: 9825: 9818: 9810: 9808:0-500-05093-7 9804: 9800: 9793: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9756: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9722: 9721: 9713: 9711: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9663: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9644:Massie (1995) 9640: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9618: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9484: 9480: 9479:Ibtimes.co.uk 9476: 9470: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9400: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9280: 9265:on 2 May 2008 9264: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9155:(4): 363–68. 9154: 9150: 9142: 9126: 9123:. Isogg.org. 9122: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8980: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8961: 8952: 8943: 8936: 8935: 8928: 8920: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8901: 8894: 8893:Massie (1995) 8889: 8882: 8881:Massie (1995) 8877: 8868: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8847: 8837: 8828: 8819: 8810: 8801: 8792: 8783: 8774: 8765: 8756: 8747: 8738: 8729: 8720: 8713: 8707: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8682: 8673: 8664: 8655: 8646: 8637: 8630: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8600:(1967) p. 487 8599: 8593: 8584: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8542: 8533: 8524: 8515: 8506: 8497: 8491:(1983) p. 210 8490: 8489:King George V 8484: 8476: 8474:9781445634395 8470: 8466: 8465: 8457: 8451:(1967) p. 462 8450: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8414:(1967) p. 461 8413: 8407: 8405: 8395: 8388: 8383: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8318: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8299: 8294: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8130: 8125: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7990:(2001), p. 85 7989: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7957: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7880:(1): 126–47. 7879: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7860:Massie (1967) 7856: 7849: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7823:Massie (1967) 7819: 7812: 7811:Massie (1967) 7807: 7805: 7803: 7795: 7789: 7782: 7781:Massie (1967) 7777: 7775: 7767: 7766:Massie (1967) 7762: 7760: 7752: 7751:Massie (1967) 7747: 7740: 7739:Massie (1967) 7735: 7733: 7725: 7724:Massie (1967) 7720: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7656: 7654: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7604: 7595: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7516:Figes, p. 191 7513: 7504: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7391: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7370: 7369:Massie (1967) 7364: 7362: 7360: 7352: 7351:Massie (1967) 7347: 7345: 7337: 7336:Massie (1967) 7332: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7310: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7233: 7227:(1967) p. 228 7226: 7220: 7211: 7204: 7198: 7191: 7190:Massie (1967) 7186: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7152: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7129:Kowner (1998) 7126: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7104:0-7894-9627-5 7100: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6925: 6918:, pp. 260–64. 6917: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6783: 6777: 6771:(1997) p. 47. 6770: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6694:Massie (1967) 6690: 6688: 6680: 6675: 6673: 6665: 6659: 6652: 6646: 6640:Figes, p. 165 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6617:Massie (1967) 6613: 6606: 6605:Massie (1967) 6601: 6593: 6581: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6520:Excerpt from 6515: 6509:Figes, p. 18. 6506: 6498: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6462: 6454: 6442: 6441: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6408: 6396: 6395: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6359: 6358:Massie (1967) 6354: 6347: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6279:Massie (1967) 6275: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6251: 6245: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6141: 6139:0-500-05093-7 6135: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6116:0-19-508192-7 6113: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6005: 6000: 5991: 5985: 5975:Russian: 5972: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5941: 5932: 5926: 5915: 5910: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5816:Saints portal 5806: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5789: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5149:Yekaterinburg 5144: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5010: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4973: 4971: 4970:12 April 1883 4967: 4962: 4950: 4948: 4947:20 March 1891 4944: 4940: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4815: 4813: 4812:9 August 1884 4809: 4799: 4797: 4796:9 August 1884 4794:, 1st Class, 4793: 4789: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4763:27 March 1881 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:29 April 1884 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4492: 4490: 4489:27 April 1881 4486: 4482: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331:German Empire 4321: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4177:11 March 1889 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072:Chulalongkorn 4068: 4062: 4059:, 4th Class, 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050:, 4th Class, 4049: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3930: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3713:, of Moscow, 3712: 3708: 3704: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3661: 3651: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3599:Soviet period 3594: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415:John Bukovsky 3413:, Archbishop 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3400:Boris Yeltsin 3397: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3288:Peter Ermakov 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Anna Demidova 3269: 3268:Eugene Botkin 3264: 3262: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198:Ipatiev House 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169:Yekaterinburg 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3138:Yekaterinburg 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3123:Rostov-on-Don 3120: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2994: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2937:Easter Rising 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:Felix Yusupov 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Great Retreat 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2608:Anton Denikin 2605: 2604:Eastern Front 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340:Isle of Wight 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215:gene mutation 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2156:Bernard Pares 2152: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1974: 1968: 1961: 1960:Winter Palace 1956: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1886:Imperial Duma 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1709:Winter Palace 1706: 1698: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1641:Dmitry Bogrov 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1577: 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11644: 11612:Sergei Witte 11596:(in Russian) 11589: 11583:(in Russian) 11567:(in Russian) 11494: 11470: 11456: 11452:London: 1923 11449: 11438: 11432: 11414:London: 1928 11411: 11401: 11394: 11388: 11382: 11376: 11370: 11364: 11349: 11342: 11328: 11321: 11307: 11285: 11275: 11255: 11248: 11233: 11226: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11195: 11180: 11147: 11135:. Retrieved 11131:the original 11125: 11115: 11103:. Retrieved 11083: 11060: 11048:. Retrieved 11028: 11005: 10986: 10972: 10964: 10942: 10930: 10918: 10906: 10895:Bibliography 10888:, Paris 1991 10885: 10880: 10872: 10867: 10859: 10839:. Retrieved 10828: 10804: 10800: 10780: 10757:. Retrieved 10753:the original 10727: 10696: 10684: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10652:, retrieved 10642: 10636: 10624:. Retrieved 10615: 10606: 10594:. Retrieved 10587:the original 10570: 10561: 10555: 10543:. Retrieved 10529: 10517:. Retrieved 10508: 10505:Pro Phalaris 10504: 10494: 10479: 10471: 10459:. Retrieved 10447: 10435: 10423:. Retrieved 10407: 10400: 10389: 10384: 10376: 10361: 10351:11 September 10349:. Retrieved 10335: 10328: 10318: 10314: 10301: 10295: 10278: 10274: 10262:, retrieved 10252: 10246: 10236: 10232: 10203: 10199: 10187:, retrieved 10170: 10166: 10128:, retrieved 10115: 10106: 10087: 10081: 10071:– via 10067:16 September 10065:. Retrieved 10049: 10044: 10037: 10025:. 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Retrieved 9121:"Famous DNA" 9115: 9073:(3): e4838. 9070: 9066: 9056: 9048:the original 9038: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8967: 8960: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8927: 8907: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8867: 8852: 8836: 8827: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8782: 8773: 8764: 8755: 8746: 8737: 8728: 8719: 8711: 8706: 8694: 8686: 8681: 8672: 8663: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8628: 8623: 8614: 8605: 8597: 8592: 8583: 8574: 8559: 8550: 8541: 8532: 8523: 8514: 8505: 8496: 8488: 8483: 8463: 8456: 8448: 8443: 8431: 8419: 8411: 8394: 8382: 8363: 8357: 8341: 8329: 8324: 8293: 8281:. Retrieved 8272: 8263: 8251:. Retrieved 8213: 8209: 8196: 8162: 8157: 8141: 8136: 8124: 8116: 8111: 8093: 8088: 8061:. Retrieved 8047: 8035:. Retrieved 8031:the original 8020: 8008: 8000: 7995: 7987: 7984:Hew Strachan 7979: 7963: 7943: 7931: 7926:, pp. 300–01 7915: 7910: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7855: 7847: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7793: 7788: 7746: 7719: 7700: 7694: 7682:. Retrieved 7662: 7640:. Retrieved 7626: 7608: 7603: 7594: 7582: 7563: 7547: 7542: 7526: 7521: 7512: 7503: 7498:, pp. 11, 22 7495: 7487: 7479: 7459:. Retrieved 7450: 7443:Dillon, E.J. 7437: 7425:. Retrieved 7416: 7406: 7394:. Retrieved 7383: 7376: 7323:(in Finnish) 7309: 7304:(in Finnish) 7290: 7282: 7277: 7260: 7254: 7249:– Genealogia 7237: 7232: 7224: 7219: 7210: 7202: 7197: 7185: 7173:. Retrieved 7169:the original 7159: 7140: 7134: 7125: 7113: 7094: 7075:16 September 7073:. Retrieved 7053: 7024: 7018: 7006:. Retrieved 6997: 6988: 6976:. Retrieved 6956: 6949: 6931: 6915: 6885:. Retrieved 6881:the original 6871: 6853: 6848: 6828: 6817: 6812: 6794: 6789: 6781: 6776: 6768: 6763: 6751: 6743: 6738: 6730: 6725: 6713: 6701: 6663: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6590:– via 6584:. Retrieved 6579: 6568: 6551: 6545: 6521: 6514: 6505: 6495:– via 6489:. Retrieved 6484: 6473: 6461: 6451:– via 6445:. Retrieved 6438: 6427: 6415: 6405:– via 6399:. 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Retrieved 6028: 6019: 6003: 5971: 5958: 5909: 5897: 5892:2 March 1917 5885: 5873: 5846: 5793: 5791: 5770: 5758: 5756: 5487: 5143:17 July 1918 5112: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5037:(military), 5029: 5019: 4994: 4990: 4969: 4946: 4924: 4895:15 June 1906 4894: 4884: 4861: 4854:Qing dynasty 4841:9 April 1896 4840: 4837:Three Orders 4832: 4811: 4795: 4772: 4762: 4722: 4706: 4683: 4675:3 March 1896 4674: 4671:17 June 1882 4670: 4633: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4572: 4550: 4529: 4509: 4488: 4467: 4445: 4437:15 June 1884 4436: 4433:Ludwig Order 4413: 4388: 4378: 4354: 4344: 4340: 4317: 4295:12 July 1895 4294: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4222: 4213: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4153: 4132: 4111: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3927: 3903:Dithmarschen 3773:; Prince of 3700: 3687:Spoken style 3657: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3534: 3497:2000 by the 3435:Tsarebozhiye 3404: 3393: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368:DNA analysis 3357: 3313: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3284: 3280:Alexei Trupp 3265: 3258: 3226:Leon Trotsky 3223: 3221:on 13 June. 3195: 3172: 3157: 3127: 3108: 3053: 3025: 3006:house arrest 3003: 2983:Imprisonment 2957: 2945: 2913:Labour Party 2905: 2869: 2837: 2799: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2751: 2744: 2740: 2728: 2691: 2644: 2617: 2601: 2591:, where the 2561:East Prussia 2541:Petrozavodsk 2514: 2494: 2490: 2431: 2393: 2387: 2378:Tercentenary 2285: 2269: 2253: 2242: 2235: 2231: 2211:Hemophilia B 2188: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2134: 2129: 2120: 2116: 2097: 2076: 2072: 2066:Uncle Bertie 2063: 2051: 2035: 2027: 2018: 1998: 1990:Bulygin Duma 1979: 1972: 1931: 1890: 1877: 1866: 1857: 1849: 1835: 1807: 1776: 1771: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1705:Georgy Gapon 1702: 1650: 1624: 1618: 1599: 1583: 1570: 1538:its alliance 1530:Baltic Fleet 1527: 1516: 1509: 1486: 1477:Baltic Fleet 1475:The Russian 1448: 1428: 1405: 1392: 1375:canonisation 1372: 1368: 1343: 1331: 1325: 1308: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1269:Tver Address 1262: 1248: 1220: 1201: 1182: 1170: 1158: 1148: 1138:("Sandro"). 1121: 1117: 1086: 1063: 1054: 1043:Please help 1038:verification 1035: 1005:Sergei Witte 998: 986:Duke of York 927: 884: 864: 808: 796: 733: 706: 672: 664:Christian IX 637:Alexander II 618: 575:Soviet Union 564: 534:sparked the 520:Russian Army 509: 497:Baltic Fleet 449: 417:Sergei Witte 414: 369: 361: 360: 206:17 July 1998 183:Russian SFSR 174:(1918-07-17) 172:17 July 1918 155:18 May [ 139: 126: 61: 54: 46: 14465:1918 deaths 14460:1868 births 14350:Ganina Yama 14335:Ural Soviet 13958:heir: Peter 13949:(2016–2021) 13943:(2014–2016) 13937:(1992–2014) 13896:(1938–1992) 13890:(1924–1938) 13747:Fanya Baron 13727:Lev Chernyi 13578:Lev Kamenev 13502:Georgy Lvov 13476:Monarchists 12988:Nicholas II 12962:World War I 12751:Nicholas II 12463:Nicholas II 12300:Alexander I 12181:Nicholas II 12161:Alexander I 12121:Catherine I 12098:(co-rulers) 11695:18 May 1868 11645:Smithsonian 11507:Nicholas_II 11318:Tom Mangold 11105:4 September 11050:4 September 10545:6 September 10408:明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 9840:pp. viii–x. 9782:17 February 9699:25 February 9668:25 February 9646:pp. 134–35. 9389:7 September 8627:Massie, K. 8231:11693/49114 8063:5 September 8037:7 September 7948:King (2006) 7936:King (2006) 7095:World War I 6978:16 February 6887:27 February 6782:Nicholas II 6756:King (2006) 6718:King (2006) 6708:, pp. 26–27 6532:. Vintage. 6466:King (2006) 6420:King (1994) 6291:King (1994) 6039:17 February 5904:14 May 1896 5020:1 July 1893 4995:25 May 1908 4991:19 May 1883 4885:18 May 1884 4833:25 May 1881 4753:Netherlands 4707:16 May 1896 4634:18 May 1884 4605:18 May 1884 4573:18 May 1884 4543:Württemberg 4460:Mecklenburg 4318:18 May 1884 4248:18 May 1884 4214:18 May 1884 4189:30 May 1898 4133:18 May 1884 4112:18 May 1884 4043:1 June 1868 4034:1 June 1868 4025:1 June 1868 4016:1 June 1868 4007:1 June 1868 3707:We Nicholas 3597:During the 3411:Andrew Wood 3307:White Guard 3191:Vladivostok 3183:teleprinter 3175:tarantasses 3162:demobilized 3142:Ural region 2813: [ 2806:Ismailovsky 2620:Christian X 2537:Vladivostok 2450:Pan-Slavism 2404:Volga River 2348:Balkan Wars 2320:Dardanelles 2304:state visit 2069:government. 1928:Silver coin 1625:Bessarabets 1562:Lake Baikal 1523:Port Arthur 1132:Edward VIII 978:Vladivostok 970:Tsuda Sanzō 831:Fredensborg 641:Tsesarevich 569:, based in 524:World War I 512:July Crisis 510:During the 441:World War I 362:Nicholas II 112:Predecessor 107:26 May 1896 67:Nicholas II 51:family name 14444:Categories 14371:New Martyr 14330:Red Terror 14279:Background 14158:Organizers 13859:Pretenders 13704:Anarchists 13565:Bolsheviks 13435:Mensheviks 13430:Bolsheviks 13380:Red Guards 13223:Heimosodat 13136:Revolution 13075:See also: 13067:Klembovsky 13005:Government 12726:Nicholas I 12656:Azerbaijan 12310:Nicholas I 12166:Nicholas I 12086:Feodor III 12009:Vasily III 11743:1894–1917 11727:1894–1917 11441:: 5414–30. 11171:See also: 10927:King, Greg 10915:King, Greg 10676:, London, 10339:. p. 10264:14 October 10173:, Berlin: 9968:newslab.ru 9772:За-Царя.рф 9567:5 November 9541:5 December 9489:5 December 9198:. London. 9131:25 October 8861:1861540388 8436:Welch 2018 8338:0679645616 8171:0471207683 8150:0841914222 7972:0393933857 7924:0802716237 7556:0710078021 7535:0521311985 7396:25 October 7384:in Russian 7353:pp. 124–25 7269:B00PS4PTOA 6560:2346/17071 6237:0802716237 6029:За-Царя.рф 6012:References 5943:; spelled 5848:^O.S./N.S. 5835:References 5786:See also: 5249:See also: 5153:Bolsheviks 4862:4 May 1896 4673:; Collar, 4341:6 May 1884 3931:(Russian: 3893:, Duke of 3889:, Heir of 3883:Circassian 3875:Kartalinia 3749:; Lord of 3745:, Tsar of 3741:, Tsar of 3737:, Tsar of 3733:, Tsar of 3729:, Tsar of 3725:; Tsar of 3626:Historian 3537:recognised 3360:Sverdlovsk 3324:Alapayevsk 3150:show trial 3130:Red Guards 3104:epaulettes 3084:Bolsheviks 2973:Baltic Sea 2964:Dual power 2855:Revolution 2802:Semenovsky 2763:Protopopov 2688:, May 1916 2682:Yevpatoria 2525:Baltic Sea 2344:Cowes Week 2276:Edward VII 2131:the note: 1986:State Duma 1934:Nikolai II 1907:presented 1623:newspaper 1605:to Japan. 1534:Suez Canal 1288:coronation 1228:Coronation 1219:Nicholas ( 1187:, and the 1015:See also: 1011:Engagement 934:world tour 835:Bernstorff 762:and Queen 760:Haakon VII 748:Edward VII 666:and Queen 613:unbreeched 611:Nicholas, 598:Early life 548:Bolsheviks 460:Great Game 370:Nikolai II 103:Coronation 43:patronymic 14094:Entourage 13633:Right SRs 13358:elections 13177:Civil War 13148:July Days 13122:Civil War 12888:Trasianka 12693:Lithuania 12268:Peter III 12146:Peter III 12141:Elizabeth 12070:Vladislav 12064:Vasili IV 12052:Feodor II 11647:magazine) 11499:is being 10654:6 January 10425:16 August 10189:27 August 10130:19 August 9978:12 August 9359:1 October 9004:(1): 20. 8094:Historian 7902:145507675 7848:Historian 6081:0036-0341 5984:romanized 5964:grapeshot 5925:romanized 5861:New Style 5854:Old Style 5761:, and an 4481:Oldenburg 3959:Presidium 3907:Oldenburg 3887:Turkestan 3879:Kabardian 3847:Beloozero 3843:Jaroslavl 3827:Chernigov 3795:Bielostok 3791:Samogitia 3787:Semigalia 3759:Lithuania 3731:Astrakhan 3654:Styles of 3484:Canonized 3425:Sainthood 3316:mineshaft 3237:Execution 3146:commissar 3060:July Days 2915:and many 2846:formed a 2632:Petrograd 2533:Archangel 2410:from the 2203:Anastasia 2106:Party of 2104:Octobrist 1944:Michael I 1874:Obolensky 1546:North Sea 1536:, due to 1497:Manchuria 1435:arms race 1280:autocracy 1101:Frederick 1057:June 2023 958:Hori Chyo 918:Tsarevich 891:Elizabeth 861:Tsarevich 811:Alexander 805:Childhood 770:and King 744:Alexandra 687:confessor 631:south of 579:canonised 532:Petrograd 406:Anastasia 348:Signature 122:Successor 14429:Category 14286:Regicide 14058:Empress 14052:Emperor 14045:Romanovs 13971:Nicholas 13935:Nicholas 13894:Vladimir 13666:Left SRs 13447:Left SRs 13343:Red Army 13291:Siberian 13071:Lukomsky 13030:• 13026:• 13022:• 13018:• 13009:Republic 12986:• 12914:Category 12868:Ems Ukaz 12263:Peter II 12126:Peter II 12037:Feodor I 11994:Vasily I 11637:Archived 11573:Archived 11552:Archived 11492:template 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