501:
573:
2403:"The genetic history of today's European populations is based on continuous migrations over the past 40 000 years. Homo sapiens arrived in Europe from Near East some 42 000 years ago. Like in their African origin, these humans had dark skin but due to variations of their OCA2 gene (causing iris depigmentation) many of them had blue eyes (Figure 2, left)." Figure 2: "Phenotype information was retrieved from supplementary files of the according publications or additionally assessed following the instructions of HirisPlex-S, which is a forensic DNA phenotyping tool based on an array of different marker SNPs providing additional support to the SNPs of the genes SLC24A5, SLC45A2 and OCA2."
525:(also found in green eyes). Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes. Although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to have many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples, while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue. Even though amber is similar to gold, some people have russet or copper colored amber eyes that are mistaken for hazel, though hazel tends to be duller and contains green with red/gold flecks, as mentioned above. Amber eyes may also contain amounts of very light gold-ish gray.
740:
1473:
1502:. However, there is a study that found that dark-eyed people perform better at "reactive-type tasks", which suggests they may have better reaction times. People with light-colored eyes, however, performed better at so-called "self-paced tasks", which include activities like hitting a golf ball or throwing baseballs. In another study, people with darker eyes performed better at hitting racquetballs. There are also other studies that challenge these findings. According to scientists, more study is needed to verify these results.
990:
1037:(which is not strongly frequency-dependent) rather than Rayleigh scattering (in which shorter wavelengths of light are scattered more). This would be analogous to the change in the color of the sky, from the blue given by the Rayleigh scattering of sunlight by small gas molecules when the sky is clear, to the gray caused by Mie scattering of large water droplets when the sky is cloudy. Alternatively, it has been suggested that gray and blue eyes might differ in the concentration of melanin at the front of the stroma.
1021:
410:
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40:
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1266:, the color of the iris is typically blue but can vary from blue to brown. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. In these cases, the only color seen is the red from the hemoglobin of the blood in the capillaries of the iris. Such albinos have pink eyes, as do albino rabbits, mice, or any other animal with a total lack of melanin.
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398:
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581:
960:
775:
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1111:
548:, also known as lipochrome. Many animals such as canines, domestic cats, owls, eagles, pigeons and fish have amber eyes, whereas in humans this color occurs less frequently. Amber is the third-rarest natural eye color after green and gray, in 5% of the world's population. People with that eye color are found in
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1007:
in the United States to be 33.8% for those born from 1936 through 1951, compared with 57.4% for those born from 1899 through 1905. As of 2006, one out of every six
Americans, or 16.6% of the total US population, has blue eyes, including 22.3% of whites. The incidence of blue eyes continues to decline
2904:
Ruiz-Linares, AndrĂ©s; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, MarĂa; Everardo, Paola; de Avila, Francisco; GĂłmez-ValdĂ©s, Jorge; LeĂłn-Mimila, Paola; Hunemeier, TĂĄbita; Ramallo, Virginia; Silva de
Cerqueira, Caio
2515:
Liu, Fan; Wollstein, Andreas; Hysi, Pirro G.; Ankra-Badu, Georgina A.; Spector, Timothy D.; Park, Daniel; Zhu, Gu; Larsson, Mats; Duffy, David L.; Montgomery, Grant W.; MacKey, David A.; Walsh, Susan; Lao, Oscar; Hofman, Albert; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Uitterlinden, André G.;
592:
and a moderate amount of melanin in the iris' anterior border layer. Hazel eyes often appear to shift in color from a brown to a green. Although hazel mostly consists of brown and green, the dominant color in the eye can either be brown/gold or green. This is why hazel eyes can be mistaken as amber,
405:
Almost all mammals have brown or darkly-pigmented irises. In humans, brown is by far the most common eye color, with approximately 79% of people in the world having it. Brown eyes result from a relatively high concentration of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which causes light of both shorter and
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This may also be a direct counterâmeasure to a short winter photoperiod at high latitudes; blue eyes increase intraocular light scattering and thereby suppress melatonin release from the pineal gland. This may be an adaptive trait to reduce/prevent depression, a condition linked to short day length
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The results of this study suggest that there are indeed sex-specific genetic effects in human pigmentation, with larger effects for darker pigmentation in females compared to males. A plausible cause might be the differentially expressed melanogenic genes in females due to higher oestrogen levels.
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Normal eye colors range from the darkest shades of brown to the lightest tints of blue. To meet the need for standardized classification, at once simple yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et al. developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or
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Eiberg, Hans; Troelsen, Jesper; Nielsen, Mette; Mikkelsen, Annemette; Mengel-From, Jonas; Kjaer, Klaus W.; Hansen, Lars (2008). "Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression".
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Iris color can provide a large amount of information about a person, and a classification of colors may be useful in documenting pathological changes or determining how a person may respond to ocular pharmaceuticals. Classification systems have ranged from a basic light or dark description to
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Indeed, among the SNPs tested was rs12913832, a single DNA variation within a regulatory element of HERC2 gene which is associated to blue eye color in humans. This polymorphism, together with the diplotypes obtained from variations of the OCA2 locus (major contributor to the human eye color
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Normally, there is a thick layer of melanin on the back of the iris. Even people with the lightest blue eyes, with no melanin on the front of the iris at all, have dark brown coloration on the back of it, to prevent light from scattering around inside the eye. In those with milder forms of
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The green color is caused by the combination of: 1) an amber or light brown pigmentation in the stroma of the iris (which has a low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade created by the
Rayleigh scattering of reflected light. Green eyes contain the yellowish pigment
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was born with one blue eye and one green eye, a trait that reportedly was common in his family, suggesting that it was a genetic trait. This anomaly, which film producers thought would be disturbing to film audiences, was "corrected" by having Van Cleef wear brown contact lenses.
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and why amber is often counted as hazel in studies, and vice versa. The combination can sometimes produce a multicolored iris, i.e., an eye that is light brown/amber near the pupil and charcoal or dark green on the outer part of the iris (or vice versa) when observed in sunlight.
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The most important role of melanin in the iris is to protect the eyes from the sun's harmful rays. People with lighter eye colors, such as blue or green, have lessened protection from the sun, and so need greater protection from the sun's rays than those with darker eye colors.
794:. Unlike brown eyes, blue eyes have low concentrations of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which lies in front of the dark epithelium. Longer wavelengths of light tend to be absorbed by the dark underlying epithelium, while shorter wavelengths are reflected and undergo
1381:) is an eye condition in which one iris is a different color from the other (complete heterochromia), or where a part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia). It is a result of the relative excess or lack of
2233:"This effect is what may explain the fact that there seem to be comparatively higher frequencies of blue-eyed males than blue-eyed females in populations of European origin such as Iceland , Holland , Australia or Poland , as well as in this study (see Fig. 2)."
845:. The same DNA sequence of the OCA2 gene among blue-eyed people suggests they may have a single common ancestor. The researchers hypothesized that the OCA2 mutation responsible for blue eyes arose in an individual who lived in the northwestern part of the
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Although people with lighter eye color are generally more sensitive to light because they have less pigment in the iris to protect them from sunlight, there is little to no evidence that eye color has a direct impact on vision qualities such as
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Like blue eyes, gray eyes have a dark epithelium at the back of the iris and a relatively clear stroma at the front. One possible explanation for the difference in the appearance of gray and blue eyes is that gray eyes have larger deposits of
2471:
Sulem, Patrick; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Stacey, Simon N; Helgason, Agnar; Rafnar, Thorunn; Magnusson, Kristinn P; Manolescu, Andrei; Karason, Ari; et al. (2007). "Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in
Europeans".
184:
In humans, eye color is a highly sexually dimorphic trait. Several studies have shown that men are more likely to have blue eyes than women, while women are more likely to have darker eye colors (green and brown eyes) than men.
293:. A 2010 study of eye color variation in hue and saturation values using high-resolution digital full-eye photographs found three new loci for a total of ten genes, allowing the explanation of about 50% of eye color variation.
2188:
Martinez-Cadenas, Conrado; Peña-Chilet, Maria; Ibarrola-Villava, Maider; Ribas, Gloria (2013). "Gender is a major factor explaining discrepancies in eye colour prediction based on HERC2/OCA2 genotype and the IrisPlex model".
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can appear purple or violet at certain times, "true" violet-colored eyes occur only due to albinism. Eyes that appear red or violet under certain conditions due to albinism are less than 1 percent of the world's population.
3404:
Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (2009). "Ancient DNA Provides New
Insights into the History of South Siberian Kurgan People".
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due to lack of iridial pigmentation. The ocular albino also lacks normal amounts of melanin in the retina as well, which allows more light than normal to reflect off the retina and out of the eye. Because of this, the
96:(located on the back of the iris), the melanin content within the iris stroma (located at the front of the iris), and the cellular density of the stroma. The appearance of blue, green, and hazel eyes results from the
2278:
Hernando, Barbara; Ibarrola-Villava, Maider; Fernandez, Lara P.; Peña-Chilet, Maria; Llorca-Cardeñosa, Marta; Oltra, Sara S.; Alonso, Santos; Boyano, Maria
Dolores; Martinez-Cadenas, Conrado; Ribas, Gloria (2016).
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The limbal ring is also a feature of the iris contributing to eye color, appearing as a darkened, occasionally black region encircling the iris resulting from a manifestation of the optical properties of the
861:
research has identified human remains much older than the
Neolithic period with the OCA2 mutation for blue eyes. It is now believed that the OCA2 allele dates back to the recent migration of modern humans
2268:"Several research groups have demonstrated that females have a darker eye color than males, given the same SNP profile (Martinez-Cadenas et al., 2013; Pietroni et al., 2014; Pospiech et al., 2016)."
1538:
in the first half of the 20th century. The scale consists of 20 colors ranging from light blue to dark brown-black, corresponding to natural eye colors caused by the amount of melanin in the iris:
367:
17% of children experienced a change of eye color from early childhood to adulthood, and of those children, 50% of developed lighter eyes as they got older. The other 50% developed darker eyes.
370:
Generally, children with hazel and light brown eyes tended to experience a lightening of their eye color by adulthood. Children with green eyes often experienced a darkening of their eye color.
607:
Around 18% of the US population and 5% of the world population have hazel eyes. 55.2% of
Spanish subjects in a series of 221 photographs were judged to have hazel eyes. Hazel eyes are found in
134:
The genetics and inheritance of eye color in humans is complicated. As of 2010, as many as 16 genes have been associated with eye color inheritance. Some of the eye-color genes include
3725:
500:
2340:
These sex-specific genetic effects would help explain the presence of darker eye and skin pigmentation in females, as well as the well-known higher melanoma risk displayed by males.
1102:, it is also possible to have two different eye colors. This occurs in humans and certain breeds of domesticated animals and affects less than 1 percent of the world's population.
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4157:
1546:. Green irises, for example, have some yellow and the blue structural color. Brown irises contain more or less melanin. Some eyes have a dark ring around the iris, called a
898:
It has been proposed that blue eyes may have been adaptive to shorter day lengths at higher latitudes, as blue eyes increase inferocular light scattering, which suppresses
3910:
5006:
German EJ, Hurst MA, Wood D, Gilchrist J (1998). "A novel system for the objective classification of iris colour and its correlation with response to 1% tropicamide".
3670:"Everyone with blue eyes alive today can trace their ancestry back to one person who probably lived about 10,000 years ago in the Black Sea region, a study has found."
215:
There is evidence that as many as 16 different genes could be responsible for eye color in humans; however, the main two genes associated with eye color variation are
1158:(ARMD) than those with darker iris color; lighter eye color is also associated with an increased risk of ARMD progression. A gray iris may indicate the presence of a
1969:
Duffy, David L.; Montgomery, Grant W.; Chen, Wei; Zhao, Zhen Zhen; Le, Lien; James, Michael R.; Hayward, Nicholas K.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Sturm, Richard A. (2007).
1577:
depends on viewing conditions (e.g., the amount and kind of illumination, as well as the hue of the surrounding environment), so does the perception of eye color.
4630:
Imesch PD, Wallow IH, Albert DM (1997). "The color of the human eye: a review of morphologic correlates and of some conditions that affect iridial pigmentation".
5054:
2971:; Gillespie, Nathan A.; Ewen, Kelly R.; Jewell, Mary; Liew, Yew Wah; Hayward, Nicholas K.; Sturma, Richard A.; Trenta, Jeffrey M.; Martina, Nicholas G. (2004).
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affecting the development of one eye, possibly through some sort of genetic mutation. Occasionally, heterochromia can be a sign of a serious medical condition.
377:
experienced an eye color change during the same period, with most developing lighter eyes, relative to their original color at the time of their child's birth.
3757:"The evolution of human skin pigmentation: A changing medley of vitamins, genetic variability, and <scp>UV</scp> radiation during human expansion"
2022:
1166:
has been found in those with blue, green or gray eyes. However, a study in 2000 suggests that people with dark brown eyes are at increased risk of developing
2413:
Kayser, Manfred; Liu, Fan; Janssens, A. Cecile J.W.; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Lao, Oscar; Van Duijn, Kate; Vermeulen, Mark; Arp, Pascal; et al. (2008).
1134:", in which the very bright light from a flash reflects off the retina, which is abundantly vascular, causing the pupil to appear red in the photograph.
150:
has been shown to be incorrect. The genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur. However, OCA2
4124:
4365:
Rafnsson V, Hrafnkelsson J, Tulinius H, Sigurgeirsson B, Olafsson JH (2004). "Risk factors for malignant melanoma in an
Icelandic population sample".
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yellow pigment present. There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris, along with
1485:. Limbal rings are not present in all individuals, and their thickness and prominence may correlate with health or youthfulness, and contributes to
5126:
1458:, can also cause increased pigmentation in one eye. On occasion, a difference in eye color is caused by blood staining the iris after injury.
1012:, 56% have blue/green eyes. In a series of 221 photographs of Spanish subjects, 16.3% of the subjects were determined to have blue-gray eyes.
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1208:
in cells. Instead, the copper accumulates in the liver and in other tissues, including the iris of the eye. This results in the formation of
989:
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1940:
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detailed gradings employing photographic standards for comparison. Others have attempted to set objective standards of color comparison.
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Piquet-Thepot M.-M. - Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, XII° Série, tome 3 fascicule 3, pg. 207,208 - (1968)
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189:
is therefore a major factor in the expression of eye color genotypes. One study suggested that women's higher levels of the sex hormone
4165:
3454:
4038:
3224:
Hawkins TA, Stewart WC, McMillan TA, Gwynn DR (1994). "Analysis of diode, argon, and Nd: YAG peripheral iridectomy in cadaver eyes".
4106:
2281:"Sex-specific genetic effects associated with pigmentation, sensitivity to sunlight, and melanoma in a population of Spanish origin"
1003:
Approximately 8% to 10% of the global population have blue eyes. A 2002 study found that the prevalence of blue eye color among the
200:
technology have revealed some of the history of eye color in Europe. Through the analysis of ancient DNA, a 2020 study published in
2907:"Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals"
521:
Amber eyes are a solid color with a strong yellowish/golden and russet/coppery tint, which may be due to the yellow pigment called
1436:, on the other hand, had the appearance of different eye colors due to an injury that caused one pupil to be permanently dilated.
973:
277:, where they may influence the expression of the gene product, which in turn affects pigmentation. A specific mutation within the
4400:
Stang A, Ahrens W, Anastassiou G, Jöckel KH (2003). "Phenotypical characteristics, lifestyle, social class and uveal melanoma".
1071:
appears with gray eyes (γλαÏ
ÎșῶÏÎčÏ). Under magnification, gray eyes exhibit small amounts of yellow and brown color in the iris.
3012:
Albert, Daniel M; Green, W Richard; Zimbric, Michele L; Lo, Cecilia; Gangnon, Ronald E; Hope, Kirsten L; Gleiser, Joel (2003).
863:
209:
1253:
is a congenital condition characterized by an extremely underdeveloped iris, which appears absent on superficial examination.
544:(called xanthophores) located in the iris stroma. In humans, yellowish specks or patches are thought to be due to the pigment
177:
or SNPs. The total number of genes that contribute to eye color is unknown, but there are a few likely candidates. A study in
4850:
Miller, L. K.; Rowe, P. J.; Lund, J. (August 1992). "Correlation of eye color on self-paced and reactive motor performance".
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181:(2009) found that it was possible to predict eye color with more than 90% accuracy for brown and blue using just six SNPs.
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250:. (The name of the gene is derived from the disorder it causes, oculocutaneous albinism type II.) Different SNPs within
3542:
155:
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can have two different colored eyes just like any two siblings canâbecause each cell has different eye color genes. A
3385:
1796:
Sturm R.A. & Larsson M., Genetics of human iris colour and patterns, Pigment Cell
Melanoma Res, 22:544-562, 2009.
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medium of the stroma. This is the same scattering that accounts for the blue appearance of the sky. The result is a "
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2053:
4952:
Crowe, M.; O'Connor, D. (October 2001). "Eye colour and reaction time to visual stimuli in rugby league players".
196:
People of European descent show the greatest variety in eye color of any population worldwide. Recent advances in
4322:; McCarty, Catherine A (2003). "Iris colour, ethnic origin and progression of age-related macular degeneration".
3305:
Muiños DĂaz, Yerena; Saornil, Maria A.; Almaraz, Ana; Muñoz-Moreno, Mari F.; GarcĂa, Ciro; Sanz, Ruperto (2009).
3623:
3561:"Is there any difference in the photobiological properties of melanins isolated from human blue and brown eyes?"
2073:
Grant MD, Lauderdale DS (2002). "Cohort effects in a genetically determined trait: eye colour among US whites".
5041:
2794:
Oliphant LW (1981). "Crystalline pteridines in the stromal pigment cells of the iris of the great horned owl".
1531:
1324:
352:
Blue eyes with a brown spot, green eyes, and gray eyes are caused by an entirely different part of the genome.
174:
4530:
de la Maza, Maite Sainz; Tauber, Joseph; Foster, C. Stephen (2012). "Noninflammatory Diseases of the Sclera".
1971:"A three-single-nucleotide polymorphism haplotype in intron 1 of OCA2 explains most human eye-color variation"
4134:
4286:"Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much MoreâTypes, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes"
173:. These genes are sought by studying small changes in the genes themselves and in neighboring genes, called
4771:"Put a (Limbal) Ring on It: Women Perceive Men's Limbal Rings as a Health Cue in Short-Term Mating Domains"
3440:
variation) showed that at least 60% of the ancient Siberian specimens under study had blue (or green) eyes.
1941:"Eye color definition â Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms"
1666:"Characterization of melanins in human irides and cultured uveal melanocytes from eyes of different colors"
906:, perhaps reducing psychological depression (which is linked to the short day length of higher latitudes).
4020:, Volumes 16â17 By SociĂ©tĂ© de statistique, d'histoire et d'archĂ©ologie de Marseille et de Provence p. 273
4563:
Wheatley, TJ (2006). "Upper gastrointestinal surgery". In Kingsnorth, Andrew N; Majid, Aljafri A (eds.).
4188:
1427:
There are many other possible reasons for having two different-colored eyes. For example, the film actor
391:
2415:"Three genome-wide association studies and a linkage analysis identify HERC2 as a human iris color gene"
3877:"Blue eyes are increasingly rare in America - Americas - International Herald Tribune (Published 2006)"
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2179:
2177:
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3846:"Distribution of Bodily Characters. Pigmentation, the Pilous System, and Morphology of the Soft Parts"
3307:"Iris color: validation of a new classification and distribution in a Spanish population-based sample"
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Gray is the second-rarest natural eye color after green, with 3% of the world's population having it.
3360:
1209:
1183:
841:
839:
located a single mutation that causes the phenomenon of blue eyes. The research was published in the
17:
2973:"A genome scan for eye color in 502 twin families: most variation is due to a QTL on chromosome 15q"
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1553:
Eye color in non-human animals is regulated differently. For example, instead of blue as in humans,
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4129:
1515:
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expression, is partly responsible for blue eyes. Other genes implicated in eye color variation are
115:
The brightly colored eyes of many bird species result from the presence of other pigments, such as
4039:
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0133%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D206
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which accounts for the blue sky. Neither blue nor green pigments are present in the human iris or
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vary: it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with light brown or gold, as in the color of a
93:
5218:
3097:"Induction of tyrosinase gene transcription in human iris organ cultures exposed to latanoprost"
4443:
Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Lim R (2000). "Iris color and cataract: The Blue Mountains Eye Study".
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In many parts of the world, it is nearly the only iris color present. Brown eyes are common in
5210:
Ask a Geneticist: If both parents have blue eyes, how could they have a child with brown eyes?
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1424:
can have two different colored eyes if the DNA difference happens to be in an eye-color gene.
364:
found that eye color may be subject to change in infancy, and from adolescence to adulthood.
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4318:
Nicolas, Caroline M; Robman, Luba D; Tikellis, Gabriella; Dimitrov, Peter N; Dowrick, Adam;
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2518:"Digital Quantification of Human Eye Color Highlights Genetic Association of Three New Loci"
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Liu, Fan; Van Duijn, Kate; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Hofman, Albert; Uitterlinden, André G.;
1711:
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Wielgus AR, Sarna T (2005). "Melanin in human irides of different color and age of donors".
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Rowe, P. J.; Evans, P. (August 1994). "Ball color, eye color, and a reactive motor skill".
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Hammond BR, Fuld K, Snodderly DM (1996). "Iris color and macular pigment optical density".
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Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994).
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may appear red under certain lighting conditions owing to the extremely low quantities of
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An example of sectoral heterochromia. The subject has a blue iris with a brown section.
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An example of complete heterochromia. The subject has one brown eye and one hazel eye.
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Percentage of dark eyes among British military recruits in the 19th century by region
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Another hypothesis about heterochromia is that it can result from a viral infection
5102:
5015:
4961:
4938:
4910:
4859:
4782:
4741:
4731:
4689:
4680:
Hejkal TW, Camras CB (1999). "Prostaglandin analogs in the treatment of glaucoma".
4639:
4568:
4535:
4499:
4491:
4452:
4429:
4409:
4374:
4331:
4297:
4248:
4200:
3953:
3945:
3784:
3768:
3710:
3690:
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3572:
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3487:
3414:
3318:
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3196:
3152:
3108:
3069:
3025:
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2936:
2918:
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2539:
2529:
2481:
2434:
2426:
2368:
2320:
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2198:
2153:
2082:
2037:
1990:
1982:
1900:
1845:
1818:
1783:
1761:
1746:(2005). "Separating reflections in human iris images for illumination estimation".
1677:
1630:
1591:
1543:
1530:
to establish the eye color of an individual. It was created by the anthropologists
1220:
Eye color outside of the iris may also be symptomatic of disease. Yellowing of the
1138:
807:
717:
651:
533:
267:
243:
109:
54:
2865:
1836:
Oliphant LW (1987). "Pteridines and purines as major pigments of the avian iris".
909:
Blue eyes are predominant in northern and eastern Europe, particularly around the
5193:
5121:
4572:
4110:
3993:
3546:
3458:
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2923:
2746:
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in the stroma, so that the light that is reflected from the epithelium undergoes
1004:
914:
829:
821:
have shown that men are substantially more likely to have blue eyes than women.
689:
326:
Affects function of OCA2, with a specific mutation strongly linked to blue eyes.
147:
112:, which depends on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-colored eyes.
105:
4539:
4413:
4378:
2187:
671:
Green eyes probably result from the interaction of multiple variants within the
5248:
5186:
4736:
3911:"Don't it make my blue eyes brown Americans are seeing a dramatic color change"
3322:
3201:
3184:
3113:
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1743:
1482:
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85:
78:
66:
5120:
Seddon, JM; CR Sahagian; RJ Glynn; RD Sperduto; ES Gragoudas (1 August 1990).
4965:
4914:
4693:
3849:
3694:
3418:
2903:
2297:
2158:
2139:
2086:
2041:
5227:
5091:"Contribution Ă l'anthropologie des Corses: Anthropologie de la tĂȘte (suite)"
4973:
4922:
4871:
4863:
4826:
4787:
4770:
4613:
3934:"Prediction of eye color in the Slovenian population using the IrisPlex SNPs"
3888:
3780:
3330:
2968:
2932:
2857:
2382:
2316:
2220:
2120:
1642:
1499:
1428:
1154:
Those with lighter iris color have been found to have a higher prevalence of
1044:
824:
The inheritance pattern followed by blue eyes was previously assumed to be a
783:
561:
541:
228:
5106:
4717:"Preliminary evidence that the limbal ring influences facial attractiveness"
4495:
3949:
3539:
3306:
2841:
2631:
2277:
2246:
Forensic DNA Analysis: Technological Development and Innovative Applications
1871:
5238:
4981:
4796:
4755:
4701:
4513:
4464:
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4386:
4343:
4319:
4262:
3967:
3932:
Kastelic, V; PoĆpiech, E; Draus-Barini, J; Branicki, W; DrobniÄ, K (2013).
3798:
3702:
3511:
3426:
3338:
3280:
3210:
3166:
3122:
3081:
3039:
2998:
2950:
2759:
Oliphant LW (1987). "Observations on the pigmentation of the pigeon iris".
2632:
Blue eyes in lemurs and humans: same phenotype, different genetic mechanism
2553:
2493:
2448:
2390:
2334:
2228:
2167:
2094:
2049:
2004:
1914:
1682:
1665:
1650:
1574:
1519:
1060:
1020:
926:
918:
903:
557:
537:
490:
477:. Light brown eyes bordering amber and hazel coloration are more common in
462:
430:
409:
204:
suggested that the common gene for blue eye color likely originated in the
31:
5139:
5027:
4930:
4879:
4664:
4651:
4302:
4285:
3594:
3470:
3377:
The Races of Britain. A contribution to the anthropology of Western Europe
3288:
3245:
3057:
3014:"Iris melanocyte numbers in Asian, African American, and Caucasian irides"
2815:
2780:
2588:
1857:
1765:
1691:
1279:
is much more pronounced in albino individuals, and this can emphasize the
1170:
and therefore should protect their eyes from direct exposure to sunlight.
254:
are strongly associated with blue and green eyes as well as variations in
39:
4364:
4253:
4236:
3815:
3576:
1905:
1888:
1748:
Tenth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'05) Volume 1
1741:
1601:
1547:
1523:
1467:
1451:
1433:
1052:
965:
858:
768:
705:
612:
553:
494:
474:
446:
197:
3559:
Menon IA, Basu PK, Persad S, Avaria M, Felix CC, Kalyanaraman B (1987).
1822:
1401:
content. A number of causes are responsible, including genetic, such as
1178:
3772:
3503:
3237:
2807:
2485:
2307:
2211:
1586:
1327: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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787:
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682:
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522:
470:
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341:
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263:
128:
124:
70:
3488:"Genetic determinants of hair, eye and skin pigmentation in Europeans"
2516:
Martin, Nicholas G.; Hammond, Christopher J.; Kayser, Manfred (2010).
2373:
2356:
1236:. A blue coloration of the sclera may also be symptomatic of disease.
832:, meaning that it is controlled by the interactions of several genes.
528:
The eyes of some pigeons contain yellow fluorescing pigments known as
4715:
Darren Peshek; Negar Semmaknejad; Donald Hoffman; Pete Foley (2011).
4618:
4601:
3631:
3304:
1596:
1557:
1233:
1229:
1056:
930:
899:
854:
846:
799:
620:
529:
482:
466:
453:. Light or medium-pigmented brown eyes can also be commonly found in
438:
422:
255:
205:
178:
116:
74:
5119:
3931:
1302:
88:
varies from light brown to black, depending on the concentration of
3627:
3058:"Iris color and intraocular pressure: the Blue Mountains Eye Study"
2140:"Eye color and the prediction of complex phenotypes from genotypes"
1986:
1554:
1363:
1263:
1250:
1245:
1225:
1167:
1030:
1009:
950:
601:
458:
450:
190:
51:
1450:, which can result in a number of heterochromatic traits, such as
5044:
Technical report 1495, University of WisconsinâMadison, Dec 2003.
2967:
Zhu, Gu; Evans, David M.; Duffy, David L.; Montgomery, Grant W.;
1398:
1390:
1382:
1159:
1123:
1041:
791:
701:
678:
442:
374:
331:
313:
286:
89:
58:
4018:
Provincia: bulletin trimestriel de la Société de Statistique ...
3865:. Adelaidenow.com.au (11 January 2008). Retrieved on 2011-12-23.
2708:
1664:
Prota G, Hu DN, Vincensi MR, McCormick SA, Napolitano A (1998).
1355:
1212:, which are dark rings that encircle the periphery of the iris.
866:
roughly 50,000 years ago, and entered Europe from western Asia.
397:
239:
208:
and arrived in Europe around 42,000 years ago, after the exodus
2470:
1930:. Sciencedaily.com (22 February 2007). Retrieved on 2011-12-23.
1394:
1221:
1201:
1068:
946:
874:
850:
818:
608:
580:
549:
536:
are thought to be due to the presence of the pteridine pigment
478:
454:
418:
120:
3679:
3095:
Lindsey JD, Jones HL, Hewitt EG, Angert M, Weinreb RN (2001).
4317:
4033:
3403:
3056:
Mitchell R, Rochtchina E, Lee A, Wang JJ, Mitchell P (2003).
980:
879:
828:
trait, however, eye color inheritance is now recognized as a
774:
763:
513:
321:
223:
142:
5095:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris
4399:
2412:
2133:
1887:
White, Désirée; Rabago-Smith, Montserrat (14 October 2010).
1110:
731:
3223:
2840:
Lefohn A, Budge B, Shirley P, Caruso R, Reinhard E (2003).
2709:
SKIN/HAIR/EYE PIGMENTATION, VARIATION IN, 1; SHEP1 - 227220
2567:
Bito, LZ (1997). "Eye Color Changes Past Early Childhood".
1126:, allowing the blood vessels to show through. In addition,
782:
There is no blue pigmentation either in the iris or in the
673:
307:
217:
170:
136:
43:
The irises of human eyes exhibit a wide spectrum of colours
3809:
3549:. allaboutgenes.weebly.com. Retrieved on 8 September 2016.
2514:
2023:"Eye colour: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry"
619:, and have also been observed to be very common among the
193:
may explain why women tend to have darker eyes than men.
30:"Iris color" redirects here. For the shade of purple, see
5159:
3055:
346:
Associated with differences between blue and green eyes.
336:
Associated with differences between blue and green eyes.
242:), when in a variant form, causes the pink eye color and
186:
62:
5005:
3141:"Race, iris color, and age-related macular degeneration"
3094:
2839:
1663:
1397:. This uncommon condition usually results due to uneven
869:
Eiberg and colleagues suggested in a study published in
3607:
3182:
2966:
2612:
1968:
853:
sometime between 6,000 and 10,000 years ago during the
169:
Eye color is an inherited trait determined by multiple
4529:
3986:"Are gray eyes the same as blue in terms of genetics?"
3185:"Iris color as a prognostic factor in ocular melanoma"
3138:
2602:
2600:
2598:
1196:
involves a mutation of the gene coding for the enzyme
4237:"Genotypeâphenotype associations and human eye color"
3558:
3018:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
2749:. Eyecarecontacts.com. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
1889:"Genotypeâphenotype associations and human eye color"
677:
and other genes. They may have been present in south
146:. The earlier belief that blue eye color is a simple
5196:. Edromanguitars.com. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
3461:. Eyedoctorguide.com. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
3266:
3011:
5122:"Evaluation of an iris color classification system"
4815:"The Claim: Eye Color Can Have an Effect on Vision"
4199:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 24â26.
3990:
Understanding Genetics: Human Health and the Genome
2630:Brenda J Bradley, Anja Pedersen, Nicholas I Mundy:
2595:
2355:Hanel, Andrea; Carlberg, Carsten (September 2020).
1228:, and may be symptomatic of liver diseases such as
1137:Although the deep blue eyes of some people such as
712:, green eyes are most common among those of recent
4629:
4442:
3817:
3654:"How one ancestor helped turn our brown eyes blue"
3471:Why Do Europeans Have So Many Hair and Eye Colors?
3452:Blue Eyes Versus Brown Eyes: A Primer on Eye Color
316:producing cells. Central importance to eye color.
4951:
4768:
4235:White, Désirée; Rabago-Smith, Montserrat (2010).
4234:
3486:Sulem, P.; Gudbjartsson, D.; et al. (2007).
3485:
3473:. Cogweb.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
3183:Regan S, Judge HE, Gragoudas ES, Egan KM (1999).
2842:"An Ocularist's Approach to Human Iris Synthesis"
1886:
895:with subsequent reduction in melanin production.
883:gene, which is hypothesized to interact with the
390:"Brown eyes" redirects here. For other uses, see
5225:
5127:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
4477:
3726:"Blue eyes result of ancient genetic 'mutation'"
3139:Frank RN, Puklin JE, Stock C, Canter LA (2000).
2720:Howard Hughes Medical Institute: Ask A Scientist
2116:"DNA test for eye colour could help fight crime"
1872:"Phenotypes and Genotypes for human eye colors."
1446:A common cause in females with heterochromia is
1385:within an iris or part of an iris, which may be
1270:defects can almost always be observed during an
1256:
756:"Blue eyes" redirects here. For other uses, see
100:of light in the stroma, a phenomenon similar to
4155:
3717:
2072:
1943:. Medterms.com. 29 October 2003. Archived from
1928:No Single Gene For Eye Color, Researchers Prove
1454:. Trauma and certain medications, such as some
817:eye color. Studies from various populations in
810:that varies with external lighting conditions.
4849:
4149:
4113:. Albinism.org. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
3624:"Genetic mutation makes those brown eyes blue"
2681:Biochromy: Natural Coloration of Living Things
1882:
1880:
1713:Biochromy: Natural Coloration of Living Things
1224:(the "whites of the eyes") is associated with
5162:"Subspecies comparison of the Genus: Corucia"
5088:
5042:Quantification and Correction of Iris Color."
4762:
3992:. Stanford School of Medicine. Archived from
3979:
3977:
3673:
2684:. University of California Press. p. 9.
2354:
2020:
1874:Athro Limited website. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
700:. Around 8â10% of men and 18â21% of women in
373:It was also found that 11% of the children's
4812:
4679:
4122:
3804:(Higuchi et al., 2007; Lucock et al., 2021).
1620:
4308:Eye color change and the affecting factors.
3983:
3902:
3838:
3761:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
3051:
3049:
2793:
2758:
1877:
1835:
1215:
161:, explains most human eye-color variation.
4186:
3974:
2729:. Hhmi.org. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
2242:
1505:
623:speaking populations of northern Germany.
5001:
4999:
4900:
4786:
4745:
4735:
4525:
4523:
4503:
4471:
4301:
4252:
3957:
3788:
3723:
3584:
3397:
3380:. Michigan State University. p. 39.
3300:
3298:
3200:
3156:
3112:
3029:
2988:
2940:
2922:
2835:
2833:
2543:
2533:
2438:
2372:
2324:
2306:
2296:
2210:
2157:
1994:
1904:
1829:
1755:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1681:
1343:Learn how and when to remove this message
998:, also known as the blue-eyed black lemur
790:is brownish black due to the presence of
4562:
4358:
4180:
4097:
3820:The History and Geography of Human Genes
3617:
3615:
3481:
3479:
3392:the Saxons...being very often hazel-eyed
3178:
3176:
3134:
3132:
3046:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2350:
2348:
2191:Forensic Science International: Genetics
2068:
2066:
2016:
2014:
1476:Light brown iris with a dark limbal ring
1471:
1362:
1354:
1177:
1118:The eyes of people with severe forms of
1109:
1086:
1019:
835:In 2008, a team of researchers from the
773:
762:
738:
730:
579:
571:
512:
499:
408:
396:
164:
38:
5113:
4436:
4311:
4187:Fertl, Dagmar; Rosel, Patricia (2009).
3260:
1964:
1962:
1804:
1802:
1145:
1082:
588:Hazel eyes are due to a combination of
355:
14:
5226:
5089:Piquet-Thepot, M.-M. (26 March 1968).
4996:
4623:
4520:
4283:
3908:
3874:
3754:
3621:
3373:
3295:
2962:
2960:
2830:
2673:
2671:
2406:
2357:"Skin colour and vitamin D: An update"
1737:
1735:
1733:
1698:
1614:
1091:Two different eye colors are known as
1040:Gray eyes can also be found among the
704:and 6% of men and 17% of women in the
4845:
4843:
4808:
4806:
4393:
4079:"The World's Population By Eye Color"
4073:
4071:
4022:l'iris gris est celui des chaouias...
3612:
3552:
3476:
3173:
3129:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2455:
2345:
2249:. Apple Academic Press. p. 207.
2063:
2011:
1864:
1809:Mason, Clyde W. (1924). "Blue Eyes".
1808:
1742:Huiqiong Wang; Lin, S.; Xiaopei Liu;
127:. Humans and other animals have many
5160:Jones, S.L.; Schnirel, B.L. (2006).
4813:O'Connor, Anahad (19 January 2009).
4158:"Elizabeth Taylor: Beautiful Mutant"
3748:
3724:Highfield, Roger (30 January 2008).
2618:
2606:
2581:10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150661017
2566:
2271:
2236:
1959:
1799:
1657:
1325:adding citations to reliable sources
1296:
630:
69:and the frequency-dependence of the
5034:
4708:
3909:Belkin, Douglas (17 October 2006).
3875:Belkin, Douglas (18 October 2006).
3361:"Where are hazel eyes most common?"
2957:
2705:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2677:
2668:
1730:
1709:
1492:
1204:within the liver from entering the
1173:
413:A light brown iris with limbal ring
406:longer wavelengths to be absorbed.
84:In humans, the pigmentation of the
27:Polygenic phenotypic characteristic
24:
4840:
4803:
4205:10.1016/b978-0-12-373553-9.00006-7
4125:"HOW TO: Avoid the red eye effect"
4068:
3622:Bryner, Jeanna (31 January 2008).
2773:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1987.tb00414.x
2651:"Which Eye Colors Are the Rarest?"
2637:
1850:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1987.tb00401.x
1716:. University of California Press.
380:
25:
5260:
5203:
4614:Ocular Manifestations of Albinism
4565:Fundamentals of Surgical Practice
4445:American Journal of Ophthalmology
4156:Palmer, Roxanne (25 March 2005).
3311:European Journal of Ophthalmology
1105:
270:. The polymorphisms may be in an
5180:
5153:
5082:
4336:10.1046/j.1442-9071.2003.00711.x
4123:Dave Johnson (16 January 2009).
3755:Lucock, Mark D. (25 June 2022).
1635:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00268.x
1301:
1286:
1156:age-related macular degeneration
1077:
988:
972:
958:
938:
635:
532:. The bright yellow eyes of the
5073:
5055:"Martin-Schulz Eye Color Chart"
5047:
4945:
4894:
4673:
4658:
4606:
4589:
4556:
4478:McDonnell G, Esmonde T (1999).
4277:
4228:
4116:
4043:
4026:
4008:
3925:
3868:
3856:
3646:
3601:
3533:
3464:
3445:
3367:
3353:
3217:
3088:
3005:
2897:
2872:
2787:
2752:
2732:
2713:
2698:
2624:
2560:
2508:
2127:
2109:
1933:
1921:
1560:eye color in the skink species
1312:needs additional citations for
175:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
57:determined by two factors: the
4197:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
3824:. Princeton University Press.
2021:Sturm RA, Frudakis TN (2004).
1790:
1461:
913:. Blue eyes are also found in
688:Green eyes are most common in
552:, and in fewer numbers in the
481:, but can also be observed in
13:
1:
5020:10.1016/S0275-5408(97)00070-7
4644:10.1016/S0039-6257(97)80018-5
4457:10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00479-7
3074:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01967-0
2678:Fox, Denis Llewellyn (1979).
2243:Pilli, E.; Berti, A. (2021).
1811:Journal of Physical Chemistry
1750:. pp. 1691â1698 Vol. 2.
1710:Fox, Denis Llewellyn (1979).
1607:
1257:Ocular albinism and eye color
983:known to be born in captivity
857:period. However, more recent
596:Definitions of the eye color
5219:Eye Color and Human Diseases
4573:10.1017/CBO9780511545740.013
4324:Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol
3151:: 109â15, discussion 115â7.
2924:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572
2535:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000934
2203:10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.03.007
1566:is black, and the autosomal
1051:in Northwest Africa, in the
1008:among American children. Of
873:that a mutation in the 86th
281:gene, a gene that regulates
227:, and both are localized in
7:
5040:Fan S, Dyer CR, Hubbard L.
4954:Perceptual and Motor Skills
4903:Perceptual and Motor Skills
4852:Perceptual and Motor Skills
4665:Biography for Lee Van Cleef
4540:10.1007/978-1-4419-6502-8_8
4414:10.1076/opep.10.5.293.17319
4379:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.03.027
2197:(4). Elsevier BV: 453â460.
1580:
1239:
1162:, and an increased risk of
646:may have misleading content
392:Brown eyes (disambiguation)
10:
5265:
4769:Brown M, Sacco DF (2018).
4737:10.1177/147470491100900201
3540:"OCA2: The Gene for Color"
3323:10.1177/112067210901900427
3202:10.1001/archopht.117.6.811
3114:10.1001/archopht.119.6.853
2990:10.1375/136905204323016186
2431:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.003
2285:Biology of Sex Differences
2138:; Kayser, Manfred (2009).
1465:
1290:
1243:
758:Blue eyes (disambiguation)
755:
720:ancestry, with about 16%.
389:
29:
5172:(1): 1â25. Archived from
4966:10.2466/pms.2001.93.2.455
4915:10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.671
4694:10.3109/08820539909061464
4682:Seminars in Ophthalmology
4241:Journal of Human Genetics
3695:10.1007/s00439-007-0460-x
3419:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0
2634:Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009
2569:Archives of Ophthalmology
2298:10.1186/s13293-016-0070-1
2159:10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.027
2087:10.1080/03014460210157394
2042:10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.010
1893:Journal of Human Genetics
1114:Red-appearing albino eyes
842:Journal of Human Genetics
131:variations in eye color.
4864:10.2466/pms.1992.75.1.91
4788:10.1177/0146167217733072
4104:NOAH â What is Albinism?
3732:. London. Archived from
2905:C. (25 September 2014).
2858:10.1109/MCG.2003.1242384
2846:IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl
2725:1 September 2010 at the
2361:Experimental Dermatology
2136:Janssens, A. Cecile J.W.
1216:Coloration of the sclera
891:, reduced expression of
837:University of Copenhagen
626:
567:
508:
385:
202:Experimental Dermatology
108:. This is an example of
5192:20 October 2006 at the
5107:10.3406/bmsap.1968.1417
4724:Evolutionary Psychology
4496:10.1136/pgmj.75.884.375
3950:10.3325/cmj.2013.54.381
3457:17 October 2008 at the
3145:Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc
2745:23 October 2010 at the
1506:Classification of color
1456:prostaglandin analogues
1130:can sometimes cause a "
1015:
813:Blue eyes are a highly
767:A light blue iris with
751:
708:have green eyes. Among
611:, most commonly in the
94:iris pigment epithelium
5008:Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
4290:New Journal of Science
3545:6 October 2016 at the
3281:10.1006/exer.1996.0035
1683:10.1006/exer.1998.0518
1570:color is yellow-green.
1477:
1368:
1360:
1210:KayserâFleischer rings
1190:
1115:
1095:
1025:
779:
771:
748:
736:
585:
577:
518:
505:
414:
402:
44:
4775:Pers Soc Psychol Bull
4296:. hindawi.com: 1â28.
3767:(2). Wiley: 252â271.
3374:Beddoe, John (1971).
1766:10.1109/ICCV.2005.215
1528:physical anthropology
1518:, developed from the
1487:facial attractiveness
1475:
1366:
1358:
1184:KayserâFleischer ring
1181:
1113:
1090:
1023:
777:
766:
742:
734:
583:
575:
516:
503:
412:
400:
165:Genetic determination
42:
5214:The Tech Interactive
4638:(Suppl 2): S117â23.
4567:. pp. 230â248.
4534:. pp. 277â297.
4480:"A homesick student"
4402:Ophthalmic Epidemiol
4254:10.1038/jhg.2010.126
4130:New Zealand PC World
3996:on 27 September 2011
3577:10.1136/bjo.71.7.549
2059:on 9 September 2006.
1906:10.1038/jhg.2010.126
1516:MartinâSchultz scale
1411:Waardenburg syndrome
1379:heterochromia iridis
1374:heterochromia iridum
1321:improve this article
1293:Heterochromia iridum
1146:Medical implications
1100:heterochromia iridum
1093:heterochromia iridum
1083:Two different colors
1067:. The Greek goddess
979:The first blue-eyed
356:Changes in eye color
302:Effect on eye color
154:, close to proximal
5176:on 2 February 2009.
4909:(1 Pt 2): 671â674.
4303:10.1155/2014/498276
4284:Solano, F. (2014).
4137:on 24 February 2010
4109:14 May 2012 at the
3921:on 22 October 2014.
3730:The Daily Telegraph
3363:. 26 February 2023.
1823:10.1021/j150239a007
1575:perception of color
826:mendelian recessive
796:Rayleigh scattering
786:. The iris pigment
747:with sea-green eyes
652:clarify the content
590:Rayleigh scattering
275:regulatory sequence
102:Rayleigh scattering
4819:The New York Times
3881:The New York Times
3773:10.1002/ajpa.24564
3736:on 1 November 2009
3504:10.1038/ng.2007.13
3238:10.1007/BF01203345
2808:10.1007/BF00233588
2621:, p. 661-662.
2486:10.1038/ng.2007.13
1522:, is one standard
1478:
1369:
1361:
1191:
1186:in a patient with
1116:
1096:
1026:
815:sexually dimorphic
780:
772:
749:
745:Chinchilla Persian
737:
710:European Americans
586:
578:
519:
506:
415:
403:
98:Tyndall scattering
79:stroma of the iris
45:
4582:978-0-511-54574-0
4549:978-1-4419-6501-1
4214:978-0-12-373553-9
3984:Lucy Southworth.
3831:978-0-691-08750-4
3660:. 31 January 2008
3608:Duffy et al. 2007
3498:(12): 1443â1452.
3062:Am. J. Ophthalmol
2969:Medland, Sarah E.
2691:978-0-520-03699-4
2649:Debrowski, Adam.
2419:Am. J. Hum. Genet
2374:10.1111/exd.14142
2256:978-1-000-06454-4
1975:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1775:978-0-7695-2334-7
1723:978-0-520-03699-4
1407:Horner's syndrome
1353:
1352:
1345:
1268:Transillumination
1200:, which prevents
1128:flash photography
949:with distinctive
902:release from the
669:
668:
350:
349:
159:regulatory region
152:gene polymorphism
16:(Redirected from
5256:
5197:
5187:Color Perception
5184:
5178:
5177:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5061:on 2 August 2016
5057:. Archived from
5051:
5045:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4790:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4721:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4677:
4671:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4627:
4621:
4610:
4604:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4256:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4168:on 27 March 2011
4164:. Archived from
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4133:. Archived from
4120:
4114:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4085:. 6 October 2020
4075:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4055:All About Vision
4047:
4041:
4030:
4024:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3917:. Archived from
3915:The Boston Globe
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3852:on 26 July 2011.
3848:. Archived from
3842:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3792:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3630:. Archived from
3619:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3556:
3550:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3483:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3189:Arch. Ophthalmol
3180:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3101:Arch. Ophthalmol
3092:
3086:
3085:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2926:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2884:All About Vision
2876:
2870:
2869:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2761:Pigment Cell Res
2756:
2750:
2736:
2730:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:All About Vision
2646:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2593:
2592:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2468:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2376:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2328:
2310:
2300:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2214:
2185:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2152:(5): R192âR193.
2131:
2125:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2052:. Archived from
2027:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1838:Pigment Cell Res
1833:
1827:
1826:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1759:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1623:Pigment Cell Res
1618:
1592:Human skin color
1544:structural color
1493:Impact on vision
1348:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1305:
1297:
1283:in photographs.
1277:pupillary reflex
1194:Wilson's disease
1188:Wilson's disease
1174:Wilson's disease
1139:Elizabeth Taylor
1005:white population
992:
976:
962:
942:
808:structural color
664:
661:
655:
639:
638:
631:
534:great horned owl
360:A 1997 study of
312:Associated with
296:
295:
246:common in human
244:hypopigmentation
110:structural color
73:of light by the
55:phenotypic trait
21:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5244:Facial features
5224:
5223:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5194:Wayback Machine
5185:
5181:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5118:
5114:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5039:
5035:
5004:
4997:
4950:
4946:
4899:
4895:
4848:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4811:
4804:
4767:
4763:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4678:
4674:
4663:
4659:
4632:Surv Ophthalmol
4628:
4624:
4611:
4607:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4528:
4521:
4476:
4472:
4441:
4437:
4398:
4394:
4363:
4359:
4320:Guymer, Robyn H
4316:
4312:
4282:
4278:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4121:
4117:
4111:Wayback Machine
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4031:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3975:
3930:
3926:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3873:
3869:
3863:Blue eyed Koala
3861:
3857:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3814:
3810:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3722:
3718:
3678:
3674:
3663:
3661:
3658:The Independent
3652:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3602:
3565:Br J Ophthalmol
3557:
3553:
3547:Wayback Machine
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3492:Nature Genetics
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3459:Wayback Machine
3450:
3446:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3303:
3296:
3265:
3261:
3222:
3218:
3181:
3174:
3137:
3130:
3093:
3089:
3054:
3047:
3010:
3006:
2965:
2958:
2917:(9): e1004572.
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2838:
2831:
2796:Cell Tissue Res
2792:
2788:
2757:
2753:
2747:Wayback Machine
2738:Larry Bickford
2737:
2733:
2727:Wayback Machine
2718:
2714:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2676:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2565:
2561:
2528:(5): e1000934.
2513:
2509:
2480:(12): 1443â52.
2469:
2456:
2411:
2407:
2353:
2346:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2186:
2175:
2145:Current Biology
2132:
2128:
2114:
2110:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2025:
2019:
2012:
1967:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1834:
1830:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1776:
1740:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1699:
1662:
1658:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1583:
1563:Corucia zebrata
1536:Bruno K Schultz
1508:
1495:
1470:
1464:
1389:or acquired by
1371:Heterochromia (
1349:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1318:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1272:eye examination
1259:
1248:
1242:
1218:
1206:Golgi apparatus
1176:
1148:
1108:
1098:As a result of
1085:
1080:
1049:AurĂšs Mountains
1018:
999:
996:Sclater's lemur
993:
984:
977:
968:
963:
954:
943:
915:southern Europe
830:polygenic trait
761:
754:
665:
659:
656:
649:
640:
636:
629:
570:
540:within certain
511:
461:, and parts of
395:
388:
383:
381:Eye color range
362:White Americans
358:
167:
148:recessive trait
106:vitreous humour
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5205:
5204:External links
5202:
5199:
5198:
5179:
5152:
5112:
5101:(3): 183â218.
5081:
5072:
5046:
5033:
4995:
4960:(2): 455â460.
4944:
4893:
4839:
4802:
4761:
4730:(2): 137â146.
4707:
4672:
4657:
4622:
4605:
4588:
4581:
4555:
4548:
4519:
4490:(884): 375â8.
4484:Postgrad Med J
4470:
4451:(2): 237â238.
4435:
4408:(5): 293â302.
4392:
4357:
4310:
4276:
4227:
4213:
4179:
4148:
4115:
4096:
4067:
4042:
4025:
4007:
3973:
3924:
3901:
3867:
3855:
3837:
3830:
3808:
3747:
3716:
3672:
3645:
3634:on 1 July 2013
3611:
3600:
3551:
3532:
3475:
3463:
3444:
3413:(3): 395â410.
3407:Human Genetics
3396:
3386:
3366:
3352:
3317:(4): 686â689.
3294:
3259:
3226:Doc Ophthalmol
3216:
3172:
3128:
3087:
3045:
3004:
2983:(2): 197â210.
2956:
2896:
2871:
2829:
2786:
2751:
2731:
2712:
2697:
2690:
2667:
2636:
2623:
2611:
2609:, p. 660.
2594:
2559:
2507:
2454:
2405:
2367:(9): 864â875.
2344:
2270:
2255:
2235:
2173:
2126:
2124:14 March 2009.
2108:
2075:Ann. Hum. Biol
2062:
2010:
1987:10.1086/510885
1958:
1947:on 5 June 2011
1932:
1920:
1876:
1863:
1828:
1817:(5): 498â501.
1798:
1789:
1774:
1744:Sing Bing Kang
1729:
1722:
1697:
1656:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1507:
1504:
1494:
1491:
1483:corneal limbus
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1448:X-inactivation
1351:
1350:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1291:Main article:
1288:
1285:
1281:red eye effect
1258:
1255:
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1217:
1214:
1175:
1172:
1164:uveal melanoma
1147:
1144:
1132:red-eye effect
1107:
1106:Red and violet
1104:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1035:Mie scattering
1017:
1014:
1001:
1000:
994:
987:
985:
978:
971:
969:
964:
957:
955:
944:
937:
871:Human Genetics
753:
750:
698:Central Europe
667:
666:
643:
641:
634:
628:
625:
617:United Kingdom
569:
566:
542:chromatophores
510:
507:
487:Southeast Asia
427:Southeast Asia
387:
384:
382:
379:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
310:
304:
303:
300:
166:
163:
77:medium in the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5261:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5141:
5137:
5134:(8): 1592â8.
5133:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5076:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5014:(2): 103â10.
5013:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4688:(3): 114â23.
4687:
4683:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4524:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4373:(2): 247â52.
4372:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4011:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3938:Croat. Med. J
3935:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:(2): 177â87.
3688:
3684:
3676:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3571:(7): 549â52.
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3387:9780091013707
3383:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:(4): 367â76.
3231:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3107:(6): 853â60.
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:PLOS Genetics
2908:
2900:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:(2): 387â95.
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2575:(5): 659â63.
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:PLOS Genetics
2519:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:(2): 411â23.
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2121:New Scientist
2117:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2081:(6): 657â66.
2080:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:(8): 327â32.
2035:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:(2): 241â52.
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:(2): 129â31.
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:10.1.1.87.418
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:(6): 454â64.
1628:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:Rudolf Martin
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1500:visual acuity
1490:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:Lee Van Cleef
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1333:November 2012
1326:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1310:This section
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1287:Heterochromia
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1078:Special cases
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:Shawia people
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1006:
997:
991:
986:
982:
975:
970:
967:
961:
956:
952:
948:
947:Birman kitten
941:
936:
935:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
867:
865:
864:out of Africa
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
833:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:vitreous body
776:
770:
765:
759:
746:
741:
733:
729:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:
663:
653:
647:
644:This section
642:
633:
632:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
594:
591:
582:
574:
565:
563:
562:South America
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
515:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
411:
407:
399:
393:
378:
376:
371:
368:
365:
363:
353:
345:
343:
340:
339:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
229:chromosome 15
226:
225:
220:
219:
213:
211:
210:out of Africa
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
182:
180:
176:
172:
162:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:
139:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5182:
5174:the original
5169:
5165:
5155:
5143:. Retrieved
5131:
5125:
5115:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5075:
5063:. Retrieved
5059:the original
5049:
5036:
5011:
5007:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4858:(1): 91â95.
4855:
4851:
4830:. Retrieved
4818:
4781:(1): 80â91.
4778:
4774:
4764:
4727:
4723:
4710:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4660:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4612:
4608:
4595:
4591:
4564:
4558:
4531:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4330:(6): 465â9.
4327:
4323:
4313:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4196:
4192:
4182:
4170:. Retrieved
4166:the original
4161:
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4135:the original
4128:
4118:
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4082:
4058:. Retrieved
4054:
4045:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3989:
3944:(4): 381â6.
3941:
3937:
3927:
3919:the original
3914:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3880:
3870:
3858:
3850:the original
3840:
3819:
3811:
3802:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3729:
3719:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3662:. Retrieved
3657:
3648:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:the original
3603:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3495:
3491:
3466:
3447:
3438:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3376:
3369:
3355:
3314:
3310:
3275:(3): 293â7.
3272:
3269:Exp. Eye Res
3268:
3262:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3195:(6): 811â4.
3192:
3188:
3148:
3144:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3068:(3): 384â6.
3065:
3061:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2980:
2976:
2914:
2910:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:
2880:"Amber eyes"
2874:
2849:
2845:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2767:(3): 202â8.
2764:
2760:
2754:
2734:
2715:
2700:
2680:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2626:
2614:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2477:
2473:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2364:
2360:
2338:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2260:. Retrieved
2245:
2238:
2194:
2190:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2119:
2111:
2078:
2074:
2054:the original
2033:
2030:Trends Genet
2029:
1978:
1974:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:the original
1935:
1923:
1896:
1892:
1870:Morris, PJ.
1866:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1814:
1810:
1792:
1747:
1712:
1676:(3): 293â9.
1673:
1670:Exp. Eye Res
1669:
1659:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1572:
1561:
1552:
1540:
1520:Martin scale
1513:
1509:
1496:
1479:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1426:
1415:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1339:
1330:
1319:Please help
1314:verification
1311:
1260:
1249:
1219:
1192:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1117:
1097:
1073:
1061:Central Asia
1039:
1027:
1002:
927:North Africa
919:Central Asia
908:
904:pineal gland
897:
892:
884:
878:
870:
868:
840:
834:
823:
812:
781:
722:
687:
672:
670:
657:
650:Please help
645:
606:
597:
595:
587:
558:North Africa
538:xanthopterin
527:
520:
491:North Africa
463:Central Asia
457:, among the
431:Central Asia
416:
404:
401:A brown iris
372:
369:
366:
359:
351:
282:
278:
271:
251:
235:
233:
222:
216:
214:
201:
195:
183:
168:
141:
135:
133:
114:
83:
59:pigmentation
47:
46:
36:
32:Iris (color)
4051:"Gray eyes"
4015:(in French)
3664:21 December
3525:21 February
3024:: 217â222.
2852:(6): 70â5.
2308:10810/32358
2212:10234/86709
1602:Xanthophore
1548:limbal ring
1524:color scale
1468:Limbal ring
1462:Limbal ring
1452:calico cats
1434:David Bowie
1053:Middle East
966:Jungle crow
859:ancient DNA
769:limbal ring
706:Netherlands
681:during the
660:August 2023
613:Netherlands
554:Middle East
495:East Africa
475:East Africa
447:West Africa
198:ancient DNA
125:carotenoids
5228:Categories
5166:Polyphemos
5145:19 October
5065:13 January
4532:The Sclera
4247:(1): 5â7.
4220:11 October
4189:"Albinism"
4083:WorldAtlas
4000:19 October
3894:2 February
3740:19 October
3683:Hum. Genet
3638:19 October
2660:4 February
2474:Nat. Genet
1951:19 October
1899:(1): 5â7.
1608:References
1587:Hair color
1065:South Asia
923:South Asia
911:Baltic Sea
849:region in
788:epithelium
735:Green eyes
726:lipochrome
683:Bronze Age
546:lipofuscin
530:pteridines
523:lipochrome
471:South Asia
435:South Asia
299:Gene name
129:phenotypic
117:pteridines
71:scattering
5234:Eye color
4974:0031-5125
4923:0031-5125
4872:0031-5125
4827:0362-4331
4619:eMedicine
4602:eMedicine
4141:9 January
3889:0362-4331
3781:2692-7691
3331:1120-6721
2933:1553-7390
2740:Eye Color
2619:Bito 1997
2607:Bito 1997
2399:220335539
2383:0906-6705
2317:2042-6410
2291:(1): 17.
2221:1872-4973
1752:CiteSeerX
1643:0893-5785
1597:Iridology
1558:recessive
1555:autosomal
1403:chimerism
1387:inherited
1234:hepatitis
1230:cirrhosis
1198:ATPase 7B
1168:cataracts
1057:West Asia
953:blue eyes
931:West Asia
900:melatonin
855:Neolithic
847:Black Sea
778:Blue iris
621:Low Saxon
584:Hazel eye
576:Hazel eye
517:Amber eye
483:East Asia
467:West Asia
439:West Asia
423:East Asia
268:skin tone
256:freckling
234:The gene
206:Near East
179:Rotterdam
52:polygenic
48:Eye color
18:Blue eyes
5190:Archived
4990:22785194
4982:11769902
4888:31398375
4797:28978250
4756:22947961
4747:10519137
4702:10790575
4597:Aniridia
4514:10435182
4465:11004303
4422:14566630
4387:15226032
4367:Prev Med
4352:25878963
4344:14641151
4271:33808164
4263:20944644
4193:Albinism
4172:26 March
4107:Archived
3968:23986280
3799:36790744
3790:10083917
3703:18172690
3628:NBC News
3543:Archived
3520:19313549
3512:17952075
3455:Archived
3435:21347353
3427:19449030
3347:40940828
3339:19551689
3254:30893783
3211:10369595
3167:11190014
3123:11405836
3082:12614760
3040:14971580
2999:15169604
2977:Twin Res
2951:25254375
2743:Archived
2723:Archived
2707:(OMIM):
2554:20463881
2502:19313549
2494:17952075
2449:18252221
2391:32621306
2335:26998216
2229:23601698
2168:19278628
2103:25364754
2095:12573082
2050:15262401
2005:17236130
1915:20944644
1651:16280011
1581:See also
1568:dominant
1526:used in
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