481:
583:
549:
519:
606:
1098:
169:
132:
618:
29:
824:. Approximations are required. The Munsell Color System provides an objective measure of color in three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in general fail to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also systematically biased.
480:
697:
has been known by a variety of generic and proprietary names since its discovery in the 1930s. In much of Europe, phthalocyanine blue is better known as Helio Blue, or by a proprietary name such as Winsor Blue. An
American paint manufacturer, Grumbacher, registered an alternate spelling (Thanos Blue)
625:
Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent. With the development of a modern color industry, manufacturers and professionals have cooperated to create international standards for identifying,
811:
Plastic swatches are available in various special effects like pearl, metallic, fluorescent, sparkle, mosaic etc. However, these effects are difficult to replicate on other media like print and computer display. Plastic swatches have been created by 3D modelling to including various special effects.
702:
resolves all these conflicting historic, generic, and proprietary names so that manufacturers and consumers can identify the pigment (or dye) used in a particular color product. In the CII, all phthalocyanine blue pigments are designated by a generic color index number as either PB15 or PB16, short
1537:
Dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution during the application process and impart color by selective absorption of light. Pigments are colored, colorless, or fluorescent particulate organic or inorganic finely divided solids which are usually insoluble in, and essentially
548:
397:. Since mango leaves are nutritionally inadequate for cattle, the practice of harvesting Indian yellow was eventually declared to be inhumane. Modern hues of Indian yellow are made from synthetic pigments. Vermillion has been partially replaced in by cadmium reds.
770:
Swatches are used to communicate colors accurately. The types of swatches are dictated by the media, i.e., printing, computers, plastics, and textiles. Generally, the medium that offers the broadest gamut of color shades is widely used across diverse media.
582:
652:(ISO) develops technical standards for the manufacture of pigments and dyes. ISO standards define various industrial and chemical properties, and how to test for them. The principal ISO standards that relate to all pigments are as follows:
236:. These pigments were among the easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals. These were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies, but the place names remained. Also found in many
855:. Averaged measurements of pigment samples will only yield approximations of their true appearance under a specific source of illumination. Computer display systems use a technique called chromatic adaptation transforms to emulate the
835:. The further a display device deviates from these standards, the less accurate these swatches will be. Swatches are based on the average measurements of several lots of single-pigment watercolor paints, converted from
807:
and pigments for plastics offer plastic swatches in injection molded color chips. These color chips are supplied to the designer or customer to choose and select the color for their specific plastic products.
2147:
471:
compounds. These dyes ushered in the flourishing of organic chemistry, including systematic designs of colorants. The development of organic chemistry diminished the dependence on inorganic pigments.
143:. The bonding properties of the material determine the wavelength and efficiency of light absorption. Light of other wavelengths are reflected or scattered. The reflected light spectrum defines the
172:
Sunlight encounters Rosco R80 "Primary Blue" pigment. The product of the source spectrum and the reflectance spectrum of the pigment results in the final spectrum, and the appearance of blue.
690:(US)—this index is recognized internationally as the authoritative reference on colorants. It encompasses more than 27,000 products under more than 13,000 generic color index names.
518:
859:
of illumination sources, and cannot perfectly reproduce the intricate spectral combinations originally seen. In many cases, the perceived color of a pigment falls outside of the
176:
Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers can affect the color.
633:
became the foundation for a series of color models, providing objective methods for the measurement of color. The
Munsell system describes a color in three dimensions,
678:(CII) as a standard for identifying the pigments that they use in manufacturing particular colors. First published in 1925—and now published jointly on the web by the
135:
A wide variety of wavelengths (colors) encounter a pigment. This pigment absorbs red and green light, but reflects blue—giving the substance a blue-colored appearance.
1352:
703:
for pigment blue 15 and pigment blue 16; these two numbers reflect slight variations in molecular structure, which produce a slightly more greenish or reddish blue.
2116:
648:
By the middle 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international movement to create such standards in industry. The
188:
for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in a
2138:
687:
843:
for viewing on a computer display. The appearance of a pigment may depend on the brand and even the batch. Furthermore, pigments have inherently complex
3757:
693:
In the CII schema, each pigment has a generic index number that identifies it chemically, regardless of proprietary and historic names. For example,
408:, the oldest modern synthetic pigment, was discovered by accident in 1704. By the early 19th century, synthetic and metallic blue pigments included
161:
measurements, unless otherwise noted, assume that the measurement was recorded under a D65 light source, or "Daylight 6500 K", which is roughly the
2396:
1373:
440:, another name once given to tints produced from lapis lazuli, has evolved to signify a much lighter and brighter color, and is usually mixed from
4154:
3895:
3491:
1984:
711:
The following are some of the attributes of pigments that determine their suitability for particular manufacturing processes and applications:
649:
4110:
3619:
3942:
3393:
2051:
2068:
1530:
154:
and a fairly uniform spectrum. Sunlight is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources are less uniform.
113:– used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $ 13.2 billion per year, while the color
1691:
1081:
in that pigment color is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or
2389:
663:
Other ISO standards pertain to particular classes or categories of pigments, based on their chemical composition, such as
2112:
2196:
The
Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters, Revised Edition
1866:"Trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue carry information on provenance, manufacture, application, and ageing"
1031:
can control to vary the animal's color. Many conditions affect the levels or nature of pigments in plant, animal, some
1923:
3520:
2426:
2266:
2245:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2033:
1949:
1770:
1659:
3727:
3614:
208:. Pigments based on minerals and clays often bear the name of the city or region where they were originally mined.
4139:
3530:
2568:
2382:
1513:
Gürses, A.; Açıkyıldız, M.; Güneş, K.; Gürses, M.S. (2016). "Dyes and
Pigments: Their Structure and Properties".
679:
1584:
2237:
1567:
880:
1724:
3752:
3282:
2542:
1745:
Lorelei H. Corcoran, "The Color Blue as an 'Animator' in
Ancient Egyptian Art", in Rachael B.Goldman, (ed.),
1089:
wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well.
377:. From the 17th century on, it was also synthesized from the elements. It was favored by old masters such as
2610:
3747:
3287:
2760:
2364:
2347:
1827:"The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millenium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia"
856:
2436:
1826:
791:, etc. are widely used standards of color communication across diverse media like printing, plastics, and
4256:
2713:
311:
2369:
1610:
67:
are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often
4015:
3816:
2360:
2343:
1108:
699:
675:
595:. Working in the late 19th century, CĂ©zanne had a much broader palette of colors than his predecessors.
1976:
3821:
3636:
4010:
3102:
2647:
847:
spectra that will render their color appearance greatly different depending on the spectrum of the
3174:
3169:
1787:
4127:
4037:
3209:
2976:
2795:
2728:
2460:
1260:
139:
Like all materials, the color of pigments arises because they absorb only certain wavelengths of
674:
Many manufacturers of paints, inks, textiles, plastics, and colors have voluntarily adopted the
4215:
4089:
3695:
3586:
3574:
3270:
3011:
2850:
2487:
2421:
2405:
1615:
1243:
1239:
1101:
739:
694:
433:
105:
60:
3954:
3890:
3764:
3457:
3383:
3157:
3152:
3090:
3029:
2966:
2914:
2907:
2453:
1479:
879:
accuracy to render the color on screen, depending on the priority chosen in the conversion's
753:
3339:
267:
O). Charcoal—or carbon black—has also been used as a black pigment since prehistoric times.
4220:
4171:
4166:
4149:
4144:
4122:
3912:
3626:
3479:
3371:
3275:
3068:
2753:
2552:
2495:
1877:
1838:
788:
630:
2723:
8:
4210:
3875:
3680:
3513:
3046:
2919:
2800:
2775:
848:
784:
96:
1881:
1842:
4161:
4064:
3966:
3779:
2961:
2691:
2657:
2256:
1898:
1865:
1016:
982:
852:
417:
72:
4251:
4203:
4193:
4183:
4132:
3789:
3707:
3001:
2986:
2971:
2951:
2842:
2821:
2632:
2475:
2262:
2241:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2048:
2029:
2019:
1955:
1945:
1903:
1807:
1766:
1665:
1655:
1563:
1526:
1494:
1335:
1063:
389:
leaves. Dutch and
Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its
367:
327:
162:
151:
109:, the estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $ 30 billion. The value of
103:, and special pigments were marketed worldwide. According to an April 2018 report by
100:
204:, iron oxide, was the first color of paint. A favored blue pigment was derived from
4198:
4105:
3848:
3631:
3431:
3351:
3307:
3107:
2929:
2780:
2740:
2072:
1893:
1885:
1846:
1799:
1555:
1518:
1457:
1433:
1326:
1157:
1149:
1059:
883:
864:
840:
832:
828:
821:
749:
668:
645:(color purity), where chroma is the difference from gray at a given hue and value.
490:
445:
157:
Color spaces used to represent colors numerically must specify their light source.
110:
68:
20:
3690:
3646:
1559:
4079:
4049:
3811:
3739:
3717:
3675:
3570:
3540:
3405:
3400:
3051:
2934:
2505:
2055:
2025:
1927:
1683:
1453:
1365:
1317:
1141:
1118:
836:
501:
363:
319:
158:
150:
The appearance of pigments is sensitive to the source light. Sunlight has a high
1522:
867:
is used to approximate the true appearance. Gamut mapping trades off any one of
592:
184:
Minerals have been used as colorants since prehistoric times. Early humans used
4188:
4115:
3937:
3902:
3833:
3722:
3594:
3302:
2887:
2877:
2698:
2679:
2005:
1889:
1538:
chemically unaffected by, the vehicle or medium in which they are incorporated.
1369:
1264:
1153:
1127:
1067:
721:
683:
2352:
2335:
1850:
1078:
605:
4245:
4074:
4059:
4005:
3983:
3880:
3868:
3784:
3653:
3535:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3184:
3095:
3024:
2765:
2708:
2686:
2595:
2527:
2522:
2500:
1959:
1669:
1469:
1445:
1427:
1423:
1309:
1280:
1227:
1201:
1193:
1180:
1020:
965:
930:
715:
460:
429:
405:
382:
271:
244:
2615:
659:
ISO-8780 Methods of dispersion for assessment of dispersion characteristics.
621:
Synthetic ultramarine pigment is chemically identical to natural ultramarine
3993:
3949:
3930:
3885:
3685:
3609:
3366:
3361:
3317:
2944:
2826:
2790:
2770:
2622:
2600:
2512:
1920:
1907:
1811:
1760:
1484:
1474:
1449:
1437:
1386:
1356:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1166:
876:
820:
The appearance of pigments in natural light is difficult to replicate on a
743:
642:
441:
413:
401:
385:
was once produced by collecting the urine of cattle that had been fed only
299:
213:
205:
126:
84:
4042:
2305:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 4
2296:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 3
2287:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 2
2278:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 1
2094:
4032:
4022:
3978:
3973:
3925:
3863:
3799:
3700:
3670:
3545:
3467:
3388:
3376:
3137:
3122:
3112:
3083:
3041:
2956:
2924:
2872:
2805:
2642:
2517:
2374:
1415:
1390:
1348:
1296:
1235:
1197:
1170:
1145:
1082:
1055:
950:
844:
804:
664:
610:
509:
505:
456:
425:
409:
390:
335:
323:
315:
237:
229:
2329:
2318:
1097:
4176:
4069:
4027:
3843:
3806:
3769:
3665:
3252:
3164:
2991:
2892:
2865:
2785:
2583:
2537:
2448:
2416:
1419:
1382:
1330:
1305:
1252:
1219:
1047:
995:
material of plant or animal cells. Many biological structures, such as
898:
558:
437:
339:
275:
56:
2140:
Engineer Manual 1110-2-3400 Painting: New Construction and Maintenance
779:
Reference standards are provided by printed swatches of color shades.
436:, a synthetic metallo-organic pigment was prepared. At the same time,
168:
4084:
3853:
3838:
3436:
3421:
3346:
3329:
3247:
3132:
3073:
3063:
3058:
2981:
2860:
2748:
2674:
2441:
2431:
2355:
Poisons and Pigments: A Talk with Art Historian Elisabeth Berry-Drago
2234:
Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction
1803:
1339:
1322:
1292:
1268:
1247:
1231:
1131:
1114:
1086:
1046:
Pigmentation in organisms serves many biological purposes, including
1028:
914:
868:
638:
617:
573:
528:
500:). Vermeer was lavish in his choice of expensive pigments, including
359:
355:
307:
295:
241:
225:
131:
3858:
3794:
3641:
3599:
3334:
3242:
3117:
2939:
2902:
2882:
1716:
1489:
1403:
1361:
1313:
1256:
1223:
1205:
1184:
1176:
1040:
1032:
792:
734:
726:
452:
394:
374:
282:
3250 BC). Egyptian blue (blue frit), calcium copper silicate CaCuSi
80:
28:
3920:
3712:
3658:
3604:
3426:
3232:
3142:
2996:
2897:
2855:
2718:
2637:
2590:
2578:
1747:
Essays in Global Color History: Interpreting the Ancient Spectrum
1549:
1517:. SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science. Springer. pp. 13–29.
1441:
1411:
1407:
1215:
1137:
1071:
1070:(in plants), and basic physical purposes such as protection from
1051:
1024:
1012:
988:
780:
532:
464:
370:
331:
274:, which is first attested on an alabaster bowl in Egypt dated to
114:
2258:
The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Fifth Edition
3988:
3525:
3503:
3356:
3292:
3237:
2627:
2605:
2573:
2547:
1344:
1284:
1211:
1189:
1162:
1123:
1036:
524:
421:
378:
303:
291:
233:
209:
197:
193:
55:
or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly
48:
2338:
Alchemy's Rainbow: Pigment Science and the Art of Conservation
4054:
3774:
3508:
3462:
3324:
3179:
3127:
2703:
2669:
992:
860:
572:, Tintoretto used Carmine Red Lake pigment, derived from the
468:
386:
322:; its art technological traces vanished in the course of the
221:
217:
201:
185:
144:
140:
76:
52:
37:
1788:"The invention of blue and purple pigments in ancient times"
4000:
3961:
3441:
3297:
3227:
3147:
3019:
2532:
1971:
1969:
1512:
1378:
1301:
1008:
996:
656:
ISO-787 General methods of test for pigments and extenders.
189:
2021:
Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color That Changed the World
1550:
Völz, Hans G.; et al. (2006). "Pigments, Inorganic".
3312:
3078:
3036:
2323:
1085:, usually because of multilayer structures. For example,
1004:
1000:
872:
634:
600:
569:
64:
33:
1966:
827:
The following approximations assume a display device at
1583:
Sahoo, Annapurna; Panigrahi, G. K. (1 September 2016).
688:
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
459:, was a forerunner for the development of hundreds of
373:, was originally made by grinding a powder of natural
75:. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include
1043:
affects the level of melanin production in animals.
1824:
1092:
1019:often comes about through specialized cells called
2330:The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-century Europe
1825:Hatton, G.D.; Shortland, A.J.; Tite, M.S. (2008).
718:and sensitivity for damage from ultraviolet light
432:were also introduced. In the early 20th century,
4243:
1857:
1638:Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities
2017:
1711:
1709:
1582:
1552:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
650:International Organization for Standardization
2390:
1765:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1749:(New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2016), pp. 59–82.
1611:"The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color"
1585:"A review on Natural Dye: Gift from bacteria"
338:. Later premodern synthetic pigments include
2177:Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color
326:until its rediscovery in the context of the
318:. It was the blue pigment par excellence of
2370:The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color
1863:
1706:
940:
888:
761:Reactions and interactions between pigments
475:Paintings illustrating advances in pigments
448:, or from inexpensive synthetic blue dyes.
416:. Ultramarine was manufactured by treating
2404:
2397:
2383:
626:producing, measuring, and testing colors.
576:insect, to achieve dramatic color effects.
531:to create the reds in the oil painting of
393:qualities, and often used it to represent
117:red is valued at $ 300 million each year.
19:"Pigments" redirects here. For album, see
1939:
1897:
1654:. London: John Murray. pp. 21, 237.
1649:
1608:
1396:
1039:cells. For instance, the disorder called
863:of computer displays and a method called
95:In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of
63:in water or another medium; in contrast,
2293:
1758:
1096:
616:
604:
167:
130:
27:
2215:Color: A Natural History of the Palette
2193:
32:Pigments for sale at a market stall in
4244:
2302:
2275:
2212:
2119:from the original on 29 September 2007
1643:
976:
601:Manufacturing and industrial standards
270:The first known synthetic pigment was
120:
3568:
3207:
2473:
2378:
2280:. London: Cambridge University Press.
2254:
1987:from the original on 21 December 2014
1864:Dariz, Petra; Schmid, Thomas (2021).
1785:
671:, iron oxide pigments, and so forth.
3569:
2231:
2174:
2153:from the original on 1 December 2017
1944:. London: John Murray. p. 146.
1727:from the original on 11 October 2007
1169:(including vine black, lamp black),
815:
2284:
798:
774:
706:
512:, as shown in the vibrant painting.
314:, its use became widespread by the
255:, and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe
13:
2071:. Gamma Scientific. Archived from
90:
14:
4268:
3521:Megalithic architectural elements
2332:, Columbia University Press, 2006
2312:
1831:Journal of Archaeological Science
1609:Schonbrun, Zach (18 April 2018).
1592:International Journal of Business
3208:
2146:. 30 April 1995. pp. 4–12.
1762:Colour: Why the World Isn't Grey
1694:from the original on 3 June 2016
1684:"Earliest evidence of art found"
1093:Pigments by chemical composition
581:
547:
517:
479:
4140:Evolutionary origin of religion
2131:
2105:
2087:
2061:
2042:
2011:
1999:
1933:
1914:
1818:
1779:
1752:
758:Resistance to alkalis and acids
680:Society of Dyers and Colourists
404:, substitutes were often used.
290:, made by heating a mixture of
2238:University of California Press
2049:Johannes Vermeer, The Milkmaid
1739:
1676:
1630:
1602:
1576:
1543:
1506:
742:(which can be measured with a
1:
3753:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3283:British megalith architecture
2294:Fitzhugh, E. W., ed. (1997).
2179:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2168:
1560:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2
629:First published in 1905, the
562:
536:
494:
3826:
3748:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3288:Nordic megalith architecture
2365:Chemical Heritage Foundation
2348:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1023:, which animals such as the
857:correlated color temperature
342:(basic lead carbonate, (PbCO
7:
2276:Feller, R. L., ed. (1986).
2069:"Dictionary of Color Terms"
1717:"Pigments Through the Ages"
1523:10.1007/978-3-319-33892-7_2
1463:
1077:Pigment color differs from
765:
312:Predynastic Period of Egypt
247:are Red Ochre, anhydrous Fe
71:whereas pigments are often
10:
4273:
3896:British Isles and Brittany
3817:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2298:. Oxford University Press.
2289:. Oxford University Press.
1977:"History of Indian yellow"
1942:The Secret Lives of Colour
1940:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1890:10.1038/s41598-021-90759-6
1652:The Secret Lives of Colour
1650:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1109:List of inorganic pigments
1106:
1011:contain pigments (such as
980:
700:Colour Index International
676:Colour Index International
527:used the historic pigment
310:. Already invented in the
179:
124:
18:
4098:
3911:
3738:
3585:
3581:
3564:
3450:
3414:
3263:
3220:
3216:
3203:
3010:
2841:
2814:
2739:
2665:
2656:
2561:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2412:
2324:ColourLex Pigment Lexicon
2319:Pigments through the ages
2213:Finlay, Victoria (2003).
1981:Pigments Through the Ages
1851:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.008
451:The discovery in 1856 of
2303:Berrie, B., ed. (2007).
1926:25 December 2015 at the
1792:Chemical Society Reviews
1759:Rossotti, Hazel (1983).
1500:
803:Companies manufacturing
613:pigment in powdered form
4128:Evolutionary musicology
3531:Oldest extant buildings
3458:Archaeological features
2977:Prepared-core technique
2018:Simon Garfield (2000).
1640:, Springer 1980, p. 204
1353:ultramarine green shade
1185:chrome green (viridian)
568:). The son of a master
400:Because of the cost of
330:and the excavations in
4090:Unchambered long cairn
3938:Mound Builders culture
3271:Neolithic architecture
2406:Prehistoric technology
2113:"Chromatic Adaptation"
1616:Bloomberg Businessweek
1397:Biological and organic
1244:Phthalocyanine Green G
1240:Phthalocyanine Blue BN
1104:
1017:Animal skin coloration
695:Phthalocyanine Blue BN
622:
614:
412:, a synthetic form of
173:
136:
106:Bloomberg Businessweek
40:
3765:List of Stone Age art
2967:Microblade technology
2915:Langdale axe industry
2513:Ard / plough
2285:Roy, A., ed. (1993).
2255:Meyer, Ralph (1991).
2194:Doerner, Max (1984).
2175:Ball, Philip (2002).
2054:14 April 2015 at the
1786:Berke, Heinz (2007).
1480:List of Stone Age art
1158:cadmium sulfoselenide
1100:
620:
608:
192:at Twin Rivers, near
171:
134:
61:chemically unreactive
31:
4172:Prehistoric medicine
4167:Prehistoric counting
4150:Prehistoric religion
4145:Paleolithic religion
4123:Behavioral modernity
3480:Causewayed enclosure
3372:Abri de la Madeleine
2496:Neolithic Revolution
1402:Biological origins:
851:, a property called
631:Munsell color system
555:Miracle of the Slave
4211:Prehistoric warfare
2957:Magdalenian culture
2920:Levallois technique
2851:Earliest toolmaking
2232:Gage, John (1999).
2101:. 2 September 2013.
1882:2021NatSR..1111296D
1843:2008JArSc..35.1591H
1062:and other forms of
991:, a pigment is any
977:Biological pigments
849:source illumination
805:color masterbatches
424:. Various forms of
121:Physical principles
4257:Painting materials
4162:Origin of language
4155:Spiritual drug use
4065:Rectangular dolmen
3967:Dartmoor kistvaens
3780:Carved stone balls
3492:Circular enclosure
3451:Other architecture
3394:Alp pile dwellings
2982:Solutrean industry
2893:Gravettian culture
2543:Secondary products
2307:. Archetype Books.
2095:"Color Appearance"
1870:Scientific Reports
1105:
983:Biological pigment
623:
615:
463:and pigments like
418:aluminium silicate
410:French ultramarine
174:
137:
41:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4184:Prehistoric music
4133:music archaeology
3790:Cup and ring mark
3615:Clothing/textiles
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3002:Yubetsu technique
2987:Striking platform
2952:Lithic technology
2837:
2836:
2822:Game drive system
2741:Projectile points
2633:Mortar and pestle
2115:. cmp.uea.ac.uk.
2075:on 20 August 2014
1636:Thomas B. Brill,
1532:978-3-319-33890-3
1515:Dyes and Pigments
1495:Subtractive color
974:
973:
939:
938:
816:Computer swatches
641:(lightness), and
328:Egyptian campaign
163:color temperature
152:color temperature
147:that we observe.
69:organic compounds
4264:
4199:Divje Babe flute
4106:Archaeoastronomy
3849:Petrosomatoglyph
3583:
3582:
3566:
3565:
3415:Water management
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3108:Denticulate tool
2930:Lithic reduction
2663:
2662:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2357:
2340:
2328:Sarah Lowengard,
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2251:
2228:
2217:. Random House.
2209:
2190:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1876:(11296): 11296.
1861:
1855:
1854:
1837:(6): 1591–1604.
1822:
1816:
1815:
1804:10.1039/b606268g
1783:
1777:
1776:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1510:
1458:diarylide yellow
1327:manganese violet
1079:structural color
1060:sexual selection
941:
918:
889:
884:rendering intent
841:sRGB color space
833:sRGB color space
822:computer display
799:Plastic swatches
775:Printed swatches
731:Tinting strength
707:Figures of merit
698:as a trademark.
669:titanium dioxide
585:
567:
564:
551:
541:
538:
521:
499:
496:
491:Johannes Vermeer
483:
446:titanium dioxide
306:source, such as
111:titanium dioxide
21:Pigments (album)
16:Colored material
4272:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4227:
4094:
4080:Stone box grave
4050:Megalithic tomb
3955:Cotswold-Severn
3907:
3812:Guardian stones
3740:Prehistoric art
3734:
3577:
3552:
3541:Timber trackway
3446:
3410:
3406:Wattle and daub
3259:
3238:Standing stones
3212:
3191:
3006:
2833:
2810:
2735:
2652:
2562:Food processing
2557:
2506:New World crops
2478:
2465:
2408:
2403:
2353:
2336:
2315:
2269:
2248:
2225:
2206:
2187:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2056:Wayback Machine
2047:
2043:
2036:
2026:Faber and Faber
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1952:
1938:
1934:
1928:Wayback Machine
1919:
1915:
1862:
1858:
1823:
1819:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1662:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1607:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1548:
1544:
1533:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1466:
1454:pigment red 170
1432:Non-biological
1399:
1366:titanium yellow
1318:lead-tin yellow
1208:(cobalt yellow)
1173:(bone charcoal)
1119:aluminum powder
1111:
1095:
985:
979:
970:
969:
968:
963:
956:
955:
954:
948:
935:
934:
933:
928:
921:
920:
919:
913:
911:
910:PR106 – #E34234
904:
903:
902:
901:
896:
837:Lab color space
831:2.2, using the
818:
801:
777:
768:
709:
603:
596:
586:
577:
565:
552:
543:
539:
522:
513:
502:lead-tin yellow
497:
484:
366:. Vermilion, a
364:lead-tin yellow
353:
349:
345:
320:Roman antiquity
289:
285:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
182:
129:
123:
93:
91:Economic impact
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Alligator drum
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4116:lunar calendar
4113:
4102:
4100:
4099:Other cultural
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3903:Venus figurine
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3834:Megalithic art
3831:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3785:Cave paintings
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3587:Material goods
3579:
3578:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3303:Cliff dwelling
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Fire hardening
2885:
2880:
2878:Clovis culture
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2801:Manis Mastodon
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:throwing stick
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2350:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2313:External links
2311:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2229:
2223:
2210:
2204:
2191:
2185:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2130:
2104:
2086:
2060:
2041:
2034:
2010:
1998:
1965:
1950:
1932:
1913:
1856:
1817:
1778:
1771:
1751:
1738:
1705:
1690:. 2 May 2000.
1675:
1660:
1642:
1629:
1601:
1575:
1568:
1542:
1531:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1430:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1376:
1374:titanium black
1370:titanium white
1359:
1342:
1333:
1320:
1299:
1250:
1209:
1187:
1174:
1160:
1154:cadmium orange
1142:cadmium yellow
1135:
1121:
1107:Main article:
1094:
1091:
1068:photosynthesis
1021:chromatophores
981:Main article:
978:
975:
972:
971:
964:
962:PB27 – #0B3E66
961:
960:
959:
957:
949:
947:PB29 – #003BAF
946:
945:
944:
937:
936:
929:
926:
925:
924:
922:
912:
909:
908:
907:
905:
897:
894:
893:
892:
817:
814:
800:
797:
776:
773:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
756:
747:
737:
732:
729:
724:
722:Heat stability
719:
708:
705:
684:United Kingdom
661:
660:
657:
602:
599:
598:
597:
587:
580:
578:
553:
546:
544:
523:
516:
514:
485:
478:
476:
461:synthetic dyes
351:
347:
343:
287:
283:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:cave paintings
181:
178:
125:Main article:
122:
119:
92:
89:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4269:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:Simple dolmen
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Passage grave
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:Gallery grave
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:Burial mounds
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Statue menhir
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3869:Stone carving
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Sewing needle
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Timber circle
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3485:Tor enclosure
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3473:fulacht fiadh
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:spear-thrower
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:Bow and arrow
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Grinding slab
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Domestication
2526:
2524:
2523:Digging stick
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Founder crops
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:New Stone Age
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2268:0-670-83701-6
2264:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2247:0-520-22225-3
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2224:0-8129-7142-6
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2205:0-15-657716-X
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2186:0-374-11679-2
2182:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2035:0-393-02005-3
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2007:
2006:Prussian blue
2002:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:9781473630819
1947:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1772:0-691-02386-7
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1661:9781473630819
1657:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Blue pigments
1468:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:phthalo green
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:Tyrian purple
1425:
1424:Indian yellow
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:cochineal red
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Naples yellow
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Prussian blue
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:caput mortuum
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Egyptian blue
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:cerulean blue
1199:
1195:
1194:cobalt violet
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:chrome yellow
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:cadmium green
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
967:
966:Prussian blue
958:
952:
943:
942:
932:
931:Indian yellow
923:
916:
906:
900:
891:
890:
887:
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:gamut mapping
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
813:
809:
806:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
772:
760:
757:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
738:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
717:
716:Lightfastness
714:
713:
712:
704:
701:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
658:
655:
654:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
619:
612:
607:
594:
590:
589:Self Portrait
584:
579:
575:
571:
560:
556:
550:
545:
534:
530:
526:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
492:
488:
482:
477:
474:
473:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Cerulean blue
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Prussian blue
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Indian yellow
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
281:
277:
273:
272:Egyptian blue
268:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
177:
170:
166:
165:of sunlight.
164:
160:
155:
153:
148:
146:
142:
141:visible light
133:
128:
118:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4016:wedge-shaped
4001:Funeral pyre
3994:Great dolmen
3950:Chamber tomb
3931:Round barrow
3886:Stone circle
3758:Blombos Cave
3686:Grooved ware
3610:Chalcolithic
3514:Thornborough
3432:Flush toilet
3367:Blombos Cave
3362:Rock shelter
3318:Quiggly hole
3210:Architecture
3185:illustration
2827:Buffalo jump
2648:Storage pits
2611:Aşıklı Höyük
2601:Ground stone
2437:Subdivisions
2354:
2337:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2257:
2233:
2214:
2198:. Harcourt.
2195:
2176:
2155:. Retrieved
2139:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2063:
2044:
2020:
2013:
2008:at ColourLex
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1980:
1941:
1935:
1930:at ColourLex
1916:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1798:(1): 15–30.
1795:
1791:
1781:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1720:
1696:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1514:
1508:
1485:Red pigments
1475:Lake pigment
1450:phthalo blue
1438:quinacridone
1387:zinc ferrite
1357:lapis lazuli
1289:burnt sienna
1277:Venetian red
1273:yellow ochre
1167:carbon black
1128:barium white
1102:Phthalo Blue
1076:
1045:
986:
826:
819:
810:
802:
778:
769:
754:transparency
744:Hegman gauge
710:
692:
673:
662:
647:
628:
624:
593:Paul CĂ©zanne
588:
554:
535:, completed
487:The Milkmaid
486:
457:aniline dyes
455:, the first
450:
442:Phthalo Blue
434:Phthalo Blue
414:lapis lazuli
402:lapis lazuli
399:
279:
269:
214:burnt sienna
206:lapis lazuli
183:
175:
156:
149:
138:
127:Spectroscopy
104:
94:
85:lapis lazuli
51:used to add
44:
42:
25:
4038:unchambered
4033:Long barrow
4023:Grave goods
3979:Court cairn
3974:Clava cairn
3926:Bowl barrow
3864:Rock cupule
3807:Golden hats
3800:Hill figure
3701:Unstan ware
3681:Cord-marked
3546:Sweet Track
3468:Burnt mound
3389:Stilt house
3377:Sibudu Cave
3170:Tally stick
3138:Quern-stone
3123:Hammerstone
3113:Fire plough
3084:Pesse canoe
3042:Bannerstone
3012:Other tools
2925:Lithic core
2873:Aurignacian
2761:Bare Island
2643:Quern-stone
2157:24 November
2099:Hello Artsy
2058:, ColourLex
1991:13 February
1721:WebExhibits
1416:rose madder
1391:zinc yellow
1349:ultramarine
1297:burnt umber
1236:Paris green
1198:cobalt blue
1171:ivory black
1146:cadmium red
1083:iridescence
1058:(warning),
1056:aposematism
951:Ultramarine
845:reflectance
665:ultramarine
611:ultramarine
566: 1548
540: 1518
510:madder lake
506:ultramarine
498: 1658
426:cobalt blue
391:luminescent
336:Herculaneum
324:Middle Ages
316:4th Dynasty
238:Paleolithic
230:burnt umber
4246:Categories
4177:trepanning
4070:Ring cairn
4028:Jar burial
4011:transepted
3943:U.S. sites
3844:Petroglyph
3770:Bird stone
3728:wine press
3401:Stone roof
3384:Roundhouse
3276:long house
3253:Stonehenge
3221:Ceremonial
3165:Stone tool
2992:Tool stone
2962:Metallurgy
2866:Mousterian
2843:Toolmaking
2781:Cumberland
2754:Transverse
2724:Schöningen
2616:Qesem cave
2584:Earth oven
2538:Irrigation
2449:Technology
2417:Prehistory
2261:. Viking.
2169:References
1921:Lead white
1731:18 October
1598:(9): 4909.
1569:3527306730
1383:zinc white
1381:pigments:
1364:pigments:
1347:pigments:
1338:pigments:
1331:YInMn blue
1325:pigments:
1306:lead white
1304:pigments:
1285:raw sienna
1255:pigments:
1253:Iron oxide
1220:Han purple
1214:pigments:
1192:pigments:
1179:pigments:
1165:pigments:
1140:pigments:
1064:signalling
1048:camouflage
899:Tyrian red
877:saturation
853:metamerism
740:Dispersion
686:) and the
667:pigments,
559:Tintoretto
504:, natural
438:Royal Blue
340:white lead
276:Naqada III
232:came from
216:came from
210:Raw sienna
4221:symbolism
4085:Tor cairn
4043:Grønsalen
3984:Cremation
3876:Sculpture
3854:Pictogram
3839:Petroform
3659:amber use
3627:Cosmetics
3437:Reservoir
3422:Check dam
3352:Pueblitos
3347:Pit-house
3330:Longhouse
3264:Dwellings
3133:Microlith
3064:Bow drill
3059:Bone tool
3052:prismatic
2861:Acheulean
2776:Cresswell
2749:Arrowhead
2675:Boomerang
2591:Granaries
2553:Terracing
2432:Stone Age
1960:936144129
1670:936144129
1340:vermilion
1323:Manganese
1293:raw umber
1269:red ochre
1265:oxide red
1248:verdigris
1232:malachite
1132:lithopone
1117:pigment:
1115:Aluminium
1087:butterfly
1029:chameleon
917:(genuine)
915:Vermilion
869:lightness
574:cochineal
529:vermilion
360:verdigris
356:vermilion
308:malachite
242:Neolithic
226:raw umber
159:Lab color
97:inorganic
73:inorganic
57:insoluble
4252:Pigments
3859:Rock art
3822:painting
3795:Geoglyph
3620:timeline
3600:Beadwork
3340:Mehrgarh
3335:Mudbrick
3243:megalith
3118:Fire-saw
2940:debitage
2935:analysis
2903:Hand axe
2883:Cupstone
2461:Glossary
2422:Timeline
2148:Archived
2123:16 April
2117:Archived
2052:Archived
1985:Archived
1924:Archived
1908:34050218
1812:17173142
1725:Archived
1692:Archived
1688:BBC News
1490:Rock art
1464:See also
1404:alizarin
1362:Titanium
1314:red lead
1257:sanguine
1224:Han blue
1206:aureolin
1177:Chromium
1041:albinism
1033:protista
793:textiles
766:Swatches
735:Staining
727:Toxicity
609:Natural
453:mauveine
395:sunlight
375:cinnabar
224:, while
81:charcoal
4216:Symbols
3827:pigment
3713:Weaving
3676:Cardium
3671:Pottery
3666:Mirrors
3654:Jewelry
3595:Baskets
3575:culture
3427:Cistern
3233:Pyramid
3175:Weapons
3153:Scraper
3143:Racloir
3103:Cleaver
3091:Chopper
2997:Uniface
2908:Grooves
2898:Hafting
2856:Oldowan
2815:Systems
2766:Cascade
2729:woomera
2719:harpoon
2692:history
2658:Hunting
2638:Pottery
2579:Cooking
2488:Farming
2454:history
2427:Outline
2361:YouTube
2344:YouTube
2079:25 June
1899:8163881
1878:Bibcode
1839:Bibcode
1442:magenta
1434:organic
1408:gamboge
1336:Mercury
1216:azurite
1138:Cadmium
1072:sunburn
1052:mimicry
1025:octopus
1013:melanin
993:colored
989:biology
927:#FFB02E
895:#990024
789:Munsell
781:PANTONE
750:Opacity
533:Assunta
371:sulfide
368:mercury
332:Pompeii
180:History
115:Ferrari
101:organic
45:pigment
4194:flutes
3989:Dolmen
3913:Burial
3723:winery
3696:Linear
3526:Midden
3504:Cursus
3497:Goseck
3357:Pueblo
3308:Dugout
3293:Burdei
2972:Mining
2796:Lamoka
2791:Folsom
2771:Clovis
2628:Metate
2606:Hearth
2574:Basket
2548:Sickle
2265:
2244:
2221:
2202:
2183:
2032:
1958:
1948:
1906:
1896:
1810:
1769:
1668:
1658:
1566:
1529:
1420:indigo
1345:Sulfur
1212:Copper
1190:Cobalt
1163:Carbon
1124:Barium
1037:fungus
1007:, and
643:chroma
525:Titian
508:, and
422:sulfur
379:Titian
362:, and
350:Pb(OH)
304:copper
302:and a
294:sand,
292:quartz
234:Umbria
198:Zambia
194:Lusaka
83:, and
49:powder
4111:sites
4055:Mummy
3775:Cairn
3691:JĹŤmon
3642:shoes
3637:Hides
3509:Henge
3463:Broch
3325:Jacal
3180:Wheel
3128:Knife
3074:Canoe
3069:Burin
3047:Blade
2945:flake
2806:Plano
2714:baton
2704:Spear
2670:Arrow
2623:Manos
2476:Tools
2151:(PDF)
2144:(PDF)
1698:1 May
1622:2 May
1588:(PDF)
1501:Notes
1035:, or
875:, or
861:gamut
829:gamma
639:value
469:diazo
420:with
387:mango
280:circa
222:Italy
218:Siena
202:Ochre
186:paint
145:color
77:ochre
53:color
47:is a
38:India
4204:gudi
3962:Cist
3891:list
3718:Wine
3647:Ă–tzi
3632:Glue
3605:Beds
3573:and
3571:Arts
3442:Well
3298:Cave
3228:Kiva
3158:side
3148:Rope
3096:tool
3030:bone
3020:Adze
2786:Eden
2699:Nets
2569:Fire
2533:Goad
2518:Celt
2263:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2159:2017
2125:2009
2081:2014
2030:ISBN
1993:2015
1956:OCLC
1946:ISBN
1904:PMID
1808:PMID
1767:ISBN
1733:2007
1700:2016
1666:OCLC
1656:ISBN
1624:2018
1564:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1379:Zinc
1302:Lead
1183:and
1027:and
1009:hair
1001:eyes
997:skin
953:blue
570:dyer
467:and
444:and
428:and
334:and
300:flux
298:, a
296:lime
240:and
228:and
212:and
190:cave
65:dyes
59:and
3313:Hut
3248:row
3079:Oar
3037:Axe
3025:Awl
2359:on
2342:on
1894:PMC
1886:doi
1847:doi
1800:doi
1556:doi
1519:doi
1368:,
1015:).
1005:fur
987:In
881:ICC
873:hue
839:to
785:RAL
752:or
635:hue
591:by
557:by
489:by
465:azo
354:),
34:Goa
4248::
2363:,
2346:,
2240:.
2236:.
2097:.
2028:.
2024:.
1983:.
1979:.
1968:^
1954:.
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1892:.
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1872:.
1868:.
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1835:35
1833:.
1829:.
1806:.
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1794:.
1790:.
1723:.
1719:.
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1686:.
1664:.
1613:.
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1535:.
1525:.
1456:,
1452:,
1448:,
1444:,
1440:,
1436::
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1389:,
1385:,
1372:,
1355:,
1351:,
1329:,
1316:,
1312:,
1308:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1279:,
1275:,
1271:,
1267:,
1263:,
1259:,
1246:,
1242:,
1238:,
1234:,
1230:,
1226:,
1222:,
1218:,
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1156:,
1152:,
1148:,
1144:,
1126::
1074:.
1066:,
1054:,
1050:,
1003:,
999:,
886:.
871:,
795:.
787:,
783:,
637:,
563:c.
537:c.
495:c.
381:.
358:,
288:10
220:,
200:.
196:,
99:,
87:.
79:,
43:A
36:,
2398:e
2391:t
2384:v
2271:.
2250:.
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2189:.
2161:.
2127:.
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1995:.
1962:.
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352:2
348:2
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344:3
286:O
284:4
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263:H
261:3
259:O
257:2
253:3
251:O
249:2
23:.
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