510:
1081:
3259:
1438:
3269:
1448:
261:
496:
470:, which function as switches responsible for laying down the basic body plan in animals. The homeobox genes are remarkably conserved between species as diverse as the fruit fly and humans, the basic segmented pattern of the worm or fruit fly being the origin of the segmented spine in humans. The field of animal
20:
368:(had a single evolutionary origin), being divided into plants, protista, and animals. His protista were divided into moneres, protoplasts, flagellates, diatoms, myxomycetes, myxocystodes, rhizopods, and sponges. His animals were divided into groups with distinct body plans: he named these
429:
includes body plans that differ from any found in currently living organisms, even though the overall arrangement of unrelated modern taxa is quite similar. Thus the
Cambrian explosion appears to have more or less completely replaced the earlier range of body plans.
159:, Linnaeus identified two body plans outside the vertebrates; Cuvier identified three; and Haeckel had four, as well as the Protista with eight more, for a total of twelve. For comparison, the number of phyla recognised by modern zoologists has risen to 36.
466:, chemicals that diffuse through the body to produce a gradient that acts as a position indicator for cells, turning on other genes, some of which in turn produce other morphogens. A key discovery was the existence of groups of
744:
45:
715:
Generelle
Morphologie der Organismen : allgemeine GrundzĂĽge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begrĂĽndet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie.
391:
explored the idea that the different phyla could be perceived in terms of a
Bauplan, illustrating their fixity. However, he later abandoned this idea in favor of
2991:
462:
Developmental biologists seek to understand how genes control the development of structural features through a cascade of processes in which key genes produce
302:
as the main organ system which controlled all the others, such as the circulatory and digestive systems, Cuvier distinguished four body plans or
139:
started to investigate whether evolutionary constraints on body plan structures can explain the presence of developmental constraints during
2740:
2040:
127:
with the results, and a more nuanced understanding of animal evolution suggests gradual development of body plans throughout the early
3244:
2699:
23:
Modern groups of animals can be grouped by the arrangement of their body structures, so are said to possess different body plans.
2050:
1979:
1406:
840:
3007:
2767:
669:
455:
and development together determine the form of an adult organism's body, through the complex switching processes involved in
2364:
3090:
2010:
1944:
2752:
2412:
1789:
1517:
1105:
625:
542:
471:
439:
113:
1489:
1001:
962:
944:
702:
2819:
2824:
2422:
1746:
1532:
1527:
3308:
3069:
3059:
2983:
2258:
1100:
974:
888:
3197:
3064:
2844:
2588:
2386:
2290:
2179:
1219:
478:
in detail, is rapidly expanding with many of the developmental genetic cascades, particularly in the fruit fly
1923:
3318:
3313:
3262:
2849:
2593:
2332:
1774:
1176:
2794:
3303:
3202:
2704:
1418:
1343:
1338:
1333:
524:
644:
Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species
3323:
3272:
2866:
1741:
1348:
1133:
501:
2968:
2142:
1933:
1799:
1631:
1080:
795:
Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla".
2762:
2559:
2369:
2137:
2030:
1626:
1456:
216:) and "worms" (Vermes). Linnaeus's Vermes included effectively all other groups of animals, not only
2891:
3185:
3049:
3021:
2996:
2953:
2856:
2789:
2664:
2537:
2505:
2478:
2468:
1095:
2669:
3298:
3190:
3120:
3029:
2757:
2639:
2407:
2003:
1867:
1804:
1779:
1662:
1582:
584:
317:
with two longitudinal, ventral nerve cords linked by a band with two ganglia below the oesophagus
3229:
2878:
2747:
2709:
2610:
2581:
2554:
2549:
2147:
1852:
1751:
1736:
1705:
1606:
1423:
1328:
578:
566:
530:
392:
299:
109:
97:
2735:
659:
422:
The current range of body plans is far from exhaustive of the possible patterns for life: the
3170:
3044:
2963:
2958:
2943:
2928:
2918:
2834:
2809:
2644:
2600:
2564:
2532:
2473:
2451:
2432:
2295:
2248:
2199:
2194:
2152:
1963:
1857:
1784:
1683:
1621:
1616:
1547:
1482:
1214:
994:
548:
334:
88:
This term, usually applied to animals, envisages a "blueprint" encompassing aspects such as
3144:
3039:
2973:
2774:
2689:
2605:
2517:
2500:
2427:
2417:
2127:
2035:
2019:
1872:
1715:
1710:
1592:
1587:
1574:
1371:
1014:
975:
The
Science of Evolution: Sean B. Carroll explains the genetics of the fruit fly body plan.
899:
853:
697:, Volume III, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 1994, p. 94-96.
475:
63:
2779:
2649:
1274:
8:
3293:
3207:
3165:
3115:
3034:
2882:
2874:
2804:
2784:
2730:
2574:
2327:
2270:
2132:
2115:
2093:
1968:
1386:
1254:
1112:
1050:
1033:
590:
515:
2485:
1279:
903:
857:
3180:
3132:
3125:
2722:
2634:
2495:
2456:
2280:
2224:
2214:
2174:
2088:
2083:
2078:
1996:
1657:
1401:
1289:
911:
869:
820:
808:
408:
124:
89:
527: – Standard terms for unambiguous description of relative placement of body parts
3268:
3222:
2948:
2896:
2674:
2490:
2391:
2354:
2349:
2305:
2300:
2253:
2219:
1918:
1698:
1693:
1602:
1447:
1297:
1231:
1209:
1117:
1063:
1043:
940:
873:
812:
698:
665:
621:
1902:
824:
539: – Control of growth and differentiation by deeply conserved genetic mechanisms
2814:
2381:
2359:
2167:
1928:
1897:
1892:
1847:
1475:
1441:
1376:
1171:
987:
907:
861:
804:
775:
587: – Growth of an additional part of the body and a deviation from the body plan
388:
144:
66:
2659:
3175:
2799:
2626:
2615:
2569:
2512:
2461:
2241:
2045:
1938:
1842:
1652:
1199:
1183:
1166:
642:
615:
572:
554:
169:
120:
49:
3015:
2887:
2829:
2189:
2184:
2122:
2100:
1467:
1451:
1269:
1241:
1226:
1204:
932:
560:
426:
291:
119:
Body plans have historically been considered to have evolved in a flash in the
105:
865:
581: – Division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of segments
3287:
3217:
3095:
3054:
2900:
2654:
2322:
2317:
1906:
1820:
1688:
1522:
1499:
1312:
1249:
1154:
1149:
1070:
1028:
536:
456:
443:
373:
357:
295:
177:
140:
3212:
3160:
3105:
2938:
2933:
2527:
2285:
1731:
1552:
1542:
1396:
1307:
1302:
1038:
816:
780:
763:
551: – High level taxonomic rank for organisms sharing a similar body plan
365:
82:
3239:
3110:
2839:
2374:
2204:
2110:
2068:
1667:
1647:
1413:
1264:
1259:
1161:
979:
423:
377:
326:
233:
209:
2679:
3100:
3001:
2923:
2910:
2544:
2344:
2231:
2209:
2162:
2157:
2105:
2073:
1988:
1911:
1611:
1564:
480:
416:
249:
221:
213:
181:
128:
93:
78:
963:
Developmental
Biology 8e Online: Patterning of the Mesoderm by Activin
16:
Set of morphological features common to members of a phylum of animals
3234:
3085:
2694:
2312:
2060:
1862:
1830:
1597:
1503:
1391:
1366:
1058:
463:
241:
217:
205:
189:
156:
3137:
2339:
1825:
1794:
467:
404:
342:
330:
280:
276:
260:
237:
229:
174:
19:
569: – Structure and development of early multicellular organisms
325:
Grouping animals with these body plans resulted in four branches:
2522:
2236:
1557:
1010:
380:, and (following Cuvier) articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates.
346:
338:
272:
264:
225:
193:
311:
with a brain and a spinal cord (surrounded by skeletal elements)
1537:
495:
452:
412:
369:
197:
132:
74:
70:
298:
to divide the animal kingdom into four body plans. Taking the
2443:
563: – Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
245:
185:
136:
101:
1835:
743:
Erwin, Douglas; Valentine, James; Jablonski, David (1997).
448:
201:
797:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
768:
Integrative and
Comparative Biology (American Zoologist)
742:
545: – Comparison of organism developmental processes
533: – Dispute concerning the evolution of arthropods
320:
with a diffuse nervous system, not clearly discernible
575: – American evolutionary developmental biologist
491:
116:
seeks to explain the origins of diverse body plans.
267:'s 'Monophyletischer Stambaum der Organismen' from
839:
939:. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press.
3285:
1497:
837:
664:. University of California Press. p. 108.
609:
607:
294:combined evidence from comparative anatomy and
886:
403:20 out of the 36 body plans originated in the
2004:
1483:
995:
604:
474:('Evo Devo'), which studies the genetics of
33:
661:Not by Design: Retiring Darwin's Watchmaker
620:. University of Chicago Press. p. 33.
593: – Geometric symmetry in living beings
204:, "insects" (Insecta, in which he included
2011:
1997:
1490:
1476:
1009:
1002:
988:
794:
838:Antcliffe, J. B.; Brasier, M. D. (2007).
779:
613:
3245:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2018:
755:
695:Histoire du DĂ©veloppement de la Biologie
651:
640:
411:". However, complete body plans of many
259:
18:
925:
788:
738:
736:
693:De Wit, Hendrik Cornelius Dirk De Wit.
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
549:Definition of Phylum based on body plan
364:, asserted that all living things were
3286:
1980:Index of evolutionary biology articles
931:
841:"Charnia and sea pens are poles apart"
143:such as the phenomenon referred to as
3008:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
1992:
1471:
983:
761:
657:
484:, catalogued in considerable detail.
733:
678:
557: – Life of the Ediacaran period
362:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
269:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
40:
13:
2413:Evolutionary developmental biology
1790:Evolutionary developmental biology
912:10.1038/scientificamerican0405-102
809:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x
543:Evolutionary developmental biology
472:evolutionary developmental biology
440:evolutionary developmental biology
314:with organs linked by nerve fibres
114:Evolutionary developmental biology
14:
3335:
956:
889:"Evo Devo is the New Buzzword..."
846:Journal of the Geological Society
745:"The origin of animal body plans"
728:Evolution: the History of an Idea
162:
3267:
3258:
3257:
1747:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1446:
1437:
1436:
1079:
887:Hall, Brian K. (28 March 2005).
508:
494:
433:
352:
3070:Extended evolutionary synthesis
2259:Gene-centered view of evolution
880:
831:
271:(1866) with the three branches
255:
3198:Hologenome theory of evolution
3065:History of molecular evolution
2291:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2180:Last universal common ancestor
1518:Genotype–phenotype distinction
720:
707:
647:. Leiden: Haak. pp. 1–12.
634:
383:
372:. Haeckel's animal phyla were
1:
2992:Renaissance and Enlightenment
1775:Regulation of gene expression
598:
3203:Missing heritability problem
2830:Gamete differentiation/sexes
1945:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
1725:Evolution of genetic systems
1533:Gene–environment correlation
1528:Gene–environment interaction
1419:Standard anatomical position
1344:Glossary of plant morphology
1339:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
1334:Anatomical terms of location
614:Valentine, James W. (2004).
525:Anatomical terms of location
69:common to many members of a
7:
1924:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
502:Evolutionary biology portal
487:
415:emerged much later, in the
81:share one body plan, while
10:
3340:
2835:Life cycles/nuclear phases
2387:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
1800:Hedgehog signaling pathway
1677:Developmental architecture
641:Linnaeus, Carolus (1735).
437:
188:, "amphibians" (including
150:
3253:
3153:
3078:
2982:
2909:
2865:
2720:
2624:
2441:
2400:
2333:Parent–offspring conflict
2269:
2138:Earliest known life forms
2059:
2026:
1977:
1956:
1885:
1813:
1767:
1760:
1724:
1676:
1640:
1627:Transgressive segregation
1573:
1510:
1457:Index of anatomy articles
1432:
1359:
1321:
1288:
1240:
1192:
1142:
1126:
1088:
1077:
1021:
866:10.1144/0016-76492006-080
764:"The Origin of Bodyplans"
726:Bowler, Peter J. (2009).
398:
180:grouped the animals into
3186:Cultural group selection
3050:The eclipse of Darwinism
3022:On the Origin of Species
2997:Transmutation of species
1106:morphological plasticity
1096:Bacterial cell structure
3191:Dual inheritance theory
3030:History of paleontology
1805:Notch signaling pathway
1780:Gene regulatory network
1663:Dual inheritance theory
585:Supernumerary body part
3309:Evolution by phenotype
2879:Punctuated equilibrium
2200:Non-adaptive radiation
2148:Evolutionary arms race
1853:cis-regulatory element
1761:Control of development
1641:Non-genetic influences
1607:evolutionary landscape
1424:Transcendental anatomy
1329:Anatomical terminology
617:On the Origin of Phyla
579:Segmentation (biology)
567:Precambrian body plans
531:Arthropod head problem
393:punctuated equilibrium
300:central nervous system
283:
53:
34:
24:
3171:Evolutionary medicine
3045:Mendelian inheritance
2753:Biological complexity
2741:Programmed cell death
2433:Phenotypic plasticity
2153:Evolutionary pressure
2143:Evidence of evolution
2041:Timeline of evolution
1964:Nature versus nurture
1868:Cell surface receptor
1785:Evo-devo gene toolkit
1684:Developmental biology
1622:Polygenic inheritance
1548:Quantitative genetics
1101:cellular morphologies
762:Erwin, D. H. (1999).
730:. California, p. 364.
438:Further information:
263:
155:Among the pioneering
22:
3319:Morphology (biology)
3314:Evolutionary biology
3145:Teleology in biology
3040:Blending inheritance
2418:Genetic assimilation
2281:Artificial selection
2020:Evolutionary biology
1873:Transcription factor
1588:Genetic assimilation
1575:Genetic architecture
1372:Anatomical variation
1055:Microscopic anatomy
781:10.1093/icb/39.3.617
658:Reiss, John (2009).
131:. Recent studies in
3304:Comparative anatomy
3208:Molecular evolution
3166:Ecological genetics
3035:Transitional fossil
2825:Sexual reproduction
2665:endomembrane system
2594:pollinator-mediated
2550:dolphins and whales
2328:Parental investment
1969:Morphogenetic field
1886:Influential figures
1387:Form classification
1255:Neanderthal anatomy
1113:Colonial morphology
1051:Comparative anatomy
1034:Superficial anatomy
904:2005SciAm.292d.102H
892:Scientific American
858:2007JGSoc.164...49A
591:Symmetry in biology
516:Paleontology portal
345:) and zoophytes or
290:, French zoologist
3324:Taxonomy (biology)
3181:Cultural evolution
2296:Fisher's principle
2225:Handicap principle
2215:Parallel evolution
2079:Adaptive radiation
1658:Genomic imprinting
1402:History of anatomy
1089:Bacteria and fungi
749:American Scientist
409:Cambrian explosion
286:In his 1817 work,
284:
125:Cambrian explosion
25:
3281:
3280:
2897:Uniformitarianism
2850:Sex-determination
2355:Sexual dimorphism
2350:Natural selection
2254:Unit of selection
2220:Signalling theory
1986:
1985:
1919:Eric F. Wieschaus
1881:
1880:
1699:Pattern formation
1603:Fitness landscape
1465:
1464:
1298:Amphibian anatomy
1290:Other vertebrates
1232:Arthropod cuticle
1210:Insect morphology
1205:Gastropod anatomy
1118:Lichen morphology
1044:brain morphometry
937:Animal Body Plans
671:978-0-520-94440-4
167:In his 1735 book
3331:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3060:Modern synthesis
2820:Multicellularity
2815:Mosaic evolution
2700:auditory ossicle
2382:Social selection
2365:Flowering plants
2360:Sexual selection
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1929:William McGinnis
1898:Richard Lewontin
1893:C. H. Waddington
1765:
1764:
1742:Neutral networks
1492:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1377:Anatomical plane
1275:Elephant anatomy
1172:Plant morphology
1083:
1004:
997:
990:
981:
980:
951:
950:
933:Arthur, Wallace.
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
884:
878:
877:
843:
835:
829:
828:
792:
786:
785:
783:
759:
753:
752:
740:
731:
724:
718:
713:Haeckel, Ernst.
711:
705:
691:
676:
675:
655:
649:
648:
638:
632:
631:
611:
518:
513:
512:
511:
504:
499:
498:
407:period, in the "
389:Stephen J. Gould
145:phylotypic stage
48:
42:
37:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3249:
3176:Group selection
3149:
3074:
2978:
2905:
2867:Tempo and modes
2861:
2716:
2620:
2437:
2396:
2272:
2265:
2242:Species complex
2055:
2046:History of life
2022:
2017:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1952:
1939:Sean B. Carroll
1877:
1809:
1756:
1720:
1672:
1653:Maternal effect
1636:
1569:
1506:
1496:
1466:
1461:
1428:
1355:
1349:leaf morphology
1317:
1284:
1280:Giraffe anatomy
1236:
1200:Decapod anatomy
1188:
1184:Soil morphology
1167:Plant life-form
1138:
1122:
1084:
1075:
1017:
1008:
959:
954:
947:
930:
926:
916:
914:
885:
881:
836:
832:
793:
789:
760:
756:
741:
734:
725:
721:
712:
708:
692:
679:
672:
656:
652:
639:
635:
628:
612:
605:
601:
596:
573:Sean B. Carroll
555:Ediacaran biota
514:
509:
507:
500:
493:
490:
446:
436:
427:Ediacaran biota
401:
386:
355:
323:
288:Le Règne Animal
258:
165:
153:
121:Ediacaran biota
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:Animal anatomy
3296:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3016:Charles Darwin
3013:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Non-ecological
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2705:nervous system
2702:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Origin of life
2202:
2197:
2192:
2190:Microevolution
2187:
2185:Macroevolution
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Common descent
2120:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2103:
2101:Baldwin effect
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1903:François Jacob
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1632:Sequence space
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1360:Related topics
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1227:Spider anatomy
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
978:
977:
971:
970:
966:
965:
958:
957:External links
955:
953:
952:
945:
924:
898:(4): 102–104.
879:
830:
787:
774:(3): 617–629.
754:
751:(March–April).
732:
719:
706:
677:
670:
650:
633:
627:978-0226845487
626:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
561:Macroevolution
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
521:
520:
519:
505:
489:
486:
468:homeobox genes
435:
432:
400:
397:
385:
382:
360:, in his 1866
354:
351:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:embranchements
292:Georges Cuvier
257:
254:
170:Systema Naturæ
164:
163:Linnaeus, 1735
161:
152:
149:
123:; filling the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3336:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:Phylogenetics
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:Structuralism
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Catastrophism
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Neo-Darwinism
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Reinforcement
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2901:Catastrophism
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:Macromutation
2889:
2888:Micromutation
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Immune system
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:symbiogenesis
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:Kin selection
2321:
2319:
2318:Genetic drift
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:Jacques Monod
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Homeotic gene
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:Morphogenesis
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Reaction norm
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1313:Shark anatomy
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Horse anatomy
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Human anatomy
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:Invertebrates
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:Plant anatomy
1148:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1071:Morphometrics
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Gross anatomy
1027:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
985:
982:
976:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
960:
948:
946:0-521-77928-6
942:
938:
934:
928:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
834:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:(2): 253–95.
802:
798:
791:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
750:
746:
739:
737:
729:
723:
717:(1866) Berlin
716:
710:
704:
703:2-88074-264-1
700:
696:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
673:
667:
663:
662:
654:
646:
645:
637:
629:
623:
619:
618:
610:
608:
603:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:Deep homology
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
517:
506:
503:
497:
492:
485:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
457:morphogenesis
454:
450:
445:
444:morphogenesis
441:
434:Genetic basis
431:
428:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
396:
394:
390:
381:
379:
375:
374:coelenterates
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Ernst Haeckel
353:Haeckel, 1866
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
296:palaeontology
293:
289:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
171:
160:
158:
148:
146:
142:
141:embryogenesis
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
112:disposition.
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
83:invertebrates
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
64:morphological
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
38:
36:
30:
21:
3230:Polymorphism
3213:Astrobiology
3161:Biogeography
3116:Saltationism
3106:Orthogenesis
3091:Alternatives
3020:
3006:
2939:Cospeciation
2934:Cladogenesis
2883:Saltationism
2840:Mating types
2763:Color vision
2748:Avian flight
2670:mitochondria
2408:Canalisation
2286:Biodiversity
2031:Introduction
1943:
1836:eyeless gene
1732:Evolvability
1706:Segmentation
1583:Canalisation
1553:Heterochrony
1543:Heritability
1511:Key concepts
1407:19th century
1397:Hertwig rule
1381:
1308:Fish anatomy
1303:Bird anatomy
1177:reproductive
1039:Neuroanatomy
936:
927:
917:13 September
915:. Retrieved
895:
891:
882:
852:(1): 49–51.
849:
845:
833:
800:
796:
790:
771:
767:
757:
748:
727:
722:
714:
709:
694:
660:
653:
643:
636:
616:
479:
461:
447:
421:
402:
387:
366:monophyletic
361:
356:
324:
303:
287:
285:
268:
256:Cuvier, 1817
168:
166:
154:
118:
98:segmentation
87:
62:is a set of
59:
54:
32:
28:
26:
3240:Systematics
3111:Mutationism
2929:Catagenesis
2857:Snake venom
2790:Eusociality
2768:in primates
2758:Cooperation
2686:In animals
2506:butterflies
2479:Cephalopods
2469:Brachiopods
2401:Development
2375:Mate choice
2128:Convergence
2111:Coevolution
2069:Abiogenesis
1934:Mike Levine
1843:Distal-less
1668:Polyphenism
1648:Epigenetics
1500:development
1414:Physiognomy
1265:Dog anatomy
1260:Cat anatomy
1162:Plant habit
424:Precambrian
419:or beyond.
384:Gould, 1979
378:echinoderms
337:(including
327:vertebrates
234:sea urchins
210:crustaceans
85:have many.
79:vertebrates
60:ground plan
3294:Body plans
3288:Categories
3101:Lamarckism
3079:Philosophy
3002:David Hume
2964:Peripatric
2959:Parapatric
2944:Ecological
2924:Anagenesis
2919:Allopatric
2911:Speciation
2875:Gradualism
2800:Metabolism
2660:chromosome
2650:Eukaryotes
2428:Modularity
2345:Population
2271:Population
2232:Speciation
2210:Panspermia
2163:Extinction
2158:Exaptation
2133:Divergence
2106:Cladistics
2094:Reciprocal
2074:Adaptation
1912:Lac operon
1737:Robustness
1716:Modularity
1711:Metamerism
1617:Plasticity
1612:Pleiotropy
1565:Heterotopy
1322:Glossaries
1134:Structures
1015:morphology
599:References
481:Drosophila
476:morphology
464:morphogens
417:Palaeozoic
335:articulata
250:cuttlefish
222:earthworms
214:centipedes
182:quadrupeds
173:, Swedish
157:zoologists
129:Palaeozoic
3235:Protocell
3086:Darwinism
2974:Sympatric
2723:processes
2611:Tetrapods
2560:Kangaroos
2486:Dinosaurs
2423:Inversion
2392:Variation
2313:Gene flow
2306:Inclusive
2116:Mutualism
2061:Evolution
1863:Morphogen
1848:Engrailed
1831:Pax genes
1752:Tinkering
1598:Epistasis
1593:Dominance
1504:phenotype
1392:Gracility
1382:Body plan
1367:Allometry
1064:molecular
1059:histology
874:130602154
242:jellyfish
218:tapeworms
206:arachnids
190:tortoises
46:‹See Tfd›
29:body plan
3263:Category
3138:Vitalism
3133:Theistic
3126:Spandrel
2810:Morality
2805:Monogamy
2680:plastids
2645:Flagella
2601:Reptiles
2582:sea cows
2565:primates
2474:Molluscs
2452:Bacteria
2340:Mutation
2273:genetics
2249:Taxonomy
2195:Mismatch
2175:Homology
2089:Cheating
2084:Altruism
1826:Hox gene
1814:Elements
1795:Homeobox
1442:Category
1127:Protists
935:(1997).
825:39772232
817:10881389
488:See also
405:Cambrian
343:annelids
331:molluscs
281:Animalia
277:Protista
238:starfish
230:molluscs
178:Linnaeus
175:botanist
90:symmetry
67:features
55:Baupläne
3154:Related
2984:History
2845:Meiosis
2780:Empathy
2775:Emotion
2675:nucleus
2616:Viruses
2606:Spiders
2518:Mammals
2501:Insects
2301:Fitness
2237:Species
2036:Outline
1957:Debates
1768:Systems
1694:Eyespot
1558:Neoteny
1242:Mammals
1220:Odonata
1215:Diptera
1011:Anatomy
900:Bibcode
854:Bibcode
453:embryos
347:radiata
339:insects
273:Plantae
265:Haeckel
226:leeches
194:lizards
151:History
133:animals
75:animals
35:Bauplan
3273:Portal
2949:Hybrid
2785:Ethics
2627:organs
2589:Plants
2575:lemurs
2570:humans
2555:horses
2545:hyenas
2533:wolves
2528:canids
2462:origin
1858:Ligand
1538:Operon
1452:Portal
1143:Plants
1022:Fields
969:Videos
943:
872:
823:
815:
701:
668:
624:
399:Origin
198:snakes
137:plants
108:, and
94:layers
77:. The
71:phylum
58:), or
50:German
43:
2736:Death
2731:Aging
2710:brain
2496:Fungi
2457:Birds
2370:Fungi
2168:Event
2051:Index
1155:fruit
870:S2CID
821:S2CID
449:Genes
413:phyla
370:phyla
246:squid
186:birds
102:nerve
3223:Tree
2695:hair
2635:Cell
2538:dogs
2523:cats
2513:Life
2491:Fish
2444:taxa
1498:The
1013:and
941:ISBN
919:2014
813:PMID
699:ISBN
666:ISBN
622:ISBN
442:and
341:and
248:and
236:and
228:but
224:and
212:and
202:fish
196:and
135:and
106:limb
2721:Of
2690:eye
2640:DNA
2625:Of
2442:Of
1502:of
908:doi
896:292
862:doi
850:164
805:doi
776:doi
200:),
110:gut
73:of
41:pl.
3290::
1905:+
906:.
894:.
868:.
860:.
848:.
844:.
819:.
811:.
801:75
799:.
772:39
770:.
766:.
747:.
735:^
680:^
606:^
459:.
451:,
395:.
376:,
349:.
333:,
329:,
306::
279:,
275:,
252:.
244:,
240:,
232:,
220:,
208:,
192:,
184:,
147:.
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
52::
31:,
27:A
2899:/
2890:/
2881:/
2877:/
2012:e
2005:t
1998:v
1605:/
1491:e
1484:t
1477:v
1003:e
996:t
989:v
949:.
921:.
910::
902::
876:.
864::
856::
827:.
807::
784:.
778::
674:.
630:.
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
