544:" were drawn up in 1744. They stated, "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. The ball must be between 5 & 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart". There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat. It appears that 40 notches was viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling quickly at shins unprotected by pads. The world's first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787.
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of the opposition wickets as quickly as possible. A secondary objective will be to keep the batting side's run rate as low as possible. In fact, in most forms of cricket, the twin aims of the fielding side are targeted concurrently, as the achievement of one aim tends to have a positive effect upon the other. Taking regular opposition wickets will remove the better batsmen from the crease, typically leading to a slowing of the scoring rate. Conversely, slowing the scoring rate can put additional pressure on the batsmen and force them into taking extra risks, which will often lead to wickets.
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these distinctions would be approximately 10 mph slower. Many professional fast bowlers are able to reach speeds of over 85 mph, with a handful of bowlers in the world able to bowl at 95 mph+. The ability to react to a cricket ball travelling at 85 mph is a skill that only professional and high level amateur cricketers possess. The pace of a bowler not only challenges the reaction speed of the batsman, but also his physical courage. Fast bowlers are able to exploit this by bowling bouncers, either regularly or as an occasional surprise delivery.
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also be supplemented by the secondary need to prevent the batting side from scoring quickly, so more defensive strategies will be used. In general, the shorter the number of overs per side, the more priority will be given to this secondary target of maintaining a low run-rate. It is also highly probable that the need for attacking or defensive strategies can switch frequently as a cricket match progresses. It is the sign of a good cricket captain to be able to tell which strategy is most appropriate in any set of circumstances and the best way of implementing it.
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master timing and shot selection. One immediate consequence was the replacement of the curving bat with the straight one. All of this raised the premium on skill and lessened the influence of rough ground and brute force. It was in the 1770s that the modern game began to take shape. The weight of the ball was limited to between five and a half and five and three-quarter ounces, and the width of the bat to four inches. The latter ruling followed an innings by a batter called
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attacking options, and also increases the probability of him misjudging a delivery and losing his wicket. A good length delivery is one in which the ball has had sufficient time to move far enough off the pitch to beat the bat but the batsman has not had time to react to the movement and adjust his shot. The faster the bowler and the greater the movement he is able to generate, the larger the area of the pitch that can be designated an effective "good" length.
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contact. There are three distinct means of achieving this aim: by bowling the ball on a good line and length, by bowling with sufficient pace that the batsman struggles to react to the delivery, or by bowling the ball in such a way that it has lateral movement as it approaches the batsman, either in the air or off the ground. A good bowler may be able to combine two of these skills, a truly great bowler may be able to combine all three.
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rules stated that the arm could not be raised above the shoulder. It was quickly found, however, that a raised arm imparted more accuracy and generated more bounce than the roundarm method. Again, the governing body banned the method. It was not until the method was finally accepted by the MCC in 1835 that it grew rapidly in popularity amongst all players. Underarm bowling hitherto had almost disappeared from the game.
598:
585:" occurred during a match in 1981, in which the Australian bowler, Trevor Chappell, took advantage of the fact that underarm bowling was still legal by rolling the ball along the ground. By doing so he avoided the possibility that the New Zealand batsman, Brian McKechnie, would score a six from the last ball to tie the match, as the bat would not be able to hit the ball high enough to score a six.
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bowl deliveries in preplanned sets, with the intention of dismissing the batsman with the final delivery in the set. This is known as "setting a trap" for the batsman. Batsmen and bowlers will often also engage in a game of "cat and mouse", in which the bowler varies his tactics to try and trap and dismiss the batsman, but the batsman also keeps adjusting his tactics in response.
561:
developed following the invention of vulcanised rubber, which was also used to introduce protective gloves in 1848. In the 1870s, boundaries were introduced – previously, all hits had to be run; if the ball went into the crowd, the spectators would clear a way for the fieldsman to fetch it. The biggest change, however, was in how the ball was delivered by the bowler.
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in baseball), and then produce sideways movement off the ground. Swing is obtained by using air pressure differences caused by angling the seam of the cricket ball to produce a lateral movement in the air. Fast bowlers will generally only use swing to obtain movement, but medium pace and slow bowlers
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The fundamental skill of bowling on a good length incorporates the ability to pitch the ball such a distance from the batsman that he is unable to move forward and drive the ball on the half volley, and is also unable to step back and play the ball on the back foot. This removes many of the batsman's
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In a game of cricket, the ultimate priority of the fielding side is to restrict the total number of runs scored by the batting side, and the actions of the bowlers will be fundamental to achieving this objective. The primary means of achieving this is by dismissing the batting side by getting all ten
635:
Originally, this definition said that the elbow joint must not straighten out during the bowling action. Bowlers generally hold their elbows fully extended and rotate the arm vertically about the shoulder joint to impart velocity to the ball, releasing it near the top of the arc. Flexion at the elbow
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The simultaneous twin objectives of bowling are to take wickets and prevent run scoring opportunities. Both objectives are achieved through the underlying aim of bowling the ball in such a way that the batsman is unable to connect with the ball in the middle of the bat and control its movement after
560:
The 19th century saw a series of significant changes. Wide deliveries were outlawed in 1811. The circumference of the ball was specified for the first time in 1838 (its weight had been dictated 60 years earlier). Pads, made of cork, became available for the first time in 1841, and these were further
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match was generally three days, and this year also saw the creation of the first six-seam cricket ball. In 1788, the MCC published its first revision of the laws, which prohibited charging down an opponent and also provided for mowing and covering the wicket to standardise conditions. The desire for
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To avoid becoming predictable, a bowler will typically bowl a variety of different deliveries with different combinations of pace and movement. A tactically astute bowler may be able to spot a potential weakness in a batsman that a particular delivery may be able to exploit. Bowlers will often also
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The velocities of cricket bowlers vary between 40 and 100 mph (64 and 161 km/h). In professional cricket, a bowler in the 40–60 mph range would be said to be a slow bowler, in the 60–80 mph range a medium pace bowler, and a bowler 80 mph+ a fast bowler. In the amateur game,
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actions. In the side on action, the back foot lands parallel to the bowling crease and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking over his front shoulder. In the front on action, the back foot lands pointing down the pitch and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking inside the line of his front arm.
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matches, except that no two overs can be bowled consecutively thus restricting any one bowler from a maximum of 50% (plus 1 over) of each innings total. The rule also applies in terms of breaks within a Test innings (Drinks, Lunch and Tea breaks, end of day and beginning of next day). The rule can
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During the 1760s and 1770s it became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This innovation gave bowlers the weapons of length, deception through the air, plus increased pace. It also opened new possibilities for spin and swerve. In response, batters had to
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The line a bowler chooses to bowl will depend on several factors: the movement he is generating on the ball, the shots the batsman is able to play, and the field the captain has set. The two most common tactics are to either bowl directly at the stumps, or to bowl 3 inches to 6 inches outside the
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Depending upon the format of the match, these two strategies will be given different weights. In an unlimited, timed or declaration match, the main aim of the bowling attack will be to take wickets, so attacking bowling and fielding strategies will be used. In a limited overs match, this aim will
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will often use a combination of the two. The intention is that in creating movement in the delivery, the batsman will misjudge the line of the ball as it arrives, causing him to miss it entirely, in which case he may be dismissed bowled or lbw, or miss-hit it, in which case he may be out caught.
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The round-arm action came to be employed widely in matches but was quickly determined to be illegal and banned by the MCC, who stated that "the ball must be delivered underhand, not thrown or jerked, with the hand underneath the elbow at the time of delivering the ball". When it was accepted the
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In 1706 William
Goldwyn published the first description of the game. He wrote that two teams were first seen carrying their curving bats to the venue, choosing a pitch and arguing over the rules to be played. They pitched two sets of wickets, each with a "milk-white" bail perched on two stumps;
761:. When done well, this line may confuse the batsman into whether to defend the ball or leave it, and may tempt him to play away from his body with his head not in line with the ball. The main aim of this tactic is to dismiss the batman caught by the wicketkeeper or in the
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in which the ball is bowled on such a short length that it rises towards the batsman's throat or head as a means of physical intimidation. But the height of an attempted yorker or full toss must not be higher than the batsman's waist, or else it will be called a no-ball
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standardisation reflected the massive increase in the popularity of cricket during the 18th century. Between 1730 and 1740, 150 cricket matches were recorded in the papers of the time. Between 1750 and 1760, this figure rose to 230, and between 1770 and 1790 over 500.
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was the only method employed. Many theories exist about the origins of cricket. One suggests that the game began among shepherds hitting a stone or a ball of wool with their crooks and, at the same time, defending the wicket gate into the sheep-fold (from
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tossed a coin for first knock, the umpire called "play" and the "leathern orb" was bowled. They had four-ball overs, the umpires leant on their staves (which the batters had to touch to complete a run), and the scorers sat on a mound making notches.
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Other than the ability to land the ball on a strategically optimum line and length, the main weapons of the bowler are his ability to move the ball sideways as it approaches the batsman and his ability to deliver the ball at a high velocity.
838:. For example, the usual limit for twenty-over cricket is four overs per bowler, for forty-over cricket eight per bowler and for fifty-over cricket ten per bowler. There is, however, no limit on the number of overs each bowler may bowl in
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is not allowed, but any extension of the elbow was deemed to be a throw and would be liable to be called a no-ball. This was thought to be possible only if the bowler's elbow was originally held in a slightly flexed position.
525:'cricce', a crooked staff). A second theory suggests the name came from a low stool known as a 'cricket' in England, which from the side looked like the long, low wicket used in the early days of the game (originally from the
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action, which mixes distinct elements of both side on and front on actions, and is generally discouraged amongst young bowlers as it can lead to problems in later life due to the twisting of the back inherent in the action.
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became the first bowler to use a "round-arm" technique after practising with his sister
Christina, who had used the technique, as she was unable to bowl underarm due to her wide dress impeding her delivery of the ball.
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As a result of this incident underarm bowling was subsequently made illegal in all grades of cricket, except by prior agreement of both teams, as it was not considered to be within the spirit of the game.
529:'krickstoel', a low stool on which parishioners knelt in church). There is also a reference to 'criquet' in North-East France in 1478 and evidence that the game evolved in South-East England in the
757:. It can also be used as a defensive tactic, as the batsman will feel less able to play risky shots knowing that he will be dismissed should he miss the ball. Bowling outside off stump is known as
552:, who appeared with a bat the width of the wicket. In 1774, the first leg before law was published. Also around this time, a third stump became commonplace. By 1780, the duration of a
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who try to make the ball deviate in its course through the air or when it bounces, to slow bowlers, who will attempt to deceive the batter with a variety of flight and spin. A
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by a strictly specified biomechanical definition, which restricts the angle of extension of the elbow. A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a
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834:, there is a limitation on the number of overs each bowler can bowl. This number depends on the match length, and is usually 20% of the total overs in the
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208:. If a ball is bowled too wide of the striker for the batsman to be able to play at it with a proper cricket shot, the bowler's end umpire will rule it a
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the elbow joint. A guideline was introduced to allow extensions or hyperextensions of angles up to 15 degrees before deeming the ball illegally thrown.
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In 2005, this definition was deemed to be physically impossible by a scientific investigative commission. Biomechanical studies that showed that
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action with the back foot landing at roughly 45 degrees and the upper body aligned somewhere between side on and front on. This differs from a
765:. Other bowling variations, such as bowling wide of off stump or bowling at leg stump are generally seen as negative and defensive tactics.
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usually delivers the ball quite slowly and puts spin on the ball, causing it to turn at an angle while bouncing off the pitch.
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1276:"System and modelling errors in motion analysis: Implications for the measurement of the elbow angle in cricket bowling"
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in midflight, illustrating the position of the body during a delivery at the end of a run up, prior to bowling the ball.
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all bowlers extend their elbows somewhat throughout the bowling action, because the stress of swinging the arm around
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732:, in which the ball is bowled directly at the batsman's feet as a surprise delivery intended to dismiss the batsman
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Other areas of the pitch may also often be used as a variation to a good length delivery. Primarily these are the
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Bowling the ball is distinguished from simply throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition.
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At the start of the century, all bowlers were still delivering the ball under-arm. However, so the story goes,
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line of off stump. Bowling at the stumps is an attacking tactic with the intention of dismissing the batsman
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1315:"Cricket: Fast bowling arm actions and the illegal delivery law in men's high performance cricket matches"
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194:. Once a bowler has bowled an over, a teammate will bowl an over from the other end of the pitch. The
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holds the world record for delivering the fastest ball (161.3 km/h (100.2 mph)).
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1111:"Memorable Ashes Moments: 'We're gonna have a bowl' - Hussain's coin toss horror-show"
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Bowlers are also able to get the ball to move sideways by using either
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Elliott, Bruce C.; Alderson, Jacqueline A.; Denver, Eliot R. (2007).
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A team can be said to have elected to "have a bowl" when it wins the
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govern how a ball must be bowled. If a ball is bowled illegally, an
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Portus, Marc R.; Rosemond, Charles D.; Rath, David A. (2006).
1085:"SPIN BOWLER | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
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defended by a batter. A player skilled at bowling is called a
1060:"The Different Types Of Fast Bowlers In Cricket Explained!"
1273:
1221:"Underarm incident was a cry for help: Greg Chappell"
188:. Bowlers bowl deliveries in sets of six, called an
1154:"John Willes and his sister invent overarm bowling"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1387:"England v Sri Lanka: Story of day five at Lord's"
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745:, which could have bowlers banned from the match.
1594:https://www.britannica.com/sports/bowling-cricket
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982:"Laws of Cricket: Law 42 (Fair and unfair play)"
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601:The typical bowling action of a fast bowler.
1136:"Fastest delivery of a cricket ball (male)"
650:Bowling actions are typically divided into
217:There are different types of bowlers, from
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1370:"Definition of fair delivery - the arm".
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957:"Glossary of cricket terms & sayings"
171:. Bowling the ball is distinguished from
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
768:Some different types of bowling tactic:
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221:, whose primary weapon is pace, through
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1198:"Overarm bowling accepted by the MCC"
1034:"Laws of Cricket: Law 25 (Wide ball)"
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1008:"Laws of Cricket: Law 24 (No ball)"
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1219:Knight, Ben (30 January 2004).
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932:"International Cricket Council"
34:needs additional citations for
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1109:Omnisport (16 November 2017).
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1036:. Lords.org. Archived from
1010:. Lords.org. Archived from
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759:the corridor of uncertainty
577:Modern-day underarm bowling
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1140:guinnessworldrecords.com
1089:dictionary.cambridge.org
961:www.wandererscricket.com
133:bowling to the batsman,
1280:Journal of Biomechanics
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58:"Bowling" cricket
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907:"Terms | Cricket Web"
832:limited overs cricket
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131:Muttiah Muralitharan
43:improve this article
1614:Cricket terminology
1319:Sports Biomechanics
1247:"No ball Law | MCC"
1115:www.sportskeeda.com
1040:on 24 November 2012
1014:on 27 December 2012
936:www.icc-cricket.com
887:throwing a baseball
840:first-class cricket
554:first-class cricket
540:The first written "
337:left-arm unorthodox
147:, is the action of
911:www.cricketweb.net
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628:Throwing (cricket)
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250:History of cricket
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1609:Bowling (cricket)
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1286:(12): 2679–2685.
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32:This article
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1566:Third umpire
1502:Batting side
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1396:11 September
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369:Knuckle ball
301:Spin bowling
276:Fast bowling
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219:fast bowlers
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99:January 2013
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1549:Non-players
1540:All-rounder
1464:Spin bowler
1459:Pace bowler
1256:18 December
709:Jim Allenby
611:fast bowler
609:Australian
566:John Willes
531:Middle Ages
523:Anglo Saxon
424:Carrom ball
394:Slower ball
231:spin bowler
169:all-rounder
155:toward the
1603:Categories
1493:Substitute
1391:Sky Sports
1204:23 January
1182:23 January
1160:23 January
1120:2 December
1044:23 January
1018:23 January
992:23 January
893:References
783:Off theory
778:Leg theory
736:, and the
678:cricketer
626:See also:
508:Pakistani
464:Topspinner
384:Outswinger
379:Off cutter
374:Leg cutter
149:propelling
69:newspapers
1441:positions
1355:219698572
1339:1476-3141
1231:12 August
1094:31 August
1069:31 August
966:31 August
941:31 August
916:31 August
680:Bart King
614:Brett Lee
449:Off break
444:Leg break
364:Inswinger
238:coin toss
1347:16939154
1300:17307186
868:Fielding
858:Throwing
847:See also
773:Bodyline
656:front on
419:Arm ball
332:leg spin
313:off spin
259:a series
257:Part of
185:delivery
176:the ball
174:throwing
1619:Cricket
1561:Referee
1535:Captain
1483:Fielder
1439:Cricket
836:innings
738:bouncer
682:bowling
661:mid-way
652:side on
527:Flemish
434:Flipper
359:Bouncer
244:History
205:no-ball
145:cricket
141:Bowling
128:Spinner
83:scholar
1576:Scorer
1556:Umpire
1528:Others
1519:Runner
1509:Batter
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641:almost
459:Teesra
454:Slider
439:Googly
429:Doosra
399:Yorker
308:Finger
200:umpire
165:batter
161:bowler
157:wicket
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1351:S2CID
883:Pitch
807:swing
763:slips
665:mixed
327:Wrist
288:Swing
223:swing
182:or a
143:, in
90:JSTOR
76:books
1488:Slip
1398:2020
1343:PMID
1335:ISSN
1296:PMID
1258:2021
1233:2009
1206:2013
1184:2013
1162:2013
1122:2020
1096:2020
1071:2020
1046:2013
1020:2013
994:2013
968:2020
943:2020
918:2020
878:Over
803:spin
654:and
283:Seam
225:and
211:wide
191:over
180:ball
153:ball
151:the
62:news
1327:doi
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830:In
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755:lbw
753:or
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