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250:
technology dealing with the synthesis of more stable synthetic analogues and the genetic manipulation of cellular BR activity, using BR in the production of horticultural crops has become a more practical and hopeful strategy for improving crop yields and success. The application of BR successfully alleviate drought stress and improve wheat growth under deficit irrigation system. It had further positive impacts on increasing plant growth parameters via their integral role in decreasing oxidative stress indicators.
76:, tomatoes, and peas. The sites for BR synthesis in plants have not been experimentally demonstrated. One well-supported hypothesis is that all tissues produce BRs, since BR biosynthetic and signal transduction genes are expressed in a wide range of plant organs, and short distance activity of the hormones also supports this. Experiments have shown that long distance transport is possible and that the flow is from the base to the tips (acropetal), but it is not known if this movement is biologically relevant.
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20:
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BRs have also been reported to have a variety of effects when applied to rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.). Seeds treated with BRs were shown to reduce the growth inhibitory effect of salt stress. When the developed plants fresh weight was analyzed the treated seeds outperformed plants grown on saline and
185:) under salt stress the concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were decreased and thus pigmentation was decreased as well. BR treated rice seeds considerably restored the pigment level in plants that were grown on saline medium when compared to non-treated plants under the same conditions.
249:
BR might reveal to have a prominent interest in the role of horticultural crops. Based on extensive research BR has the ability to improve the quantity and quality of horticultural crops and protect plants against many stresses that can be present in the local environment. With the many advances in
37:
and may have utility as anticancer drugs for treating endocrine-responsive cancers by inducing apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibiting cancerous growth. These brassinosteroids were first explored during the 1970s when
Mitchell et al. reported promotion in stem elongation and cell division by the
274:
BR could also help bridge the gap of the consumers' health concerns and the producers need for growth. A major benefit of using BR is that it does not interfere with the environment because they act in a natural way. Since it is a “plant strengthening substance” and it is natural, BR application
200:
in the absence of BR, BKI1 blocks BRI1 activity and BIN2 inhibits transcription factors. When BR is present, BKI1 dissociates from BRI1 and the BRI1:BAK1 complex is formed. This complex promotes the inactivation of BIN2 and transcription factors can then exert their
405:
Grove, Michael D.; Spencer, Gayland F.; Rohwedder, William K.; Mandava, Nagabhushanam; Worley, Joseph F.; Warthen, J. David; Steffens, George L.; Flippen-Anderson, Judith L.; Cook, J. Carter (1979). "Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from
1135:
Tossi, Vanesa E.; Acebedo, SofĂa L.; Cassia, RaĂşl O.; Lamattina, Lorenzo; Galagovsky, Lydia R.; RamĂrez, Javier A. (October 2015). "A bioassay for brassinosteroid activity based on the in vitro fluorimetric detection of nitric oxide production".
278:
In
Germany, extract from the plant is allowed for use as a "plant strengthening substance." There are some bioassays that can detect BRs in the plant such as the bean second internode elongation assay and the rice leaf lamina inclination test.
887:
Anuradha, S; S Seeta Ram Rao (May 2003). "Application of brassinosteroids to rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) reduced the impact of salt stress on growth, prevented photosynthetic pigment loss and increased nitrate reductase activity".
704:
Hewitt, FR; Hough, T; O'Neill, P; Sasse, JM; Williams, EG; Rowan, KS (1985). "Effect of brassinolide and other growth regulators on the germination and growth of pollen tubes of "Prunus avium" using a multiple hanging drop assay".
732:
Sondhi, N.; Bhardwaj, R.; Kaur, S.; Singh, B.; Kumar, N. (2008). "Isolation of 24-epibrassinolide from leaves of "Aegle marmelos" and evaluation of its antigenotoxicity potential employing
170:
chromosomal aberration assay. It was shown that the percentage of chromosomal aberrations induced by maleic hydrazide (0.01%) declined significantly with 24-epibrassinolide treatment.
226:
181:
non-saline medium however when the dry weight was analyzed BR treated seeds only outperformed untreated plants that were grown on saline medium. When dealing with tomatoes (
218:
847:
Xiao Jian, Xia; Zhang, Y; Wu, JX; Wang, JT; Zhou, YH; Shi, K; Yu, YL; Yu, JQ (September 2009). "Brassinosteroids promote metabolism of pesticides in cucumber".
54:
was shown to promote stem elongation and cell divisions, and the biologically active molecule was isolated. The yield of brassinosteroids from 230 kg of
173:
BRs have been reported to counteract both abiotic and biotic stress in plants. Application of brassinosteroids to cucumbers was demonstrated to increase the
70:. The biosynthetic pathway was elucidated by Japanese researchers and later shown to be correct through the analysis of BR biosynthesis mutants in
177:
and removal of pesticides, which could be beneficial for reducing the human ingestion of residual pesticides from non-organically grown vegetables.
771:
Sharma, P.; Bhardwaj, R. (2007). "Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide on growth and metal uptake in "Brassica juncea" L. under copper metal stress".
1211:
354:
Mitchell JW, Mandava N, Worley JF, Plimmer JR, Smith MV (March 1970). "Brassins—a new family of plant hormones from rape pollen".
999:
808:"Effects of 28-homobrassinolide on nickel uptake, protein content and antioxidative defence system in "Brassica juncea"
1017:"Integral effects of brassinosteroids and timber waste biochar enhances the drought tolerance capacity of wheat plant"
210:
653:
Caño-Delgado, A; Yin, Y; Yu, C; Vafeados, D; Mora-Garcia, S; Cheng, JC; Nam, KH; Li, J; Chory, J (November 2004).
526:
Clouse, SD; Sasse, JM. (June 1998). "Brassinosteroids: Essential
Regulators of Plant Growth and Development".
206:
655:"BRL1 and BRL3 are novel brassinosteroid receptors that function in vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis"
1204:
33:(BRs or less commonly BS) are a class of polyhydroxysteroids that have been recognized as a sixth class of
1088:) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, after Detection Using a Dwarf Rice Lamina Inclination Bioassay"
1340:
58:
pollen was only 10 mg. Since their discovery, over 70 BR compounds have been isolated from plants.
978:
Kang YY, Guo SR (2011). "Role of brassinosteroids on horticultural crops". In Hayat S, Ahmad A (eds.).
304:"Twenty Years of Brassinosteroids: Steroidal Plant Hormones Warrant Better Crops for the XXI Century"
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1197:
222:
563:"A putative leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase involved in brassinosteroid signal transduction"
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would be more favorable than pesticides and does not contribute to the co-evolution of pests.
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419:
363:
234:
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127:; delayed senescence in BR mutants supports that this action may be biologically relevant.
8:
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Kim, Seong-Ki; Abe, Hiroshi; Little, C. H. Anthony; Pharis, Richard P. (December 1990).
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Fujioka, S; Sakurai, A. (1997). "Biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids".
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1084:"Identification of Two Brassinosteroids from the Cambial Region of Scots Pine (
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237:. The inhibition of BIN2 by BR releases these transcription factors to bind to
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34:
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BRs are perceived at the cell membrane by a co-receptor complex, comprising
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Nemhauser, Jennifer L.; Mockler, Todd C.; Chory, Joanne (September 2004).
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Correa (Rutaceae), was further evaluated for the antigenotoxicity against
26:, the first brassinosteroid isolated and shown to have biological activity
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1103:
268:
166:
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Can provide some protection to plants during chilling and drought stress.
110:
67:
453:
Bajguz, A. (February 2007). "Metabolism of brassinosteroids in plants".
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221:(BKI1). When BR binds to the BRI1:BAK1 complex, BKI1 is released, and a
48:
was the first brassinosteroid to be isolated in 1979, when pollen from
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681:
604:"Interdependency of brassinosteroid and auxin signaling in Arabidopsis"
217:, but in the absence of BR its action is inhibited by another protein,
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is triggered which results in the de-activation of another kinase,
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It has an unclear role in cell division and cell wall regeneration.
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Khripach, Vladimir; Zhabinskiia, Vladimir; de Groot, Aede (2000).
1189:
84:
BRs have been shown to be involved in numerous plant processes:
19:
806:
Sharma, P; Bhardwaj, R; Arora, HK; Arora, N; Kumar, A. (2008).
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214:
1236:
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Annual Review of Plant
Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
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Promotion of cell expansion and cell elongation; work with
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increases the disease resistance of surrounding plants.
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986:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 269–288.
928:"The molecular circuitry of brassinosteroid signaling"
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Lalarukh, Irfana; Amjad, S.F.; Mansoora, N. (2022).
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926:Belkhadir, Youssef; Jaillais, Yvon (April 2015).
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253:BR application has demonstrated efficacy against
106:has been studied during vascular differentiation.
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241:and to enact certain developmental pathways.
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38:treatment of organic extracts of rapeseed (
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982:Brassinosteroids: A Class of Plant Hormone
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849:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
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150:(EBL), a brassinosteroid isolated from
109:Is necessary for pollen elongation for
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561:Li, JM; Chory, J. (September 1997).
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595:
13:
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502:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03078.x
14:
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455:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
211:BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1
540:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.427
1128:
840:
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736:chromosomal aberration assay".
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198:Brassinosteroid signal cascade:
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1150:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.07.003
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554:
481:
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66:The BR is biosynthesised from
1:
580:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80357-8
314:(3) (86th ed.): 441–47.
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227:brassinosteroid insensitive 2
207:brassinosteroid insensitive-1
621:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020258
467:10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.01.002
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992:10.1007/978-94-007-0189-2_9
773:Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
229:(BIN2). BIN2 and its close
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1042:10.1038/s41598-022-16866-0
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825:10.1007/s10535-008-0149-6
785:10.1007/s11738-007-0032-7
750:10.1007/s10725-007-9242-7
902:10.1023/A:1023080720374
890:Plant Growth Regulation
223:phosphorylation cascade
219:BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1
213:(BAK1). BRI1 acts as a
183:Lycopersicon esculentum
134:Extract from the plant
16:Class of plant hormones
1290:Plant peptide hormones
707:Aust. J. Plant Physiol
321:10.1006/anbo.2000.1227
271:, and various others.
256:Phytophthora infestans
202:
27:
490:Physiologia Plantarum
235:transcription factors
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22:
1104:10.1104/pp.94.4.1709
189:Signalling mechanism
102:differentiation; BR
73:Arabidopsis thaliana
1033:2022NatSR..1212842L
932:The New Phytologist
424:1979Natur.281..216G
368:1970Natur.225.1065M
104:signal transduction
1341:Secondary alcohols
1270:24-Epibrassinolide
1021:Scientific Reports
738:Plant Growth Regul
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148:24-Epibrassinolide
28:
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1086:Pinus silverstris
1001:978-94-007-0189-2
945:10.1111/nph.13269
861:10.1021/jf901915a
719:10.1071/PP9850201
672:10.1242/dev.01403
418:(5728): 216–217.
376:10.1038/2251065a0
245:Agricultural uses
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308:Annals of Botany
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233:inhibit several
158:maleic hydrazide
141:Lychnis viscaria
136:Lychnis viscaria
116:Acceleration of
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24:Brassinolide
1159:11336/13281
812:Biol. Plant
734:Allium cepa
682:11336/43673
659:Development
614:(9): E258.
534:: 427–451.
209:(BRI1) and
167:Allium cepa
111:pollen tube
68:campesterol
1320:Categories
1280:Jasmonates
1247:Cytokinins
283:References
231:homologues
175:metabolism
118:senescence
113:formation.
44:) pollen.
1295:Polyamine
1285:Karrikins
1144:: 46–52.
1069:245162092
954:1469-8137
410:pollen".
120:in dying
92:to do so.
80:Functions
1336:Lactones
1326:Steroids
1275:Florigen
1252:Ethylene
1176:43227975
1168:26209812
1138:Steroids
1122:16667906
1061:35896783
962:25615890
910:34266295
869:19694443
834:33850414
793:20183878
758:34251037
691:15486337
640:15328536
548:15012241
475:17346983
384:16056912
338:49561922
330:42766031
265:cucumber
201:effects.
100:vascular
1113:1077442
1052:9329315
1029:Bibcode
589:9298904
440:4335601
420:Bibcode
392:4116426
364:Bibcode
1237:Auxins
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412:Nature
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356:Nature
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328:
261:mildew
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