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is nutrient rich and brings needed nutrients into the basin, causing chlorophyll blooms and supporting plant life that in turn attracts fish to feed on. Therefore, the BMC has an impact on commercial fishing to the point where fishermen track where the collision occurs throughout the year. From a global perspective, the BMC is important because the cold
Falkland warms as it encounters the subtropical climate which leads to the outgassing of CO
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Current research is focusing in on trying to better observe the Brazil–Falkland
Confluence Zone so the dynamics of this system can be better explained. Right now there only exists images of these small scale dynamical process (e.g. eddies), however, numerical interpretation of these eddies are still
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The presence of both currents, which have a stark contrast in properties, is the characteristic feature of the region. The northward flow of the cold
Falkland and the southward flow of the Brazil current has an influence on both local and global climate. They impact local biology because the Falkland
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The surface flow for the
Falkland Current after the collision with the Brazil Current is much simpler than that of the Brazil Current. Once the Falkland Current collides with the Brazil Current at the Brazil–Falkland Confluence Zone the Falkland Current gets redirected poleward. It will continue to
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in the Brazil–Falkland
Confluence Zone. These various water masses help contribute even more to this very complex dynamical confluence zone. Starting at the surface (<800m) where the Brazil Current is carrying Subtropical Surface Water and the Falkland Current is carrying Subantarctic Surface
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have been able to give us a better idea of what this flow looks like. After the Brazil
Current collides with the Falkland Current at around 38 degrees South, it branches off into two different paths. The first path gets redirected back equatorward and actually creates a large
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The temperature and salinity gradients that are generated by the Brazil–Falkland
Confluence Zone are amazing. The southeast deflected Brazil Current flows just east of the redirected Falkland current at around 57.5W and between 40 and 45S (See fig. 4). In this region
145:. It transports between 60 and 90 Sverdrups of water with speeds ranging from a half a meter to a meter per second. Hydrographic data in this area is very scarce and thus various hydrographic variables have a great deal of error. The Falkland Current is not simply a
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very much in the beginning stages of our understanding. The other major area of research is focusing in on the biological productivity in this region. This confluence zone is such a "hot spot" for primary production because the
Falkland Current supplies a lot of
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for the Brazil
Current range between 35 and 36psu with some isolated spots as high as 37 psu. The current typically flows in the upper 600 meters of the ocean and its volume transport as it reaches the confluence zone is upwards of 20
110:. The poleward directed branch is the current that comes into convergence with the Falklands Current. Typical temperature values for the Brazil Current are between 18 and 28 degrees Celsius, decreasing as it moves poleward. Typical
237:(warmer water cannot contain as much gas), and the warm Brazil current cools as it encounters the same climate which has the opposite effect - cooler water can contain more gas so the cooling of the Brazil increases the uptake of CO
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at around 10 degrees South. As it flows poleward it branches off into two pieces at around 22 degrees South. One part flows eastward, and the other portion continues the poleward march flowing along the South
American
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while the Brazil Current supplies warm ocean temperatures. Intense vertical mixing in these zones create a very fertile area for the production of biological species. This zone is looked at as a major atmospheric
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Memery, L., M. Arhan, X.A. Alvarez-Salgado, M-J. Messias, H. Mercier, C.G. Castro, A.F. Rios, 2000: The water masses along the western boundary of the south and equatorial Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 47,
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eddy with the original Brazil Current. The second path of the Brazil Current, which is much stronger than the aforementioned redirected path, is deflected about 45 degrees east of its original tract poleward.
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eddies existing at the same time. There is a lot of research going into the study of these high energy turbulent mixing areas, but it is still far too early to understand these mesoscale processes in depth.
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Vigan, X., C. Provost, and G. Podesta, 2000: Sea surface velocities from sea surface temperature image sequences 2. Application to the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence area. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105,
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Chiessi et al. (2007). Signature of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (Argentina Basin) in the isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera from surface sediments. Marine Micropaleonotology 64. pp. 52-66.
215:, eddies, and filaments created in this confluence zone are extraordinary. The eddies exhibit strong rotational velocities and are extremely energetic. At any given time there could be 8 or 9 distinct
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Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., ... & De Baar, H. J. (2009). Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO
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Tikinaga, H, et al. (2005). SST-Induced surface Wind Variations over the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence: Satellite and In Situ Observations. Journal of Climate. Vol 18. pp 3470-3482
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Vivier, F. and C. Provost, 1999b: Volume transport of the Malvinas Current: Can the flow be monitored by TOPEX/POSEIDON ? Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 21105-21122.
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like the Brazil Current, but extends all the way to the sea floor. Typical temperatures for the current are around 6 °C, with a salinity of 33.5–34.5 psu.
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follow this poleward tract till about 50 degrees South latitude where it will once again be picked back up by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and head East.
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Evans, D.L, S.S. Signorini and L.B. Miranda, 1983: A note on the transport of the Brazil Current. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13, 1732-1738.
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Water, after these two surfaces collide they mix some, but in general they develop strong thermohaline fronts due to the strong difference in
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Deep Water. Between the Antarctic Intermediate Water and the Weddel Sea Deep Water there are three different water masses flowing poleward:
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due to the amount of primary production that takes place here which is vitally important in our changing climate. Figure 5 shows
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Peterson, R.G. and L. Stramma, 1990: Upper-level circulation in the South Atlantic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 26, 1-73.
137:(also called Falklands Current or Malvinas Current) is an equatorward flowing current that carries cold and relatively fresh
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gradients can be as high as 1 degree C per kilometer. Salinity gradients are also extraordinarily high in this region.
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that is flowing equatorward. At the very bottom of the Brazil–Falkland Confluence Zone there is equatorward flowing
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The surface flow in the Brazil–Falkland Confluence Zone is still not quite well understood, but more recently
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flux over the global oceans. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56(8-10), 554-577.
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Maamaatuaiahutapu, K. et al.(1998)., Transports of the Brazil and Malvinas Currents at their Confluence.
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flux as well. All of this together makes the BMC a large carbon sink for global atmospheric CO
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by the plants, and the regions strong wind speeds leads the region to have increase CO
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and salinity. Below the surface from about 800 meters to 1500 meters there is
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converge. The region oscillates latitudinally, but in general the region of
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Fig. 5 Chlorophyll-a Concentration in the Brazil–Falkland Confluence Zone
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flux actually indicate that the BMC is the region of the strongest CO
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The Brazil Current is a poleward flowing current that carries warm
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to be taken up by the ocean. The photosynthetic utilization of CO
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Surface flow and thermohaline gradients in the confluence zone
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water. The Brazil Current branches off northward from the
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228:The BMC, Local Climate, and Global Climate
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143:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
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324:Journal of Marine Research
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18:Brazil–Falkland Confluence
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