533:
848:. From then on, doubts arose as to whether printed newspapers would continue to exist or gradually disappear. However, according to the Brazilian Media Research of 2016, the most trusted medium by the population is still the printed newspaper. More than half of the survey respondents who claimed to read newspapers (59% of 4,665 people) trust the news brought by this medium often or always. Radio comes in second place and television in third in terms of trust. 57% of the survey respondents who claimed to listen to the radio always or often trust the news broadcast through this medium. Likewise, 54% of the respondents who claimed to watch TV always or often trust the information they watch.
42:
288:
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commercial enterprise, aiming to penetrate all segments and expand the circle of their readers to increase the value of their advertising and to exert their influence on shaping public opinion. ... Around them, a multicolored multitude of party newspapers that, far from being profitable businesses, survive on subsidies from those parties, a group, or a politician, and are only read if the person who supports them is prominent or feared.
554:, the first Brazilian newspaper – albeit outside Brazil. The first issue of the newspaper is from June 1, 1808, but it only arrived in Rio de Janeiro in October, where it had a great impact on the more enlightened sectors of society, although it was banned and confiscated by the government. Until 1820, only the Gazeta (and magazines printed at the Royal Press) had a license to circulate. In 1821, with the end of the prohibition, the
244:
881:
The black press emerged in the 19th century when some newspapers were founded in Rio de
Janeiro, all in 1833, specifically aimed at denouncing racism and social inequality. All of them had a short lifespan, and new periodicals began to be created only in the late century. At the beginning of the 20th
748:
is among the most prominent personalities of the
Brazilian press. In a time when photography was still rare—and expensive—the illustrator had the undeniable power to construct the visual imagery of society. Thus, the "Emperor Cabeça-de-Caju" or the chubby prime minister with an air of haughtiness are
631:
Indeed, party newspapers or those spontaneously created and maintained by activists lack institutional organization and journalistic professionalism. During the most fervent moments of the republican campaign (1870–1878 and 1886–1889), dozens of ephemeral newspapers (each consisting of no more than 4
337:
is older, but it was printed in London.) Even with the press already established in the country, it did not develop rapidly and was primarily limited to government establishments and newspapers. Brazilian newspapers were few in number, and many did not publish regularly. Most newspapers and magazines
584:
Everything that was published in the Royal Press (Rio de
Janeiro had no other printing press until 1821) was subject to a committee of three people tasked with "monitoring that nothing be printed against religion, government, and good morals." The prohibition of the press (including the destruction
524:, the first newspaper published in national territory, began circulating on September 10, 1808, printed on machines brought from England. As the official organ of the Portuguese government, which had taken refuge in the American colony, the newspaper only published news favorable to the government.
866:
The research shows that websites, social media, and blogs have not yet established themselves as reliable sources of information, despite the increase in internet consumption in the country. While more than half of the
Brazilians who frequently read newspapers (59%) stated in the survey that they
889:
Despite its importance for a large population and its social impact, according to Isabel
Cristina da Rosa, the black press still remains on the margins of general studies on the history of the Brazilian press and among national communication theorists. She adds: "It is imperative to critically
626:
The press in Brazil is a faithful reflection of the social state born out of the paternal and anarchic government of D. Pedro II: on the one hand, a few very prosperous newspapers, with powerful and sophisticated material organization, living primarily on advertising, organized primarily as a
882:
century, there was an explosion of magazines, booklets, and newspapers produced by and directed to black people, seeking to regain their dignity, identity, history, and culture, highlighting the role of black personalities in
Brazilian society, proposing the deconstruction of the ideology of
448:, an unknown merchant set up a small press and printed some sermons and bills of exchange. Nothing remains of the production of this typography. We have information about this initiative thanks to a Royal Letter of June 8, 1706, which prohibits and confiscates printed materials.
601:, who was averse to persecutions, guaranteed an atmosphere of broad freedom of expression – a level not seen in any Latin American republic, thanks to the authoritarian caudillos who alternated power there. Freedom of the press was already guaranteed even by the
391:, the capital of Peru. Authorization to establish a printing workshop in Lima was granted in 1584. According to an estimate, from the early 1500s to 1821, 11,625 works were published in Mexico City alone, while in Lima, from 1584 to 1824, 2,948 were published.
756:
was truly innovative. The lithographed illustrations aimed for both perfection and expressiveness. The magazine also innovated with "interactive" layout, with illustrations in the header, frame, etc. It was published weekly and had national distribution.
318:, when all forms of press activity were prohibited – including the publication of newspapers, books, or pamphlets. This was a peculiarity of Portuguese America, as press was present in other European colonies on the continent since the 16th century.
505:
Furthermore, during its first 13 years in the country, the press was heavily censored. There was censorship at three levels, so "anyone who wanted to publish something in Brazil had to go through a long process," according to historian
406:
papers be printed at the present time, nor is it useful for printers to work in their trade where expenses are greater than in the
Kingdom, from which the books and papers can be printed at the same time as the licenses from the
596:
Prior censorship was abolished on August 28, 1821, as a result of a decision by the
Constitutional Courts of Lisbon in defense of public freedoms (putting an end to three centuries of censorship in Portugal). The personality of
485:
However, the press did not develop rapidly and was primarily limited to government establishments (such as the aforementioned
National Press) and newspapers. The newspapers that survived for a long time were the
886:, and aiming to form a new collective consciousness and a new social paradigm. The black press has been, since its inception, one of the most important and combative expressions of the Brazilian black movement.
890:
reflect on the magnitude of this suppression – except for rare exceptions and brief mentions such as Bahia (1972), Melo (1972), and
Werneck (1994) – which has served to perpetuate racism and the prevalence of
565:
of the reigning family," the exiled newspaper engaged in politics. Although (contrary to popular belief) it did not advocate for Brazilian independence and sometimes had a conservative political stance, the
735:
abdication, 48 different newspapers emerged in Rio de Janeiro, most of which were amateur and had low circulation, created with the aim of propagating the ideals of small groups or even a single person.
867:
always or often trust the news brought by this medium, only 20% of the interviewed internet users said they always or often trust news published on websites, 14% on social media, and only 11% on blogs.
894:
in the thought and studies of communication, press, and journalism in Brazil. Or about epistemicide as an instrument of racial domination, as discussed by black philosopher Sueli Carneiro (2005)."
589:) were justified by the fact that the general rule of the press at that time was not what is known today as news reporting but rather doctrinal, capable of "influencing public opinion," as the
1170:
797:
1171:
Brazil. Presidency of the Republic. Secretariat of Social Communication. (2016). Brazilian Media Research 2016: Media consumption habits of the Brazilian population. Brasília: Secom.
395:
430:
1257:
607:
555:
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in the mid-17th century, during the Dutch occupation of northeastern Brazil. It is known that printing presses and movable type were sent from Holland, and the typographer
602:
550:
445:
333:
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was created to criticize "the defects of the administration of Brazil," in the words of its creator, and acknowledged its "doctrinal character rather than informative."
676:
761:
832:
822:
806:
749:
what the population—and here even the illiterate masses enter—will consume and be guided by. A symbolic iconography of politics in the late Empire was created.
688:
642:
402:, which was soon closed by royal order. A royal letter issued the same year ordered the owner to seize and return the "printing letters" to Portugal, stating:
367:
1026:
1822: Como um homem sábio, uma princesa triste e um escocês louco por dinheiro ajudaram dom Pedro a criar o Brasil – um país que tinha tudo para dar errado
820:
818:
412:
724:
682:
434:
819:
425:
In addition to António Isidoro da Fonseca's endeavor, other unsuccessful attempts make up what can be called the prehistory of the Brazilian press:
507:
670:
700:
1324:
817:
619:
812:
809:
791:
706:
174:
793:
712:
274:
805:
794:
622:, who went to Brazil as a correspondent to cover the beginning of the republican regime, described the journalistic landscape in 1889:
307:
815:
949:
1808: como uma rainha louca, um príncipe medroso e uma corte corrupta enganaram Napoleão e mudaram a história de Portugal e do Brasil
811:
813:
1190:
Santos, Leandro José dos. "Escritos negros: nota sobre educação e participação política na imprensa negra de ontem e de hoje". In:
816:
801:
796:
648:
1316:
808:
478:. The printing machines, imported from England, had been brought amidst the escape of the royal family from Lisbon in 1807, by
230:
1265:
807:
799:
454:
803:
798:
790:
1244:
IPANEMA, Marcelo de & IPANEMA, Cybelle de. "Estabelecimento da Tipografia e origens do Jornalismo no Brasil" . in:
1034:
1007:
957:
789:
760:
During its continuous 22-year publication, the Revista Illustrada became ingrained in the national daily life (cf.
479:
561:
While the official newspaper reported "the health status of all the princes of Europe, (...) birthdays, odes, and
795:
267:
802:
814:
764:) and inspired a generation of satirical magazines. Although slightly earlier, they belong to the same period:
1339:
903:
605:. Bernardo Joffily writes: "Each current has its spokesperson," but still, "there are apolitical organs: the
1082:
792:
362:
545:
537:
536:
Cover of the first issue of the Jornal Correio Paulistano, the first daily newspaper in São Paulo, 1854.
532:
349:
stood out. The country had few bookstores, and books were printed in Europe, making them very expensive.
804:
346:
260:
25:
800:
215:
73:
1285:. São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do Estado de São Paulo and Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2005.
1206:
Rosa, Isabel Cristina Clavelin da. "Imprensa Negra: descobertas para o Jornalismo brasileiro". In:
520:
327:
157:
810:
844:
and starting to use computers. Furthermore, new technologies have given news a new platform: the
773:
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311:
488:
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Only in 1747, when printing was already established in all major cities of Spanish America, did
467:
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210:
189:
119:
58:
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intended, and spreading its ideas among opinion-makers – essentially ideological propaganda.
225:
78:
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of printing presses) and prior censorship (established even before the first edition of the
579:
162:
144:
8:
718:
640:
Among the Rio de Janeiro newspapers during the imperial era were, of primary importance,
498:
83:
996:
Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de (2016). "Vida intelectual na América espanhola e no Brasil".
694:
598:
345:(1822–1889), public libraries were rare, except in major cities such as Rio, where the
179:
93:
63:
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732:
471:
322:
134:
68:
33:
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established his workshop in the city, becoming the first documented printer in the
342:
129:
124:
1181:"Memória da imprensa negra no Brasil". Observatório da Imprensa, February 4, 2020
1024:
997:
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891:
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612:
611:(the first daily newspaper in the country, 1821–1878) doesn't even report on the
358:
315:
184:
169:
139:
98:
387:(the kingdom where Mexico City was located), the art of typography was taken to
686:, some newspapers prior to 1889 but with a strong republican campaign, such as
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295:
205:
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There is a chance that typography was introduced in Brazil, in Pernambuco, by
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The press in Brazil developed much later compared to neighboring countries in
1333:
652:, the largest at that time and the ones that survived the longest, until the
248:
114:
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open what was perhaps the first printing workshop in Brazil, in the city of
1325:
Violence against journalists is one of the main challenges to press freedom
856:
1051:
Insultos impressos: a guerra dos jornalistas na Independência (1821-1823)
510:. With the decree of March 2, 1821, this prior censorship was abolished.
376:
372:
220:
841:
653:
88:
1119:
ARMITAGE, J. – "História do Brasil", in SODRÉ, N. W. – op.cit., p. 23
562:
384:
380:
1225:
Jornal, História e Técnica, vol. I – História da Imprensa Brasileira
287:
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died on the way to Brazil or shortly after arriving in the country.
455:
O Código Brasiliense na John Carter Brown Library: Impressão Régia
1254:
A rotativa parou! Os últimos dias da Última Hora de Samuel Wainer
1063:
First page of the first edition of the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro.
470:
on May 13, 1808, with the creation of the Royal Press, now the
441:
830:
788:
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However, in the same year, a few months earlier, the exiled
851:
The fourth most reliable source is magazines; the fifth is
388:
321:
With the arrival of the royal family, the Royal Press (now
632:
pages) appeared but did not last more than a few months.
415:, without which the works cannot be printed or circulated
371:, recounts that as early as 1535, books were printed in
325:) was founded, where the first Brazilian newspaper, the
1232:
Os Donos do Rio – Imprensa, Poder e Público (1880–1920)
1317:
Quotes by Alberto Dines about Brazilian journalism on
1283:
Imprensa Brasileira – personagens que fizeram história
1149:
776:, a Portuguese immigrant and friend of Agostini), and
440:
Another attempt was made in the early 18th century in
1083:
National Geographic Brazil Magazine – "O rei do Rio"
352:
1290:Imprensa e História no Rio de Janeiro dos Anos 50
1092:
1090:
444:, also without success. During the government of
1331:
1306:. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1966.
835:
1192:Cadernos de Campo: Revista de Ciências Sociais
1087:
1292:. PhD thesis. Rio de Janeiro: ECO-UFRJ, 2000.
615:. But the rule is engaged, doctrinal press."
268:
1029:. São Paulo: Globo Livros. pp. 74–75.
692:, and the caricature and satire magazines:
635:
1297:O Livro, o Jornal e a Tipografia no Brasil
1106:
1104:
1102:
275:
261:
1234:. Rio de Janeiro: Vício de Leitura, 2000.
991:
989:
1251:
1155:
982:. Editora Delta S/A. 1969. p. 1737.
980:Enciclopédia Delta de História do Brasil
932:. Editora Delta S/A. 1969. p. 1596.
930:Enciclopédia Delta de História do Brasil
531:
466:The Brazilian press officially began in
286:
1202:
1200:
1099:
995:
973:
971:
969:
941:
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1332:
1227:. São Paulo: Ática, 1990, 4th edition.
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840:Newsrooms have modernized, abandoning
744:Caricaturist, illustrator, journalist
527:
1166:
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1023:Gomes, Laurentino (August 26, 2015).
1022:
945:
1197:
966:
936:
1146:JOFFILY, Bernardo. – op.cit., p. 54
13:
1278:. São Paulo: Grupo Machline, 1986.
1241:. São Paulo: Contexto/EdUSP, 1988.
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978:"A evolução cultural do império".
40:
14:
1351:
1310:
1256:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro:
1246:Revista Brasileira de Comunicação
1248:. Brasília: March and June 1968.
361:. The historian and sociologist
242:
1299:. Rio de Janeiro: Kosmos, 1945.
1217:
1184:
1175:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
353:Regional context and prehistory
1304:História da Imprensa no Brasil
1281:MELO, José Marques de (org.).
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1067:
1056:
1043:
1016:
921:
870:
739:
304:history of the press in Brazil
18:History of the press in Brazil
1:
1239:Imprensa e História no Brasil
1208:Estudos em Jornalismo e Mídia
952:. Editora Planeta do Brasil.
914:
904:History of the book in Brazil
783:
573:
338:in circulation were foreign.
1288:RIBEIRO, Ana Paula Goulart.
836:Trust in the Brazilian press
825:
603:granted Constitution of 1824
420:Royal Letter of July 5, 1747
7:
1237:CAPELATO, Maria Helena R..
1137:Bahia, 5th edition, p. 26-7
1128:Bahia, 5th edition, p. 22-3
897:
480:António de Araújo e Azevedo
10:
1356:
1252:MEDEIROS, Benicio (2009).
946:Gomes, Laurentino (2007).
928:"O Brasil agora é reino".
874:
577:
461:
446:Francisco de Castro Morais
396:António Isidoro da Fonseca
1110:Bahia, 5th edition, p. 25
1096:Bahia, 5th edition, p. 31
1073:Bahia, 5th edition, p. 20
513:
363:Sérgio Buarque de Holanda
1319:Observatório da Imprensa
1274:MELLO E SOUZA, Cláudio.
1002:. Companhia das Letras.
636:Newspapers of the Empire
608:Diário do Rio de Janeiro
556:Diário do Rio de Janeiro
521:Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro
328:Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro
306:begins in 1808 with the
1302:WERNECK SODRÉ, Nelson.
474:, by the regent prince
431:Count Maurice of Nassau
341:Even later, during the
312:Portuguese royal family
1258:Civilização Brasileira
656:. The others included
629:
546:Hipólito José da Costa
541:
482:, the Count of Barca.
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45:
909:Black press in Brazil
877:Black press in Brazil
731:In 1831, the year of
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404:
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44:
1340:Mass media in Brazil
1276:Impressões do Brasil
1194:, 2010/2011; (14–15)
580:Censorship in Brazil
489:Diário de Pernambuco
331:, was printed. (The
231:World Heritage Sites
1230:BARBOSA, Marialva.
719:Jornal do Commercio
677:Diario do Commercio
591:Correio Braziliense
568:Correio Braziliense
551:Correio Braziliense
528:Correio Braziliense
499:Jornal do Commercio
334:Correio Braziliense
754:Revista Illustrada
716:. Others included
695:Revista Illustrada
659:Diario de Noticias
643:Gazeta de Noticias
542:
453:Brown University,
300:
46:
1295:RIZZINI, Carlos.
1267:978-85-200-0940-6
548:had launched the
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34:Culture of Brazil
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871:Black press
842:typewriters
740:Iconography
689:A Republica
620:Max Leclerc
599:D. Pedro II
409:Inquisition
377:Juan Pablos
375:. In 1539,
373:Mexico City
221:Miss Brazil
79:Immigration
915:References
784:Newspapers
766:O Mosquito
707:O Mosquito
654:Vargas Era
574:Censorship
563:panegyrics
163:Television
145:Literature
826:Magazines
772:(both by
770:O Besouro
713:O Bezouro
385:New Spain
381:New World
175:Monuments
94:Religions
84:Languages
1334:Category
898:See also
853:websites
846:internet
502:(1827).
476:Dom João
451:—
418:—
180:Painting
74:Holidays
64:Folklore
26:a series
24:Part of
462:History
411:and my
383:. From
310:of the
308:arrival
198:Symbols
135:Cuisine
69:History
51:Society
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649:O Paiz
587:Gazeta
514:Gazeta
496:, the
442:Recife
343:Empire
216:Anthem
185:Sports
149:Media
130:Comics
125:Cinema
107:Topics
89:People
28:on the
861:blogs
294:, in
170:Music
158:Radio
153:Print
140:Dance
99:Women
1262:ISBN
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1004:ISBN
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752:The
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518:The
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206:Flag
314:in
115:Art
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