3047:
232:; while a minority of patients with IBS have only diarrhoea. The presentation of symptoms is usually months or years and commonly patients consult different doctors, without great success, and doing various specialized investigations. It notices a strong correlation of the reported symptoms with
835:
transit time. That conclusion has since been challenged as having limited validity for Types 1 and 2; however, it remains in use as a research tool to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for various diseases of the bowel, as well as a clinical communication aid.
2517:
Michna E, Blonsky E, Schulman S, Tzanis E, Manley A, Zhang H, Iyer S, Randazzo B (May 2011). "Subcutaneous methylnaltrexone for treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with chronic, nonmalignant pain: a randomized controlled study".
120:
as a clinical assessment tool in 1997, and is widely used as a research tool to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for various diseases of the bowel, as well as a clinical communication aid; including being part of the diagnostic triad for
880:
Amarenco G (2014). "Bristol Stool Chart: étude prospective et monocentrique de "l'introspection fécale" chez des sujets volontaires" [Bristol Stool Chart: Prospective and monocentric study of 'stools introspection' in healthy subjects].
1066:
Wang HJ, Liang XM, Yu ZL, Zhou LY, Lin SR, Geraint M (2004). "A Randomised, Controlled
Comparison of Low-Dose Polyethylene Glycol 3350 plus Electrolytes with Ispaghula Husk in the Treatment of Adults with Chronic Functional Constipation".
2134:
Wang H, Liang X, Yu Z, Zhou L, Lin S, Geraint M (2004). "A Randomised, Controlled
Comparison of Low-Dose Polyethylene Glycol 3350 plus Electrolytes with Ispaghula Husk in the Treatment of Adults with Chronic Functional Constipation".
666:
The research results (see table) indicate that about 1 in 5 people have a slow transit (type 1 and 2 stools), while 1 in 12 has an accelerated transit (type 5 and 6 stools). Moreover, the nature of the stool is affected by age, sex,
856:
versions. A version has also been designed and validated for children. More recently, in
September 2011, a modified version of the scale was validated using a criterion of self-assessment for ages six–eight years of age.
170:
In the initial study, in the population examined in this scale, the type 1 and 2 stools were more prevalent in females, while the type 5 and 6 stools were more prevalent in males; furthermore, 80% of subjects who reported
748:) of 126 male and female patients for a period of 2 weeks of treatment; failing to show the most rapid response and increased efficiency of the former over the latter. In the study, they were measured as primary
1624:
El-Gazzaz G, Zutshi M, Salcedo L, Hammel J, Rackley R, Hull T (December 2009). "Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of fecal incontinence and urinary incontinence in female patients: long-term follow-up".
175:(sensation of incomplete defecation) had type 7. These and other data have allowed the scale to be validated. The initial research did not include a pictorial chart with this being developed at a later point.
68:
2178:
Sakai T, Makino H, Ishikawa E, Oishi K, Kushiro A (June 2011). "Fermented milk containing
Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota reduces incidence of hard or lumpy stools in healthy population".
1023:
Corsetti M, De Nardi P, Di Pietro S, Passaretti S, Testoni P, Staudacher C (December 2009). "Rectal distensibility and symptoms after stapled and
Milligan-Morgan operation for hemorrhoids".
2223:"Randomised clinical trial: efficacy of Lactobacillus paracasei-enriched artichokes in the treatment of patients with functional constipation - a double-blind, controlled, crossover study"
980:
Koh H, Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Shin JI, Chung KS (February 2010). "Simple diagnostic approach to childhood fecal retention using the Leech score and
Bristol stool form scale in medical practice".
707:
Several investigations correlate the
Bristol stool scale in response to medications or therapies, in fact, in one study was also used to titrate the dose more finely than one drug (
1589:
Maestre Y, Parés D, Vial M, Bohle B, Sala M, Grande L (June 2010). "Prevalence of fecal incontinence and its relationship with bowel habit in patients attended in primary care".
2088:
Remes-Troche J, Ozturk R, Philips C, Stessman M, Rao S (February 2008). "Cholestyramine--a useful adjunct for the treatment of patients with fecal incontinence".
1668:
Tinmouth J, Tomlinson G, Kandel G, Walmsley S, Steinhart H, Glazier R (2007). "Evaluation of Stool frequency and stool form as measures of HIV-related diarrhea".
3243:
831:
disorders related to the shape and type of stool. The authors of the former paper concluded that the form of the stool is a useful surrogate measure of
761:
From 2010, several studies have used the scale as a diagnostic tool validated for recognition and evaluation of response to various treatments, such as
2697:"Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies"
2272:"The effectiveness of moxibustion for the treatment of functional constipation: a randomized, sham-controlled, patient blinded, pilot clinical trial"
364:
Distribution of risk factors in three groups classified according to the colonic transit and subgroups classified according to the type of feces
2374:"An open-label, prospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TLPL/AY/01/2008 in the management of functional constipation"
2839:"Translation to Polish, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Bristol Stool Form Scale among healthcare professionals and patients"
2603:
Strid H, Simrén M, Störsrud S, Stotzer P, Sadik R (June 2011). "Effect of heavy exercise on gastrointestinal transit in endurance athletes".
2554:
1461:
Adibi P, Behzad E, Pirzadeh S, Mohseni M (August 2007). "Bowel habit reference values and abnormalities in young
Iranian healthy adults".
2757:"Adaptation and validation of the Bristol scale stool form translated into the Spanish language among health professionals and patients"
1504:
Macmillan A, Merrie A, Marshall R, Parry B (October 2008). "Design and validation of a comprehensive fecal incontinence questionnaire".
811:
1711:
Zutshi M, Tracey T, Bast J, Halverson A, Na J (June 2009). "Ten-year outcome after anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence".
291:
1. IBS with constipation (IBS-C) – lumpy or hard stools * ≥ 25% and loose (soft) or watery stools †<25% of bowel movements. ‡
1414:"The epidemiological aspects of irritable bowel syndrome in Southeastern Anatolia: a stratified randomised community-based study"
331:
These four identified subtypes correlate with the consistency of the stool, which can be determined by the
Bristol stool scale.
296:
2. IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) – loose (soft) or watery stools †≥ 25% and lumpy or hard stools * <25% of bowel movements. ‡
3214:
3193:
3172:
3151:
3130:
3109:
1948:"Short-term stability of subtypes in the irritable bowel syndrome: prospective evaluation using the Rome III classification"
3238:
2423:
Pucciani F, Raggioli M, Ringressi M (December 2011). "Usefulness of psyllium in rehabilitation of obstructed defecation".
2696:
2877:
2555:"Bowel function during pain therapy with oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with advanced cancer"
314:†Bristol stool scale type 6–7 (fluffy pieces with ragged edges, soft or watery, no solid or completely liquid pieces);
301:
3. Mixed IBS (IBS - M) – lumpy or hard stools * ≥ 25% and loose (soft) or watery stools †≥ 25% of bowel movements. ‡
3026:
1168:
861:
1805:"Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Chinese college and university students assessed using Rome III criteria"
178:
The
Bristol stool scale is also very sensitive to changes in intestinal transit time caused by medications, such as
696:
541:
1854:
Sorouri M, Pourhoseingholi M, Vahedi M, Safaee A, Moghimi-Dehkordi B, Pourhoseingholi A, Habibi M, Zali M (2010).
937:
Harvey S, Matthai S, King DA (27 September 2022). "How to use the Bristol Stool Chart in childhood constipation".
927:
What to know about the Bristol Stool Chart or Bristol Stool Scale.. N.p.: Dr.Hakim Saboowala, 2022.
34:
2478:"Treatment of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome with mesalazine"
3263:
1186:
Bristol scale stool form. A still valid help in medical practice and clinical research G Riegler, I Esposito –
2695:
Rao SS, Camilleri M, Hasler WL, Maurer AH, Parkman HP, Saad R, Scott MS, Simren M, Soffer E, Szarka L (2011).
1377:
Longstreth G, Thompson W, Chey W, Houghton L, Mearin F, Spiller R (April 2006). "Functional bowel disorders".
255:
have used the Bristol scale as a diagnostic tool easy to use, even in research which lasted for 77 months.
719:
1202:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Primary Care
3061:
Lewis SJ, Heaton KW (September 1997). "Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time".
1549:"An epidemiologic study of voiding and bowel habits in Korean children: a nationwide multicenter study"
1329:
Lewis S, Heaton K (September 1997). "Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time".
860:
A version of the scale was developed into a chart suitable for use on US television by Gary Kahan of
758:, time to defecation, the overall effectiveness, the difficulty in defecating and stool consistency.
349:
259:
30:
1161:
Nursing Diagnosis Handbook, An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care, 10: Nursing Diagnosis Handbook
2221:
Riezzo G, Orlando A, D'Attoma B, Guerra V, Valerio F, Lavermicocca P, De Candia S (February 2012).
816:
211:
122:
83:
Bristol stool chart (BSC); Bristol Stool Scale (BSS); Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS or BSF scale);
3248:
2798:"The Bristol Stool Form Scale: its translation to Portuguese, cultural adaptation and validation"
1547:
Chung J, Lee S, Kang D, Kwon D, Kim K, Kim S, Kim H, Moon dG, Park K, Park Y, Pai K (July 2010).
806:
117:
2648:"Defecation frequency and timing, and stool form in the general population: a prospective study"
676:
3183:
3141:
3120:
3204:
3162:
1199:
820:
750:
1997:"Subtyping the irritable bowel syndrome by predominant bowel habit: Rome II versus Rome III"
220:
People with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) typically report that they suffer with abdominal
3258:
915:
849:
341:
2041:"Epidemiology of slow and fast colonic transit using a scale of stool form in a community"
1907:"Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Japan: Internet survey using Rome III criteria"
8:
3253:
3140:
J Greenberger N, Blumberg R, Burakoff R (23 April 2009). McGraw Hill Professional (ed.).
727:
336:
2755:
Parés D, Comas M, Dorcaratto D, Araujo M, Vial M, Bohle B, Pera M, Grande L (May 2009).
1201:
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2992:
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1977:
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1906:
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1736:
1693:
1650:
1529:
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1443:
1354:
1303:
1276:
1138:
1113:
Lewis, Heaton (1997). "Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time".
1092:
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962:
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248:
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2105:
2062:
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2040:
2018:
2013:
1981:
1969:
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1947:
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1887:
1836:
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1685:
1642:
1606:
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1478:
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1394:
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1257:
1205:
1164:
1130:
1084:
1080:
1040:
997:
993:
966:
954:
950:
898:
754:: the number weekly bowel movements, stool consistency according to the types of the
736:
648:
263:
110:
3090:
2814:
2797:
2773:
2756:
2741:
2589:
2494:
2477:
2256:
2207:
2164:
2117:
2074:
1756:"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Diagnosed by Rome III Questionnaire in Korea"
1740:
1654:
1533:
1490:
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1358:
1252:
1235:
1142:
1096:
1052:
1009:
3118:
3070:
2987:
2979:
2911:
2903:
2858:
2850:
2809:
2768:
2721:
2711:
2667:
2659:
2632:
2612:
2569:
2527:
2489:
2476:
Bafutto M, Almeida J, Leite N, Oliveira E, Gabriel-Neto S, Rezende-Filho J (2011).
2462:
2440:
2432:
2395:
2385:
2344:
2334:
2293:
2283:
2234:
2187:
2144:
2097:
2052:
2008:
1959:
1918:
1877:
1867:
1826:
1816:
1775:
1767:
1720:
1697:
1677:
1634:
1598:
1560:
1513:
1470:
1425:
1386:
1338:
1298:
1288:
1247:
1122:
1076:
1032:
989:
946:
890:
845:
778:
233:
3119:
Marie Borgelt L, Beth O'connell M, Ann Smith J, Anton Calis K (2010). ASHP (ed.).
1564:
1548:
306:
4. Untyped IBS (IBS - U) – insufficient stool abnormalities to be IBS-C, D or M ‡
3099:
3052:
3016:
2890:
Chumpitazi B, Lane M, Czyzewski D, Weidler E, Swank P, Shulman R (October 2010).
2616:
2323:"Effectiveness of laxatives in elderly--a cross sectional study in nursing homes"
2191:
1724:
1602:
1390:
853:
832:
672:
668:
507:
441:
375:
312:* Bristol stool scale type 1–2 (Separate hard lumps like nuts or sausage-shaped);
258:
Historically, this scale of assessment of the faeces has been recommended by the
186:
172:
2983:
2907:
2531:
894:
270:, California, US) for the collection of data on functional bowel disease (FBD).
228:. In some patients, chronic constipation is interspersed with brief episodes of
3233:
1996:
1200:
National Collaborating Centre for Nursing and Supportive Care (February 2008).
809:, it was suggested by the authors as a clinical assessment tool in 1997 in the
631:
558:
317:
3143:
Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy
3098:
E South-Paul J, C Matheny S, L Lewis E (4 September 2007). McGraw-Hill (ed.).
3074:
2968:"Reliability and validity of a modified Bristol Stool Form Scale for children"
2436:
2101:
1771:
1638:
1517:
1474:
1342:
1126:
1036:
67:
3227:
2372:
Munshi R, Bhalerao S, Rathi P, Kuber V, Nipanikar S, Kadbhane K (July 2011).
2288:
1821:
708:
190:
3203:
Zderic S, Platcher N, Kirk J (15 September 2008). SLACK Incorporated (ed.).
2646:
Heaton K, Radvan J, Cripps H, Mountford R, Braddon F, Hughes A (June 1992).
2390:
2339:
1872:
355:, in which participants were asked to complete a questionnaire based on the
3001:
2952:
2925:
2872:
2823:
2782:
2733:
2624:
2581:
2539:
2503:
2454:
2409:
2358:
2307:
2248:
2199:
2156:
2109:
2066:
2022:
1973:
1932:
1891:
1840:
1789:
1732:
1689:
1646:
1610:
1572:
1525:
1482:
1439:
1398:
1312:
1261:
1209:
1088:
1044:
1001:
958:
918:
What Exactly Are Normal Stools?, Konstantin Monastyrsky. Accessed July 2015
902:
692:
680:
524:
345:
274:
225:
215:
160:
3082:
2854:
2681:
1856:"Functional bowel disorders in Iranian population using Rome III criteria"
1350:
1134:
695:
or familiarity with gastrointestinal diseases, civil state, or the use of
3164:
Nature's Detox Plan - A Program for Physical and Emotional Detoxification
2725:
2663:
766:
106:
1681:
2939:
Candy D, Paul S (2011). "Go with the flow: in childhood constipation".
2445:
1293:
828:
824:
802:
774:
688:
241:
182:
164:
3161:
Bs Jd Cnc Roy Mankovitz (January 2009). Montecito Wellness LLC (ed.).
2039:
Choung R, Locke G, Zinsmeister A, Schleck C, Talley N (October 2007).
91:
classify type of feces (diagnostic triad for irritable bowel syndrome)
1277:"Rome Criteria and a Diagnostic Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome"
823:
of the population (838 men and 1,059 women), had shown an unexpected
782:
762:
352:
267:
2892:"Creation and initial evaluation of a stool form scale for children"
1412:
Yilmaz S, Dursun M, Ertem M, Canoruc F, TurhanoÄźlu A (March 2005).
1022:
786:
770:
745:
731:
723:
712:
321:
229:
194:
179:
167:
while not containing excess liquid, and 6 and 7 indicate diarrhea.
102:
3122:
Women's Health Across the Lifespan: A Pharmacotherapeutic Approach
1853:
2087:
1754:
Park J, Choi M, Cho Y, Lee I, Kim J, Kim S, Chung I (July 2011).
798:
741:
684:
283:
Subtypes prevalent presentation of stool in IBS according to the
237:
152:
Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool (diarrhea)
78:
939:
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition
146:
Type 4: Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft (average stool)
3097:
2966:
Lane M, Czyzewski D, Chumpitazi B, Shulman R (September 2011).
2220:
1994:
1667:
3139:
2965:
2889:
1376:
789:, or to assess the response to physical activity in athletes.
240:. IBS blood is present only if the disease is associated with
3185:
Genitourinary pain and inflammation: diagnosis and management
2836:
2038:
1995:
Ersryd A, Posserud I, Abrahamsson H, Simrén M (2 July 2007).
1233:
247:
Research conducted on irritable bowel syndrome in the 2000s,
221:
1623:
1503:
722:, the scale is used to study the response to two laxatives:
2645:
2516:
2475:
1236:"The Bristol scale - a useful system to assess stool form?"
406:
155:
Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid (diarrhea)
2754:
2602:
1803:
Dong Y, Zuo X, Li C, Yu Y, Zhao Q, Li Y (September 2010).
1460:
1154:
1152:
163:, with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools as they are easy to
137:
Type 1: Separate hard lumps, like nuts (difficult to pass)
2422:
1710:
252:
2694:
2371:
2177:
1411:
277:, six clinical manifestations of IBS can be identified:
205:
3160:
1149:
273:
More recently, according to the latest revision of the
109:
into seven categories. It is used in both clinical and
2552:
2270:
Park J, Sul J, Kang K, Shin B, Hong K, Choi S (2011).
1588:
1229:
1227:
143:
Type 3: Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface
3101:
Current diagnosis & treatment in family medicine
3042:
348:
conducted on a population of 4,196 people living in
3182:Jeanette M. Potts (19 March 2008). Springer (ed.).
2320:
1945:
236:; indeed diarrhoeal discharges are associated with
3202:
3014:
2795:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1224:
3181:
2081:
936:
3225:
3018:Medical Collaboration for Nutritional Therapists
2837:Wojtyniak K, Szajewska H, Dziechciarz P (2018).
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1946:Engsbro A, Simren M, Bytzer P (February 2012).
1584:
1582:
1365:
1065:
2830:
2034:
2032:
1753:
1617:
1497:
683:); there were no effects from factors such as
3244:Medical assessment and evaluation instruments
2789:
2416:
2129:
2127:
1268:
1193:
1182:
1180:
979:
797:Developed and proposed for the first time in
2546:
1939:
1579:
1158:
1108:
1106:
1016:
3146:. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 282–.
3060:
2639:
2510:
2365:
2314:
2214:
2029:
1802:
1704:
1405:
1328:
1112:
773:poly-phytotherapy filed TLPL/AY, psyllium,
53:Medical system for classifying human faeces
15:
2748:
2596:
2171:
2124:
2001:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1540:
1454:
1177:
805:at the University Department of Medicine,
251:and the gastrointestinal complications of
66:
16:
2991:
2959:
2938:
2915:
2862:
2813:
2772:
2715:
2671:
2493:
2444:
2399:
2389:
2348:
2338:
2297:
2287:
2238:
2056:
2012:
1963:
1922:
1898:
1881:
1871:
1830:
1820:
1796:
1779:
1747:
1661:
1429:
1302:
1292:
1274:
1251:
1163:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 240.
1103:
702:
3167:. Montecito Wellness LLC. pp. 29–.
2469:
1847:
1324:
1322:
1059:
879:
812:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
24:This is an accepted version of this page
973:
691:, the level of education, a history of
149:Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges
14:
3226:
3104:. McGraw-Hill Companies,Incorporated.
3008:
2932:
2321:Fosnes G, Lydersen S, Farup P (2011).
769:, laxatives in the elderly, preparing
105:tool designed to classify the form of
3015:Leader L, Leader S, Leader G (2009).
1319:
844:The same scale has been validated in
344:, United States, reported a piece of
206:Diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome
3209:. SLACK Incorporated. pp. 22–.
1904:
1204:(Report). NICE Clinical Guidelines.
48:
2796:Martinez AP, de Azevedo G (2012).
49:
3275:
140:Type 2: Sausage-shaped, but lumpy
128:
3045:
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2574:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02634.x
2240:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04970.x
2149:10.2165/00044011-200424100-00002
2058:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03456.x
2014:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03422.x
1965:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04948.x
1431:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2004.00377.x
1081:10.2165/00044011-200424100-00002
994:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06015.x
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3038:
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2263:
1988:
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337:Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
316:‡ In the absence of the use of
930:
921:
909:
873:
133:The seven types of stool are:
13:
1:
1565:10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.022
1159:Ackley BJ, Ladwig GB (2013).
867:
862:NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital
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3239:Diagnostic gastroenterology
3188:. Springer. pp. 121–.
3021:. Denor Press. p. 56.
2984:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.03.002
2908:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.040
2532:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.11.008
895:10.1016/j.purol.2014.06.008
839:
720:randomised controlled study
10:
3280:
1760:J Neurogastroenterol Motil
1275:Lacy BE, Patel NK (2017).
792:
671:, whether or not they had
598:High school/some years (%)
209:
3075:10.3109/00365529709011203
2704:Neurogastroenterol. Motil
2437:10.1007/s10151-011-0722-4
2276:BMC Complement Altern Med
2102:10.1007/s00384-007-0391-y
1772:10.5056/jnm.2011.17.3.279
1639:10.1007/s00384-009-0745-8
1518:10.1007/s10350-008-9301-9
1475:10.1007/s10620-006-9509-2
1343:10.3109/00365529709011203
1127:10.3109/00365529709011203
1037:10.1007/s11605-009-0983-7
819:, conducted in 1992 on a
715:and faecal incontinence.
625:
612:Diploma or university (%)
578:
557:
462:Somatic Symptom Checklist
87:
77:
65:
60:
2289:10.1186/1472-6882-11-124
1911:Patient Prefer Adherence
1822:10.3748/wjg.v16.i33.4221
584:Compulsory education (%)
458:SSC score (mean ± s.d.)
346:epidemiological research
212:Irritable bowel syndrome
123:irritable bowel syndrome
116:It was developed at the
31:latest accepted revision
3063:Scand. J. Gastroenterol
2391:10.4103/0975-9476.85554
2340:10.1186/1471-2318-11-76
1873:10.4103/1319-3767.65183
1115:Scand. J. Gastroenterol
982:J Gastroenterol Hepatol
807:Bristol Royal Infirmary
200:
159:Types 1 and 2 indicate
118:Bristol Royal Infirmary
2227:Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2045:Aliment Pharmacol Ther
1952:Aliment Pharmacol Ther
703:Therapeutic evaluation
266:Medical Care Program (
3264:University of Bristol
2855:10.5114/pg.2017.70610
2802:Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
2605:Scand J Gastroenterol
2378:J Ayurveda Integr Med
1860:Saudi J Gastroenterol
1809:World J Gastroenterol
1331:Scand J Gastroenterol
801:by Stephen Lewis and
2664:10.1136/gut.33.6.818
2090:Int J Colorectal Dis
1627:Int J Colorectal Dis
850:Brazilian Portuguese
342:Rochester, Minnesota
2878:Fig. 1: Polish BSFS
2180:Int J Food Sci Nutr
1682:10.1310/hct0806-421
1025:J Gastrointest Surg
883:Progrès en Urologie
756:Bristol stool scale
728:polyethylene glycol
711:) in subjects with
697:oral contraceptives
542:Birth control pills
367:
357:Bristol stool scale
249:faecal incontinence
238:emotional phenomena
99:Bristol stool scale
72:Bristol stool chart
61:Bristol stool scale
21:Page version status
2761:Rev Esp Enferm Dig
2137:Clin Drug Investig
1294:10.3390/jcm6110099
1240:Rev Esp Enferm Dig
1069:Clin Drug Investig
362:
27:
3216:978-1-55642-785-5
3195:978-1-58829-816-4
3174:978-0-9801584-8-9
3153:978-0-07-149007-8
3132:978-1-58528-194-7
3125:. pp. 513–.
3111:978-0-07-146153-5
2978:(3): 437–441.e1.
2941:J Fam Health Care
2880:(CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
2843:Prz Gastroenterol
2482:Arq Gastroenterol
1190:, 2001 – Springer
817:prospective study
815:after a previous
737:Plantago psyllium
664:
663:
465:
329:
328:
285:Rome III Criteria
275:Rome III Criteria
264:Kaiser Permanente
95:
94:
18:
3271:
3220:
3199:
3178:
3157:
3136:
3115:
3094:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2866:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2719:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2562:Int J Clin Pract
2559:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2448:
2425:Tech Coloproctol
2420:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2342:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2242:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1713:Dis Colon Rectum
1708:
1702:
1701:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1506:Dis Colon Rectum
1501:
1495:
1494:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1418:Int J Clin Pract
1409:
1403:
1402:
1379:Gastroenterology
1374:
1363:
1362:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1020:
1014:
1013:
977:
971:
970:
934:
928:
925:
919:
913:
907:
906:
877:
779:methylnaltrexone
459:
396:colonic transit
387:colonic transit
368:
361:
280:
279:
101:is a diagnostic
70:
58:
57:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3196:
3175:
3154:
3133:
3112:
3053:medicine portal
3051:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3013:
3009:
2964:
2960:
2937:
2933:
2888:
2884:
2835:
2831:
2794:
2790:
2753:
2749:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2644:
2640:
2601:
2597:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2515:
2511:
2474:
2470:
2421:
2417:
2370:
2366:
2319:
2315:
2268:
2264:
2219:
2215:
2176:
2172:
2132:
2125:
2086:
2082:
2037:
2030:
1993:
1989:
1944:
1940:
1905:Miwa H (2008).
1903:
1899:
1852:
1848:
1801:
1797:
1752:
1748:
1709:
1705:
1670:HIV Clin Trials
1666:
1662:
1633:(12): 1377–81.
1622:
1618:
1591:Med Clin (Barc)
1587:
1580:
1545:
1541:
1512:(10): 1502–22.
1502:
1498:
1459:
1455:
1410:
1406:
1375:
1366:
1327:
1320:
1273:
1269:
1232:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1157:
1150:
1111:
1104:
1064:
1060:
1031:(12): 2245–51.
1021:
1017:
978:
974:
935:
931:
926:
922:
914:
910:
878:
874:
870:
842:
795:
705:
673:cholecystectomy
669:body mass index
626:Family history
508:Cholecystectomy
399:
397:
395:
390:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
325:
315:
313:
260:consensus group
218:
208:
203:
173:rectal tenesmus
131:
73:
54:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Medical scales
3246:
3241:
3236:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3200:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3158:
3152:
3137:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3095:
3057:
3056:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3007:
2958:
2931:
2882:
2829:
2808:(3): 583–589.
2788:
2747:
2687:
2638:
2595:
2545:
2509:
2468:
2415:
2364:
2313:
2262:
2213:
2170:
2143:(10): 569–76.
2123:
2080:
2051:(7): 1043–50.
2028:
2007:(6): 953–961.
1987:
1938:
1897:
1846:
1815:(33): 4221–6.
1795:
1746:
1719:(6): 1089–94.
1703:
1660:
1616:
1578:
1539:
1496:
1453:
1404:
1385:(5): 1480–91.
1364:
1318:
1267:
1223:
1192:
1176:
1169:
1148:
1121:(9): 920–924.
1102:
1075:(10): 569–76.
1058:
1015:
972:
945:(5): 335–339.
929:
920:
908:
889:(11): 708–13.
871:
869:
866:
841:
838:
794:
791:
767:moxicombustion
704:
701:
662:
661:
658:
655:
652:
645:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:Gastric cancer
628:
627:
623:
622:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
581:
580:
576:
575:
572:
569:
566:
562:
561:
559:Marital status
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
402:
401:
392:
383:
371:
366:model century
350:Olmsted County
327:
326:
318:antidiarrhoeal
311:
308:
307:
303:
302:
298:
297:
293:
292:
288:
287:
207:
204:
202:
199:
180:antidiarrhoeal
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
130:
129:Interpretation
127:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
52:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3276:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3043:
3030:
3028:9780952605652
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:2027.42/79321
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:(6): 818–24.
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:(5): 554–62.
2525:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:(4): 377–83.
2430:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2384:(3): 144–52.
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2233:(4): 441–50.
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:(4): 423–30.
2185:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:(2): 189–94.
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1866:(3): 154–60.
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:(3): 279–86.
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:(8): 1810–3.
1468:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1246:(5): 305–11.
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1170:9780323085496
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
924:
917:
912:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:(in French).
884:
876:
872:
865:
863:
858:
855:
851:
847:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
800:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
709:colestyramine
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:psychosomatic
675:and possible
674:
670:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
624:
620:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
582:
579:School level
577:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
556:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
463:
457:
456:
452:
449:
446:
444:(mean ± s.d.)
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
403:
393:
384:
377:
372:
370:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
334:In 2007, the
332:
323:
319:
310:
309:
305:
304:
300:
299:
295:
294:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
213:
198:
196:
192:
191:anthraquinone
188:
184:
181:
176:
174:
168:
166:
162:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
134:
126:
124:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
69:
64:
59:
56:
51:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
3205:
3184:
3163:
3142:
3121:
3100:
3069:(9): 920–4.
3066:
3062:
3039:Bibliography
3017:
3010:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2944:
2940:
2934:
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2608:
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1951:
1941:
1914:
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1417:
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1330:
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1239:
1214:. Retrieved
1195:
1187:
1160:
1118:
1114:
1072:
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1061:
1028:
1024:
1018:
988:(2): 334–8.
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911:
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875:
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744:of the same
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681:somatisation
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665:
649:Bowel cancer
525:Appendectomy
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246:
242:haemorrhoids
226:constipation
219:
216:Rome process
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169:
161:constipation
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111:experimental
107:human faeces
98:
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39:22 July 2024
38:
29:This is the
23:
3259:Stool tests
2710:(1): 8–23.
2446:2158/596461
2327:BMC Geriatr
1463:Dig Dis Sci
1216:17 November
565:Married (%)
493:Alcohol (%)
479:Smoking (%)
474:1.8 ± 0.57
453:32.5 ± 9.9
3254:Physiology
3228:Categories
1287:(11): 99.
1283:(Review).
1281:J Clin Med
868:References
829:defecation
825:prevalence
803:Ken Heaton
775:mesalazine
763:probiotics
740:and other
471:1.7 ± 0.53
468:1.6 ± 0,50
450:28.2 ± 6.8
447:29.6 ± 7.5
398:(BSS 5–7)
389:(BSS 1–2)
380:(BSS 3–4)
210:See also:
183:loperamide
2972:J Pediatr
2896:J Pediatr
1982:205247214
1917:: 143–7.
967:252567021
916:Gut Sense
783:oxycodone
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268:San Diego
230:diarrhoea
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2873:29657609
2824:22991122
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1002:19817956
959:36167665
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787:naloxone
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732:psyllium
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422:61 ± 12
413:; years)
400:(n=197)
382:(n=1662)
378:transit
322:laxative
197:effect.
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165:defecate
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846:Spanish
799:England
793:History
742:species
689:alcohol
685:smoking
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416:62 ± 12
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187:senna
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3190:ISBN
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