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number of slaves exported totalled 172; most were taken to
Antigua but 37 went to the Leeward and Windward islands and some to the southern US. Several slave rebellions took place on the island, with the most serious in 1834β5. Britain emancipated slaves in most of its colonies in 1834, but that did not include Barbuda, so the island then freed its own slaves. For some years thereafter, the freed slaves had little opportunity of survival on their own because of limited agricultural land and the lack of available credit to buy some. Hence, they continued to work on the plantations for nominal wages or lived in shantytowns and worked as occasional labourers. Sugar cane production remained the primary economy for over a century.
378:(Jan Rogozinski, Penguin Putnam, Inc September 2000), European and African diseases, malnutrition and slavery eventually destroyed the vast majority of the Caribbean's native population. No researcher has conclusively proven any of these causes as the real reason for the destruction of West Indian natives. Some historians believe that the psychological stress of slavery may also have played a part in the massive number of native deaths while in servitude. Others believe that the reportedly abundant, but starchy, low-protein diet may have contributed to severe malnutrition of the "Indians" who were used to a diet fortified with protein from sea-life.
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363:"black" pineapple. They also cultivated various other foods including corn, sweet potatoes (white variety), guava, tobacco, and cotton. Some of the vegetables listed, such as corn and sweet potatoes, still play an important role in Antiguan cuisine. For example, a popular Antiguan dish, Ducuna (DOO-koo-NAH), is a sweet, steamed dumpling made from grated sweet potatoes, flour and spices. In addition, one of the Antiguan staple foods, fungee (FOON-ji), is a cooked paste made of cornmeal and water.
776:
Browne remaining as prime minister. Browne initiated a constitutional referendum after the 2018 election, which was rejected by voters, and following the death of
Elizabeth II in 2022, he announced his intention to organise a referendum for the transition of Antigua and Barbuda to a republican system. Besides ABLP, the United Progressive Party (UPP), Democratic National Alliance, Barbuda People's Movement (BPM), and three independent politicians filed candidacies for the 2023 general election.
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feasible to sustain in the
Antiguan economy. In more recent times, however, Antigua has developed a primarily service-based economy relying on tourism as their leading source of income. Much like other islands and nations that rely on tourism, this can become problematic as their success depends on the willingness of others to travel and explore the area. Moreover, this has tendency to follow a seasonal pattern leaving the country vulnerable at certain times in the year.
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563:) created a strict hierarchy based both on race and class; Antigua and Barbuda has been described as "a classic case of the superimposition of race on class and vice versa." Both before and after the abolition of slavery in 1833, the two islands were dominated by a small minority of white plantation owners who constituted the colonial
516:. Economic opportunities for the freed population were limited by a lack of surplus farming land, no access to credit and an economy built on agriculture rather than manufacturing. Poor labour conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a British Crown commission urged the formation of a trade union movement.
366:
The bulk of the
Arawaks left Antigua about 1100 AD. Those who remained were subsequently raided by the Caribs. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the Caribs' superior weapons and seafaring prowess allowed them to defeat most Arawak nations in the West Indiesβenslaving some and cannibalising
779:
During the election campaign, UPP proposed to raise the minimum wage and expressed support for small businesses, while ABLP pledged to construct more homes and open two polyclinics. ABLP retained its majority in the House of
Representatives, although it won a reduced 9 seats, while UPP won 6 seats.
615:
the
African population." In contrast to the Portuguese, Syrian immigrants to Antigua and Barbuda did not start arriving until the 1950s, and "are primarily involved in the import business and have managed to establish themselves in academic professions." As of 2008, there were approximately 475 to
381:
The
Indigenous West Indians made sea vessels that they used to sail the Atlantic and Caribbean. As a result, Caribs and Arawaks populated much of South American and the Caribbean Islands. Relatives of the Antiguan Arawaks and Caribs still live in various countries in South America, notably Brazil,
775:
with a landslide victory of 15-1-1.General elections were held in
Antigua and Barbuda on 18 January 2023 to elect members of the House of Representatives. The Labour Party (ABLP) has held an absolute majority of 15 seats in the House of Representatives after the 2018 general election, with Gaston
487:
As the main cash crop changed over the years, the main cash crops/products grown between 1953 and 1956 were cotton, sugar, meat, cereals, and local fruits and vegetables. Over time, the importance of crops and produce went into decline as other nations were able to sell goods at a price no longer
455:
Slavery was common in
Barbuda in the 1700s and until 1834. The island was a source of slaves for other locations, too. No new slaves had arrived on the island since the mid-1700s but their population grew naturally. An estimate in 1977 by Lowenthal and Clark indicated that during 1779 to 1834 the
362:
The
Arawaks were the first well-documented group of Antiguans. They paddled to the island by canoe (piragua) from Venezuela, and were ejected by the Caribsβanother people Indigenous to the area. Arawaks introduced agriculture to Antigua and Barbuda, raising, among other crops, the famous Antiguan
370:
The Catholic Encyclopedia does make it clear that the Spanish explorers had some difficulty identifying and differentiating between the various native peoples they encountered. As a result, the number and types of ethnic-tribal-national groups in existence at the time may be much more varied and
736:
announced that a group of ecologically sensitive islands just off Antigua's northeastern coast, previously proposed for national park status, were being turned over to Malaysian developers. The Guiana Island Development Project deal, calling for a 1,000-room hotel, an 18-hole golf course and a
610:
population. As noted by historian Jo-Anne Ferreira, following "the abolition of slavery, post-abolition migration became a matter of economic survival for many plantation owners, because of the impending labor problems. There was an increasing interest in and desire for European labor, so the
780:
Trevor Walker, the leader of the BPM, retained his seat in Barbuda, while Asot Michael, an independent politician and former member of ABLP, won his seat in the St. Peter constituency. Browne was sworn in for his third consecutive term as prime minister a day after the election.
737:
world-class casino, sparked widespread criticism by environmentalists, minority members in parliament and the press. The issue came to a head when a local resident shot the PM's brother. Today, the proposed development is mired in lawsuits and politics.
484:, a British ruling that only British-registered ships could trade with British colonies. As the United States were no longer British colonies, the act posed a problem for merchants, who depended on trade with the fledgling country.
451:
is named after him. In the fifty years after Codrington established his initial plantation, the sugar industry became so profitable that many farmers replaced other crops with sugar, making it the economic backbone of the islands.
744:(ABLP) won renewed mandates in the general elections in 1984 and 1989. In the 1989 elections, the ruling ABLP won all but two of the 17 seats. During elections in March 1994, power passed from Vere Bird to his son,
475:
Caribbean fleet. English Harbour Dockyard, as it came to be called, a sheltered and well-protected deepwater port, was the main base and facilities there were greatly expanded during the later 18th century. Admiral
54:
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The Afro-Caribbean inhabitants of Antigua and Barbuda, who "account for about 91% of the countryβs population", are primarily descended from African slaves who were transported from
1425:
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423:. However, early attempts by Europeans to settle the islands failed due to the Caribs' excellent defenses. England succeeded in colonising the islands in 1632, with
204:
631:. As increasing numbers of African slaves were transported to Antigua, the island's Irish population began to leave in search of opportunities in the rest of the
1706:
771:. A snap election was called three years later, and the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party led by the incumbent Prime Minister Hon. Gaston Browne dominated the
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103:
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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
591:, who dominated the professions of law, medicine, and architecture "and the white-collar positions in banks, businesses, and the civil service."
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238:, who settled the islands in 1632. Under English/British control, the islands witnessed an influx of both Britons and African
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Venezuela and Colombia. The smaller remaining native populations in the West Indies maintain a pride in their heritage.
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In 2014 the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party regained power from a massive win with the leader being the "World Boss",
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became Prime Minister, removing from power the longest-serving elected government in the Caribbean. Baldwin was the
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commanded the British fleet for much of this time, and made himself unpopular with local merchants by enforcing the
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327:, a pre-ceramic Cuban people). The earliest settlements on the island date to 2900 BC. They were succeeded by
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and quickly joined the ranks of the colonial middle class, which up until then had been dominated by the island's
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migrate to the island. In 1981, the islands were granted independence as the modern state of Antigua and Barbuda.
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thousands of years ago to the present day. Prior to European colonization, the lands encompassing present-day
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2175:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
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990:(3). University of a West Indies & Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies: 229β264.
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1952:
1171:"The Arab American Way: The Success Story of an American Family from a Syrian Village in Global Diaspora"
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Portuguese, among others, were imported throughout the West Indies to increase the European population
509:
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Amerindians known as "Archaic People" (although they are commonly, but erroneously known in Antigua as
3465:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
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1145:"Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St. Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad: A Comparative Overview"
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that swept the progressive labour movement into power, Bird and the ALP returned to office in 1976.
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The islands achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1981, becoming the nation of
8:
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in 2016. He served as the second prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1994 to 2004.
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or merchants; Irish indentured servants were primarily transported to Antigua during the
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227:
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The development of social class of Antigua and Barbuda primarily occurred during the
1297:"Antigua and Barbuda Elects a New Government: Gaston Browne is Prime Minister Elect"
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748:, but remained within the ABLP which won 11 of the 17 parliamentary seats. The
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539:, beginning a long history of electoral victories. Voted out of office in the
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531:(ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the
513:
471:
During the 18th century, Antigua was used as the headquarters of the British
344:
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The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Central America and the Caribbean
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Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775
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1968:
1962:
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500 permanent residents of Antigua and Barbuda who are of Syrian descent.
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2307:
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1922:
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639:. Numerous Irish merchants in Antigua belonged to business families from
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73:
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859:
Crocker, John (28 January 1968). "Barbuda Eyes Statehood and Tourists".
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established the first large sugar estate in Antigua in 1674, and leased
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1807:
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231:
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Between 1847 and 1852, 2,500 Portuguese immigrants from the island of
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2016:
1800:
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in 1833, but remained economically dependent upon the island's white
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Berleant-Schiller, Riva; Lowes, Susan; Benjamin, Milton (1995).
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Fleck, Bryan (31 October 2004). "Discover Unspoiled: Barbuda".
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432:
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1956:
523:, formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for
500:
The colonial ensign of Antigua and Barbuda from 1956 to 1962
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Gunson, Phil; Chamberlain, Greg; Thompson, Andrew (1991).
1347:
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682:. 4.4% of the Black Antiguan and Barbudan population are
643:, and several Irish-Antiguans formed relationships with
245:
982:
O'Loughlin, Carleen (1959). "The Economy of Antigua".
546:
3367:
2500:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
1397:Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda: A Historical Sketch
408:Depiction of the sugar industry on Antigua in 1823
1399:. St. Johns, Antigua: Antigua and Barbuda Museum.
3529:
527:, who became the union's president in 1943. The
427:as the first governor. Settlers raised tobacco,
343:speakers around 1200 AD and around 1500 by
658:during the slave trade, in regions such as the
981:
835:List of prime ministers of Antigua and Barbuda
690:Independent Antigua and Barbuda (1981βpresent)
3027:
1700:
1419:
1315:"Speculation about early election in Antigua"
918:
916:
914:
335:people who migrated up the island chain from
198:
3462:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3445:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3323:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1433:
1044:. World Bibliographical Series. Clio press.
575:." In between these two groups were several
1223:"Ethnic Composition of Antigua and Barbuda"
1035:
1033:
1031:
882:
385:
284:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1707:
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1388:A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle
1120:Elections in the Americas: A data handbook
911:
222:covers the period from the arrival of the
205:
191:
1394:
1097:. Taylor and Francis. 2004. p. 513.
1058:
447:to raise provisions for his plantations.
304:Learn how and when to remove this message
2506:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
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727:Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
14:
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3491:Historical flags of the British Empire
3475:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
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923:Leonard, Thomas M. (27 October 2005).
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1237:"Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile"
873:
762:Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
725:. The monarch remains represented by
598:emigrated to Antigua due to a severe
234:societies. The island was claimed by
3543:British colonization of the Americas
1385:
1367:U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets
1267:"Biography: Winston Baldwin Spencer"
925:Encyclopedia of the Developing World
840:Spanish colonization of the Americas
800:British colonization of the Americas
282:adding citations to reliable sources
249:
246:Early history (2900 BCβ17th century)
3302:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
2145:. British Cameroons is now part of
1008:
805:French colonization of the Americas
602:. There, they established numerous
571:, who "constituted the subordinate
547:Social class and ethnic composition
415:sighted islands in 1493 during his
230:were inhabited by three successive
24:
2161:unilaterally declared independence
1856:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
1379:
1143:Ferreira, Jo-Anne (January 2006).
1111:
815:History of the British West Indies
709:. However, it remains part of the
25:
3554:
3368:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
3347:Occupied by Argentina during the
3279:
2525:
1372:United States Department of State
637:Britain's North American colonies
371:numerous than the two mentioned.
3511:
3502:
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2914:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1549:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1359: This article incorporates
1354:
1335: This article incorporates
1330:
742:Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party
623:first came to Antigua either as
557:immigration of British colonists
504:Along with most colonies of the
376:A Brief History of the Caribbean
254:
174:
53:
1307:
1289:
1259:
1229:
1215:
1189:
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1136:
1094:The Europa World Year Book 2004
830:Politics of Antigua and Barbuda
629:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
521:Antigua Trades and Labour Union
3538:History of Antigua and Barbuda
3410:Australian Antarctic Territory
2266:since 1965 (before as part of
2263:British Indian Ocean Territory
2149:, while Tanganyika is part of
1780:since 1960 (before as part of
1395:Nicholson, Desmond V. (1991).
1390:. London: Macmillan Caribbean.
1002:
975:
945:
867:
852:
535:and became the majority party
339:. They were later replaced by
220:history of Antigua and Barbuda
13:
1:
889:Sheridan, Richard B. (1974).
845:
561:importation of African slaves
508:, all slaves in Antigua were
1721:British Overseas Territories
1674:United States Virgin Islands
1011:"Antigua: Economic Overview"
927:. Psychology Press. p.
719:Queen of Antigua and Barbuda
645:Irish servants in Montserrat
86:Ceramic period in Saint Mary
7:
3437:British Antarctic Territory
3147:Western Pacific Territories
3041:
1122:. Vol. I. p. 66.
984:Social and Economic Studies
783:
18:British Antigua and Barbuda
10:
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3175:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
2592:British Arctic Territories
1872:
1765:
441:Sir Christopher Codrington
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97:Early English colonisation
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3415:Commonwealth of Australia
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2817:Newfoundland and Labrador
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2498:League of Nations mandate
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2143:League of Nations mandate
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1878:
1867:
1771:
1760:
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1649:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1567:
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1149:Portuguese Studies Review
1071:. Routledge. p. 40.
569:Afro-Caribbean population
421:Santa Maria de la Antigua
90:Ceramic period in Barbuda
78:Archaic period in Barbuda
2945:Turks and Caicos Islands
2252:(protectorate) 1907β1949
2197:
1824:(integrated into the UK)
1669:Turks and Caicos Islands
1435:History of North America
1175:American Studies Journal
825:History of the Caribbean
820:History of North America
750:United Progressive Party
732:In 1997, Prime Minister
567:. Beneath them were the
386:British rule (1632β1981)
3228:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
3053:18th and 19th centuries
2869:Queen Charlotte Islands
2829:North-Western Territory
2801:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
2404:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
2069:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
1752:Commonwealth of Nations
1155:(2): 63β85 – via
893:. Canoe Press. p.
810:History of the Americas
715:constitutional monarchy
711:Commonwealth of Nations
396:British Leeward Islands
331:-using agriculturalist
108:Kingdom of Antigua plot
104:Administrative division
2978:West Indies Federation
2167:) and continued as an
1750:Current member of the
1599:British Virgin Islands
1361:public domain material
1337:public domain material
1197:"The Irish in Antigua"
702:
541:1971 general elections
525:Sir Vere Cornwall Bird
501:
468:
419:naming the larger one
409:
400:West Indies Federation
359:
2900:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2171:state until the 1979
1777:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1539:Saint Kitts and Nevis
697:
499:
492:Political development
462:
407:
353:
319:was first settled by
3428:Realm of New Zealand
3426:(transferred to the
3413:(transferred to the
3246:Realm of New Zealand
2847:Prince Edward Island
2725:1671β1816, 1833β1960
1386:Dyde, Brian (2000).
876:Everybody's Brooklyn
581:free people of color
577:middlemen minorities
529:Antigua Labour Party
467:in Antigua from 1745
413:Christopher Columbus
278:improve this section
181:Caribbean portal
63:Pre-Columbian period
3459:Since 2009 part of
3351:of AprilβJune 1982.
2938:Trinidad and Tobago
2552:Antigua and Barbuda
2452:Straits Settlements
1554:Trinidad and Tobago
1449:Antigua and Barbuda
1277:on 25 December 2021
1271:Caribbean Elections
1247:on 28 November 2021
1241:Caribbean Elections
1177:. 19 January 2009.
1118:Nohlen, D. (2005).
1042:Antigua and Barbuda
861:The Washington Post
790:Antigua and Barbuda
764:from 2004 to 2014.
707:Antigua and Barbuda
633:British West Indies
625:indentured servants
449:Barbuda's only town
392:British West Indies
228:Antigua and Barbuda
46:Antigua and Barbuda
2611:Cape Breton Island
2502:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
2344:Unfederated States
2159:Southern Rhodesia
1746:Commonwealth realm
1489:Dominican Republic
1343:The World Factbook
703:
502:
469:
410:
360:
167:Barbudan secession
70:Jolly Beach people
3525:
3524:
3482:
3481:
3358:
3357:
3290:Providence Island
3270:
3269:
3235:
3234:
3103:Western Australia
3071:Van Diemen's Land
3007:
3006:
2984:Associated States
2682:Columbia District
2516:
2515:
2370:Manila and Cavite
2188:
2187:
2067:Southern Rhodesia
2061:South-West Africa
2011:Northern Rhodesia
1923:Cape of Good Hope
1863:
1862:
1740:Current territory
1682:
1681:
1571:other territories
1129:978-0-1992-8357-6
1009:Coleman, Denise.
938:978-1-5795-8388-0
904:978-9-7681-2513-2
717:, with the first
589:Syrian immigrants
514:plantation owners
314:
313:
306:
215:
214:
119:Post-emancipation
112:Beach's Rebellion
16:(Redirected from
3550:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3470:Antarctic Treaty
3431:
3418:
3403:Falkland Islands
3395:Tristan da Cunha
3387:Ascension Island
3364:
3363:
3315:Falkland Islands
3276:
3275:
3244:Now part of the
3116:Pitcairn Islands
3081:Auckland Islands
3050:
3049:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3012:
2998:Windward Islands
2952:Vancouver Island
2729:MassachusettsBay
2598:British Columbia
2522:
2521:
2338:Federated States
2194:
2193:
2104:Tristan da Cunha
2073:Southern Nigeria
2005:Northern Nigeria
1884:Ascension Island
1869:
1868:
1825:
1762:
1761:
1736:Former territory
1733:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1639:Saint BarthΓ©lemy
1569:Dependencies and
1442:Sovereign states
1428:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1375:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1273:. Archived from
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:. Archived from
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1199:. Archived from
1193:
1187:
1186:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
959:. Archived from
949:
943:
942:
920:
909:
908:
886:
880:
879:
871:
865:
864:
856:
795:Antigua Carnival
769:Gaston A. Browne
713:, and remains a
604:small businesses
559:(and subsequent
354:Depiction of an
321:pre-agricultural
309:
302:
298:
295:
289:
258:
250:
207:
200:
193:
179:
178:
177:
148:Independence era
142:Village councils
126:Associated State
57:
47:
29:
28:
21:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3478:
3451:
3425:
3423:Ross Dependency
3412:
3369:
3354:
3329:
3281:
3266:
3236:
3231:
3187:
3182:Solomon Islands
3129:North Australia
3109:South Australia
3065:New South Wales
3043:
3040:
3003:
2723:Leeward Islands
2527:
2512:
2475:
2382:Muscat and Oman
2199:
2184:
2128:
1874:
1859:
1823:
1767:
1756:
1731:
1723:
1713:
1683:
1678:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1437:
1432:
1382:
1380:Further reading
1364:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:. 12 June 2021.
1313:
1312:
1308:
1303:. 13 June 2014.
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:. 10 July 2019.
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1003:
980:
976:
966:
964:
951:
950:
946:
939:
921:
912:
905:
887:
883:
872:
868:
857:
853:
848:
786:
758:Baldwin Spencer
692:
660:Bight of Biafra
549:
494:
465:English Harbour
439:as cash crops.
402:
390:Main articles:
388:
310:
299:
293:
290:
275:
259:
248:
224:Archaic peoples
217:
211:
175:
173:
165:
156:
140:
136:
132:
128:
110:
106:
88:
84:
82:Winthorpe's Bay
80:
76:
72:
45:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3420:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3296:Willoughbyland
3293:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2959:Virgin Islands
2955:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2926:South Carolina
2923:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2823:North Carolina
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2757:Mosquito Coast
2754:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:Oregon Country
2679:
2675:Cayman Islands
2671:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2464:Trucial States
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2157:Self-governing
2154:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1929:Central Africa
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1817:
1814:Ionian Islands
1811:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1717:British Empire
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Sint Eustatius
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Cayman Islands
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1352:
1325:
1324:
1319:Barbados Today
1306:
1288:
1258:
1228:
1214:
1203:on 6 July 2022
1188:
1183:10.18422/52-04
1162:
1135:
1128:
1110:
1103:
1084:
1077:
1057:
1050:
1027:
1001:
974:
963:on 6 July 2019
944:
937:
910:
903:
881:
866:
863:. p. E11.
850:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
785:
782:
691:
688:
676:Bight of Benin
672:Gulf of Guinea
656:Central Africa
548:
545:
533:1946 elections
506:British Empire
493:
490:
482:Navigation Act
478:Horatio Nelson
387:
384:
312:
311:
262:
260:
253:
247:
244:
213:
212:
210:
209:
202:
195:
187:
184:
183:
170:
169:
150:
149:
145:
144:
122:
121:
115:
114:
100:
99:
93:
92:
66:
65:
59:
58:
50:
49:
40:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3555:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3350:
3349:Falklands War
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3280:South America
3277:
3273:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:Union Islands
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:Rupert's Land
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:Paulet affair
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:New Hampshire
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:New Brunswick
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2526:North America
2523:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:South Vietnam
2444:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:United States
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
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1078:0-4150-2445-5
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1015:Country Watch
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641:County Galway
638:
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586:
583:, along with
582:
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570:
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425:Thomas Warner
422:
418:
417:second voyage
414:
406:
401:
397:
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383:
379:
377:
374:According to
372:
368:
364:
358:woman in 1818
357:
352:
348:
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345:Island Caribs
342:
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263:This section
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42:
41:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3460:
3443:
3435:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3379:Saint Helena
3377:
3321:
3313:
3163:Cook Islands
3114:
3087:New Hebrides
3056:20th century
2972:West Florida
2957:
2943:
2875:Rhode Island
2853:Pennsylvania
2811:Newfoundland
2748:
2673:
2623:East Florida
2594:16th c.β1880
2583:
2551:
2535:
2432:Crown Colony
2420:Pulo Condore
2394:Crown Colony
2388:North Borneo
2261:
2220:Protectorate
2169:unrecognised
2163:in 1965 (as
2102:
2055:South Africa
2043:Sierra Leone
2030:Saint Helena
2028:
2023:Orange River
1901:Bechuanaland
1882:
1840:Protectorate
1799:
1775:
1739:
1719:and Current
1664:Sint Maarten
1644:Saint Martin
1448:
1396:
1387:
1366:
1342:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:the original
1270:
1261:
1249:. Retrieved
1245:the original
1240:
1231:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1191:
1174:
1165:
1157:ResearchGate
1152:
1148:
1138:
1119:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1067:
1060:
1041:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1004:
987:
983:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
956:
947:
924:
890:
884:
875:
869:
860:
854:
778:
766:
739:
731:
723:Elizabeth II
704:
668:Sierra Leone
649:
618:
612:
593:
555:, where the
553:colonial era
550:
518:
503:
486:
470:
454:
420:
411:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
315:
300:
294:January 2018
291:
276:Please help
264:
219:
216:
154:Constitution
43:
26:
3496:Anglosphere
3214:New Zealand
3123:New Zealand
2992:West Jersey
2907:Saint Lucia
2893:Saint Kitts
2887:Saint Croix
2867:1763β1791*
2835:Nova Scotia
2781:New England
2737:, 1691β1776
2704:East Jersey
2692:Connecticut
2571:Bay Islands
2458:Transjordan
2376:Mesopotamia
2214:Afghanistan
2208:Aden Colony
1993:Niger Coast
1959:) 1874β1957
1935:East Africa
1917:Cape Colony
1907:) 1884β1966
1897:) 1868β1966
1634:Puerto Rico
1544:Saint Lucia
1494:El Salvador
1281:29 December
1251:29 December
746:Lester Bird
734:Lester Bird
699:Lester Bird
684:mixed-raced
565:upper class
510:emancipated
74:Twenty Hill
44:History of
3532:Categories
3448:since 1908
3440:since 1908
3406:since 1833
3398:since 1816
3390:since 1815
3382:since 1658
3339:department
3326:since 1908
3318:since 1833
3119:since 1838
3099:Swan River
3093:Queensland
2980:1958β1962
2962:since 1666
2948:since 1799
2799:New Jersey
2769:New Albion
2753:since 1632
2750:Montserrat
2731:1629β1691
2678:since 1670
2600:1858β1866
2588:since 1619
2540:since 1650
2493:Bangladesh
2428:1841β1946
2390:1882β1963
2356:Federation
2334:1819β1826
2272:Seychelles
2216:1839β1842
2107:since 1816
2091:Tanganyika
2049:Somaliland
2037:Seychelles
2033:since 1658
1953:Gold Coast
1947:The Gambia
1891:Basutoland
1887:since 1815
1829:Free State
1822:1542β1800
1808:Heligoland
1804:since 1713
1629:Montserrat
1624:Martinique
1619:Guadeloupe
1474:Costa Rica
1020:23 October
957:Barbudaful
846:References
680:Senegambia
664:Gold Coast
585:Portuguese
473:Royal Navy
232:Amerindian
138:All Saints
3432:1841β1947
3419:1841β1933
3310:1831β1966
3304:1670β1688
3298:1651β1667
3292:1631β1641
3222:1914β1962
3216:1907β1947
3209:1901β1942
3207:Australia
3202:1900β1974
3196:1900β1970
3184:1893β1978
3177:1892β1979
3171:1889β1948
3165:1888β1901
3159:Rarotonga
3155:1884β1902
3149:1877β1976
3143:1874β1970
3137:1851β1901
3131:1846β1847
3125:1841β1907
3111:1836β1901
3105:1829β1901
3095:1824β1901
3089:1824β1980
3083:1807β1863
3077:1803β1901
3067:1788β1901
3000:1833β1960
2994:1674β1702
2986:1967β1983
2974:1763β1783
2968:1607β1776
2954:1849β1866
2940:1889β1962
2934:1862β1863
2928:1712β1776
2922:1635β1644
2916:1627β1979
2909:1605β1979
2902:1882β1983
2895:1623β1983
2889:1625β1650
2883:1670β1870
2877:1636β1776
2871:1853β1863
2861:1620β1691
2855:1681β1776
2849:1763β1873
2837:1713β1867
2831:1859β1870
2825:1712β1776
2819:1583β1907
2813:1907β1949
2807:1664β1776
2795:1637β1662
2793:New Haven
2789:1680β1776
2783:1686β1689
2777:1784β1867
2765:1628β1983
2759:1655β1860
2745:1632β1776
2719:1655β1962
2712:1733β1776
2706:1674β1702
2700:1701β1776
2694:1636β1776
2688:1818β1846
2670:1663β1712
2662:1867β1931
2656:1841β1867
2650:1791β1841
2644:1791β1841
2632:1762β1974
2625:1763β1783
2619:1763β1978
2613:1754β1820
2604:1866β1871
2580:1871β1981
2573:1643β1860
2567:1624β1966
2561:1670β1973
2554:1860β1981
2547:1632β1860
2472:1898β1930
2466:1892β1971
2460:1921β1946
2454:1826β1946
2448:1945β1946
2442:1946β1963
2440:Singapore
2434:1946β1963
2422:1702β1705
2416:1786β1946
2410:1923β1948
2408:Palestine
2396:1946β1963
2384:1891β1971
2378:1920β1932
2372:1762β1764
2366:1796β1965
2358:1948β1957
2352:1946β1948
2346:1885β1946
2340:1895β1946
2328:1848β1946
2322:1918β1961
2316:1811β1816
2310:1858β1947
2304:1841β1997
2302:Hong Kong
2298:1878β1960
2292:1795β1948
2286:1888β1984
2280:1824β1948
2268:Mauritius
2258:1874β1963
2246:1757β1947
2240:1812β1824
2230:1685β1824
2228:Bencoolen
2222:1879β1919
2210:1839β1967
2125:1887β1897
2119:1890β1963
2113:1890β1962
2099:1900β1910
2097:Transvaal
2093:1922β1961
2087:1899β1956
2081:1893β1968
2079:Swaziland
2075:1900β1914
2063:1915β1931
2057:1910β1931
2051:1884β1960
2045:1792β1961
2039:1903β1976
2025:1900β1910
2019:1891β1964
2017:Nyasaland
2013:1924β1964
2007:1900β1914
2001:1914β1960
1995:1884β1900
1989:1856β1910
1983:1810β1968
1981:Mauritius
1977:1807β1808
1971:1862β1906
1965:1920β1963
1949:1816β1965
1943:1882β1922
1937:1895β1920
1931:1891β1907
1925:1806β1910
1919:1795β1803
1913:1919β1961
1911:Cameroons
1848:1813β1964
1842:1800β1813
1831:1921β1931
1816:1809β1864
1810:1807β1890
1801:Gibraltar
1796:1878β1960
1790:1794β1796
1744:*Current
1614:Greenland
1529:Nicaragua
1504:Guatemala
967:5 January
953:"History"
773:elections
754:elections
613:vis-Γ -vis
463:Plan for
437:sugarcane
337:Venezuela
265:does not
164:elections
3507:Category
3343:Colombia
3258:Kiribati
3135:Victoria
3075:Tasmania
2966:Virginia
2932:Stickeen
2920:Saybrook
2859:Plymouth
2805:New York
2743:Maryland
2735:Province
2698:Delaware
2668:Carolina
2660:Dominion
2654:Province
2617:Dominica
2565:Barbados
2537:Anguilla
2508:disputed
2489:Pakistan
2364:Maldives
2238:Billiton
2165:Rhodesia
2151:Tanzania
2147:Cameroon
2123:Zululand
2117:Zanzibar
1905:Botswana
1579:Anguilla
1514:Honduras
1484:Dominica
1459:Barbados
996:27851220
784:See also
367:others.
341:Arawakan
333:Saladoid
134:Freetown
35:a series
33:Part of
3498:culture
3252:Vanuatu
3042:Oceania
2717:Jamaica
2710:Georgia
2630:Grenada
2585:Bermuda
2559:Bahamas
2545:Antigua
2426:Sarawak
2138:Namibia
1999:Nigeria
1975:Madeira
1895:Lesotho
1854:Minorca
1820:Ireland
1788:Corsica
1715:Former
1609:Curaçao
1594:Bonaire
1589:Bermuda
1519:Jamaica
1499:Grenada
1454:Bahamas
1301:CARICOM
608:mulatto
596:Madeira
537:in 1951
445:Barbuda
329:ceramic
325:Siboney
317:Antigua
286:removed
271:sources
236:England
130:Liberta
3517:Portal
3337:Now a
3308:Guiana
3262:Tuvalu
2865:Quebec
2637:Canada
2578:Belize
2470:Weihai
2414:Penang
2402:Padang
2332:Malaya
2326:Labuan
2320:Kuwait
2296:Cyprus
2290:Ceylon
2284:Brunei
2256:Borneo
2250:Bhutan
2244:Bengal
2180:Zambia
2111:Uganda
1873:Africa
1846:Colony
1836:Malta
1794:Cyprus
1782:Cyprus
1766:Europe
1732:Legend
1534:Panama
1524:Mexico
1469:Canada
1464:Belize
1207:6 June
1126:
1101:
1075:
1048:
994:
935:
901:
678:, and
674:, the
670:, the
662:, the
635:or in
600:famine
433:ginger
429:indigo
398:, and
356:Arawak
240:slaves
160:&
37:on the
3260:and *
3226:Nauru
3220:Samoa
3194:Tonga
3153:Papua
2763:Nevis
2648:Upper
2642:Lower
2485:India
2350:Union
2308:India
2278:Burma
2234:Banka
2085:Sudan
1987:Natal
1969:Lagos
1963:Kenya
1957:Ghana
1941:Egypt
1584:Aruba
1509:Haiti
1363:from
1339:from
992:JSTOR
621:Irish
3256:Now
3250:Now
3200:Niue
3141:Fiji
2843:1843
2771:1579
2491:and
2483:Now
2314:Java
2270:and
2236:and
2198:Asia
2178:Now
2136:Now
1654:Saba
1479:Cuba
1283:2021
1253:2021
1209:2022
1124:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1022:2019
969:2019
933:ISBN
899:ISBN
756:and
740:The
721:was
654:and
652:West
619:The
587:and
519:The
435:and
269:any
267:cite
218:The
162:1999
158:1994
3341:of
1348:CIA
1179:doi
895:185
280:by
3534::
2487:,
1370:.
1346:.
1317:.
1299:.
1269:.
1239:.
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1151:.
1147:.
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1013:.
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955:.
931:.
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913:^
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2905:*
2898:*
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2576:*
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292:(
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