638:
129:
118:
78:
152:
141:
88:
163:
99:
439:, and a quarter of her merchant tonnage and a third of all her seaman relied on it. These issues were slightly less significant for Britain, whose dominions there employed an eighth of her merchant tonnage and generated 20% of her trade. Nevertheless, for either country, the loss of their islands would have created a serious financial problem.
628:
had been occupied by two columns of
Grinfield's soldiers. The French general, Berthier, had been briefed on the size of the force confronting him, and decided to capitulate without a fight. The island was garrisoned with eight companies from the 1st and one company from the 3rd West Indies regiments,
446:
and projection of power into South
America, would be impossible without control of a few harbours among the islands. Loss of a foothold in the Caribbean would have been a major blow, particularly to the French who had pretensions of being a major maritime power and had been planning to construct a
426:
until 18 September when a summons was immediately dispatched to the Dutch governor. A party arrived on 20 June and terms of surrender were agreed. Another deputation had to be sent to the separately governed colony of
Berbice which was eventually taken, without a fight, on 27 September.
715:, under a flag of truce. It demanded that the colonies be given up and in return full honours of war and parole for officers would be granted. Public stores, buildings and ships would be seized but private property and possessions would not. In the meantime
719:, carrying aboard someone who was familiar with the coastline, was sent off to scout and look for small boats that could be used during the operation. By early the next morning, 24 local boats had been gathered and troops were disembarked from
481:, St Lucia and Tobago. Martinique was considered too well defended but Grinfield calculated that the capture of St Lucia would be possible. On 17th, Hood took steps to prevent further supplies being thrown into St Lucia by sending Captain
657:
and alert to the possibile carnage that might come to them, they requested a peaceful take over by the
British. On 10 August, Grinfield received orders to call on the surrender of the colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice.
417:
had applied to the
British government for a peaceful take over. A large portion of Grinfield's forces had since been used up as garrisons of the newly captured French islands but by supplementing his force with
454:
Because of their value and prestige, strategic significance and the growing possibility of civil unrest, both nations had taken steps to protect their possessions. The fragile peace, brought about by the
459:, was not expected to last and both sides had remained on a war footing throughout. When war was declared in May 1803, half of France's warships were already in the Caribbean, taking part in the
661:
With much of the original expeditionary force now employed defending the new acquisitions, Grinfield requested that 5,000 more men be sent out to help. He was promised a battalion from
843:. Although she never served as anything other than a 22-gun troopship, she was originally designed as a 44-gun ship, carrying batteries of 18-pounder long guns and 24-pound carronades.
594:. The wind was strong, making the rowing arduous but by 17:00, the troops were ashore, moving inland and driving the French outposts back towards the town, which capitulated at 17:30.
249:
605:
and St Lucia's main fortress, Morne-Fortunée. Following the fall of
Castries, the French garrison at Morne-Fortunée was called on to surrender but the commanding officer, Brigadier
760:. The colony was eventually taken without a fight on 27 September. Of the 1500 men who made up the Dutch garrisons, half joined the British Army, forming their own regiment, the
744:
The governor of
Demerara and Essequibo, Antony Meertens, was however unable to treat for independently governed Berbice. Therefore a separate deputation was sent, comprising
466:
Although
British forces in the area did not get official confirmation until the middle of June, they had received warnings as early as April that war was coming, and the
1299:
613:. They suffered 130 casualties in the attack but by 04:30 the fort and the island were in British hands. French prisoners, amounting to 640, were sent back to France.
413:
On 10 August, Grinfield received orders to call on the surrender of the colonies of
Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice. The Dutch colonies, unhappy with the rule of the
665:
but this did not arrive and after waiting in vain for reinforcements until the end of August, decided that he would have to make do with the troops at his disposal.
477:, had readied 4,000 men for deployment at 24 hours notice. With the declaration, came orders for Grinfield to attack one or more of the French-held islands of
242:
741:, a naval sloop belonging to the Batavian Republic, moored in the river there. The colonies of Demerara and Essequibo were given up at noon the next day.
565:
539:
435:
The revenue from sugar was immensely important to the economies of both
Britain and France. Almost half of France's foreign trade was generated in the
235:
167:
1294:
117:
77:
1289:
355:
482:
315:
727:, which were too big to enter the river. The following day, 20 June, a Dutch party arrived and terms for the surrender were agreed.
560:, a total of 3,149 soldiers under the overall command of Grinfield. The following morning they were joined by the 36-gun frigate
350:
390:
until mid-June, along with British orders to attack France's valuable sugar islands. The expedition, under commanders in chief
1260:
1186:
616:
Following this relatively easy take over, it was decided to follow up with an attack on Tobago. The 68th Regiment and three
609:, refused and at 04:00 the next morning therefore, the British stormed the walls with two columns led by Brigadier-General
330:
325:
259:
1284:
1205:
1179:
Death Before Glory - The British Soldier in the West Indies in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1793–1815
1147:
1216:
761:
533:
654:
360:
340:
780:
Chichester had been converted for use as a troopship and was only lightly armed, carrying 22 12-pounder guns
840:
624:
and some smaller vessels took Grinfield and the remainder. Tobago was captured on 1 July after the capital
501:
395:
308:
133:
398:, set out from Barbados on 20 June with 3,149 soldiers, two ships-of-the-line, two frigates, converted to
602:
1279:
1157:
345:
283:
273:
460:
335:
1304:
793:
587:
298:
672:, Grinfield managed to amass 1300 men and on 1 September set out with Hood's squadron, comprising
617:
410:
nine days later. After leaving men to hold these islands, the expedition returned to Barbados.
320:
288:
386:. Hostilities with France resumed in May 1803 but official notification did not arrive in the
736:
553:
549:
524:
293:
151:
140:
92:
87:
1096:
1026:
917:
687:
677:
557:
545:
512:
402:, and two sloops. St Lucia was captured on 22 June 1803, after the island's main fortress,
8:
735:, and 200 troops were landed who secured Fort William Frederick. Heureux took the 18-gun
625:
1101:
1031:
922:
712:
693:
505:
486:
467:
423:
1253:
British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
637:
1256:
1239:
1222:
1201:
1182:
1165:
1143:
699:
646:
474:
414:
391:
162:
122:
103:
98:
606:
303:
156:
145:
456:
383:
227:
653:
in early July, causing much apprehension among the Dutch planters. Recalling the
518:
470:
379:
27:
586:, where the bulk of Grinfield's force was landed under the direction of Captain
705:
1226:
704:. The expedition did not arrive at the rendezvous point, off the mouth of the
463:
while Britain had nearly 10,000 men scattered among its West Indian colonies.
1273:
1169:
669:
650:
610:
422:, he was able to amass some 1,300 men. Light winds delayed their arrival off
419:
403:
1243:
597:
In the meantime, Hallowell had taken a detachment of seamen and marines to
530:
436:
387:
620:
of the 3rd West Indies Regiment were left to hold St Lucia while Hood's
825:
598:
500:
The invasion force left Barbados on 20 June. The naval force comprised
478:
399:
662:
50:
812:
was originally built as a 28-gun 9-pounder Enterprise-class frigate.
731:, which had been blockading the port, then sailed up the river with
1140:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V
756:
and a detachment of soldiers and marines aboard the transport ship
583:
579:
443:
448:
407:
711:
A summons was immediately dispatched to the Dutch governor at
641:
1798 map showing the Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demarara
1215:
Jones, Stephen; Stainer Clarke, James; Jones, John (1803).
792:
was originally built as a 28-gun 9-pounder frigate of the
1198:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume III, 1800–1805
492:
to harass enemy shipping and disrupt the island's trade.
1214:
645:
The colonies in South America, under the control of the
708:, until 18 September however, due to very light winds.
279:
St Lucia • Tobago • Demerara • Essequibo and Berbice
649:, had been visited by the French colonial governor
257:
1300:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom
632:
578:By 11:00 on 21 June, the squadron was anchored in
1271:
1021:
1019:
382:and began shortly after the breakdown of the
243:
1016:
912:
910:
908:
906:
796:, she was converted to a troopship in 1800.
1064:
1062:
1060:
544:. Aboard were the second battalion of the
250:
236:
1164:. Vol. 5. London: Macmillan and Co.
1156:
964:
962:
960:
903:
629:and the expedition returned to Barbados.
1250:
1236:Chronological History of the West Indies
1095:
1025:
916:
896:
894:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
636:
378:took place during the first year of the
1233:
1109:
1057:
1035:. 26 November 1803. pp. 1661–1663.
866:
864:
862:
860:
601:, to cut the route between the fort at
1272:
1176:
1137:
1118:
1048:
989:
980:
957:
573:
1195:
1080:
891:
873:
231:
1295:Battles involving the United Kingdom
857:
447:large naval depot on the island of
13:
14:
1316:
1290:Battles involving the Netherlands
1200:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1115:Naval Chronicle (Volume X) p. 502
1105:. 26 November 1803. p. 1663.
1068:Naval Chronicle (Volume X) p. 501
926:. 26 July 1803. pp. 918–919.
376:British campaign in the Caribbean
21:British campaign in the Caribbean
1238:. Vol. 3. London: Longman.
668:By supplementing his force with
161:
150:
139:
127:
116:
97:
86:
76:
1138:Clowes, William Laird (1997) .
1089:
1071:
1039:
1007:
998:
971:
815:
799:
783:
633:Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice
261:Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810
1142:. London: Chatham Publishing.
948:
939:
930:
774:
762:York Light Infantry Volunteers
1:
1218:The Naval Chronicle, Volume X
1162:A History of the British Army
1131:
442:Additionally, control of the
430:
850:
220:1,500 joined British service
7:
1181:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
655:1794 invasion of Guadeloupe
495:
41:20 June – 25 September 1803
10:
1321:
1177:Howard, Martin R. (2015).
461:Saint-Domingue expedition
269:
203:
186:
173:
109:
69:
33:
25:
20:
1285:Battles involving France
1234:Southey, Thomas (1827).
767:
558:3rd West Indies Regiment
1196:James, William (1827).
968:James (Vol. III) p. 207
676:, the 16-gun troopship
1255:. Barnsley: Seaforth.
1251:Winfield, Rif (2008).
642:
406:had been stormed, and
356:Roquebert's expedition
110:Commanders and leaders
954:Clowes (Vol. V) p. 56
945:Clowes (Vol. V) p. 56
698:and the 16-gun sloop
686:, the transport ship
640:
564:and the 18-gun sloop
554:68th Regiment of Foot
550:64th Regiment of Foot
473:, Lieutenant-General
215:700 dead from disease
204:Casualties and losses
977:Howard pp. 117 – 118
546:1st Regiment of Foot
574:St Lucia and Tobago
351:Troude's expedition
179:Expeditionary force
1102:The London Gazette
1032:The London Gazette
923:The London Gazette
692:, the 22-gun brig
643:
588:Benjamin Hallowell
582:, to the north of
468:Commander-in-chief
316:Danish West Indies
182:Colonial garrisons
1280:Conflicts in 1803
1262:978-1-86176-246-7
1188:978-1-78159-341-7
647:Batavian Republic
475:William Grinfield
415:Batavian Republic
392:William Grinfield
369:
368:
226:
225:
123:William Grinfield
104:Batavian Republic
65:
64:
1312:
1266:
1247:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1173:
1153:
1125:
1124:Fortescue p. 186
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:Fortescue p. 185
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
955:
952:
946:
943:
937:
934:
928:
927:
914:
901:
898:
889:
886:
871:
868:
844:
839:
838:
837:
833:
819:
813:
803:
797:
794:Enterprise class
787:
781:
778:
504:74-gun flagship
457:Treaty of Amiens
384:Treaty of Amiens
264:
262:
252:
245:
238:
229:
228:
166:
165:
155:
154:
144:
143:
132:
131:
130:
121:
120:
102:
101:
91:
90:
81:
80:
35:
34:
18:
17:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1305:Napoleonic Wars
1270:
1269:
1263:
1208:
1189:
1158:Fortescue, John
1150:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:Winfield p. 183
1076:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1024:
1017:
1013:Winfield p. 220
1012:
1008:
1004:Winfield p. 223
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
958:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:Winfield p. 183
935:
931:
915:
904:
899:
892:
887:
874:
869:
858:
853:
848:
847:
835:
831:
830:
829:
828:frigate of 901
820:
816:
804:
800:
788:
784:
779:
775:
770:
635:
576:
517:, the frigates
498:
471:Leeward Islands
433:
380:Napoleonic Wars
372:
371:
370:
365:
346:Leeward Islands
265:
260:
258:
256:
222:1 ship captured
221:
219:
214:
212:
210:
199:1,500 (Batavia)
198:
193:
168:Antony Meertens
160:
159:
149:
148:
138:
128:
126:
125:
115:
96:
95:
85:
75:
61:British victory
53:
28:Napoleonic wars
12:
11:
5:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1248:
1231:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1174:
1154:
1148:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1088:
1086:Southey p. 233
1079:
1070:
1056:
1047:
1045:Southey p. 232
1038:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
956:
947:
938:
929:
902:
890:
872:
855:
854:
852:
849:
846:
845:
814:
798:
782:
772:
771:
769:
766:
706:Demerara River
634:
631:
607:Antoine Noguès
575:
572:
497:
494:
432:
429:
404:Morne Fortunee
367:
366:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Saint-Domingue
270:
267:
266:
255:
254:
247:
240:
232:
224:
223:
216:
206:
205:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
174:Units involved
171:
170:
157:CĂ©sar Berthier
146:Antoine Noguès
136:
112:
111:
107:
106:
83:
82:United Kingdom
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
49:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
23:
22:
16:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1317:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1207:0-85177-907-7
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:1-86176-014-0
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1121:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1001:
992:
986:Howard p. 118
983:
974:
965:
963:
961:
951:
942:
933:
925:
924:
919:
913:
911:
909:
907:
900:Howard p. 117
897:
895:
888:Howard p. 119
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
867:
865:
863:
861:
856:
842:
827:
823:
818:
811:
807:
802:
795:
791:
786:
777:
773:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
702:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
670:Royal Marines
666:
664:
659:
656:
652:
651:Victor Hughes
648:
639:
630:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
611:Thomas Picton
608:
604:
603:Pigeon Island
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
571:
569:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
537:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
515:
511:, the 74-gun
510:
509:
503:
502:Samuel Hood's
493:
491:
490:
484:
483:James O'Brien
480:
476:
472:
469:
464:
462:
458:
452:
450:
445:
440:
438:
428:
425:
421:
420:Royal Marines
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:French Guiana
329:
327:
326:Santo Domingo
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
311:
310:Jeune Richard
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
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196:
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137:
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124:
119:
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108:
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100:
94:
89:
84:
79:
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73:
68:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
45:
44:
40:
37:
36:
32:
29:
24:
19:
1252:
1235:
1217:
1197:
1178:
1161:
1139:
1120:
1111:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1054:Clowes p. 56
1050:
1041:
1030:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
950:
941:
932:
921:
870:Howard p. 30
824:was a large
821:
817:
809:
805:
801:
789:
785:
776:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
700:
694:
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
660:
644:
621:
615:
596:
591:
577:
566:
561:
540:
534:
525:
519:
513:
507:
499:
488:
465:
453:
441:
434:
412:
375:
373:
336:Pointe Noire
321:Palo Hincado
309:
289:Diamond Rock
278:
218:800 captured
197:800 (France)
70:Belligerents
26:Part of the
1221:. J. Gold.
1097:"No. 15649"
1027:"No. 15649"
918:"No. 15605"
626:Scarborough
437:West Indies
396:Samuel Hood
388:West Indies
294:San Domingo
211:118 wounded
134:Samuel Hood
1274:Categories
1227:1049883833
1132:References
822:Chichester
738:Hippomenes
721:Chichester
713:Georgetown
684:Chichester
599:Gros Islet
556:, and the
529:, and the
526:Chichester
479:Martinique
431:Background
424:Georgetown
400:troopships
361:Guadeloupe
341:Martinique
1170:650331461
851:Citations
810:Alligator
806:Brilliant
790:Alligator
758:Brilliant
750:Alligator
689:Brilliant
679:Alligator
663:Gibraltar
618:companies
592:Courageux
514:Courageux
506:HMS
487:HMS
213:8 missing
209:20 killed
51:Caribbean
1244:14936431
1160:(1910).
826:two-deck
584:Castries
580:Choc Bay
496:Campaign
444:Atlantic
194:14 ships
187:Strength
46:Location
834:⁄
746:Heureux
725:Centaur
695:Heureux
674:Centaur
622:Centaur
590:of the
562:Emerald
508:Centaur
489:Emerald
284:Surinam
1259:
1242:
1225:
1204:
1185:
1168:
1146:
754:Netley
733:Netley
729:Hornet
717:Netley
701:Netley
567:Osprey
548:, the
535:Hornet
531:sloops
449:Tobago
408:Tobago
304:Samaná
299:Havana
93:France
58:Result
808:like
768:Notes
541:Cyane
192:3,149
1257:ISBN
1240:OCLC
1223:OCLC
1202:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1166:OCLC
1144:ISBN
723:and
538:and
523:and
520:Argo
394:and
374:The
38:Date
485:in
1276::
1099:.
1059:^
1029:.
1018:^
959:^
920:.
905:^
893:^
875:^
859:^
841:bm
836:94
832:90
764:.
752:,
748:,
682:,
570:.
552:,
451:.
1265:.
1246:.
1229:.
1210:.
1191:.
1172:.
1152:.
251:e
244:t
237:v
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