British expedition to Abyssinia

296: 449:, and forwarded letters from the hostages' families to Tewodros asking for their release. At the least Beke's actions only made Tewodros suspicious. Rassam, writing in his memoirs of the incident, is more direct: "I date the change in the King's conduct towards me, and the misfortunes which eventually befell the members of the Mission and the old captives, from this day." Meanwhile, Emperor Tewodros's behaviour was becoming increasingly erratic, his actions included acts of friendship towards Rassam, paranoid accusations, and sudden violence upon whoever happened to be around him. In the end, Rassam himself was made a prisoner, and one of the missionaries dispatched with the news and Tewodros's latest demands in June 1866. The Emperor eventually moved all of his European prisoners to his fortress on Magdala, and continued to parley with the British until Queen Victoria announced the decision to send a military expedition to rescue the hostages 21 August 1867. 666: 497: 493:. It was also a very sensible decision, as the whole campaign would rely on engineering skills to succeed. Intelligence was carefully gathered about Ethiopia while the size of the army was calculated and its needs estimated before the massive effort was begun. Moorehead describes it: "Thus, for example, forty-four trained elephants were to be sent from India to carry the heavy guns on the march, while hiring commissions were dispatched all over the Mediterranean and the Near East to obtain mules and camels to handle the lighter gear. A railway, complete with locomotives and some twenty miles (32 km) of track, was to be laid across the coastal plain, and at the landing place large piers, lighthouses and warehouses were to be built." 705:, he asked them why they had waited until he appeared with his army. When they answered that they had been prevented by rebellious Oromo and Gobeze, "he told them they were as bad as the others, and ordered them to be plundered. ... Consequently, when the King further ordered them to be attacked, they all fought bravely, and, in conjunction with the inhabitants of Dawunt, killed a great number of his soldiers and seized their arms and mules." Not only had Tewodros isolated himself for several days in a hostile territory within sight of his last stronghold, a deputation from the Yejju, who were coming to him to offer their submission, upon hearing Tewodros's savagery promptly turned around. 478:, "There has never been in modern times a colonial campaign quite like the British expedition to Ethiopia in 1868. It proceeds from first to last with the decorum and heavy inevitability of a Victorian state banquet, complete with ponderous speeches at the end. And yet it was a fearsome undertaking; for hundreds of years the country had never been invaded, and the savage nature of the terrain alone was enough to promote failure." Planning the expedition was difficult for the British as this war was not on the sea. They later mentioned that Ethiopia had "no seaboard; has, consequently, no cities or forts to bombard, no vessels to attack, and no commerce to appropriate." 525: 319:. He was engaged in constant military campaigns against a wide array of opponents. Likewise, Abyssinia was also threatened by the encroachment of Islam as Ottoman Turks and Egyptians invaded Ethiopia from the Red Sea and through Sudan. Tewodros wrote to the major powers for help. As Donald Crummey recounts, "Now came the definitive attempt, at the turning point of the Emperor's career. Success might stabilize the internal situation; defeat would pull out the last prop. He proposed to send embassies with the ultimate objective of obtaining military alliances and agreements for technical progress." 513: 463: 694:) that he had induced the European missionaries and foreign artisans to build for him at Gafat. The Emperor intended to arrive at Magdala before the British, and although he had a shorter distance to cross and had started his journey ten days before Napier left Zula, his success was not certain, and he only arrived at his fortress ten days before his opponents. Rubenson notes that it was Tewodros, not the British expedition, which had to travel through hostile territory, for Tewodros's soldiers had marched under the threat of attacks from 674: 31: 163: 106: 122: 434: 387:, a British missionary. Stern had also mentioned the Emperor's humble origins in a book he had published; although the reference was not intended to be insulting ("the eventful and romantic history of the man, who, from a poor boy, in a reed-built convent became...the conqueror of numerous provinces, and the Sovereign of a great and extensive realm") it proved to be a dangerous mistake. At the time Tewodros was insisting on the truth of his descent from the 175: 144: 907: 810: 611:(wherein the fortress of Magdala lay). He struggled to keep up the size of his army—which Sven Rubenson points out was his only "instrument of power"—but by mid-1867 defections from his army had reduced its size to 10,000 men. Harold Marcus observes, "For a total cost of about £9,000,000 Napier set out to defeat a man who could muster only a few thousand troops and had long ago ceased to be Ethiopia's leader in anything but title." 698:'s numerically superior forces, and had been obliged to defend themselves against hostile enemies on the way to Magdala. Tewodros's problems of provisioning for his army and transporting his artillery had also been much greater than Napier's. Most important of all, Tewodros could not trust even the four thousand soldiers who still followed him. Given the opportunity, they might abandon him as so many had already done. 751:

suicide with a pistol that had originally been a gift from Queen Victoria, rather than face captivity. When his death was announced, resistance from the defenders ceased. A modern commentator states "When Tewodros preferred self-inflicted death to captivity, he deprived the British of this ultimate satisfaction and laid the foundation for his own resurrection as a symbol of the defiant independence of the Ethiopian."

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artillery fire, as well as rifle fire. Of the rocket fire, Captain Hozier remarked "Many a charred mass and mangled heap showed how terrible was the havoc, how awful the death". During the fighting, an advance guard unit overpowered some of the Ethiopian artillery crews and captured their artillery pieces. After a chaotic 90-minute battle, the defeated Ethiopians retreated back to Magdala.

926:, because if Gobeze were in control of the fortress, he would be able to halt the Oromos' advance and assume responsibility for over 30,000 Christian refugees from Tewodros's camp. Yet as Gobeze was unresponsive to these overtures, much preferring to acquire Tewodros's cannons, and the two Oromo queens could not reach an arrangement, Napier decided to destroy the fortress. 1148:. The National Army Museum agreed to return a lock of Tewodros' hair in 2019 which was taken during the expedition. All the scientific acquisitions and expropriated articles of the Magdala expedition stimulated and promoted an increased interest in the history and culture of Ethiopia among European researchers and the educated public. This laid the foundations for modern 1054:. However, both the Queen and Napier were later concerned with the subsequent development of the young prince who became increasingly lonely, unhappy and depressed during this time. In 1879, the prince died of illness at the age of 19. He was buried near the royal chapel in Windsor with a funeral plaque placed to his memory by Queen Victoria. 1007:, stayed in Ethiopia and ultimately served as an advisor to Yohannes IV. Kirkham was instrumental in training Ethiopian troops to Western military standards, raising and drilling what became known as the Emperor's Disciplined Force. Kirkham's troops played a major role in the defeat of Yohannes's rival for the Ethiopian crown, 620:

Army to liberate them. All who befriend the prisoners or assist in their liberation shall be well rewarded, but those who may injure them shall be severely punished. When the time shall arrive for the march of a British Army through your country, bear in mind, People of Abyssinia, that the Queen of England [

725:, which lay across the only open route to Magdala. The way was barred by thousands of armed Ethiopian soldiers camped around the hillsides with up to 30 artillery pieces. The British, not expecting the Ethiopians to leave their defences and attack them, paid little attention to them as they formed up to deploy. 929:

Following the destruction of Magdala, the British began to retrace their steps back to Zula, "an imposing procession, with the bands playing and the flags leading the way, but the army soon learned that they had earned no gratitude in Ethiopia; they were treated as simply another warlike tribe on the

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Climbing a narrow rock stairway, we advanced quickly toward a second gate, through which we passed without meeting resistance. About a hundred paces beyond it lay the half-naked body of the Emperor himself, who had taken his own life with a pistol shot. A strange smile was on the remarkably young and

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pledged to cooperate and aid the British Army, thus transforming an apparent invasion of Abyssinia into a conquest of a single mountain fortress defended by only a few thousand warriors in the employ of an unpopular ruler. Additionally, the British secured the support of two Oromo Queens, Werkait and

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Theodore, imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government in an attempt to force the British government to comply with his requests for military assistance. The punitive expedition launched by the British in response required the transportation of a sizeable military

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All supplies required for my soldiers shall be paid for. No peaceable inhabitant shall be molested. The sole object for which the British Force has been sent to Abyssinia is the liberation of Her Majesty's subjects. There is no intention to occupy permanently any portion of the Abyssinian Territory,

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It is known to you that Theodorus, King of Abyssinia, detains in captivity the British Council Cameron, the British Envoy Rassam and many others, in violation of the laws of all civilized nations. All friendly persuasion having failed to obtain their release, my Sovereign has commanded me to lead an

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Given the long supply lines and limited resources of their own, the British understood that they were extremely dependent on a constant and reliable local supply of food for the men and forage for the animals. Accordingly, they decided to not plunder along the route but instead to pay for all needed

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as they blew up the gates of the fortress at 4pm. British infantry then poured in and opened fire, and advanced with fixed bayonets, forcing the defenders to retreat to the second gate. The British then advanced and took the second gate, where they found Tewodros dead inside. Tewodros had committed

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After repelling the Ethiopian attack, the British force moved onto Magdala the following day. As the British approached, Tewodros released two hostages on parole to offer terms. Napier insisted on release of the hostages and an unconditional surrender. Tewodros refused to unconditionally surrender,

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63 miles (101 km) long, rising to 7,400 feet (2,300 m) for the elephants, gun-carriages, and carts. The demand for water was enormous; the Zula camp using 200 tons a day, which was created using condensation from steamship boilers in the harbour. As the force moved inland, wells had to be

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on the Red Sea, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Massawa, and began to construct a port in mid-October 1867. By the end of the first month they had completed a pier, 700 yards (640 m) long; they completed a second one by the first week of December. The railway was already reaching into the

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Most of them, instead of thanking Providence for their final rescue – were not all happy with the new turn of events. They were indignant, upset, at having to leave Abyssinia. "What" they said, "are we supposed to do in Europe now, what are we supposed to do now with our wives and children back in

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Before the British abandoned Magdala, Sir Robert ordered the destruction of Tewodros's artillery. He also permitted his troops to loot and burn the fortress, including its churches, as a punitive measure. The troops collected many historical and religious artefacts that were taken back to Britain,

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Altogether, about 700 to 800 Ethiopian warriors were killed and 1,200 to 1,500 wounded, most of them seriously, while on the British side there were only twenty casualties, two fatally wounded men, nine seriously wounded, and nine lightly wounded. As such, the Arogye battle was far more bloody and

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and the group of missionaries based at Gafat, all interceded for the release of the imprisoned pair, and for a while it appeared that their efforts might succeed; but on 2 January 1864 Cameron was seized along with his staff, and all were put in chains. Shortly afterwards, Tewodros ordered most of

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The casualties in the Battle for Magdala were comparatively small: the British artillery's bombardment killed about twenty Ethiopian warriors and civilians and wounded about 120, whereas a further forty-five Ethiopians were killed by rifle fire during the infantry assault. Altogether, the British

571:

From Senafe, Merewether sent out two letters from Lieutenant-General Napier: one to Emperor Tewodros, demanding the release of the hostages (which Rassam intercepted and destroyed, afraid this ultimatum might enrage Tewodros against the prisoners); the other to the people of Ethiopia, proclaiming

975:

On a curious side note, many of the hostages were unhappy with Napier's demand that they leave the country. Several hostages argued that they had long since become alienated from their old homeland in Europe and would no longer have any chance of building a new life for their families there. The

614:

The British were also aided by their diplomatic and political agreements with the native population, local potentates, and important provincial princes to protect the march from the coast to Magdala and to provide a reliable supply of food and forage. Additionally, Napier's pronouncement to the

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Tewodros, however, ordered an attack, and thousands of soldiers, many of them armed only with spears, charged the British positions. The British quickly deployed to meet the charging mass, and poured devastating fire into their ranks, including rockets from the Naval Brigade and Mountain gun

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appealed to Christian solidarity in the face of the Islamic expansion occurring throughout the region but this garnered little sympathy. The British Empire's interests in Northeast Africa were not geared towards a Christian "crusade" against Islam but instead, the British sought to cooperate

1119:

The British Museum sent a member of staff as part of the expedition. After the Magdala expeditions ended, many looted objects, cultural artefacts and art objects found their way into state and private collections, family possessions, and the hands of ordinary soldiers. Most of the books and

422:, the King's indecisiveness, and continuing confusion about the envoy's instructions" delayed Rassam's arrival at Tewodros's camp until January 1866. At first, it looked as if Rassam might succeed in the release of the hostages: the Emperor showed him great favour, establishing him at 918:; however Tewodros had won it back from them some years earlier. Two rival Oromo queens, Werkait and Mostiat, had both allied themselves with the British and claimed control of the conquered fortress as a reward. Napier much preferred to hand Magdala over to the Christian ruler of 1011:, fighting with conspicuous success in the Battle of Assam on 11 July 1871. Kirkham had sacrificed his status as a British subject by agreeing to serve under Yohannes, something which came back to haunt him when he was imprisoned in Massawa by Egyptian forces during the 374:

to the British textile industry were declining, making the British increasingly dependent on Egyptian-Sudanese cotton. In the view of these interests, the British Foreign Office did not look favourably on supporting Tewodros. The letter was preserved but not answered.

588:), and won his support, which the British needed in their single-minded march to Magdala; without the help, or at least indifference, of the local peoples, the British Expedition would have had greater difficulty in reaching its goal deep within the 572:

that he was there purely to free the captives and that he had hostile intentions only towards those who sought to oppose him. Napier arrived at Zula on 2 January 1868, and finished his plan of advance before leaving on 25 January for Senafe.

961:. Several artifacts were uncovered including pottery, coins and stone columns. This marked the first archaeological excavation of the ancient city of Adulis, a key African port of antiquity which served as a hub for trade along the Red Sea. 771:

Tewodros's body was cremated and his ashes buried inside a local church by the priests. The church itself was guarded by soldiers of the 33rd Regiment, who looted it, taking away a variety of gold, silver, and brass crosses, as well as

391:, and Tewodros expressed his rage in many ways, including having Stern's servants beaten to death, and Stern, together with his assistant, a Mr Rosenthal, were "chained, severely treated, and the latter thrashed on several occasions." 745:

The British continued their advance on 13 April, and laid siege to the fortress of Magdala. The British attack began with a bombardment with mortars, rockets, and artillery. Infantry units then opened fire to provide cover for the

366:, Egypt and the Sudan. This was not only to protect the route to India but also to ensure that the Ottoman Empire continued to act as a buffer against Russia's plans for expansion into Central Asia. Moreover, as a result of the 532:

The force consisted of 13,000 British and Indian soldiers, 26,000 camp followers and over 40,000 animals, including the elephants. In addition, there was a sizable contingent of embedded journalists, including the journalist

934:, for his services with a formidable quantity of supplies, which Marcus estimates were worth "approximately £500,000": six mortars, six howitzers, about 900 muskets and rifles, stocks of ammunition which included 585,480 784:

troops' casualties included only ten seriously wounded and five lightly wounded. These deaths are noticeably fewer than the previous day's massacre at Arogye which proved to be the decisive engagement of the campaign.

1061:

of Tigray, not least because of the British weapons given to him by the withdrawing Magdala expedition, who was able to expand his power and prevail over his rivals. In July 1871, he won the Battle of Assam, near

567:

technology, were so successful at providing groundwater for the British forces that they became known as "Abyssinian wells" and were widely adopted in England and elsewhere for providing reliable water supplies

713:

On 9 April, the lead elements of the British force reached the Bashilo, "and on the following morning, Good Friday, they crossed the stream barefooted, stopping to fill their water-bottles on the way."

2200:

Wanderings Among the Falashas in Abyssinia: Together with a Description of the Country and Its Various Inhabitants. Illustrated by a Map and Twenty Engravings of Scenes and Persons, Taken on the Spot

2210:"Britain Is Hoarding a Treasure No One Is Allowed to See: In recent years, requests for the permanent return of items taken during the imperial era without their owners' consent have gathered pace" 742:

but released the European hostages over the next two days, while the native hostages had their hands and feet amputated before being thrown over the edge of the precipice surrounding the plateau.

2170:

Narrative of the British Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia: With Notices of the Countries Traversed from Massowah, Through the Soodân, the Amhâra, and Back to Annesley Bay, from Mágdala

3346: 350:, at the edge of Tewodros's realm; they were the only country known to have responded. A former diplomat points out more was involved than simple indifference: The letter was in 276:

force hundreds of kilometres across mountainous terrain lacking any road system. The formidable obstacles to the action were overcome by the commander of the expedition, General

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our homeland – which has become alien to us? How are we supposed to live now among people who have alien to us and whom we no longer like? What are we supposed to live on?

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as well as several European observers, translators, artists and photographers. The force set sail from Bombay in upwards of 280 steam and sailing ships. The

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It took the British forces three months to trek over 400 miles (640 km) of mountainous terrain to the foot of the Emperor's fortress at Magdala. At

1376:, p. 137: "The exception was a group of German artisans who remained on good terms with the Emperor and were never subjected to imprisonment." 930:

move, and now that they were going away like weak and defeated men they were an obvious target for attack." At Senafe, the British rewarded Ras Kassai,

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Tewodros provided one last demonstration of his lack of diplomatic skills on 17 February, when after accepting the submission of the inhabitants of

1571:, reprints the letter to Tewodros on p. 271, and that to "the Governors, the Chiefs, the Religious Orders, and the People of Ethiopia" on pp. 271f. 827: 551: 2931: 1201:(AFROMET) which has pursued an information and lobbying campaign to see all treasures taken during the expedition repatriated back to Ethiopia. 3513: 1057:

After the withdrawal of the British, fighting for the succession to Tewodros's throne raged in Ethiopia from 1868 to 1872. Eventually, it was

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supplies. To this end, the expedition took with it a sizable sum of the most commonly used currency in 19th century Ethiopia, the

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At this point, Emperor Tewodros's strength had already been dissolving. At the beginning of 1865 he controlled little more than

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that had participated in the campaign. The units that participated from the campaign belonged, with the exception of the

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In London, Napier was made Baron Napier of Magdala in recognition of his achievement. General Napier was also made

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By 2 June, the base camp was dismantled and as the men and hostages were loaded into the ships, Napier boarded the

3448: 3033: 2365: 489:. This was a very unusual decision as it was the first time a campaign had been entrusted to an officer from the 985:

Bechtinger reported that many of them eventually returned to their adopted country from Suez by way of Massawa.

3388: 2745: 2660: 2329: 831: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2787: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2733: 2709: 1526:

Mather, John D.; Rose, Edward P.F. (2012). "Military aspects of hydrogeology: an introduction and overview".

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From time to time some of the looted treasure has been returned to Ethiopia. For instance, an edition of the

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At the same time the British marched south to Magdala, Tewodros advanced from the west, up the course of the

371: 2781: 2218: 430:, and sending him numerous gifts, and having Cameron, Stern, and the other hostages sent to his encampment. 3099: 2311: 2291: 2769: 2259: 3286: 3238: 2823: 2624: 1182:

was given one of the two looted crowns of Tewodros but the more valuable gold crown was retained by the

3508: 2847: 2775: 2715: 2564: 1183: 1137: 938:, and other goods and supplies. These later aided his rise to Emperor against such talented rivals as 3493: 3105: 2492: 2419: 2335: 1083: 1004: 997: 3358: 3171: 3117: 3003: 2991: 2961: 2703: 2594: 2395: 2389: 490: 626:] has no unfriendly feelings towards you, and no design against your country or your Liberty. 524: 3322: 3256: 3093: 3057: 2859: 2835: 2793: 2666: 2654: 2576: 2570: 2353: 1210: 820: 759:

attractive-looking face, and I was struck particularly by the finely drawn, boldly aquiline nose.

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Magdala was in the territory of the Muslim Oromo tribes, who had long before taken it from the

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interior, with eight iron girder bridges built. At the same time an advance guard, under Sir

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Your religious establishments, your persons and your property shall be carefully protected.

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Priests and Politicians: Protestant and Catholic Missions in Orthodox Ethiopia, 1830-1868

1093: 996:, where he served as governor from 1876 to 1883, there is a battery named in his honour, 691: 589: 512: 256: 1539: 1022:, the sailors were not permitted to help him escape. Kirkham died in captivity in 1876. 669:

British troops posing at a captured sentry post above Koket-Bir gate at Magdala fortress

383:

The first European to cross Tewodros' path after this lack of a response happened to be

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described the action as "one of the most expensive affairs of honour in history."

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consequential than the subsequent day's siege of the hill-top fort at Magdala.

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Pankhurst, Richard (1985). "The Napier Expedition and The Loot From Maqdala".

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governors, the chiefs, the religious orders and the people of Abyssinia read:

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Elephants sent from India to transport the guns and shells for the expedition.

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Lieutenant Stumm, an eyewitness, described the discovery of Tewodros's body:

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of Lasta. Kassai had himself crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, taking the name

433: 3430: 3075: 2871: 2805: 2612: 2462: 2248: 1750:"Collection online: Sir Stafford Henry Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh" 1136:

and to smaller British collections. Other looted objects ended up in the

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German observer Josef Bechtinger, who accompanied the expedition, wrote:

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The Siege of Magdala: The British Empire Against the Emperor of Ethiopia

953:, on behalf of the British Museum, to carry out an excavation in nearby 2877: 2799: 2510: 2347: 1197:

In 1999, several prominent figures in Britain and Ethiopia created the

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began outside the fortress. The British had to get past the plateau at

654: 1968:"British museum to return royal hair seized in Ethiopia 150 years ago" 1907:"Planned Plunder, the British Museum, and the 1868 Maqdala Expedition" 3292: 3045: 2865: 1993:

Ost-Afrika: Erinnerungen Und Miscellen Aus Dem Abessinischen Feldzuge

993: 564: 427: 312: 133: 1547: 906: 809: 280:, who captured the Ethiopian capital, and rescued all the hostages. 3021: 1800:"Collection online: Textile – Religious/Ritual equipment – Hanging" 773: 600: 538: 347: 343: 311:

was in revolt against him, except for a small area stretching from

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Identity in Ethiopia: The Oromo from the 16th to the 19th Century

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were returned to Emperor Yohannes IV in the 1870s. In 1902, Lady

1042:, who took a liking to the young boy. Alemayehu later studied at 702: 608: 558:, where again the engineers were busy at work building a road to 446: 327: 1175:, but her will was overturned shortly after her death in 1910. 954: 722: 581: 559: 485:, and command of the expeditionary force to Lieutenant-General 1171:

bequeathed her collection of Ethiopian manuscripts to Emperor

1038:, was kidnapped and taken to London where he was presented to 1015:. Despite being discovered by a group of British sailors from 690:, with the cannons (including his prize creation, the massive 342:. The French government responded with demands on behalf of a 1646: 1199:

Association For the Return of the Magdala Ethiopian Treasures

1066:, even though he had far fewer troops defeated his old rival 919: 777: 658: 650: 604: 2226:(Thesis). Washington State University Department of History. 1682: 1234: 1063: 542: 418:, to negotiate a solution to this crisis, but "security in 1088:

The success of the expedition led to the institution of a

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The three most powerful Ethiopian princes in the north,

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1867–1868 war between the British and Ethiopian Empires

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History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment 1702–1992

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along with an icon of a picture of Christ wearing the

584:, Napier parleyed with Dajamach Kassai (later Emperor 47:

4 December 1867 – 13 May 1868

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The life and times of Menelik II: Ethiopia, 1844-1913

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politically, strategically and commercially with the

1947: 1598: 1403: 307:'s position as ruler had become precarious: much of 3499:

19th-century military history of the United Kingdom

2184:. Addis Ababa: Haile Sellassie I University Press. 1658: 1492: 1480: 1456: 1444: 1312: 1300: 1261: 968:on 10 June, and set sail for England by way of the 910:

The British troops begin their return march to Zula

717:On the afternoon of that Good Friday, the decisive 633:

or to interfere with the government of the country.

1343: 1190:returned Tewodros's royal cap and seal to Emperor 662:Mostiat, to block all escape routes from Magdala. 1905:Gunning, Lucia Patrizio; Challis, Debbie (2023). 1775:"Collection online: Sir Richard Rivington Holmes" 403:the Europeans in the royal camp put into chains. 3480: 1725:"Collection online: Capt. Tristram C. S. Speedy" 1209:The Abyssinia Expedition is the setting for the 102: 1092:, Abyssinia, which was awarded to units of the 267:(also known at the time as Abyssinia). Emperor 259:carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the 2000: 1904: 1652: 1437:The Abyssinian War: The Contingency of Failure 1240: 2275: 563:dug. These tubewells, versions of the Norton 1152:, and also for the research on the ancient 1132:, while a few went to the Royal Library in 990:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 426:, a village on the south-eastern shores of 3524:Punitive expeditions of the United Kingdom 2282: 2268: 1989: 1872: 1528:Geological Society, London, Special Public 1525: 2216: 2127: 2103: 1922: 1860: 1848: 1700: 1688: 1640: 1580: 1568: 1513: 1474: 1421: 1397: 894:Learn how and when to remove this message 708: 354:and was sent to Germany for translation. 2207: 2177: 2082: 1953: 1884: 1676: 1616: 1592: 1433: 1337: 1294: 1255: 905: 764: 672: 664: 523: 511: 495: 461: 432: 294: 2159:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers 2019: 2001:Brereton, J.M.; Savory, A.C.S. (1993). 1385: 1373: 1361: 1282: 466:British naval and support ships in the 118: 3481: 2256:—National Army Museum (United Kingdom) 2166: 2152: 2061: 1965: 1664: 1628: 1604: 1501: 1486: 1462: 1450: 1440:. Diplomatic Review Office. p. 4. 1409: 1270: 681: 299:The expedition route through Abyssinia 2263: 2196: 2044:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia 2040: 1349: 1306: 1204: 1025: 788:many of which can now be seen in the 2541:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 1194:while on a state visit to Ethiopia. 832:adding citations to reliable sources 803: 3529:Wars involving the Ethiopian Empire 2181:King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia 736: 550:, had pushed up the dry bed of the 13: 3519:Expeditionary units and formations 14: 3545: 3534:Wars involving the United Kingdom 3514:Ethiopia–United Kingdom relations 2290:Colonial conflicts involving the 2232: 2173:. Vol. 2. London: J. Murray. 1114: 1003:One soldier from the Expedition, 949:At Zula, Napier assigned Captain 843:"British expedition to Abyssinia" 2208:Trilling, Daniel (9 July 2019). 2203:. Wertheim, Macintosh, and Hunt. 1077: 1052:Royal Military Academy Sandhurst 808: 592:. On 17 March, the army reached 370:, deliveries of cotton from the 271:, then often referred to by the 173: 161: 142: 120: 104: 29: 3504:Battles involving British India 3489:British Expedition to Abyssinia 2366:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2217:Wemlinger, Cherri Reni (2008). 1959: 1898: 1878: 1817: 1792: 1767: 1742: 1717: 1706: 1562: 1519: 1427: 819:needs additional citations for 677:The fortress of Magdala burning 452: 253:British Expedition to Abyssinia 35:The burning fortress of Magdala 24:British Expedition to Abyssinia 2469:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 2132:. 133–134 (133/134): 233–240. 1966:Maasho, Aaron (4 March 2019). 1894:. 28 April 1868. p. 2431. 1: 2866:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 2710:Castle Hill convict rebellion 1222: 957:, the harbour of the ancient 372:Confederate States of America 322:Tewodros sent letters to the 290: 2162:. New York: Longmans, Green. 1227: 799: 406:The British government sent 7: 2197:Stern, Henry Aaron (1862). 2026:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1996:. Vienna: C. Gerold's sohn. 992:(GCB) on 27 April 1868. At 457: 378: 10: 3550: 3383:Jewish revolt in Palestine 3028:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 2673:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 2565:American Revolutionary War 2062:Marcus, Harold G. (1995). 1982: 1653:Brereton & Savory 1993 1241:Brereton & Savory 1993 1184:Victoria and Albert Museum 1138:Victoria and Albert Museum 1081: 575: 548:William Lockyer Merewether 481:The task was given to the 3217: 3154:Jameson Raid South Africa 2688: 2441: 2302: 2083:Matthies, Volker (2012). 1924:10.1017/S0018246X2200036X 1825:"Collection online: Club" 1084:Abyssinia (battle honour) 998:Napier of Magdala Battery 441:However, about this time 255:was a rescue mission and 218: 193: 154: 95: 39: 28: 23: 3365:Arab revolt in Palestine 2962:Second Anglo-Burmese War 2704:Second Anglo-Maratha War 2595:Australian frontier wars 2167:Rassam, Hormuzd (1869). 2020:Crummey, Donald (1972). 1990:Bechtinger, Jos (1870). 1434:Urquhart, David (1868). 1120:manuscripts went to the 491:Corps of Royal Engineers 315:east to his fortress at 303:By October 1862 Emperor 3359:Second Mohmand campaign 3094:Third Anglo-Burmese War 3058:Second Anglo-Afghan War 2860:First Anglo-Burmese War 2836:Third Anglo-Maratha War 2667:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 2577:Second Anglo-Mysore War 2571:First Anglo-Maratha War 2041:Henze, Paul B. (2000). 1713:British Library Website 1211:George MacDonald Fraser 541:of engineers landed at 269:Tewodros II of Ethiopia 3299:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3184:First Mohmand campaign 2908:First Anglo-Afghan War 2607:Third Anglo-Mysore War 2138:10.3917/presa.133.0233 1911:The Historical Journal 1186:. In the 1960s, Queen 1013:Egyptian-Ethiopian War 983: 911: 769: 709:Arrival of the British 678: 670: 635: 529: 521: 501: 471: 438: 396:Charles Duncan Cameron 300: 155:Commanders and leaders 2956:Second Anglo-Sikh War 2613:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 2499:French and Indian War 2241:– BritishEmpire.co.uk 2178:Rubenson, S. (1966). 2047:. C. Hurst & Co. 1216:Flashman on the March 1030:Tewodros and Empress 978: 909: 756: 676: 668: 617: 527: 515: 499: 465: 436: 357:Tewodros's letter to 298: 219:Casualties and losses 3118:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 2926:First Anglo-Sikh War 2902:Egyptian–Ottoman War 2254:Abyssinia Expedition 2247:– war correspondent 1146:National Army Museum 828:improve this article 535:Henry Morton Stanley 507:Maria Theresa Thaler 3371:Waziristan campaign 3305:Waziristan campaign 2998:Revolt of Rajab Ali 2475:War of Jenkins' Ear 1691:, pp. 233–240. 1540:2012GSLSP.362....1M 1094:British Indian Army 682:Tewodros' movements 590:Ethiopian highlands 394:The British consul 257:punitive expedition 3245:Bambatha Rebellion 3160:Anglo-Zanzibar War 3148:Chitral Expedition 3082:Anglo-Egyptian War 2854:Anglo-Ashanti wars 2559:Lord Dunmore's War 2517:Anglo-Cherokee War 2426:King William's War 2239:Abyssinia Campaign 2130:Présence Africaine 1891:The London Gazette 1205:In popular culture 1044:Cheltenham College 1026:Ethiopian politics 951:Charles Goodfellow 912: 679: 671: 530: 522: 502: 472: 439: 437:Tewodros' captives 368:American Civil War 301: 3509:Conflicts in 1868 3476: 3475: 3407:Malayan Emergency 3317:Malabar rebellion 3178:Siege of Malakand 3124:Anglo-Manipur War 2980:Anglo-Persian War 2529:Anglo-Spanish War 2481:King George's War 2402:King Philip's War 2378:Anglo-Spanish War 2154:Porter, Whitworth 2096:978-1-55876-552-8 2089:. Markus Wiener. 2068:. Red Sea Press. 2054:978-1-85065-393-6 2033:978-0-19-821677-3 1150:Ethiopian Studies 1142:Museum of Mankind 1109:Presidency armies 904: 903: 896: 878: 719:Battle of Magdala 528:The Naval Brigade 487:Sir Robert Napier 398:, along with the 389:Solomonic dynasty 249: 248: 168:Sir Robert Napier 91: 90: 3541: 3494:1868 in Ethiopia 3425:Cyprus Emergency 3251:Maritz rebellion 3239:Tibet expedition 3172:Benin Expedition 2992:Indian Rebellion 2986:Second Opium War 2968:Eureka Rebellion 2944:British Honduras 2920:New Zealand Wars 2505:Seven Years' War 2451:Queen Anne's War 2284: 2277: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2245:March on Magdala 2227: 2225: 2213: 2204: 2193: 2174: 2163: 2149: 2124: 2100: 2079: 2058: 2037: 2016: 1997: 1976: 1975: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1926: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1703:, pp. 309-. 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1631:, pp. 269-. 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1400:, pp. 232-. 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1259: 1253: 1244: 1238: 1154:Kingdom of Aksum 1126:Bodleian Library 1036:Prince Alemayehu 959:Kingdom of Aksum 944:Menelik of Shewa 899: 892: 888: 885: 879: 877: 836: 812: 804: 767: 737:Siege of Magdala 400:Abuna Salama III 285:Harold G. 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1893: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1845: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1678: 1677:Rubenson 1966 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1617:Rubenson 1966 1613: 1607:, p. 31. 1606: 1601: 1595:, p. 81. 1594: 1593:Rubenson 1966 1589: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1439: 1438: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1412:, p. 22. 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1358: 1352:, p. 62. 1351: 1346: 1339: 1338:Matthies 2012 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1297:, p. 84. 1296: 1295:Rubenson 1966 1291: 1284: 1279: 1273:, p. 32. 1272: 1267: 1265: 1258:, p. 89. 1257: 1256:Rubenson 1966 1252: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178:In 1924, the 1176: 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484: 479: 477: 469: 464: 450: 448: 444: 435: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 376: 373: 369: 365: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:French Empire 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 297: 288: 286: 281: 279: 278:Robert Napier 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 242:1,400 wounded 241: 238: 237: 235: 229: 226: 225: 223: 222: 217: 213: 208: 204: 201: 200: 198: 197: 192: 189: 187: 181: 171: 169: 164: 159: 158: 153: 150: 140: 135: 132: 129: 117: 116: 115: 113: 100: 99: 94: 86: 83: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 62: 61: 46: 43: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 3311:Iraqi Revolt 3166:Matabeleland 3142:North Borneo 3136:Matabeleland 3088:Saskatchewan 2890:Upper Canada 2884:Lower Canada 2842:Persian Gulf 2758:Persian Gulf 2698:Newfoundland 2679:Polygar Wars 2649:Kandyan Wars 2601:Nootka Sound 2219: 2199: 2180: 2169: 2158: 2129: 2113:. Hamilton. 2109: 2085: 2064: 2043: 2022: 2002: 1992: 1971: 1961: 1949: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1889: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1832:. Retrieved 1828: 1819: 1807:. Retrieved 1803: 1794: 1782:. Retrieved 1778: 1769: 1757:. Retrieved 1753: 1744: 1732:. Retrieved 1728: 1719: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1667:, p. 8. 1660: 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1588: 1576: 1564: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1509: 1504:, p. 4. 1489:, p. 3. 1482: 1470: 1465:, p. 2. 1458: 1453:, p. 9. 1446: 1436: 1429: 1417: 1405: 1393: 1386:Crummey 1972 1381: 1374:Crummey 1972 1369: 1362:Crummey 1972 1357: 1345: 1302: 1290: 1283:Crummey 1972 1278: 1236: 1214: 1208: 1196: 1188:Elizabeth II 1177: 1169:Valerie Meux 1161:Kebra Nagast 1158: 1118: 1087: 1056: 1048:Rugby School 1029: 1018: 1005:John Kirkham 1002: 987: 984: 979: 974: 965: 963: 948: 928: 913: 890: 881: 871: 864: 857: 850: 838: 826:Please help 821:verification 818: 786: 782: 770: 757: 753: 744: 740: 731: 727: 716: 712: 700: 685: 636: 631: 628: 621: 618: 613: 598: 594:Lake Ashangi 579: 570: 531: 503: 480: 473: 468:Gulf of Zula 453:The campaign 440: 410:, an ethnic 405: 393: 382: 356: 321: 302: 282: 263:against the 252: 250: 230:700 wounded 185: 101: 96:Belligerents 69:Annesley Bay 18: 3431:Suez Crisis 3329:Transjordan 3233:West Africa 3210:(1899–1902) 3204:(1898–1901) 3196:Six-Day War 3144:(1894–1905) 3132:(1891–1895) 3112:Mashonaland 3076:Mahdist War 3016:Shimonoseki 2946:(1847–1901) 2856:(1824–1901) 2824:Cape Colony 2722:Cape Colony 2681:(1799–1805) 2675:(1799–1803) 2663:(1798–1800) 2651:(1796–1818) 2625:Cape Colony 2615:(1793–1806) 2597:(1788–1934) 2493:Nova Scotia 2463:Yamasee War 2434:(1694–1700) 2408:Child's War 2396:2nd Tangier 2390:1st Tangier 2386:(1655–1739) 2336:Saint Kitts 2314:(1593–1603) 2249:G. A. Henty 1886:"No. 23374" 1834:18 February 1809:18 February 1784:18 February 1759:18 February 1734:18 February 1665:Porter 1889 1629:Rassam 1869 1605:Marcus 1995 1534:(1): 1–18. 1502:Porter 1889 1487:Porter 1889 1463:Porter 1889 1451:Porter 1889 1410:Rassam 1869 1271:Marcus 1995 1072:Yohannes IV 932:Yohannes IV 586:Yohannes IV 483:Bombay Army 445:arrived at 416:Mesopotamia 385:Henry Stern 346:mission in 180:Tewodros II 3483:Categories 3335:Pink's War 3227:Somaliland 3064:Basutoland 2818:Guadeloupe 2800:Xhosa Wars 2782:Seychelles 2764:Guadeloupe 2752:Martinique 2619:Rohilkhand 2583:Gold Coast 2553:Rohilkhand 2511:Bengal War 2348:Pequot War 1350:Stern 1862 1307:Henze 2000 1223:References 1173:Menelik II 970:Suez Canal 884:April 2018 854:newspapers 692:Sebastopol 655:Menelik II 291:Background 283:Historian 55:1868-05-13 51:1867-12-04 3467:Falklands 3463:(1963–67) 3457:(1962–66) 3451:(1962–90) 3439:(1962–76) 3427:(1955–59) 3421:(1954–59) 3415:(1952–60) 3409:(1948–60) 3403:(1946–50) 3395:Indonesia 3391:(1945–46) 3389:Indochina 3385:(1944–48) 3373:(1936–39) 3367:(1936–39) 3355:(1931–32) 3349:(1930–31) 3343:(1927–30) 3325:(1922–24) 3323:Kurdistan 3307:(1919–20) 3283:(1916–17) 3263:Nyasaland 3259:(1914–15) 3253:(1914–15) 3241:(1903–04) 3235:(1901–02) 3229:(1900–20) 3192:(1897–98) 3186:(1897–98) 3168:(1896–97) 3138:(1893–94) 3102:(1886–89) 3078:(1881–99) 3072:(1880–81) 3066:(1880–81) 3060:(1879–80) 3048:(1875–76) 3034:Abyssinia 3030:(1866–71) 3024:(1864–65) 3012:(1863–64) 3004:Kagoshima 3000:(1857–58) 2994:(1857–59) 2988:(1856–60) 2982:(1856–57) 2976:(1854–56) 2974:Åland War 2958:(1848–49) 2934:(1845–50) 2928:(1845–46) 2922:(1845–72) 2916:(1839–42) 2910:(1839–42) 2904:(1839–41) 2892:(1837–38) 2886:(1837–38) 2880:(1831–33) 2874:(1831–32) 2868:(1828–32) 2862:(1824–26) 2838:(1817–18) 2814:(1814–16) 2808:(1812–15) 2802:(1811–79) 2796:(1810–11) 2776:Mauritius 2748:(1808–09) 2730:(1806–07) 2706:(1803–05) 2669:(1798–99) 2639:(1795–96) 2633:(1795–96) 2609:(1789–92) 2585:(1781–82) 2579:(1779–84) 2573:(1775–82) 2567:(1775–83) 2555:(1773–74) 2549:(1769–73) 2543:(1765–71) 2537:(1763–66) 2531:(1762–63) 2519:(1758–61) 2513:(1756–65) 2507:(1756–63) 2501:(1754–63) 2495:(1749–55) 2489:(1746–63) 2483:(1744–48) 2477:(1740–42) 2471:(1722–25) 2465:(1715–17) 2459:(1711–15) 2453:(1702–13) 2428:(1688–97) 2422:(1688–91) 2410:(1686–90) 2404:(1675–78) 2380:(1654–60) 2374:(1654–67) 2368:(1649–53) 2362:(1641–53) 2350:(1634–38) 2320:(1609–46) 2190:245697563 1941:256131750 1933:0018-246X 1556:131416255 1228:Citations 1100:, to the 994:Gibraltar 800:Aftermath 565:tube well 556:Suru Pass 443:C.T. Beke 428:Lake Tana 313:Lake Tana 134:Ethiopian 3455:Malaysia 3377:Ethiopia 3275:Peshawar 3040:Manitoba 3022:Duar War 2318:Virginia 2156:(1889). 2146:24351450 2107:(1972). 1144:and the 1050:and the 792:and the 774:filigree 762:— 601:Begemder 458:Planning 412:Assyrian 379:Hostages 348:Hamasien 344:Lazarist 338:and the 309:Ethiopia 305:Tewodros 239:700 dead 194:Strength 77:Ethiopia 63:Location 53: – 3449:Sarawak 3401:Sarawak 3293:Nigeria 3281:Mohmand 3269:Nigeria 3220:century 2878:Malacca 2872:Jamaica 2830:Algiers 2770:Reunion 2716:Surinam 2691:century 2637:Grenada 2631:Jamaica 2523:Jamaica 2444:century 2384:Jamaica 2312:Ireland 2305:century 2292:English 1983:Sources 1972:Reuters 1536:Bibcode 1124:or the 868:scholar 703:Delanta 609:Delanta 576:Advance 554:to the 520:in camp 447:Massawa 352:Amharic 328:Prussia 317:Magdala 205:26,000 186:† 73:Magdala 49: ( 3469:(1982) 3445:(1962) 3443:Brunei 3433:(1956) 3397:(1945) 3379:(1943) 3361:(1935) 3337:(1925) 3331:(1923) 3319:(1921) 3313:(1920) 3301:(1919) 3295:(1918) 3289:(1917) 3287:Quebec 3277:(1915) 3271:(1915) 3265:(1915) 3247:(1906) 3198:(1899) 3180:(1897) 3174:(1897) 3162:(1896) 3156:(1896) 3150:(1895) 3126:(1891) 3120:(1891) 3114:(1890) 3108:(1888) 3106:Hazara 3096:(1885) 3090:(1885) 3084:(1882) 3054:(1879) 3042:(1870) 3036:(1868) 3018:(1864) 3006:(1863) 2970:(1854) 2964:(1852) 2952:(1848) 2950:Ceylon 2940:(1847) 2938:Canton 2898:(1839) 2850:(1823) 2848:Guiana 2844:(1819) 2832:(1816) 2826:(1815) 2820:(1815) 2790:(1810) 2784:(1810) 2778:(1810) 2772:(1810) 2766:(1810) 2760:(1809) 2754:(1809) 2742:(1807) 2736:(1807) 2724:(1806) 2718:(1804) 2712:(1804) 2700:(1800) 2657:(1798) 2645:(1795) 2643:Ceylon 2627:(1795) 2621:(1794) 2603:(1789) 2591:(1786) 2561:(1774) 2525:(1762) 2416:(1687) 2398:(1664) 2392:(1662) 2372:Acadia 2356:(1641) 2344:(1628) 2342:Quebec 2338:(1626) 2332:(1622) 2326:(1612) 2324:Swally 2188: 2144: 2117: 2093: 2072: 2051: 2030: 2009: 1939: 1931: 1554: 1213:novel 1140:, the 1130:Oxford 1106:Bombay 1102:Bengal 1046:, the 1019:Teazer 966:Feroze 955:Adulis 870: 863: 856: 849: 841: 778:tabots 723:Arogye 696:Gobeze 643:Tigray 607:, and 582:Antalo 560:Senafe 424:Qorata 330:, the 227:2 dead 214:≈4,000 202:13,000 182: 136:rebels 125: 109: 84:Result 3347:Tirah 3257:Tochi 3046:Perak 2812:Nepal 2734:Egypt 2661:Malta 2589:Assam 2432:Ghana 2330:Ormuz 2224:(PDF) 2142:JSTOR 1937:S2CID 1552:S2CID 920:Lasta 875:JSTOR 861:books 659:Shewa 651:Lasta 605:Wadla 420:Tigre 128:India 67:From 3461:Aden 3437:Oman 3419:Oman 3218:20th 2794:Java 2689:19th 2442:18th 2414:Siam 2303:17th 2186:OCLC 2115:ISBN 2091:ISBN 2070:ISBN 2049:ISBN 2028:ISBN 2007:ISBN 1929:ISSN 1836:2017 1811:2017 1786:2017 1761:2017 1736:2017 1104:and 1064:Adwa 1034:son 1017:HMS 942:and 847:news 653:and 543:Zula 516:The 251:The 44:Date 2806:USA 2134:doi 1919:doi 1544:doi 1532:362 1128:in 830:by 657:of 649:of 641:of 623:sic 71:to 3485:: 2140:. 1970:. 1935:. 1927:. 1915:66 1913:. 1909:. 1888:. 1827:. 1802:. 1777:. 1752:. 1727:. 1550:. 1542:. 1530:. 1494:^ 1314:^ 1263:^ 1248:^ 1219:. 1156:. 1111:. 1074:. 1000:. 972:. 946:. 922:, 780:. 645:, 603:, 509:. 334:, 326:, 75:, 2294:/ 2283:e 2276:t 2269:v 2192:. 2148:. 2136:: 2123:. 2099:. 2078:. 2057:. 2036:. 2015:. 1974:. 1956:. 1943:. 1921:: 1875:. 1851:. 1838:. 1813:. 1788:. 1763:. 1738:. 1558:. 1546:: 1538:: 1340:. 897:) 891:( 886:) 882:( 872:· 865:· 858:· 851:· 824:. 57:)

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Knowledge

British expedition to Abyssinia

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